PERIODIC TREND OF PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS
IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

By:
Mike Rahayu
rahayumike@gmail.com

1
Physical Properties of Elements:

Atomic radius

Ionization energy

Electron affinity

Electronegativity

2
1. Atomic Radii
“Jarak inti atom dengan elektron terluarnya”

attraction
repulsion

: electron

: nucleus

“Elektron selalu bergerak dan yang dapat ditentukan hanyalah

kebolehjadian menemukan elektron” Lalu bagaimana mengukur jari-jari
atom?
3
1. Atomic Radii
“Total distance from an atom’s nucleus to the outermost orbital of electron”
Can be defined experimentally by dividing the distance between the centers
of two atoms

148.4 pm

Jari-jari ikatan kovalen

pada H2 adalah 74,2 pm
(Covalent radius) 288 pm
Jari-jari ikatan logam = 144 pm
(Metallic radius) 4
1. Atomic Radii
Decreasing atomic radii
1 (IA) 18 (VIIIA)

H 2 (IIA) 13 (IIIA) 14 (IVA) 15 (VA) 16 (VIA) 17 (VIIA) He

37 31

Li Be B C N O F Ne
152 112 85 77 75 73 72 71
Increasing atomic radii

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
186 160 143 118 110 103 100 98

K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
227 197 135 122 120 119 114 112

Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe
248 215 167 140 140 142 133 131

Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
265 222 170 146 150 168 140 141
5
1. Atomic Radii

Unsur Konfigurasi elektron Jumlah kulit Zeff

3Li

4Be

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

What is the trend of atomic radii in going from one element to the
next across of a period? Explain the reason! 6
1. Atomic Radii

How to explain the trend for senior high school student?

Zeff = Z – S
Zeff = Effective nuclear charge
Z = nuclear charge = number of proton/atomic number
S = shielding constant (number of inner electron)

7
1. Atomic Radii
Zeff = Z – S
Atom Z S Zeff
3Li 3 Close to 2 Close to +1
4Be 4
5B 5
6C 6
7N 7
8O 8
9F 9
10Ne 10
8
1. Atomic Radii

Jumlah
Unsur Konfigurasi elektron Zeff
kulit
1H

3Li

11Na

19K

37Rb

55Cs

What is the trend of atomic radii from the top to the

bottom of a group in the periodic table?
Explain the reason!
9
1. Atomic Radii

Atom Z S Zeff
Li 3 Close to 2 Close to +1
Na 11
K 19
Rb 37
Cs 55

What is the trend of atomic radii from the top to the

bottom of a group in the periodic table?
Explain the reason!
10
1. Atomic Radii (Ionic Radii)
1 (IA) 2 (IIA)

Li Li+ Be Be2+
152 60 112 31

Na Na+ Mg Mg2+
Which atomic/ionic radii is bigger,
186 95 160 65 kation or atom?
Explain the reason!

K K+ Ca Ca2+
227 133 197 99

Rb Rb+ Sr Sr2+
248 148 215 113

Cs Cs+ Ba Ba2+ 11
265 169 222 135
1. Atomic Radii (Ionic Radii)
16 (VIA) 17 (VIIA)

O O2- F F-
73 140 72 136
Which atomic/ionic radii is
bigger, anion or atom?
Explain the reason!
S S2- Cl Cl-
103 184 100 181

Se Se2- Br Br-
119 198 114 195

Te Te2- I I-
142 221 133 216 12
2. IONIZATION ENERGY

“Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to

remove the highest energy electron from an isolated
gaseous atom or ion in its ground state”

Apakah harus dalam bentuk gas?

Jika iya, mengapa harus dalam bentuk gas?

13
2. IONIZATION ENERGY
Ionization is not limited to removal of a single electron from an
atom. Two, three or even more electrons can be removed
sequentially from an atom.

Al(g) → Al+(g) + e IE1 = 580 kJ/mol

Al+(g) → Al2+(g) + e IE2 = 1815 kJ/mol

Al2+(g) → Al3+(g) + e IE3 = 2740 kJ/mol

14
2. IONIZATION ENERGY
What is the trend of ionization
energy in the periodic table in a
group and in a period?
Explain the reason!

15
2. IONIZATION ENERGY

Atomic radii
Elements
(pm)

3Li 152
4Be 112
5B 85
6C 77
7N 75
8O 73
9F 72
What is the relation of ionization energy
10Ne 71
and atomic radii trend in the periodic table?
Explain the reason!
16
2. IONIZATION ENERGY

Explain the irregularities trend!

17
3. Electron Affinity
Electron affinity is the energy change for the process of adding
an electron to an isolated gaseous atom or ion.

The electron affinity (EA) is expressed in kJ/mol. The

magnitude of electron affinity is a measure of how “strong”
the nucleus attract the electron

O(g) + e → Oˉ(g) EA1 = -141 kJ/mol

Oˉ (g) + e → O2ˉ(g) EA2 = 744 kJ/mol

18
3. Electron Affinity
Most elements has negative electron affinity (EA)

The more negative, the greater the tendency of the atom to

accept an electron and the more stable the anion that results
19
3. Electron Affinity

What is the trend of EA in

a group and period?

Did you find any

elements with positive
electron affinity?

EA Ne > 0 kJ/mol,
meaning that Ne does
not add an electron
and the Ne anion is
unstable.

20
 4. Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the relative ability of an atom to attract toward
itself the electrons in a chemical bond in Pauling’s scale.
Group
IA
(1)
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
H
1 2.20 (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
Li Be VIIIB B C N O F
2 0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Period

3 0.93 1.31 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16

4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Ga Ge As Se Br
0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.90 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65
1.81 2.01 2.18 2.55 2.96
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
5 0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.6 2.19 1.9 2.2 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.97 2.05 2.1 2.66
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At
6
0.79 0.89 1.10 1.3 1.5 2.36 1.9 2.2 2.20 2.28 2.54 2.00 2.04 2.33 2.02 2.0 2.2
Fr Ra Ac
7 0.7 0.9 1.1

Below 1.0 1.00 - 1.99 2.00-2.99 3.00-4.00

21
 Kesimpulan
1. Apakah perbedaan energi ionisasi dan afinitas elektron?
2. Apakah perbedaan afinitas elektron dan elektronegativitas?
3. Adakah hubungan antara jari-jari atom dan harga energi
ionisasi?
4. Adakah hubungan antara afinitas elektron dan
elektronegativitas?
5. Sebutkan dan jelaskan kecenderungan sifat-sifat berikut
dalam satu golongan dan periode:
a. Jari-jari atom
b. energi ionisasi
c. afinitas elektron
d. elektronegativitas
22