ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

USES OF THE INFINITIVE WITH TO......................................................3

USES THE GERUND ( VERB+ -ING).......................................................4
HAVE TO, DON’T, MUST, MUSTN`T......................................................5
SHOULD/SHOULDN`T..............................................................................6
ZERO CONDITIONALS.............................................................................7
FIRST CONDITIONAL :.............................................................................8
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.........................................................................9
SECOND CONDITIONALS......................................................................10
PRESENT PERFECT + FOR OR SINCE..................................................11
PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE.............................................13
PASSIVE VOICE. BE + PARTICIPLE.....................................................14
WHEN SHOULD WE USE THE PASSIVE?......................................14
USED TO / DIDN`T USE TO....................................................................17
MIGHT / MIGHT NOT..............................................................................19
EXPRESSING MOVEMENT....................................................................21
GET ON/OFF THE BUS OR TRAIN, GET INTO/OUT OF THE
CAR.........................................................................................................23
GO TO WORK BY CAR= DRIVE TO WORK.................................23
SO / NEITHER + AUXILIARIES..............................................................26
PAST PERFECT.........................................................................................27
REPORTED SPEECH (OR INDIRECT)...................................................28
QUESTIONS..............................................................................................29
CHOICE QUESTIONS............................................................................33
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINIOUS........................................................35
PAST PERFECT CONTINIOUS...............................................................37
 USES OF THE INFINITIVE WITH
TO
The infinitive of a verb has two
forms: the to-infinitive and the
infinitive without to. The to-
form consists of to plus the base form
of the verb:

We use the to-infinitive after a

number of common main verbs.
The to-infinitive focuses on the idea
of an action or the results of an
action, rather than the action in itself:
When you describe something with
an adjective, an infinitive should
follow

We use the infinitive without to after modal

verbs can, could, may, might, will, shall, would, 
should, must:
We also use the infinitive
without to after let, make and (optionally) help

 We don’t use the infinitive (with or without to)

after prepositions:
 USES THE GERUND ( verb+ -ing)
Gerund = the present participle (-
ing) form of the verb, e.g., singing,
dancing, running.
1. After prepositions of place and
time.
I made
dinner before getting home.
He looked
unhappy after seeing his work
schedule.

Prepositions can follow any word,

be it a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
adjective

There is one exception.

Sometimes, “but” can also play a
role of a preposition. When “but” is
used as a preposition, it is the same
in meaning as “except.”
If “but” or “except” are used like
this, they need to be followed by an
infinitive:

2. To replace the subject or
object of a sentence
Lachlan likes eating coconut oil.
Jumping off a cliff is dangerous,
but a real thrill.

But they are not the “-ing” verb forms that you see in the present or past
continuous tense. They look the same, but gerunds are actually verb
forms used as nouns.
HAVE TO, DON’T, MUST, MUSTN`T

Use do or does to make questions and negative sentences.

Don’t contract have or has.
Must and mustn`t is for all person. We often use have to and ust with
pronoun you.
Should/shouldn`t

If we say I think . we use a

correct form I don’t think you
should. But not I think you
shoulndt.
 ZERO CONDITIONALS
In zero conditional
If clause (condition) Main clause (result) sentences, the tense in both
parts of the sentence is the
simple present.  In zero
If + simple present simple present conditional sentences, you
can replace "if" with
"when", because both
If this thing happens that thing happens. express general truths. The
meaning will be unchanged.
The zero conditional is used to make statements about the real world, and
often refers to general truths, such as scientific facts. In these sentences, the
time is now or always and the situation is real and possible.
The zero conditional is also often used to give instructions, using the
imperative in the main clause.

 if you heat ice, it melts.

 Ice melts if you heat it.
 When you heat ice, it melts.
 Ice melts when you heat it.
 If it rains, the grass gets wet.
 The grass gets wet if it rains.
 When it rains, the grass gets wet.
 The grass gets wet when it rains.
 First conditional :
he first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple
In first conditional sentences, the structure is usually: if/when + present
simple >> will + infinitive. 
It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course,
we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible
things, which could easily come true.

 If it rains, I won't go to the park.

 If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
 If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
 She'll be late if the train is delayed.

It is also common to use this structure with unless, as long as, as soon

as or in case instead of if.
If the if comes first, we usually put a comma before the next part.
We can also use the another modal fverbs as can + infinitive instesd will.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that is used to express ownership or
possession/
Possessive pronouns are singular if they only refer to only one person or
thing. Singular possessive pronouns include:
 mine
 yours
 hers
 his
 its
 theirs (sometimes—more on this later)
A possessive pronoun is plural if it refers to more than one person or thing.
Plural possessive pronouns include:
 ours
 yours
 theirs
Possessive pronouns do not have an apostrophe:
We can use a possessive pronoun instead of a full noun phrase to avoid
repeating words:
We don’t use pronouns with a noun instead a adjectives.
 SECOND CONDITIONALS
The second conditional is used to imagine present or future situations that
are impossible or unlikely in reality.
If we had a garden, we could have a cat.
If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a big house in the country.
I wouldn't worry if I were you.

The structure is usually: if + past simple >> + would + infinitive. 

(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly
done in formal writing).

It has two uses.

First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not
going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.

Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is

impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:

 If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's
impossible for me to call him).

We can also use could instead of would.

This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional
because this is a lot more unlikely.

For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a

house with twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going
to have this much money, it's just a dream, not very real)

But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes
(It's much more likely that I'll have enough money to buy some shoes)
Present Perfect + for or since.

 An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the

present. I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)
 An action performed during a period that has not yet
finished. She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week
isn't over yet.)
 A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and
now. We have visited Portugal several times.
 We can also use the present perfect to talk about something that
happened recently, even if there isn't a clear result in the present. This
is common when we want to introduce news and we often use the
words 'just / yet / already / recently'. However, the past simple is also
correct in these cases, especially in US English.
 An action when the time is not important. He has read 'War and
Peace'. (= the result of his reading is important)

 Life experience. These are actions or events that happened sometime

during a person's life. We don't say when the experience happened, and the
person needs to be alive now. We often use the words 'ever' and 'never'
here.

With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today). The period of
time is still continuing
 We CAN'T use the present perfect with a finished time word.

 NOT: i`ve seen him yesterday.I've seen him yesterday.

Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we

use the simple past. Read more about
The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the
appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past
participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed,
We use 'since' with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last year).
The fixed time can be another action, which is in the past simple (since I
was at school, since I arrived).
We use 'for' with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six months).
 Present Perfect and Past Simple
Present Perfect Simple Past Simple
Unfinished actions that started
in the past and continue to the Finished actions:
present:
I knew Julie for ten years (but then she
I've known Julie for ten years moved away and we lost touch).
(and I still know her).

A finished action in someone's

A finished action in someone's life
life (when the person is still
(when the person is dead):
alive: life experience):
My great-grandmother went to Mexico
My brother has been to Mexico
three times.
three times.

A finished action with a result A finished action with no result in the

in the present: present:

I've lost my keys! (The result is I lost my keys yesterday. It was terrible!
that I can't get into my house (Now there is no result. I got new keys
now). yesterday).

With an unfinished time word With a finished time word (last week,
(this week, this month, today): last month, yesterday):

I've seen John this week. I saw John last week

1. We use the past simple for past events or actions which have no connection
to the present.
2. We use the present perfect for actions which started in the past and are still
happening now OR for finished actions which have a connection to the
present.

PASSIVE VOICE. BE + PARTICIPLE

Passive voice produces a sentence in which the subject receives an action.

In contrast, active voice produces a sentence in which the
subject performs an action. Passive voice often creates unclear, less direct,
wordy sentences, whereas active voice creates clearer, more concise
sentences.
We make the passive by putting the verb 'to be' into whatever tense we
need and then adding the past participle. For regular verbs, we make the
past participle by adding 'ed' to the infinitive. So play becomes played.
 When should we use the Passive?

1. When we want to change the focus of the sentence:

o The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (We are more
interested in the painting than the artist in this sentence)
2. When who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant or
obvious or 'people in general':
o He was arrested (obvious agent, the police).
o My bike has been stolen (unknown agent)
3. In factual or scientific writing:
o The chemical is placed in a test tube and the data entered into the
computer.
4. In formal writing instead of using someone/ people/ they (these
can be used in speaking or informal writing):
o The brochure will be finished next month.
5. In order to put the new information at the end of the sentence to
improve style:
o Three books are used regularly in the class. The books were
written by Dr. Bell. ('Dr. Bell wrote the books' sound clumsy)
6. When the subject is very long:
o I was surprised by how well the students did in the test. (More
natural than: 'how well the students did in the test surprised me')
WE use BY to say who or what carries out thea ction. We use with to say
which instrument, material used the agent
USED TO / DIDN`t USE TO
We use used to when we refer to things in the past which are no longer
true. It can refer to repeated actions or to a state or situation: We use this
expression to talk about habits or repeated actions in the past which we
don't do in the present
He used to play football for the local team, but he’s too old now.
Warning:
In statements, the form used to does not change. We do not use the
verb be before it. It always refers to past time:
We used to go to the seaside every summer when I was a kid.
Not: We are used to go … or We use to go … or We were used to go

The negative of used to is most commonly didn’t use(d) to. Sometimes we

write it with a final -d, sometimes not. Both forms are common, but many
people consider the form with the final -d to be incorrect, and you should
not use it in exams:
It didn’t use to be so crowded in the shops as it is nowadays.
I didn’t used to like broccoli when I was younger, but I love it now. (Don’t
use this form in exams.)
In very formal styles, we can use the negative form used not to:
She used not to live as poorly as she does now.
We can also use 'would + infinitive' to talk about a habit or repeated action
in the past. We usually use 'would + infinitive' in this way when we're
telling a story about the past. So, we can say:
When I was a student, we
would often have a drink
after class on a Friday.
When I lived in Italy, we
would go to a little
restaurant near our house.
However, we don't use
'would + infinitive' to talk
about states in the past. So,
if we're talking about the
past, we CAN'T say:
I would have long hair.
I would live in Scotland.
ALSO :
We use used to onlu exists
in the past. For habits in
the present use usually +
present simple. NOT USE
TO
I usually cook at the
evenings, but not I use to
cook in the evenings.
MIGHT / MIGHT NOT
Might' is used mostly to express possibility. English speakers use 'might' to
make suggestions or requests, 'Might' is also used in conditional sentences.
IN REQUESTS :

Negatives:

 The negative form of may is may not + base form. We never use a
contraction for this negative. (You might find the word mayn’t in a
dictionary, but it is not used.)
 The negative form of might is might not + base form. The contracted
form (mightn’t) is not used in American English, but it is used in
British English.

Questions:

 When may is used in a question, it refers to permission. Might can be

used in a question about possibility.
o Might it rain later? (This form is not used in American English.)
o Do you think it might rain?

May and might in the past:

The past form is may/might + have + past participle.

 I might have left my phone at home.

 She might not have seen my email.
Do not confuse may be and maybe. Maybe is an adverb meaning ‘possibly’.
It is usually used in the beginning of a sentence.

 Maybe I will take a vacation next month.

 Maybe it will rain. / It might rain.

PERMISSION
May can be used to express permission. This could be in the context of an
adult speaking to a child or an authority speaking in a formal context.

 You may have a cookie after you finish your dinner. (adult to child)
 You may now begin your exam. (professor to students)

Note that we don’t use may to ask another person to take an action, so you
cannot say “may you”. If you want to make such a request, you can ask
“can you”, “could you” or “would you”.

 Could you please turn down the music? I’m trying to study. (NOT:

May you please…)
 Would you help me clean the house? (NOT: May you help me…)
EXPRESSING MOVEMENT

Prepositions of movement show movement from one place to another

place. These prepositions always describe movement and we usually use
them with verbs of motion. although it is also possible to use them after
other types of verbs (We talked over the fence, I looked into the room, etc.)
or after nouns (the path to the beach, the road from Leeds, the way up the
hill, etc.)

The most common preposition of movement is the preposition to, which

describes movement in the direction of something, for example:

 How do you go to work?

across: movement from one side to the other side of something

 It took us three days to drive across the desert.

 The dog ran across the road and nearly got hit by a car.

around: movement passing something in a curved route, not going through

it

 A big dog was sleeping on the floor so she had to walk around it.
 They walked around the town for an hour.

away from: indicating the point where a movement begins

 The mouse ran away from the cat and escaped.

down: movement from a higher point to a lower point of something

 They ran down the hill to the stream below.

 He climbed down the ladder to the bottom of the well.

from: indicating the point where a movement begins

 We flew from Bangkok to London.

 The police took my driving licence from me.
into: movement to an enclosed space; movement resulting in physical
contact

 He got into the car and closed the door.

 The car crashed into the wall.

off: movement away from (and often down from) something

 Please take your papers off my desk.

 The wineglass fell off the table and shattered on the floor.

on to, onto: movement to the top surface of something

 They went up on to the stage.

 Move the kettle onto the counter.

out of: indicating the enclosed space where a movement begins

 Take your hands out of your pockets and help me!

 He went out of the room to smoke a cigarette.

over: movement above and across the top or top surface of something

 We are flying over the mountains.

 The cat jumped over the wall.

past: movement from one side to the other side of something

 We could see children in the playground as we drove past the school.

 We gave the marathoners water as they ran past us.

to: movement in the direction of something

 Could you give this to Kob please?

 Does this train go to London?

through | thru (AmE): movement in one side and out of the other side of

something

 The train goes through a tunnel under the hill.

 Hey! You just went thru a red light!
towards | toward (mostly AmE): movement in the direction of something

The night sky got brighter as they drove toward the city.



 At last she could recognize the person coming towards her.

under: movement directly below something

The mouse ran under the chair.

 Submarines can travel under water.

up: movement from a lower point to a higher point of something

Jack and Jill ran up the hill.

 The boat takes two hours going up the river and one hour coming
down
get on/off the bus or train, get into/out of the car
 
We say get in and get out of for a car, taxi, or van, but we say get
on or get off for motorbikes and bicycles and for public means of transport,
such as a bus, a train or a plane.

 I have to get off the bus at the next stop. 

 He stopped and got out of the car.

go to work by car= drive to work

 
When we want to talk about how we go from place A to place B, we can do
it in two different ways.

1. Using by + means of transport (car, taxi, plane, bike, etc.) or

using on + foot.

 I go to school on foot. 
 I go to work by car.
 I went to Zurich by plane. 
 I went to the airport by taxi. 
2. Using a verb of movement (walk, drive, fly, cycle, etc.) or for public
transport, using take + means of transport.

 I walk to school
 I drive to work. 
 I flew to Zurich. 
 I took a taxi/a bus/a train/etc. to the airport. 
 PHRASAL VERBS (WORD ORDER)
Phrasal verbs are two or more words that together act as a completely
new word, with a meaning separate from the original words.
For example, pick up means to “grab” or “lift,” very different from the
definitions of pick and up alone. A phrasal verb combines a
normal verb with an adverb or a preposition to create an entirely new
verbal phrase
So / neither + auxiliaries.
We can use so / neither / nor with an auxiliary to show that people
have something in common
(something is the same about them).
So / neither / nor in short answers
 
'I'm looking forward to the picnic.'
'So am I.'
The statement is grammatically positive, so we replay with So.
 
'I haven't seen Paul today.'
'Neither have I.
The statement is grammatically negative, so we replay
with Neither or Nor.
When used for short replies, the auxiliaries after so, neither or nor are the
same as those in statement.
There is no difference in meaning.
 
'I don't want to go.'
'Neither do I.'
'Nor do I
If we want to make it clear that we are different, other short answers are
used.
'I thought the film was quite boring.'
'Oh, I didn't. I really liked it.'
Past PERFECT
 is a verb tense used to talk about actions that were completed before some
point in the past.
The formula for the past perfect tense is had + [past participle]. It doesn’t
matter if the subject is singular or plural; the formula doesn’t change.
Making the past perfect negative is simple! Just
insert not between had and [past participle].

The formula for asking a question in the past perfect tense is had +
[subject] + [past participle].
If it's clear which action happened first (if we use the words 'before' or
'after', for example), the past perfect is optional.
 REPORTED SPEECH (or
indirect)
We use a 'reporting verb' like
'say' or 'tell'. If this verb is in
the present tense, it's easy.
We just put 'she says' and
then the sentence:

 Direct speech: I like ice cream.

 Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.

We don't need to change the

tense, though probably we
do need to change the
'person' from 'I' to 'she', for
example. We also may need
to change words like 'my'
and 'your'.

(As I'm sure you know,

often, we can choose if we
want to use 'that' or not in
English. I've put it in brackets () to show that it's optional. It's exactly the
same if you use 'that' or if you don't use 'that'.)

But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the
tenses in the reported speech:

 Direct speech: I like ice cream.

 Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.

With 'tell' we NEED the object (e.g. 'me', 'you', 'her').

With 'say' we CAN'T use the object (e.g. 'me', 'them', 'us').

(We can also use 'tell' in reported orders. In this case, 'tell' is followed by a
direct object and 'to + infinitive': 'She told me to sit down'.
QUESTIONS
There are a number of question types in English:
Most of them start with an auxiliary verb and expect an answer Yes or No.
Note: you can ask a yes / no question using the verb "to be" as a full verb
(not an auxiliary) as well.

Are you from The United States?

Yes / No (Yes I am / No I am not)
most of them start with a question word such as:

What / Where / Why / Who / Whose / When / Which

Note: there are other question words that don’t start with "wh" as well.
How / how many / how often / how far / how much / how long / how old
etc.
Negative questions
TAG – Questions

They are mini-questions asked at the end of a statement to confirm it.

Choice Questions

We use choice questions when we offer choices.

 Choice questions Answers

Would you like a house or a flat? A house, of course.

Do you go with your family or alone? With my family.

Are you a little nervous or excited? A little nervous.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINIOUS
The present perfect
continuous (also called
present perfect
progressive) is a verb
tense which is used to
show that an action started
in the past and has
continued up to the
present moment. The
present perfect continuous
usually emphasizes
duration, or the amount of
time that an action has
been taking place

The present perfect

continuous is formed
using has/have + been +
present participle.
Questions are indicated by
inverting the subject
and has/have. Negatives are made with not.

 Statement: You have been waiting here for two hours.

 Question: Have you been waiting here for two hours?
 Negative: You have not been waiting here for two hours.

You can also use the present perfect continuous WITHOUT a duration
such as for two weeks. Without the duration, the tense has a more general
meaning of lately. We often use the words lately or recently to emphasize
this meaning.
PAST PERFECT CONTINIOUS
The past perfect continuous (also
called past perfect progressive) is
a verb tense which is used to show
that an action started in the past and
continued up to another point in the
past.
How to survive meeting your girlfriend’s parent for the first time
It’s stressful, but these top tips can help you to get it right…
Tips 1 You need to do some ‘homework’ before you go. Ask your
girlfriend about her parents. Where does her mother work? Does her father
like football? Do you have any common interests? If you do this, it will be
easy a conversation with them. 2
Make sure you dress make the right impression. Don’t wear a suit, but
don’t just wear your old jeans and the Che Guevara T-shirt you bought in
the market
3 Be punctual. It’s very important not to be late at a first meeting.
4 When they greet you at the door shake the father’s hand firmly (no
father likes a weak handshake!). Ask your girlfriend what kind of greeting
her mum will prefer.
5 Call her parents Mr and Mrs (Smith) until they ask you to call them
‘Dave’ and ‘Sharon’
. 6 Be ready questions to answer about yourself! Her parents will want to
know everything about you and your ambitions. Make a good impression!
7 If you are invited for a meal, eat everything they give you and say
something positive about the meal, like ‘This is absolutely delicious!’.
Offer to do the washing-up after the meal ( them that you are a ‘new
man’).
8 Be yourself, and don’t be a ‘yes’ man. If they ask you for your opinion,
be honest. However, try not to talk about controversial subjects – this isn’t
the moment to give your views on religion and politics!
9 If the conversation is dying and you can’t think what to say , ask them
what your partner was like as a child. This is a brilliant tactic! All parents
love talking about their children and it shows you have a deep interest in
their daughter.

Scared of spiders. Take this pill

There are many different kinds of phobias and they affect at least a quarter
of the population. But doctors believe that they may soon have a cure.
They have discovered that a drug, which is given to patients suffering from
tuberculosis, can also help people to overcome their phobias.
 The normal treatment for people with strong phobias is some kind of
exposure therapy. The most commonly used exposure therapy involves
gradually exposing people to the object or situation thatproduces the fear.
For example, if you have a dentist phobia, you might first sit in the waiting
room of a dentist, then talk to the dentist, and then sit in the dentist’s chair.
These exposures are combined with relaxation techniques
. However, exposure therapy does not work for everybody, and doctors
think that the new drug, which causes changes to a part of the brain which
is used in learning and memory, could be used in the future to make this
therapy more effective. Michael Davis at Emory University School of
Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia did a study with 30 acrophobics – people
who are scared of heights – and put them in a glass lift that appeared to go
up and down. The people who were given the pill felt much less afraid then
those who took a placebo.

Arachnophobia
Agarophobia

Claustrophobia

Acrophobia

Glossophobia
IS TOO much choice making us unhappy?
Buying a cup of coffee isn't as easy as it used to be. Years ago there were
only two kinds of coffee black or white. But nowadays when you go into a
coffee shop in the UK you are given about twenty different options. Do
you want a Cappuccino, a Latte , A Caramel Macchiato, an Americano, or
a White Mocha?
People often think that being able to choose from a lot of options is a
good thing. In big supermarkets we have to choose between different
thousands of products – my local supermarket has 35 different kinds of
milk! When we are buying clothes or electrical gargets, looking for a hotel
on a travel website, or just deciding which TV channel to watch, we are
constantly forced to choose from hundreds of possibilities.

(98)But if all this choice is bad for us, what we can do about it?.
However, university researchers have discovered that too much choice is
making us feel unhappy and dissatisfied. The problem is that we have too
many options that we get stressed every time we have to make a decision,
because we are worried about making the wrong one. When we choose one
thing we feel bad because we think we are missing other opportunities, and
this makes us dissatisfied with what we have chosen.

(99)Research shows that we feel happier when we have less

choice. Professor Mark Lepper at Stanford University in America found
that people who tried six kinds of jam felt happier with their choice than
those who were offered 24 jams to taste.

(100)you'll feel better than if you spend hours researching

sofas. Professor Lepper suggests that we should try to relax when we have
to choose something to buy. ‘ Don’t take these choices too seriously or it
will become stressful,’ he says. ‘If you pick a sofa from IKEA in 30
seconds, (00) F – because you won’t know what you’re missing.’

Here’s a secret: gossip might be good for you

We all enjoy gossiping about people we know, although sometimes we
might feel guilty about it afterwards. However, new research shows that
gossiping might be good for us.
Professor McAndrew, a professor of psychology, believes that gossiping is
in our genes and we feel pleasure when we share interesting information.
McAndrew says that gossiping is a social skill, and we need to learn to do
it well. According to the professor, gossip can be a positive thing when
people use it to build connections with other people in their social group.
But it can be a negative thing when somebody gossips about another
person only to make themselves feel more important in the group.
Professor McAndrew’s research also showed that people were happy to
pass on good news but only if it was about a friend. They also enjoyed
passing on negative information about other people when it was about
somebody they disliked. Another thing that the new study showed was that
men and women gossip differently. In general, the men in the study shared
gossip with their wives or girlfriends, but not with their male friends.
Women however, gossiped with both partners and friends.
DID YOU KNOW…?
Nike logo One of the most famous logos in the world is the Nike logo. It
was Designed by an American student, Carolyn Davidson, in 1971. Ms
Davidson was only paid $35 dollars for her design. However, she was later
(2) a gold ring in the shape of the logo and Nike shares.
Tinned food
Tinned food was invented in 1810 in Britain by Peter Durand.
Unfortunately, he did not also invent a tin opener, so tins were opened with
difficulty using a knife and a hammer. It wasn’t until nearly 50 years later
that the American Ezra Warner invented the tin opener.
Monopoly
When people at toy company Parker Brothers were first shown the board
game ‘Monopoly’, they were not interested. They said it had 52
fundamental errors, including taking too long to play. However, a few days
later the company president saw the game and took it home to try it. He
stayed up until 1 a.m. to finish playing it, and the next day he wrote to the
inventor, Charles Darrow, and offered to buy it!.
Botox
 Botox was first used in 1985 to correct strabismus (lazy eye) in children.
The possibility of using it to make people’s faces look younger was only
discovered 20 years later.
House M.D.
The character Gregory House in the hit TV series House M.D. is BASED
on Conan Doyle’s detective Sherlock Holmes. Like Holmes, House uses
his intelligence and knowledge of psychology to solve cases. House’s
relationship with his friend Dr James Wilson is similar to that between
Holmes and his friend, Dr John Watson, and the address on his driving
licence is 221B Baker St, a direct reference to Holmes’s address.

MY STORY.

Hair plays a special role in women's lives. This is a weapon needed to

attract men, and an integral part of the image, and it is that detail, changing
which can greatly change your appearance. That's why girls like to
experiment: to make fashionable haircuts, coloring, and styling. And in
order to quickly create a bright image, the craftsmen of the beauty industry
have invented with such a wonderful invention as a curling iron.
However, even before the styling acquired their final look, which they
have today, they have come a long and interesting way in the century
Marcel Grat is a Frenchman by birth, a hairdresser by profession and a
great inventor by vocation invented convenient metal sticks, which he used
for curling hair and for straightening them. it cannot be said that he taught
women to curl their hair. They did this long before him, using everything
that nature and their own minds offered them
In the ancient world used hot iron rods, or hot nails. which the Greeks and
Egyptians curled Hair.
It was not very convenient, women need the help of other people, but,
fortunately, a century later the situation has changed greatly.
Men talk just as much as women – can it really be true?
Research by psychologists at the University of Arizona has shown that the stereotype that women talk more
than men may not be true. In the study, hundreds of university students were fitted with recorders and the
total number of words they used during the day was then counted. The results, published in the New
Scientist, showed that women speak about 16,000 words a day and men speak only slightly fewer. In fact,
the four most talkative people in the study were all men. Professor Matthias Mehl, who was in charge of the
research, said that he and his colleagues had expected to find that women were more talkative.

However, they had been sceptical of the common belief that women use three times as many words as
men. This idea became popular after the publication of a book called The Female Brain (2006) whose
author, Louann Brizendine, claimed that ‘a woman uses about 20,000 words per day, whereas a man uses
about 7,000.’ Professor Mehl accepts that many people will find the results difficult to believe. However, he
thinks that this research is important because the stereotype, that women talk too much and men keep
quiet, is bad not only for women but also for men. ‘It says that to be a good male, it’s better not to talk –
that silence is golden.

A gossip with the girls? Just pick any one of 40 subjects

Women are experts at gossiping – and they often talk about trivial things, or at least that’s what men have
always thought. However according to research carried out by Professor Petra Boynton, a psychologist at
University College London, when women talk to women their conversations are not trivial at all, and cover
many more topics (up to 40) than when men talk to other men. Women’s conversations range from health
to their houses, from politics to fashion, from films to family, from education to relationship problems.
Almost everything, in fact, except football. Men tend to talk about fewer subjects, the most popular being
work, sport, jokes, cars, and women. Professor Boynton interviewed over 1,000 women for her study. She
also found that women move quickly from one subject to another in conversation, whereas men usually
stick to one subject for longer periods of time

Professor Boynton also says that men and women chat for different reasons. In social situations women use
conversation to solve problems and reduce stress, while men chat with each other to have a laugh or to
swap opinions