VERB TENSES

TENSES TYPES OF TENSES AUXILIARY VERB

PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE TENSES AUXILIARY VERB – TO DO
(NEGATIVE+ INTERROGATIVE)
PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS TENSES (ING) AUXILIARY VERB – TO BE
FUTURE TENSE PERFECT TENSES (PAST PARTICIPLE) AUXILIARY VERB – TO HAVE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

PRESENT AUXILIARY VERBS

- PRESENT SIMPLE (1 verb) SIMPLE TENSES – TO DO ***** (ONLY USE:

in the NEGATIVE + INTERROGATIVE) ROUTINE
FACTS
TIME TABLE (HORÁRIOS)
…….ALL VERBS (EXCEPT ****) Do – does

EXCEPTIONS ******
-----TO BE
-----TO HAVE GOT
…….MODAL VERBS (MODAL VERBS)

- PRESENT CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS TENSES – SOMETHING HAPPENING NOW

TO BE (PRESENT SIMPLE) + ESTAR+ A FAZER
(ing) (MAIN VERB+ING) (estar fazendo)

- PRESENT PERFECT **** PERFECT TENSES- TO HAVE

- present perfect continuous

*****

PAST
SIMPLE
…….ALL VERBS (EXCEPT ****) REGULAR VERBS: AFFIRMATIVE REGULAR /irregular VERBS:
NEGATIVE + INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE: 1. Add ED / D /IED (consonant+y) DID NOT
1. REGULAR VERBS 1. NEGATIVE – DID NOT
2. IRREGULAR VERBS (Study 2. INTERROGATIVE- DID
list) 3. SHORT ANSWERS (Yes, I
did/ no, I didn’t)

-----TO BE ***** AM + IS = WAS

ARE = WERE
-----TO HAVE/HAS GOT ***** HAD (GOT)
…….MODAL VERBS *****

- PAST CONTINUOUS (ing) CONTINUOUS TENSES –

TO BE (PAST SIMPLE) +
(MAIN VERB+ING)
 - present PERFECT **** PERFECT TENSES
- TO HAVE + MAIN VERB IN THE P.P.
(Past Participle)

- past PERFECT ****

PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS****

FUTURE
- WILL (may / might/ could)
-GOING TO To BE(conjugated) + GOING TO + main
verb in the infinitive

- PRESENT CONTINUOUS
- PRESENT SIMPLE

VERB TO BE

I AM I AM NOT AM I? AM I NOT? / YES, I AM

I’m I’M NOT** AREN’T I? NO, I’M NOT
(I AMN’T) (AMN’T i)
YOU ARE YOU ARE NOT Are AREN’T YES, WE ARE
You’re YOU AREN’T you/we/they? YOU/WE/THEY..? NO, WE AREN’T
HE/SHE/IT IS HE/SHE/IT IS NOT Is he/she/it? ISN’T YES, HE IS
He’s HE/SHE/IT…? NO, HE ISN’T
She’s ISN’T
It’s
WE/YOU/THEY WE/YOU/THEY
ARE ARE NOT
We’re -AREN’T
You’re
They’re

PRESENT SIMPLE -HAVE GOT

VERBS – PRESENT SIMPLE VERBS – PRESENT HAVE I,YOU,WE,THEY YES, I HAVE

AFFIRMATIVE SIMPLE GOT? NO, I HAVEN’T
HAVE /HAS + MAIN VERB IN THE NEGATIVE
INFINITIVE HAVEN’T I,YOU,WE,THEY YES, HE HAS
HAVE NOT /HAS NOT + GOT? NO, HE HASN’T
HAVE GOT MAIN VERB IN THE
I, YOU, WE, THEY = THE SAME AS INFINITIVE HAS HE,SHE,IT GOT?
THE NAME OF VERB (infinitive) HASN’T HE,SHE,IT GOT?
 I HAVE GOT HAVEN’T GOT
I, YOU WE THEY = NAME
HE, SHE, IT = HAS OF VERB
HE HAS GOT
HE, SHE, IT = HASN’T
I’VE GOT got
YOU’VE
WE’VE
THEY’VE

HE’S GOT
SHE’S
IT’S

PRESENT SIMPLE – ALL OTHER

VERBS (not exceptions)

OTHER VERBS -affirmative + MAIN VERB IN THE HE WISHES

INFINITIVE WASHES
I, YOU WE THEY = NAME OF VERB
WATCHES
(INFINITIVE)
KISSES
BOXES
HE, SHE, IT = RULE
DO doo – DOES – daz
1. +S
2. + ES (S. SS, SH, CH, X, O-Z)
STUDY-STUDIES
3. +IES (consonant + y)

OTHER VERBS -negative + MAIN VERB

I, YOU, WE, THEY = DO+NOT (INFINITIVE)
(DON’T) eat (main verb in infinitive)

HE, SHE, IT = DOES +NOT (DOESN’T)

eat (main verb in infinitive)
OTHER VERBS -interrogative + MAIN VERB YES, I, YOU, WE, THEY DO
(INFINITIVE) NO, I DON’T
I do – do I? Don’t I?
He does- does he? Doesn’t he? YES, HE,SHE,IT DOES
eat (main verb in infinitive) NO, HE DOESN’T

MODAL VERBS ANY TENSE

INFINITIVE/PRESENT PAST SIMPLE (SEMI-MODAL
VERBS)
IGUAL PARA TODOS OS SEMPRE SEGUIDOS PARA NEGATIVO + PERGUNTAS-TROCAR SUJEITO E VERBO
SUJEITOS POR VERBO NOT
PRINCIPAL NO
INFINITIVO

CAN – CANNOT/CAN’T COULD – TO BE + ABLE TO + 1.ASK/give PERMISSION

COULDN’T MAIN VERB IN THE 2. CAPABILITY -saber fazer (Play the piano
INFINITIVE 3. PHYSICAL CAPABILITY (No legs)
 conseguir
4. POSSIBILITY (what is possible)

SHALL SHOULD – Informal – SHALL-Used for I and WE

SHOULDN’T OUGHT TO + MAIN Shall I bring the drinks?
VERB IN THE *Shall we go for coffee?
INFINITIVE *let’s go for coffee!!!!!~

SHOULD - GIVE ADVICE

You should go to the doctor

MUST – (OBRIGATÓRIO) ----------------- HAVE TO + YOU MUST GO TO CLASSES

MUSTN’T –(PROÍBIDO INFINITIVE YOU MUSTN’T MISS CLASSES
MAY ----------------- 1.ASK PERMISSION FORMAL
MAY NOT 2. possibilidade (they may arrive today)
MIGHT ----------------- 1. possibilidade (they may arrive today)
MIGHT NOT
WILL – WILL NOT /WON’T WOULD – (FUTURE) ********
(ALWAYS FUTURE) WOULDN’T GOING TO,
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
PREDICTIONS Expect
HOPES Hope
FEARS I’m
THREATS afraid
OFFERS Believe
PROMISES I’m sure
WARNINGS I know
COMMENTS I think
ON-THE-SPOT probably
DECISIONS

CONTINUOUS TENSES 1.VERB TO BE (PRESENT) (BEFORE -ING) PRESENT CONTINOUS:

+ MAIN VERB + ING 1. E (WRITE) WRIT+ING I am having lessons
1. PRESENT 2. CVC (SWIM+M+ING RIGHT NOW
CONTINUOUS 1.VERB TO BE (PAST) + RUN-RUNNING I am reading a nice book
MAIN VERB + ING HIT-HITTING They are building a
2. PAST WINNING house-
CONTINUOUS 3. LIE -LY+ING
DIE – DY+ING
4. Ski – skiing
NEGATIVE
TO BE + NOT

PAST SIMPLE

VERBS – PAST SIMPLE + MAIN VERB IN THE

AFFIRMATIVE INFINITIVE
HAVE GOT
I, YOU WE THEY HE, SHE, IT = HAD (GOT)

To be I, he, she, it WAS

We, you, they WERE
OTHER VERBS- AFFIRMATIVE 1. D (RULE)
1. REGULAR VERBS 2. ED (all) Exceptions when adding 'ed':
3. IED (CONSONANT + Y)
1.when the final letter is e, only add d
2. IRREGULAR VERBS
STUDY THE LIST 2.after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant
is doubled

admit – admitted
final l is always doubled in British English (not in
American English):
travel - travelled

after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after

a vowel)

worry - worried
but: play - played
OTHER VERBS -negative + MAIN VERB (INFINITIVE)
I, YOU, WE, THEY, HE, SHE, IT
=DID+NOT

OTHER VERBS -interrogative + MAIN VERB (INFINITIVE)

I DID – DID I?
I didn’t – didn’t I?

PRESENT PERFECT
HAVE + main verb in HAVEN’T + P.P. HAVE I, YOU, WE, THEY YES, I, YOU, WE, THEY HAVE
the P.P. + P.P.? NO, I, YOU, WE, THEY HAVEN’T

HAS + main verb in HASN’T + P.P. HAS HE, SHE, IT + P.P.? YES, HE, SHE, IT HAS
the P.P NO, HE, SHE, IT HASN’T

PERFECT TENSES
PRESENT PERFECT + P.P. (past participle)
1. Regular verbs +ed
rd
1.HAVE/HAS (3 column)
PAST PERFECT NEGATIVE + NOT = HADN’T HAD + SUBJECT + P.P. ? YES, I HAD
1. HAD + p.p. NO, I HADN’T

EXPRESSIONS --- TENSES

WHEN TO USE PRESENT SIMPLE WHEN TO USE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

EXPRESSIONS FOR PRESENT SIMPLE EXPRESSIONS FOR PRESENT CONTINUOUS

ROUTINES

(How OFTEN do you….?

ALWAYS NOW ---
RIGHT NOW
NEVER AT THE MOMENT
 SOMETIMES TODAY,
USUALLY THIS………….
THIS WEEK, MONTH, YEAR, SUMMER
OFTEN
FREQUENTLY
HARDLY EVER

EVERY …………………
DAY, WEEK, MONTH, YEAR, SEASON, SPRING, HOUR,
SUMMER, AUTUMN, WINTER
Every three minutes

ONCE A WEEK
TWICE A MONTH
THREE TIMES A YEAR

WHEN TO USE PRESENT PERFECT WHEN TO USE PAST SIMPLE

1. TO TALK ABOUT A PAST ACTION BUT WE DON’T 1. TO TALK ABOUT A SHORT PAST ACTION THAT
SAY WHEN IT HAPPENED ( either because we HAPPENED ONCE AND WE GIVE THE EXACT
don’t know or it’s not important) TIME IT HAPPENED
2. To talk about a situation that began in the past
but is still continuing.
3. TO TALK ABOUT AN ACTION IN THE RECENT PAST

EXPRESSIONS PRESENT PERFECT EXPRESSIONS PAST SIMPLE

ALREADY -Já (AFFIRMATIVE) LAST ……year, month, week

YET – AINDA NÃO (NEGATIVE+INTERROGATIVE) AGO … 2 weeks ago, 1 month ago ….
Yet YESTERDAY
JUST – ACABA DE ACONTECER THE DAY BEFORE (YESTERDAY)
THE PREVIOUS …DAY/MONTH/YEAR
SINCE- DESDE+ PONTO NO TEMPO
FOR-HÁ + QUANTIDADE IN 2019
At 8.00
EVER – ALGUMA VEZ? RECENTLY
NEVER In April
SO FAR In the morning
UNTIL NOW

I HAVE ALREADY/JUST seen --------

I haven’t seen the film YET
Have you seen the film YET?
Have you ever ---?
What is the most beautiful city you have ever visited?

PAST CONTINUOUS vs PAST SIMPLE

PAST CONTINUOUS PAST SIMPLE

I WAS HAVING A SHOWER WHEN THE PHONE RANG
THE PHONE RANG WHEN I WAS HAVING A SHOWER
I HAD A SHOWER WHILE MY SISTER WASHED THE DISHES
I WAS HAVING COFFEE WHILE MY SISTER WAS DOING THE DISHES
 Simple Past – Present Perfect Simple
Simple Past Present Perfect Simple

irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs

I spoke I / you / we / they have spoken

he / she / it has spoken

regular verbs: infinitive + ed regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed

I worked I / you / we / they have worked

he / she / it has worked

certain time in the past Certain event in the past or how often
Example: so far?
certain action took place or whether / how
I phoned Mary 2 minutes ago. often an action has happened till now?

just / already / not yet

Example:

I have just phoned Mary.

Simple Past Present Perfect Simple

certain event in the past whether / how often till now

Example: Example:
He went to Canada last summer. Have you ever been to Canada? / I have been to
Canada twice.

Emphasis on action or result?

Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasise the result
(a past action's consequence in the present)?

Simple Past Present Perfect Simple

 Emphasis on action Emphasis on result

Example: Example:

I bought a new bike. (just telling I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence I actually
what I did in the past.) want to express that I have a new bike now.)

Signal Words

Simple Past Present Perfect Simple

 yesterday  just
 ... ago  already
 in 1990  up to now
 the other day  until now / till now
 last ...  ever
 (not) yet
 so far
 lately / recently

Present perfect x Simple past

Você sempre deve utilizar o "present perfect" quando o período de uma ação for irrelevante ou não estiver
especificado.
Alternativamente, utilize sempre o "simple past" quando forem fornecidos ou solicitados os detalhes sobre
o período ou lugar de uma ação.

Compare:

Present perfect Simple past

We use the Present Perfect: We use Past Simple if we say

when something happened
1.To talk about experiences in life until now
 2. we use the present perfect to ask about people’s
experiences. If the answer is yes, we use the past simple to
ask for more information-

I have lived in Lyon. I lived in Lyon in 1989.

They have eaten Thai food. They ate Thai food last night.

Have you seen 'Othello'? Where did you see 'Othello'?

We have been to Ireland. When did you go to Ireland?

Existe ainda uma diferença de atitude entre esses dois tempos verbais, que frequentemente consiste em um
fator importante na escolha do melhor tempo a ser utilizado.

 Em "What did you do at school today?"  utilizamos o "simple past" porque a pergunta se refere
às atividades, e o período escolar do dia está sendo considerado como encerrado.
 Em "What have you done at school today?"  utilizamos o "present perfect" porque a pergunta se
refere aos resultados: « mostre-os para mim». O momento em que a pergunta foi feita é considerado
como uma continuação do período escolar.

EXPRESSIONS - TENSES

Present Present continuous Past simple PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT

simple Single action I don’t know WHEN it
I know when it happened
happened
Routine Today Last ……. JUST (has just By the time I was
Last year, month, week, happened)
night
Facts Now Yesterday, the day For – since WHEN I was ….
 before yesterday For + period of time
SINCE + point in time
schedules THIS…month, year, Ago ……. Already
week Two weeks ago, 1 Yet
month ago Already – affirmative
Yet = negative + not
Yet - interrogative
EVERY DAY 3 times
ONCE a week
On Mondays
In the week
At the
weekend
Always Twice
Never once
Usually
sometimes
often

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE VS PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I HAVE DONE I HAVE BEEN DOING
HE HAS DONE HE HAS BEEN DOING
I have been a teacher for 25 years I have been teaching for 25 years

What have you done? What have you been doing?

HAVE YOU EVER…? + P.P. - LATELY
HOW LONG HAVE YOU BEEN ----?
FOR TWO MONTHS NOW

MIXED PAST TENSES - NARRATIVE TENSES

Present simple or Present continuous

Past simple or Present perfect
Will or Going to
Going to or Present continuous

Past continuous – past simple * I was eating when he arrived

Past simple – past simple He washed the car while I made dinner
Past continuous – past continuous He was cooking while I was having a
shower
Past perfect – past simple ** I had eaten when he arrived
TIME LINE

PRESENT
PRESENT SIMPLE
1. ROUTINE
2. FACTS
3. SCHEDULES
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. HAPPENING NOW
2. BEGUN BUT NOT YET FINISHED

PAST
PAST SIMPLE
ACTION IN THE PAST-FINISHED
PAST CONTINUOUS
ACTION THAT WAS HAPPENING AT A
SPECIFIC TIME IN THE PAST
PRESENT PERFECT
AN ACTION THAT STARTED AT SOME TIME IN
THE PAST (WE DON’T KNOW WHEN) AND IS
STILL TRUE NOW
PAST PERFECT
AN ACTION THAT HAPPENED AT A SPECIFIC
TIME IN THE PAST

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FUTURE

TENSES

    Present Simple Tense

    Present Continuous Tense
    Present Perfect Tense
    Present Perfect Continuous Tense
    Past Simple Tense
    Past Continuous Tense
    Past Perfect Tense
    Past Perfect Continuous Tense
    Future Simple Tense
    Future Continuous Tense
    Future Perfect Tense
    Future Perfect Continuous Tense