Final and Revised Paper

Technological Institute of the Philippines - Quezon City
College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Mechanical Engineering
ENGINEERING REPORT
FOR
DESIGN OF 43.92 MW DIESEL ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
OF
ITANGON, BULA, CAMARINES SUR
PREPARED BY:
Estrellado, John Alvin
Pascual, Ralph Reniel
Ronquillo, John Welmer
Sarmiento, John Mark
Tuldac, Kenneth
JUNE 2022
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE

COURSE FOR M.E. 511: POWER PLANT DESIGN
APPROVAL SHEET
This project design entitled “DESIGN OF 43.92 MW DIESEL ELECTRIC POWER

PLANT OF ITANGON, BULA, CAMARINES SUR” prepared and submitted by
John Alvin Estrellado, Ralph Reniel Pascual, John Welmer Ronquillo, John
Mark Sarmiento, and Kenneth Tuldac, in partial fulfillment of the requirements
in ME 511 – Power Plant Design with Renewable Energy for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering has been examined and is
recommended for approval and acceptance.
Approved by:
Engr. Jesus Dela Cruz, PME/RME/MP

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to offer their heartfelt gratitude to everyone who
contributed to the success of this endeavor. Without their help and guidance, this
project would not be possible. We are really appreciative for all of their help up
until the very end.
Thank you, God, for always guiding us on our life's journey. When we are
lost, he lends us his wisdom and tranquility. For granting us the strength and health
to complete this endeavor despite all obstacles.
To our instructor, Engr. Jesus Dela Cruz, upon sharing his knowledge that
contributed so much by giving suggestions and guidance to make this project
possible.
To our classmates and friends, through exchanging ideas and suggestions

in the design process. For always contributing to our project and not abandoning
anyone.
Finally, we'd like to express our gratitude to our parents. for always
providing our needs. Whenever we are experiencing difficulty with our project, they
express their love and understanding.
PREFACE
Electricity can be considered as one of the basic needs of an individual. It

allows his/her technology to be useful. People also use electricity for lighting,
heating, cooling, and refrigeration and for operating appliances, computers,
electronics, machinery, and public transportation systems and those are the
reason why it is important to have source of it.
How Diesel Power Plant works?

How can power plant lessen power shortage?
What are the things to consider in building a power plant?
The paper answers these questions. It provides both the most updated and reliable
informations that will give in depth understanding about diesel power plant.
Table of Contents
TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... I
APPROVAL SHEET ............................................................................................. II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... III
PREFACE ........................................................................................................... IV
Statement of the Problem .................................................................................. 1
I. Details of Design ............................................................................................. 4
Background of the Study ...................................................................................... 5
Basic Principle of Diesel Electric Engine Power Plant .......................................... 5
Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Power Plant ........................................ 6
Selection and Location of Power Plant ................................................................. 5
Main Components of a Diesel Power Plant .......................................................... 7
Project Objectives................................................................................................. 7
Main Objectives .................................................................................................... 8
Location ................................................................................................................ 8
Transportation .................................................................................................... 11
Specific Objectives ............................................................................................. 12
Project Scope and Limitation .............................................................................. 13

Scope of the Project ........................................................................................... 13
Limitations of the Project .................................................................................... 13
Design Inputs...................................................................................................... 14
Diesel Power Plant Components ........................................................................ 14
Diesel Electric Power Plant ................................................................................ 21
Diesel Engine Specifications .............................................................................. 22
Daily Load Curve for Sunday and Weekdays ..................................................... 26
Number of Units to be Installed .......................................................................... 27
Graphical Presentations of Schedule of Operation ............................................. 27
Alternatives and Graphical Representation ........................................................ 28
Starting the System ............................................................................................ 33
Closing the System............................................................................................. 34
Installation and load testing of the plant ............................................................. 34
Location of the Powerplant ................................................................................ 34
Selection of System ............................................................................................ 35
Selection of Equipments ..................................................................................... 36
Installation Safety Precautions ........................................................................... 37
II. Economic Studies ........................................................................................ 40
Performance and Characteristic of Diesel Power Plant ...................................... 41
Feasibility study of hybrid retrofits to an isolated off-grid diesel power plant ...... 42
Wood-pyrolysis oil as fuel in a diesel-power plant ............................................. 43
III. Design Proper .............................................................................................. 44
Engine Power ..................................................................................................... 45
Combustion of Fuel ............................................................................................ 54
Air Intake System ............................................................................................... 60
Exhaust System.................................................................................................. 63
Fuel System........................................................................................................ 67
Lubrication System ............................................................................................. 76
Cooling System .................................................................................................. 83
Machine Foundation ........................................................................................... 97
IV. Summary of Equipments .......................................................................... 104
V. Plans and Drawings ..................................................................................... 97
Top View ....................................................................................................... 109
Front View ..................................................................................................... 110
Rear View ...................................................................................................... 111
Right Side View ............................................................................................. 112
Left Side View ............................................................................................... 113
Isometric View ............................................................................................... 114
Engine Room................................................................................................. 115
Filtration System and Storage Tanks ............................................................ 116

Substation ..................................................................................................... 117
VI. Bill of Materials.......................................................................................... 118
Monthly Fuel Consumption ............................................................................... 118
Power Generation Sales ................................................................................... 123
Operation and Maintenance ............................................................................. 123
Total Sales Per Month ...................................................................................... 123
Monthly Fuel Consumption ............................................................................... 123
Annual Income.................................................................................................. 123
Return of Investment ........................................................................................ 124
VII. References ................................................................................................ 125
VIII. Equipment Schedule .............................................................................. 116
IX. Conclusion and Recommendation ......................................................... 131
X. Curriculum Vitae ........................................................................................ 131

1
DESIGN OF DIESEL ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Design a Diesel Electric Power Plant using the metered data from NAPOCOR assuming
the plant operates 24 hours daily.
REQUIREMENTS/CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Plant capacity based on the given data. Availability of the plant must be 100 % of the
time.
2. Plant location based on transmission of energy, fuel delivery, water supply and realty
value of the land.
3. Provide for future expansion. Cold reserve should be always available.
4. Use a single rating for all units used/installed.
5. Use a waste heat recovery system if possible.
DETAILS:
1. Draw a daily load curve for Sunday and weekdays and determine the plant capacity
based on the given data.
2. Determine the suitable number of units to be installed. Make 3 alternatives using
different power ratings for each alternative.
3. Show graphical presentations of the schedule of operation superimposed on the daily
load curve.
4. Economic studies of different alternatives based on fuel and lubrication cost.
5. Design of foundation:
a. Use foundation weight requirement
b. Specify all materials used
6. Design of cooling system:
2
a. Use a closed type of system using the limiting temperature of available

water.
b. Specify the type, capacity, power rating of all equipment used.
c. Make a schematic diagram of the system and label the major parts.
d. Design all heat exchangers showing detailed parts and specifications such
as number of tubes, length, diameter, etc.
7. Design the air, exhaust, fuel, and lubrication system with complete specifications as
in no. 5.
8. Select and specify units for its starting system.
9. Discuss how to start and stop the plant.
10. Discuss the procedure of installation and load testing of the plant.
11. Prepare a good layout in accordance with the practice and safety in engineering
projects. (1 plant layout, 2 side views and a cross-sectional area. Draw the details of
each major equipment and label the parts.
12. Write complete specification of the equipment used.
13. Convert all specifications/values into SI units.
14. From Available catalog, select an engine with specifications, example HP or kW output
= 6000 kW (output at sea level)
15. Adjust the output of this engine when operated in a higher elevation (example, when
located in Baguio City). Also, use the engine to drive the generator with certain
generator efficiency then; Adjusted generator output = (say 5000 kW)
16. Compute the number of Diesel engine generators set to be installed.
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 – 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑡 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
32,310
= = 6.4 ∼ 7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
5000
17. Repeat procedures 14, 15, and 16 for the second and third alternatives. Note: no of
units is approximately 5 to 10 units.
Load data:
3
4
CHAPTER I
DETAILS OF THE DESIGN
5
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY / INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, people cannot live without technologies such as Ipad’s, mobile cell
phones, computers, television, and others. These technologies have slowly taken an
essential part in people’s daily lives and it is unimaginable living without them. Technology
becomes a part of human lives in many ways, in work, in school, and especially in
communicating to others. It became important not only in one’s personal life but with the
whole world. In the industrial world, machines carry out most of the agricultural and
industrial work and as a result, companies produce much more goods compared without
them which really help us to sustain our needs, especially with food. But it must be clear
that technology, just like an ordinary thing, needs something in order to be able to work:
power and electricity. Most of the technologies are already electrical, from the word itself,
these are the ones that need electricity to function. Because of that, having efficient power
or energy resources become so essential.
Industrial facilities for the generation of electric power are known as power plants,
powerhouses, or generating stations.
One or more generators, rotating machines that transform mechanical energy into
electrical energy are commonly found in most power plants. A current of electricity is
generated when a magnetic field and a conductor move in relation to one another. The
generator can be powered by a wide range of different energy sources. Coal, oil, and
natural gas are the most commonly used fuels in power plants around the world. For
natural gas-fired power plants, a combustion turbine may be used instead of a steam
turbine generator.
From candles to LEDs, light, incandescent, or fluorescent bulbs, all of which are
powered by electricity, we've made a lot of progress. Additionally, power generation has
enabled a significant increase in research, experimentation, system upgrades, and
inventions.
6
A diesel power plant generates electricity by using a diesel engine as the prime
mover. Because this power station is normally lightweight, it can be located anywhere it
is needed. This type of power plant is capable of producing a finite amount of electrical
energy. In the majority of countries, these power plants serve as emergency power
sources. Within the engine, the diesel burns, and the combustion process moves a fluid
that rotates the engine shaft and operates the alternator. Conversely, the alternator
converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. This form of electricity generating power
station will very certainly continue to be used for an extended period of time in the future,
as there will always be a need for a reliable stand-by electrical source in emergency
scenarios. However diesel power plants, create a greenhouse gasses that harm the
environment and require constant maintenance.
In 2020, the residential sector consumed the most electricity, at approximately

34.29 million megawatts. The industrial sector consumed approximately 25.6 million
megawatts of power.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF DIESEL ELECTRIC ENGINE POWER PLANT
Intern Mechanic Electrical

al al Energy
Energ Energy
Diesel Generator
Diesel Fuel y
Engine
Or
Chemical Energy of Diesel ↔ Heat Energy ↔ Mechanical Energy
↔Electrical Energy
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of Diesel electric engine power plant
ADVANTAGES OF A DIESEL ELECTRIC ENGINE POWER PLANT
1. The construction of a diesel power plant is simple.

2. The diesel power plant is easy to set up in any location where there is a low
demand for electricity.
7
3. Diesel power plants require less time to start and stop compared to the other power
plants.
4. It starts quickly and easily picks up the load variations.
5. In comparison to thermal and steam power plants, the maintenance costs of a
diesel power plant are minimal.
6. Diesel power plants require a small amount of water for cooling purposes.
7. The thermal efficiency of a diesel power plant is higher compared to the steam
power plant.
DISADVANTAGES OF A DIESEL ELECTRIC ENGINE POWER PLANT
1. The operating cost of a diesel power plant is high because diesel fuels are
expensive.
2. Compared to thermal and hydroelectric power plants, this plant has a limited
capability for power generation and storage.
3. The expense of maintenance and lubrication is extremely high.
4. It is not comfortable under overload conditions and cannot run for a long period of
time.
SELECTION AND LOCATION OF POWER PLANTS
1. Cost of Fuel
Diesel engines need oil to run, and the price of oil depends on where the
power plant is.
2. Requirement of Space
The cost of land and construction will be costly if the building and space
requirements are large at the same time. Minimal area is required to run a diesel-
powered power plant.
3. Cost of Land and Taxes
The cost of land near a load center or in a large city may be quite high in
comparison to land in a rural region.
8
4. Cost of Transmission of Energy

The location of a power plant should be as close to the load center as
possible. As a result, transmission expenses and losses are reduced.
5. Reliability of supply
Power plants should be distributed throughout the state to maintain
consistent supply.
6. Transportation Facility
The location of a power plant is affected by how close it is to transportation
establishments.
7. Availability of Cooling Water
For the sake of maintaining a comfortable temperature, there must be a
suitable quantity of water accessible.
8. Pollution or Noise
It is possible that situating a power plant close to a load center might be
undesirable from the perspectives of both noise and pollution. People who live
close to the powerplant are likely to complain about the noise caused by diesel
engines because of how loud they are.
9. Storage Space for Fuels
The level of oil supply security is the primary factor that determines the
amount of land that is necessary.
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
MAIN OBJECTIVES
Design and construct a Diesel Electric Power Plant as another source of

energy to houses, government infrastructures, industries and 35 municipalities in the
province of Camarines Sur. The construction of the power plant will potentially increase
the productivity of communities and boost the economy of the province. The 43.92 MW
diesel power plant will be designed and constructed at Itangon, Bula, Camarines Sur.
9
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
The designer also aims to:
● Study the main components of the Diesel Power Plant.

● To be familiarized with the principles and theories of Diesel Power Plant.
● To determine the power plant’s specifications, size, and its capacity.
LOCATION
Itangon is a barangay in the municipality of Bula, Camarines Sur province.

Camarines Sur is located on the island of Luzon, in the Bicol Region of Southern Luzon,
and is part of Region V. Itangon is one of Bula's 33 barangays. According to the 2020
census, the population was 1,839. This amounted to 2.51 percent of Bula's total
population. Itangon is located on the island of Luzon at roughly 13.3986, 123.2081. At
these coordinates, the elevation is calculated to be 14.1 meters (46.3 feet) above mean
sea level.
Figure 2: Topographic map of the Philippines

(Source: maps.google.com)
10
Figure 3: Topographic map of Itangon, Bula, Camarines Sur

(source: elevationmap.net)
Figure 4: Geo-Physical Characteristics

(Source: Philatlas.com)
SITE DEVELOPMENT AREA

11
Figure 5: Proposed Site Itangon, Bula, Camarines Sur

Figure 6: Power Transmission Lines near Bula, Camarines Sur

(Source: openinframap.org)
Figure 7: Pathway Towards Pili, Camarines Sur from Site

12
TRANSPORTATION
In figure 7, the distance between the proposed site and national highway is 21.1
kilometers that takes up to approximately 38 minutes. This road will be a pathway for the
transit of fuels and supplies.In figure 7, the distance between the proposed site and
national highway is 21.1 kilometers, which takes up to approximately 38 minutes. This
road will be a pathway for the transit of fuels and supplies. Also, For the transit of supplies
and other things that need transportation, the location is very accessible via road.
AVAILABILITY OF WATER
With the river nearby, soft water is readily available for cooling purposes.
Figure 8: Ocean near the Proposed Location

13
AVAILABILITY OF LAND
For the construction of a diesel power plant, land close to the load center should
be readily available at a reasonable price.
PROJECT SCOPE AND LIMITATION
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The major components of the proposed power plant project are as follows:
1. Design of the Diesel Engine

2. Machine Foundation
3. Design of Lubrication System
4. Design of Air-Intake System
5. Design of Fuel System
6. Design of Exhaust System
7. Design of Cooling System
14
LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
The limitation of the proposed project are as follows:
1. The timetable of the building phase.

2. An accurate geology and geotechnical assessment of the proposed plant
construction site.
3. A survey of the possible locations of the power plant’s construction.
4. The expenses of the mechanical systems and equipment are evaluated.
DESIGN INPUTS
This shows the conditions that will be considered for the proposed design of a
43.92 MW Diesel Power Plant in Itangon, Bula, Camarines Sur. The following are the
inputs required to achieve the project’s goal:
● Description of the proposed Diesel Power Plant’s process.

● Present the functionalities of each main component and how it is designed
aligning to the layout of the plant.
COMPONENTS OF DIESEL POWER PLANT
1. Diesel Engine
2. Machine Foundation
3. Fuel System
4. Lubricating System
5. Air-Intake System
6. Exhaust System
7. Cooling System
15
Figure 9: Schematic Diagram of Diesel Electric Engine Power Plant

(Source: electricalvoice.com)
DIESEL ENGINE
The most important component of a power plant that produces electricity. The
Diesel Engine's main feature is that it injects oil fuel into air that has previously been
compressed by a piston rising to a pressure that corresponds to a temperature high
enough to ensure quick ignition of the fuel.
Four-stroke or two-stroke diesel engines are utilized in diesel electric power plants.
The generator is powered by mechanical energy, which is utilized to generate electricity.
To generate electrical energy, the diesel engine is mechanically connected to the
generator. Mechanical power is generated when diesel fuel is burned in the engine.
16
Figure 10: Diesel Engine Schematic Diagram

(Source: researchgate.net)
ENGINE FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM
Consists of Fuel Storage Tank, Fuel Filter or Strainer, Fuel Transfer Pump, Day
Tank, Heaters, and Connecting Pipes. To carry fuel from the supply point to the storage
tanks, then from the storage tanks to the daily consumption tanks, and lastly to the engine,
fuel transfer pumps are required. Strainers are provided to remove suspended pollutants
from the fuel supply, ensuring clean fuel for the engine. Heaters are required to keep the
oil heated, particularly during wet season.
Figure 11: Schematic Diagram of Engine Fuel System

17
ENGINE AIR-INTAKE SYSTEM
In diesel engines, the air that enters the engine must be clean because engines
require fine tolerances to accomplish its compression ratio. Air filters, an air tank, a
compressor, and connecting pipes are all part of this system. To give the engine with the
necessary air for fuel combustion, an air intake system is included. The air is filtered
through the air filters and then pumped into the engine through the pipes. Dust particles
in the air are removed by air filters, which could act as an abrasive in the engine's
cylinders, pistons, and valves. Because it uses an air compressor or a supercharger to
increase the pressure of the air delivered to the engine, a diesel engine requires tight
tolerances to achieve its compression ratio. The air is channeled into the engine through
the intake system once it has been filtered, and the intake system also serves to reduce
airflow noise
Figure 12: Schematic Diagram of Engine Air-Intake System

(Source: researchgate.net)
ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEM
Silencers and connected ducts make up these systems. The engine exhaust is
discharged to the atmosphere outside the building through this system. The exhaust
18
manifold connects the exhaust from the engine cylinders to an exhaust pipe with a
silencer, which lowers the pressure in the exhaust line and eliminates the majority of the
noise that would otherwise be produced if waste gasses were released directly into the
atmosphere.
Figure 13: Schematic Diagram of Engine Exhaust System
ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM
If not cooled by flowing water via jackets around the hot areas, the temperatures
encountered inside engines would damage the lubricating oil film on the cylinder liners,
rendering the engine unusable due to warping of valves, pistons, and other components.
This system controls water circulation all around diesel engines in order to maintain
a stable engine temperature. A portion of the heat generated by fuel combustion in the
engine cylinder is converted to work. The heat that remains in the cylinder wall, piston,
rings, and other system components might be harmful to the system. A cooling system,
which includes a pump, cooling towers, and a water source, is required to keep the
temperature of engine parts within acceptable working limits. The pump circulates water
through the cylinder and head jacket, and when the water absorbs heat from the engine
and heats up, it is cooled in cooling ponds before being re-circulated.
19
Figure 14: Schematic Diagram of Engine Cooling System
ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Oil pumps, oil tanks, filters, coolers, and connecting pipes are all included. The
lubrication system's purpose is to reduce friction between moving parts as well as wear
and tear on engine components.
For an engine to work, it needs friction from moving parts inside the engine to
generate heat and could lead to melting of metals and destruction of the engine.
Therefore, oils or lubricants are used to prevent it from happening. There are two
purposes of lubrication. One is to lubricate bearing surfaces and the other one is to cool
the bearings by absorbing heat generated from friction.
Lubrication must be done correctly and with the correct type of lubricant. Scored
cylinders, filthy spark plugs, worn or burned-out bearings, misfiring cylinders, blocked
piston rings, engine deposits and sludge, and high fuel consumption are all symptoms of
improper engine lubrication.
20
Figure 15: Schematic Diagram of Engine Lubrication System
Electric Cooperative
Figure 15: Casureco IV Main Office

21
DIESEL ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
A diesel electric power plant is a generating station that uses a diesel engine as
the primary mover for the creation of electrical energy. A prime mover is required to
revolve the rotor of an alternator in order to generate electrical power. Various techniques
of driving the primary mover are available. One of the most common techniques of
generating electricity is to use a diesel engine as a primary mover. A power station is
called a diesel power station when the alternators' prime mover is a diesel engine. Diesel
combustion generates the mechanical power needed to drive the alternator. Because
diesel is so expensive in our nation, this sort of power plant is unsuitable for large-scale
electricity generation. Diesel power stations, on the other hand, are employed for small-
scale electric power production and if there are no other readily available alternatives.
22
Diesel Engine Specifications
WARTSILA 31 (12V31)
The Wärtsilä 31 is the most powerful engine in its class, with options ranging from
8 to 16 cylinders. At 720 and 750 rpm, the power output ranges from 4.6 to 9.6 MW. The
Wärtsilä 31DF features a 4-stroke engine that offers the best fuel economy in its class. At
the same time, it delivers exceptional results across the whole working range. It allows
for a smaller footprint and more cost-effective installation due to the high power output
per cylinder. W31DF considerably improves vessel uptime by extending the period
between overhauls and reducing maintenance time and costs, resulting in industry-
leading lifecycle operations.
The Wärtsilä 31 is designed to be used as a main propulsion engine, in diesel

electric configurations, in hybrid installations, or as an auxiliary engine aboard a wide
range of ship types and applications. It can be programmed to run at a steady speed or
along a propeller curve. The Wärtsilä 31 is an ideal choice for OSVs, drilling or semi-
submersible vessels in the offshore sector, where operating flexibility, high power density,
extended intervals between overhauls, and high standards of safety are critical.
23
Figure 16: Wartsila 12V31 Diesel Engine
Fuel System
The fuel system is made up of several components that aid in the flow of fuel from
the tank to the engine for combustion. Because gasoline supply to the engine is critical
24
for smooth performance, your fuel system must always be in good operating order. If
there is a hiccup in the system, you will notice a decrease in power and performance.
Fuel storage tank
A fuel tank also known as a petrol tank or gas tank is a secure reservoir for
flammable liquids. Though any gasoline storage tank can be named that kind of, the term
is commonly referred to a component of an engine system in which fuel is kept and either
fuel pump or pressurized gas into an engine. The size and complexity of fuel tanks range
from the little plastic tank of a butane lighter to the multi-chambered cryogenic Space
Shuttle external tank.
Fuel filter
In order to avoid damaging the engine, the fuel filter removes dirt and rust particles
from the fuel. Engine components wear out unnecessarily, and the entire system suffers
as a result of debris entering the engine.
Lubrication System
The goal of the lubrication system is to keep the moving parts of the engine in good
working order. It reduces friction between moving parts that come into contact with each
other. Cylinder components such as the piston, shafts, and valves all require lubrication.
The lubricant is cooled before being recirculated. The lubrication system of an engine
provides lubricating oil to the various moving elements of the engine. Its main job is to
provide an oil coating between the moving parts, which reduces friction and wear. Oil
pumps, oil tanks, filters, coolers, and connecting pipes are all part of the lubrication
system.
25
Filters
The process of eliminating suspended particles from oil in order to protect

equipment (screening) or increase the life of the oil is known as lube oil filtering (cleaning).
Oil filtering options aren't always straightforward, which is where the misunderstanding
begins.
Coolers
Coolers are utilized in large rotating equipment lubricating oil reservoirs to control
viscosity and reject heat. Lube oil cooler performance is influenced by a range of plant-
specific elements such as ambient temperature, plant utilities, equipment condition, and
so on.
Cooling System
The cooling system is intended to keep the diesel engine cool in order to extend
its life and lessen the likelihood of it malfunctioning. A cooling system works by constantly
moving liquid through the passageways of the engine block. The water pump, which is
powered by the thermostat, pushes coolant through the engine block. As the solution
passes through these channels, it absorbs heat from the engine. A thermostat is located
between the engine and the radiator. Cooling water pump, condenser, cooling tower, and
connecting pipes are all part of the cooling system.
Cooling water pump
Cooling water pumps supply fresh water to cool the exhaust steam in the
condenser and return it to the wet cooling tower or the open cooling system's output. The
CWP's primary feature is their high flow. Vertical column combined-cycle power plants
(CWP) are used in medium to large-scale gas-fired combined-cycle power plants.
26
DAILY LOAD CURVE (MONDAY TO SATURDAY)
Figure 17: Monday to Saturday Load Curve
DAILY LOAD CURVE (SUNDAY)
Figure 18: Sunday Load Curve

27
NUMBER OF UNITS TO BE INSTALLED
Chosen engine: WARTSILA 31 (12V31)
𝑔
𝑘𝑊 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 7,320 𝑘𝑊 ; SFOC = 167.7 𝐾𝑤ℎ
No. of Diesel Engine = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 / 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
38610 𝐾𝑊
No. of Diesel Engine =
7320 𝐾𝑊
No. of Diesel Engine = 5.27459
No. of Diesel Engine = 6 units
𝑔 1𝑘𝑔
167.7 𝑥 𝑥7320𝑘𝑊 𝑚3
𝐾𝑤ℎ 1000𝑔
Fuel consumption = 𝑘𝑔 = 1.4184
865.4434251 3 ℎ𝑟
𝑚
Unit Cost = P27,000,000.00
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 = 27,000,000 𝑥 6 = 162,000,000.00
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION:
Figure 19: Monday to Saturday Load Curve

28
Figure 20: Sunday Load Curve
Alternative 1:
Engine: Wartsila 31DF (10V31)
𝑔
𝑘𝑊 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 6000 𝑘𝑊 ; SFOC = 163.5 𝐾𝑤ℎ
No. of Diesel Engine = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 / 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
38610 𝐾𝑊
6000 𝐾𝑊
𝑔 1𝑘𝑔
163.5 𝑥 𝑥6000𝑘𝑊 𝑚3
865.4434251 3 ℎ𝑟
𝑚
Unit Cost = P25,550,730.00
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 = 25,550,730 𝑥 7 = 𝑃178,885,110.00

29
Figure 21: Alternative 1 Monday to Saturday Load Curve
Figure 22: Alternative 1 Sunday Load Curve

30
Alternative 2:
𝑔
No. of Diesel Engine = 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
38610 𝐾𝑊
8400 𝐾𝑊
𝑔 1𝑘𝑔
172.5 𝑥 𝑥8400𝑘𝑊 𝑚3
865.4434251 3 ℎ𝑟
𝑚
Unit Cost = P33,800,700.00
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 = 33,500,000 𝑥 5 = 𝑃167,500,000.00

31
Alternative 3:
𝑔
No. of Diesel Engine = 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
38610 𝐾𝑊
9600 𝐾𝑊
No. of Diesel Engine = 5 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝑔 1𝑘𝑔
174.4 𝑥 𝑥9600𝑘𝑊 𝑚3
865.4434251 3 ℎ𝑟
𝑚
Unit Cost = 32,000,000.00
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 = 35,000,000 𝑥 5 = 175,000,000

32

33
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE DIESEL ENGINES
Diesel Rated No of Fuel Unit cost Overall cost if

Engine power units to Consumption installed
output be per unit
installed
Wartsila 31 7320 KW 6 m3 P27,000,000.00 P162,000,000

1.4184
(12v31) hr
Wartsila 6000 KW 7 m3 P25,550,730.00 P178,885,550

1.13
31DF hr
(10v31)
Wartsila 8400 KW 5 m3 P33,500,000.00 P167,500,000

1.67428
31DF hr
(14v31)
Wartsila 9600 KW 5 m3 P35,000,000.00 P175,000,000

1.93454
31DF hr
(16v31)
34
STARTING THE SYSTEM
The rotational speed of a diesel engine must be between 150 and 250 rpm to start
the system of the power plant. The purpose of the starting system is to deliver enough
torque to achieve the minimal cranking speed required. The starting motor moves the
flywheel, which starts piston action, turning the crankshaft. For a little four-cylinder engine,
a starter doesn't need to create a lot of torque. However, as engines grow in size and
number of cylinders, more torque will be needed to achieve the required cranking speed.
Some heavy-duty 24V starters can provide over 200 ft-lb of torque. The gear reduction
factor between the ring gear on the engine's flywheel and the starter motor pinion gear
multiplies this torque.
Compressed air is supplied to air receivers by air compressors. The compressed

air is routed through a large bore pipe to a remote non-return or automated valve, which
then feeds the cylinder air start valve. Compressed air is introduced into the cylinder when
the cylinder air start valve is opened. When the air start lever is pressed, a supply of pilot
air permits the remote valve to open. Pilot air is also supplied to an air distributor to verify
appropriate operation. This system, which feeds pilot air to the control cylinders of the
cylinder air start valves, is usually driven by the engine camshaft. After that, the pilot air
is provided in the right order for the needed operation direction. The cylinder air start
valves are kept closed by springs when not in use, and the pilot air opens them, allowing
pressurized air from the receivers to enter the engine cylinder directly.
An interlock is displayed in the remote operating valve line when the engine turning
gear is engaged, preventing the valve from opening. After the air has been further
compressed by the engine, the remote functioning valve stops it from being reintroduced
into the system. Lubricating oil from the compressor will pass into the air lines and settle
on them during normal operation. If a cylinder air starting valve leaks, hot gasses will
enter the air pipes and ignite the lubricating oil. Lubricating oil from the compressor will
pass into the air lines and settle on them during normal operation. If a cylinder air starting
valve failed, hot gasses would escape into the air pipes and ignite the lubricating oil. If the
35
engine is given beginning air, the flames will be fueled much more, possibly resulting in
a pipeline explosion. To avoid this, ensure that cylinder starting valves are in good working
order and that pipes are drained on a regular basis. Compressor oil discharge should be
kept to a bare minimum through routine maintenance.
CLOSING THE SYSTEM
The proper operation of shutting down a diesel engine will prevent breaking and
extend the service life of the engine. It should be stopped by decreasing the speed of the
engine until it does not supply energy to the generator anymore. The following are the
proper procedure of shutting down the system:
1. Stopping the supply of exhaust fuel.

2. Maintaining an open exhaust valve.
3. Cutting of air supply.
4. Stopping the injection pump’s action.
INSTALLATION AND LOAD TESTING OF THE PLANT

The plant is simple to integrate into a power system. However, when considering
economic factors, plant capacity is limited to 5 to 50 MW. These restrictions are further
influenced by load capacity, fuel, water, and space availability.
LOCATION OF POWER PLANT

To prevent transmission costs and losses, the site should be as close to the load
center as practicable. The land should be provided at a low cost in order to keep the
plant's capital cost low. The gasoline should be easily accessible and affordable. There
should be transportation options available. For cooling purposes, there should be
36
enough water available. Because of the noise and irritation created by emissions, the
site should be located away from densely inhabited areas.
Selection of System
The sort of power plant to be constructed is determined by the energy source.
For smaller loads, a diesel plant is ideal. Diesel Generators are the only realistic
alternative for providing reliable power to the local population in some geographical
areas. This is a widespread practice, and several power companies make Diesel
Generating Plants a significant part of their power producing portfolio. Because many of
these locations are not connected to the electricity grid, they must regulate their own
frequency and voltage.
Building for a Power Plant

The power plant building should be simple, rugged and should have a pleasing
appearance. The size, arrangement and shape of a power plant depends upon the type
of power plant, the roofs are usually made flat. The roof deck can be carried on
reinforced concrete slabs and beams.
The floors may be made up of concrete or tiles. Concrete floors are preferred. The
structure should be fireproof. While laying out the various equipment allowances should
be left for future expansion. The rooms of the building should be spacious, un-crowded,
well lighted and clean.
Selection of Prime Mover

Diesel engines should be selected depending on the load and kind of power
stations. The capacity of the units installed should be greater than the peak demand,
with some provisions provided for future predicted load.
37
The boiler's principal purpose is heat transfer. It should be able to make extensive
use of the heat generated by fuel combustion; water tube boilers are favored in central
power plants. Because hydrogen loss is greater in gaseous fuels, coal-fired boilers have
better efficiency than boilers that use oil or gas as fuel. The cost of a boiler is determined
by the operating pressure, temperature, method of fire, and desired efficiency.
Selection of Operating Conditions

The power plant should be able to meet the fluctuating power demand. To
provide variable power, the supply of fuel, air, water, and other resources must be
adjusted accordingly. The older and inefficient units should be replaced with new and
efficient units to keep the power plant efficient.
Cost
Fixed costs, operating costs, and depreciation charges are all included in the cost
of a power plant. The power station's cost should be as minimal as possible. By placing
the power station near the load center, the cost can be kept low. Selecting prime movers
with sufficient capacity, the cost can be minimized. If the prime movers installed have a
capacity that is too high in comparison to the maximum estimated power consumption,
the cost of the power station rises. Because a power plant requires a large amount of
land, the cost of land should be acceptable. The subsoil quality of the site should be such
that no piling or blasting is required and a good foundation may be built at a reasonable
depth. In the event of a steam power plant, a nuclear power plant, or a diesel power plant,
there should be plenty of water.
Selection of Power Generating Units

The amount of units chosen should not be excessive, but neither should it be too
few. If two units are chosen, each one should be able to handle the maximum load. The
units chosen should be able to handle the maximum load. When determining the
capacity of the units, the future demand extension should be considered. If the greatest
capacity unit fails, a reserve unit should be installed to supply the load. The units should
be able to run at high load factors, be efficient, and have a low cost.
38
Installation Safety Precautions

General Hazards
1. For installation, repair, and maintenance, always follow the manufacturer's

instructions and recommendations.
2. Generator exhaust emissions contain dangerous chemicals including carbon
monoxide, which can be life-threatening and even fatal. Exhaust systems must be
installed correctly, appropriate ventilation must be supplied to maintain an
uninterrupted flow of cooling and ventilating air, and emissions must be directed
away from populated areas.
3. The area around the generator must be clean and clear of any potentially
hazardous combustible materials.
4. The equipment must be inspected on a regular basis, and any defective or
damaged parts must be replaced as soon as possible.
5. While working with the generator, it is critical that the operating personnel remain
alert at all times.
6. While the unit is in use, it should not be opened or dismantled. Do not tamper with
moving or hot parts. To avoid an accidental start-up, disconnect the battery cables
before working on the generator.
Electrical Hazards
1. While installing or maintaining the generator, all electricity voltage supplies should
be shut off at the source.
2. All electrical connections, such as wires, cables, and terminals, must be properly
insulated and covered, and should not be handled with bare hands or in water.
This is necessary in order to avoid an electric shock.
3. Grounding / earthing wiring should be installed on the generator's frame and any
external conducting parts. This should never be turned off.
4. The recommended capacity for wiring, cable, and cord sets must be met.
39
Fire and Explosion Hazard
1. Smoking near the equipment has the potential to be fatal.

2. Explosions are possible if there are fuel or oil spills near the generator, leaks from
the unit's fuel system and fuel supply lines, and combustible materials nearby.
3. A fire extinguisher should always be nearby. The use of carbon tetra-chloride
extinguishers is strictly prohibited because the fumes are toxic and can deteriorate
the insulation on generator wiring.
GENERATOR LOAD TESTING

A load bank test ensures that your generator will start and run when needed,
allowing you to fully rely on it in an emergency. A proper load bank test ensures that
your generator is tested at full kilowatt (kW) output. Because many generators do not
operate at their full kW rating on a regular basis, it's critical to ensure that your
generator can produce the highest possible horsepower while also maintaining
adequate temperature and pressure levels to allow it to run for as long as you need it.
1. Check the generator's fluid levels. If it's a water-cooled generator, make sure the
fuel tank is full, the oil level is correct, and the radiator or coolant tank is full.
2. Start the generator and let it cool down to its normal operating temperature. Keep
an eye out for any potential issues or unusual noises. If any issues are discovered,
do not continue with the test until they are resolved.
3. Begin connecting the loads, starting with any large 220 volt loads and gradually
decreasing the voltage until each leg carries 50% of the generator's maximum
continuous rated load. Do not put more than 50% of your weight on any one leg.
Use 220 volt resistive loads, such as large space heaters or water heaters, if at all
possible. They make this step easier by evenly distributing the load on each leg.
4. With the ammeter, check the amperage of each leg, and the voltage from each leg
to neutral with the VOM set to read AC volts. The voltage of each leg of a 110/220
volt single phase generator should be between 105 and 125 volts, and the current
40
should be half of the rated watt output divided by the voltage. If the voltage from
each leg to neutral is 117 volts loaded and the generator is rated at 10 kilowatts
continuous, each leg should be loaded to 5000 divided by 117, or 42 amperes. The
generator has failed the test and needs to be repaired if one or both legs drop
below 105 volts at full load.
5. Maintain this load for the duration of the test while monitoring the generator. Keep
an eye out for overheating, strange noises, and poor output. If a problem arises,
quickly shut down the generator to prevent further damage and repair it before
resuming service. The length of the test is determined by the generator type.
Portable generators should not be operated at full capacity for more than three to
four hours. Generators for contractors should be able to run for at least eight hours.
Generators that are air or water cooled should run continuously for 24 hours.
Larger industrial diesel generators should be run at full capacity for at least a week.
6. At the end of the test, gradually remove the loads and run the generator under light
load for one hour. Before turning off the generator, remove all loads for five to ten
minutes.
41
CHAPTER II
ECONOMIC STUDIES
42
Performance characteristics of a Diesel engine power plant ( Mehmet

et.al,2004)
Kanogˇlu, M., Işık, S. K., & Abuşogˇlu, A. (2004, November 20). Performance
characteristics of a diesel engine power plant. Energy Conversion and Management.
Retrieved May 2, 2022, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196890404002420
Performance of an actual Diesel engine power plant with a rated output of 120 MW
is analyzed based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The plant consists of
seven identical Diesel engines and various subsystems including turbochargers, fuel
heating units and heat exchangers performing various useful tasks. The engine runs on
heavy fuel oil, and the pollutant emissions from the engine are greatly reduced by effective
treatment systems. The characteristics and performance parameters of the internal
combustion engines of the plant are evaluated. The mass, energy and exergy balances
are verified for each flow stream in the power plant. The work and heat interactions, the
exergy losses and the efficiencies of various components based on both energy and
exergy concepts are evaluated. The thermal and the exergy efficiencies of the plant are
determined to be 47% and 44%, respectively. The engine irreversibilities are due mostly
to the irreversible combustion process and account for 32% of the total exergy input and
57% of the total irreversibilities in the plant. Most of the remaining irreversibilities in the
plant occur in the desulphurization, intercooler, compressor and lubrication oil cooler
units. The results should provide a realistic and meaningful ground for the performance
evaluation of Diesel engine power units, and it may be used in the design and analysis of
such systems.
43
Feasibility study of hybrid retrofits to an isolated off-grid diesel power

plant ( S. Rehman et.al, 2007 )
Rehman, S., El-Amin, I. M., Ahmad, F., Shaahid, S. M., Al-Shehri, A. M., Bakhashwain,
J. M., & Shash, A. (2007). Feasibility study of hybrid retrofits to an isolated off-grid diesel
power plant. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(4), 635–653.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.05.003
Green sources of energy are being encouraged to reduce environmental pollution

and combat the global warming of the planet. A target of 12% usage of wind energy only
has been agreed by the UNO country members to achieve by 2020. So, the power of the
wind is being used to generate electricity both as grid connected and isolated wind-diesel
hybrid power plants. This paper performed a pre-feasibility of wind penetration into an
existing diesel plant of a village in north eastern part of Saudi Arabia. For simulation
purposes, wind speed data from a nearby airport and the load data from the village have
been used. The hybrid system design tool HOMER has been used to perform the
feasibility study. In the present scenario, for wind speed less than 6.0 m/s the, the existing
diesel power plant is the only feasible solution over the range of fuel prices used in the
simulation. The wind diesel hybrid system becomes feasible at a wind speed of 6.0 m/s
or more and a fuel price of 0.1 $/L or more. If the carbon tax is taken into consideration
and subsidy is abolished then it is expected that the hybrid system will become feasible.
The maximum annual capacity shortage did not have any effect on the cost of energy
which may be accounted for by larger sizes of wind machines and diesel generators. It is
recommended that the wind data must be collected at the village at three different heights
using a wind mast of 40 m for a minimum of one complete year and then the hybrid system
must be re-designed.
44
Wood-pyrolysis oil as fuel in a diesel-power plant ( YrjöSolantausta et.al,

1993 )
Solantausta, Y., Nylund, N.-O., Westerholm, M., Koljonen, T., & Oasmaa, A.
(1993). Wood-pyrolysis oil as fuel in a diesel-power plant. Bioresource
Technology, 46(1), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(93)90071-I
Flash-pyrolysis oil is projected as the most competitive liquid fuel from biomass.
The use of pyrolysis oil as a diesel-power-plant fuel is studied. Pyrolysis-oil fuel
characteristics are analyzed, the oil is employed as fuel in a test diesel engine, and the
economics of the system are analyzed. The diesel-power-plant concept has several
advantages, especially in small-scale production. The concept has several technical
uncertainties, which are addressed in a research project.
45
CHAPTER III
DESIGN PROPER
46
DESIGN OF
ENGINE POWER
47
GIVEN
Po = 7320 kW k = 1.4
N = 720 rpm; 60hz L, Stroke = 430 mm
Nc = 12 cylinders D, Bore = 310 mm
Number of Strokes = 4 L/D = 1.387096774
ASSUMPTION
P1 = 101.325 kPa T1=300K

Rating Load = 75% rk=14
nm = 75% rc = 2
GENERATOR EFFICIENCY, ng
0.055
𝑛𝑔 = 0.98 − 3 𝑥 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑃𝑜
√
1000
0.055
𝑛𝑔 = 0.98 − 3 𝑥 0.75
7320 𝑘𝑊
√
1000
𝑛𝑔 = 0.9587551537
𝑛𝑔 = 95.87551537 %
BRAKE POWER OF ENGINE, Pb n0.
𝑷𝒐
𝑷𝒃 =
𝒏𝒈
𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑾
𝑷𝒃 =
0.9587551537
𝑷𝒃 = 𝟕, 𝟔𝟑𝟒. 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑾
48
INDICATED POWER OF ENGINE, Pind
𝑷𝒃
𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒅 =
𝒏𝒎
𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟒.𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑾
𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒅 =
𝟎.𝟕𝟓
𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟓𝒌𝑾
ENGINE SPEED, Ns
𝑁
𝑁𝑠 =
60𝑥2
720 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑁𝑠 =
(60)(2)
𝑁𝑠 = 6 𝑟𝑝𝑠
PERCENT CLEARANCE, c
1
𝑐=
𝑟𝑘 − 1
1
𝑐=
14 − 1
𝑐 = 0.07692307692
𝑐 = 7.692307692 %
MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE, Pmep
𝒌(𝒓𝒌 )𝒌−𝟏 (𝒓𝒄 −𝟏)−(𝒓𝒄 𝒌 −𝟏)

𝑷𝒎𝒆𝒑 = 𝑷𝟏 (𝒓𝒌 ) [ ]
(𝒓𝒌 −𝟏)(𝒌−𝟏)
𝟏.𝟒(𝟏𝟒)𝟏.𝟒−𝟏 (𝟐−𝟏)−(𝟐𝟏.𝟒 −𝟏)

𝑷𝒎𝒆𝒑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂 (𝟏𝟒) [ ]
(𝟏𝟒−𝟏)(𝟏.𝟒−𝟏)
𝑷𝒎𝒆𝒑 = 𝟔𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑷𝒂

49
Figure 27: P-V Diagram of Diesel Cycle
Diesel Cycle Processes:

1 - 2: Isentropic Compression (ΔS = 0)
2 - 3: Isobaric Heat Addition (ΔP = 0)
3 - 4: Isentropic Expansion (ΔS = 0)
4 -1: Isochoric Heat Rejection (ΔV = 0)
PISTON DISPLACEMENT, Vpd
𝜋(𝐷2 )(𝐿)
𝑉𝑝𝑑 =
4
𝜋(0.310 𝑚)2 (0.430 𝑚)
𝑉𝑝𝑑 =
4
𝑉𝑝𝑑 = 0.03245500831 𝑚3
50
VOLUME CLEARANCE, VC
𝑽𝒄 = 𝒄(𝑽𝒑𝒅 )
𝑽𝒄 = (0.07692307692)(𝟎. 03245500831 𝑚3 )
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝑚3
VOLUME VALUES AT EACH POINT
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑝𝑑
𝑉1 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝑚3 + 𝟎. 03245500831 𝑚3
𝑉1 = 0.03495154741 𝑚3
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑐
𝑉2 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝑚3
𝑉3 = 𝑉2 (𝑟𝑐 )
𝑉3 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝑚3 (2)
𝑉3 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝑚3
𝑉4 = 𝑉1
𝑉4 = 0.03495154741 𝑚3
PRESSURE VALUES AT EACH POINT
𝑃1 = 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 (𝑟𝑘 )𝑘
𝑃2 = (101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(14)1.4
𝑃2 = 4,076.578995 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃3 = 𝑃2
𝑃3 = 4,076.578995 𝑘𝑃𝑎
51
𝑃4 = 𝑃1 (𝑟𝑐 )𝑘
𝑃4 = 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎(2)1.4
𝑃4 = 267.3982781 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Figure 28: T-S Diagram of Diesel Cycle
TEMPERATURES AT EACH POINT
𝑻𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑲
𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝟏 (𝒓𝒌 )𝒌−𝟏
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑲(𝟏𝟒)𝟏.𝟒−𝟏
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟖𝟔𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟔𝟖 𝑲
𝑻𝟑 = 𝑻𝟐 (𝒓𝒄 )
𝑻𝟑 = 𝟖𝟔𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟔𝟖 𝑲(𝟐)
𝑻𝟑 = 𝟏, 𝟕𝟐𝟒. 𝟐𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟓𝟒 𝑲
52
𝑻𝟒 = 𝑻𝟏 (𝒓𝒄 )𝒌
𝑻𝟒 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑲(𝟐)𝟏.𝟒
𝑻𝟏 = 𝟕𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟔𝟓 𝑲
WORK DONE, Wnet
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑾𝟏𝟐 + 𝑾𝟐𝟑 + 𝑾𝟑𝟒 + 𝑾𝟒𝟏 ; 𝑾𝟒𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏
𝑾𝟏𝟐 = 𝑾𝟏𝟐 =
𝟏−𝒌
(4,076.578995 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝑚3 )−(101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.03495154741 𝑚3 )
𝟏−𝟏.𝟒
𝑊12 = −16.5896833 𝑘𝐽
𝑾𝟐𝟑 = 𝑷𝟐 (𝑽𝟑 − 𝑽𝟐 )
𝑾𝟐𝟑 = 4,076.578995 𝑘𝑃𝑎(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝑚3 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝑚3 )
𝑾𝟐𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑱
𝑷𝟒 𝑽𝟒 − 𝑷𝟑 𝑽𝟑
𝑾𝟑𝟒 =
𝟏−𝒌
(267.3982781 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.03495154741 𝑚3 ) − (4,076.578995 𝑘𝑃𝑎

)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝑚3 )
𝑾𝟑𝟒 =
𝟏 − 𝟏. 𝟒
𝑾𝟑𝟒 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟑𝟏 𝒌𝑱
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = −16.5896833 𝑘𝐽 + 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑱 + 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟑𝟏 𝒌𝑱

𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟎𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝑱
MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE, Pmep

53
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝑷𝒎𝒆𝒑 =
𝑽𝒑𝒅
𝟐𝟏.𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟎𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝑱
𝑷𝒎𝒆𝒑 =
0.03245500831 𝑚3
𝑷𝒎𝒆𝒑 = 𝟔𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂
MASS FLOW RATE, m
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1
𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑚=
𝑅𝑇1
(101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.03495154741 𝑚3 )
𝑚= 𝑘𝐽
0.287 (300 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔−𝐾
𝑚 = 0.04113200396 𝑘𝑔
HEAT ADDED, Qa
𝑸𝒂 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝟑 − 𝑻𝟐 )
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒂 = (0.04113200396 𝑘𝑔)(𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟕 )(𝟏, 𝟕𝟐𝟒. 𝟐𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟓𝟒 𝑲 − 𝟖𝟔𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟔𝟖 𝑲)
𝒌𝒈 − 𝑲
𝑸𝒂 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝑱
HEAT REJECTED, Qr
𝑸𝒓 = 𝒎𝑪𝒗 (𝑻𝟒 − 𝑻𝟏 )
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒓 = (0.04113200396 𝑘𝑔)(𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟖 )(𝟕𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟔𝟓 𝑲 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑲)
𝒌𝒈 − 𝑲
𝑸𝒓 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟕 𝒌𝑱
WORK NET HEAT, Wnet
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑸𝒂 − 𝑸𝒓
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝑱 − 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟕 𝒌𝑱
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝑱
54
THERMAL EFFICIENCY, e
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑒= 𝑥 100%
𝑄𝑎
21.14587678 𝑘𝐽
𝑒= 𝑥 100%
35.66323935 𝑘𝐽
𝑒 = 0.5929320264
𝑒 = 59.29320264%
55
DESIGN OF
COMBUSTION OF
FUEL
56
COMBUSTION OF FUEL
𝑪𝟏𝟐 𝑯𝟐𝟑 − 𝑫𝑰𝑬𝑺𝑬𝑳 𝑭𝑼𝑬𝑳
𝑪𝟏𝟐 𝑯𝟐𝟑 + 𝒂𝑶𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑. 𝟕𝟔𝑵𝟐 → 𝒃𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝒄𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝒂𝟑. 𝟕𝟔𝑵𝟐
Fuel + Air = Products
BALANCING THE EQUATION
C: 1(12) = b(1) , b = 12
H: 1(23) = c(2) , c = 11.5
12(2) + 11.5(1)
O: a(2) = b(2) + c(1) , 𝑎 = , a = 17.75
2
N: a(3.76) = 17.75(3.76) = 66.74
𝑪𝟏𝟐 𝑯𝟐𝟑 + 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟓𝑶𝟐 + 𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝑵𝟐 → 𝟏𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝑵𝟐
AIR AND GAS TO FUEL RATIO
𝑪𝟏𝟐 𝑯𝟐𝟑 + 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟓𝑶𝟐 + 𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝑵𝟐 → 𝟏𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝑵𝟐
𝟏𝟔𝟕 + 𝟓𝟔𝟖 + 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟖. 𝟕𝟐 → 𝟓𝟐𝟖 + 𝟐𝟎𝟕 + 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟖. 𝟕𝟐
𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝟓𝟔𝟖 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟖. 𝟕𝟐 𝟓𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟎𝟕 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟖. 𝟕𝟐

+ + → + +
𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝟏𝟔𝟕
𝟏 + 𝟑. 𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟔𝟎𝟓 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟐 → 𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟕 + 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟖 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟐
1 + 14.59113773 = 15.59113773
15.59113773 = 15.59113773
𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝒓𝒂𝒇 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟑
𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍
57
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑟𝑔𝑓 = 15.59113773
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
GENERAL HEAT BALANCE
GIVEN AND ASSUMPTIONS:
°API = 32 𝑁𝑣 = 45%
Stroke = 430 mm 𝑁𝑔 = 95.87551537 %
Bore = 310 mm ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 57.07 kJ/kg
𝑡𝑤1 = 20 °𝐶 𝑡𝑤𝐴 = 32.7 °𝐶
𝑡𝑑1 = 30 °𝐶 𝑡𝑤𝐵 = 47 °𝐶
𝑁𝑠 = 6𝑟𝑝𝑠 𝑁𝑐 = 12
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑔 = 1.2321
𝑚3
Volume of Air, 𝑽𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝝅𝑫𝟐
𝑽𝒂𝒊𝒓 = (𝑳)(𝑵𝒔 )(𝑵𝒄 )(𝑵𝒗 )
𝟒
𝝅(𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝒎)𝟐
𝑽𝒂𝒊𝒓 = (𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟎𝒎)(𝟔𝒓𝒑𝒔)(𝟏𝟐)(𝟎. 𝟒𝟓)
𝟒
𝒎𝟑
𝑽𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟗
𝒔
Weight of Air, 𝑾𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝑃1 𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 =
𝑅 𝑇1
58
𝑚3
(101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(1.051542269 𝑠 )
𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 =
𝑘𝐽
(0.287 )(300𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝒌𝒈
𝑾𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟗
𝒔
Weight of Fuel, 𝑾𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍
𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑊𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 =
𝑟𝑎𝑓
𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟
1.237485719
𝑊𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 𝑠
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
14.59113773
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝒌𝒈𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍
𝑾𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟕
𝒔
Heating Value, 𝑸𝒉
𝑸𝒉 = 𝟒𝟏, 𝟏𝟑𝟎 + 𝟏𝟑𝟗. 𝟔 𝑨𝑷𝑰
𝑸𝒉 = 𝟒𝟏, 𝟏𝟑𝟎 + 𝟏𝟑𝟗. 𝟔 (𝟑𝟐)
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒉 = 𝟒𝟓, 𝟓𝟗𝟕. 𝟐
𝒌𝒈
Heat of Fuel, 𝑸𝒇
𝑸𝒇 = (𝑾𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 )(𝑸𝒉 )
𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒇 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟕 )(𝟒𝟓, 𝟓𝟗𝟕. 𝟐 )
𝑠 𝒌𝒈
59
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒇 = 𝟑, 𝟖𝟔𝟕. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟗𝟑𝟐
𝒔
Heat of Air, 𝑸𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝑸𝒂𝒊𝒓 = (𝑾𝒂𝒊𝒓 )(𝒉𝒂𝒊𝒓 )
𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒂𝒊𝒓 = (𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟗 )(𝟓𝟕. 𝟎𝟕 )
𝑠 𝒌𝒈
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟗𝟖
𝒔
Weight of Water, 𝑾𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝟔𝟑𝟏. 𝟏𝟏(𝑩𝑯𝑷)
𝑾𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 =
𝒕𝒘𝑩 − 𝒕𝒘𝑨
𝑃𝑏 7634.900289 𝑘𝑊
𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 𝑥 1ℎ𝑝 = 𝑥 1ℎ𝑝
0.746 𝑘𝑊 0.746 𝑘𝑊
𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 10,234.45079 𝐻𝑃
𝟔𝟑𝟏. 𝟏𝟏(10,234.45079 𝐻𝑃)(𝟎. 𝟑𝟐) 𝟏𝒉𝒓

𝑾𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝒙
𝟒𝟕 °𝑪 − 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕 °𝑪 (𝟎. 𝟑𝟎) 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔
𝒌𝒈𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑾𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟒𝟖
𝒔
Heat of Water, 𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = (𝑾𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 )(𝑪𝒑𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 )(𝒕𝒘𝑩 − 𝒕𝒘𝑨 )
𝒌𝒈𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = (𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟒𝟖 )(𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟕 )(𝟑𝟐𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎𝟓. 𝟕)𝑲
𝒔 𝒌𝒈 − 𝑲
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟐𝟒𝟔
𝒔
60
Weight of Gas, 𝑾𝒈𝒂𝒔
𝑾𝒈𝒂𝒔 = (𝑾𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 )(𝒓𝒈𝒇 )
𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑾𝒈𝒂𝒔 = (0.08481077637 )(15.59113773 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝒌𝒈𝒈𝒂𝒔
𝑾𝒈𝒂𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟓
𝒔
Volume Flow Rate of Gas, 𝑽𝒇𝒈

𝑾𝒈𝒂𝒔
𝑽𝒇𝒈 =
𝝆𝒈
𝒌𝒈𝒈𝒂𝒔
𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟓
𝑽𝒇𝒈 = 𝒔
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟏 𝟑
𝒎
𝒎𝟑
𝑽𝒇𝒈 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟗𝟗
𝒔
61
DESIGN OF
AIR INTAKE
SYSTEM
62
GIVEN:
Bore of the Engine = 0.310 m
Stroke of the Engine (L) = 0.430 m
Speed of the Engine (N) = 720 rpm
Number of Cylinders (Nc) = 12 cylinders
Diameter of pipe = 0.5 m
Diameter of air filter = 0.15 m
ASSUME VALUES :
Velocity of Air Intake Pipe (Vp) = 2900 ft/min
Height of Slots (hs) = 1.2 m
Width of Slots (Ws) = 0.15 m
Spacing between Slots (s) = 0.05 m
Volumetric Efficiency (Nv) = 90%
VOLUME AIR FLOW, Vair

𝑁
𝜋(𝐷)2 (𝐿)( )(𝑁𝑐)(𝑁𝑣)
2𝑥60
𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 4
750
𝜋(0.31)2 (0.43)( )(12)(0.9)
2𝑥60
𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 4
𝑚3 3.28𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 2.103 ( )
𝑠 1𝑚
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 74.20972 𝑠
𝑚3
𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 2.101 𝑠
AREA OF THE PIPE

𝜋(𝐷𝑝)2
𝐴𝑝 = 4
𝜋(0.5𝑚)2
𝐴𝑝 = 4
𝐴𝑝 = 0.19635 𝑚2
63
TOTAL AREA OF SLOTS, Ast

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 2(Ap) = 2(0.19)
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.38 𝑚2
AREA OF ONE SLOT, As

𝐴𝑠 = ℎ𝑠(𝑊𝑠)
𝐴𝑠 = 1.2𝑚(0.15𝑚)
𝐴𝑠 = 0.18 𝑚2
NUMBER OF SLOTS, Ns
𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑁𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠
0.38 𝑚2
𝑁𝑠 = 0.18 𝑚2
𝑁𝑠 = 2.11
𝑁𝑠 = 2 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
CIRCUMFERENCE OF AIR FILTERS

C = Ns (Ws ) + (Ns + 1)(s)
𝐶 = 2(0.15𝑚) + (2 + 1)(0.05)
𝐶 = 0.45
HEIGHT OF AIR FILTER,

ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑠 + 2𝑠
ℎ𝑓 = 1.2 𝑚 + 2(0.05)𝑚
ℎ𝑓 = 1.3 𝑚
64
DESIGN OF
EXHAUST SYSTEM
65
Figure 29: Exhaust System Schematic Diagram
Given and Assumptions
Diameter, D = 310 mm Vg = 17000 ft/min
Length, L = 430 mm R = 0.287 kJ/kg C
P4 = 267.3982781 kPa T4 = 791.7047465 K
𝑚3
𝑉𝑓𝑔 = 1.07320549
𝑠
Piston Displacement per Cylinder, VD
𝜋𝐷 2 𝐿 𝜋(0.310𝑚)2 (0.430𝑚)
𝑉𝐷 = =
4 4
𝑉𝐷 = 0.03245500831 𝑚3
66
Volume of Muffler, Vm
𝑉𝑚 = 6(𝑉𝐷 ) = 6(0.03245500831 𝑚3 )
𝑉𝑚 = 0.1947300498 𝑚3
Diameter of Muffler, Dm
𝜋𝐷𝑚 2 𝐿𝑚 𝜋(0.310𝑚)2 (0.430𝑚)

𝑉𝑚 = =
4 4
𝐿𝑚 = 3𝐷𝑚
3 4(𝑉𝑚 )
𝐷𝑚 = √
3
3 4(0.1947300498 𝑚3 )
𝐷𝑚 = √
3
𝐷𝑚 = 0.4355860336 𝑚
Length of Muffler, Lm
𝐿𝑚 = 3(0.4355860336 𝑚)
𝐿𝑚 = 1.306758101 𝑚
67
Pipe Diameter, 𝑫𝑷
𝑚3
4(𝑉𝑓𝑔 ) 4(1.073205499 )
𝐷𝑃 = √ =√ 𝑠
𝜋𝑉𝑔 𝑓𝑡 1𝑚 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜋(17,000 )( )( )
𝑚𝑖𝑛 3.28𝑓𝑡 60 𝑠
𝐷𝑃 = 0.1257721805 𝑚
68
DESIGN OF FUEL
SYSTEM
69
° 𝐴𝑃𝐼 = 32°
𝑘𝑔
Air-fuel ratio = 14.59113772 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
Psi Compression Ratio = 16
Specific heat ratio = 1.4
WEIGHT OF FUEL, 𝑊𝑓
𝑊𝐴
𝑊𝑓 =
𝑟𝑎𝑓
𝑘𝑔
1.289047624
𝑠
𝑊𝑓 = 𝑘𝑔
14.59113773 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 2.2 𝑙𝑏 3600𝑠

𝑊𝑓 = 0.08834455872 × ×
𝑠 1 𝑘𝑔 1ℎ𝑟
𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 1 𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑓 = 699.6889051 ℎ𝑟
× 2.2 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑊𝑓 = 318.0404114 ℎ𝑟
HORSEPOWER PER CYLINDER, N
𝐼𝐻𝑃
𝑁= 𝑁𝐶
4,076.35532 𝐻𝑝
𝑁= 12
𝐻𝑝
𝑁 = 339.6962767 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
70
FUEL RATE, 𝑊ℎ
𝑊
𝑊ℎ = 𝐼𝐻𝑃𝑓
𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
699.6889051
ℎ𝑟
𝑊ℎ = 4,076.35532 ℎ𝑝
𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 1 𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑊ℎ = 0.1716457105 ×
ℎ𝑝−ℎ𝑟 2.2 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 1ℎ𝑝
𝑊ℎ = 0.07802077749 ℎ𝑝−ℎ𝑟 × 0.746𝑘𝑊
𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑘𝑔
𝑊ℎ = 0.1045854926 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
FUEL INJECTED, 𝑊𝐶
(𝑊ℎ )(𝑁)(𝑖)
𝑊𝐶 =
120(𝑁𝑆 )
𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝐻𝑝
(0.1716457105 )(339.6962767 )(4)
ℎ𝑝−ℎ𝑟 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑊𝐶 = 120(750 𝑟𝑝𝑚)
𝑊𝐶 = 2.59144039 𝑥10−3 𝑘𝑔
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FUEL, S.G.
141.5
𝑆. 𝐺. = 131.5+°𝐴𝑃𝐼
141.5
𝑆. 𝐺. =
131.5+32 °
𝑆. 𝐺. = 0.8654434251
71
DENSITY OF FUEL
𝜌𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑆. 𝐺. = 𝜌ℎ2𝑜
𝜌𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 1000 × 0.8654434251
𝑚3
𝜌𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 865.4434251 𝑚3
SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION, 𝐹𝐶
𝐹𝑈𝐸𝐿 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑈𝑀𝑃𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 @ 100% 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷

𝐹𝐶 =
𝜌𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑔 1𝑘𝑔
167.7 × ×7,320 𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑊ℎ 1000𝑔
𝐹𝐶 = 𝐾𝐺
865.4434251 3
𝑚
𝑚3 𝐿
𝐹𝐶 = 1.418422007 ℎ𝑟 or 𝐹𝐶 = 1,418.422007 ℎ𝑟
BRAKE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION, 𝐵𝑆𝐹𝐶
𝐿
𝐹𝑈𝐸𝐿 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑈𝑀𝑃𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁
ℎ𝑟
𝐵𝑆𝐹𝐶 = 𝐵𝑅𝐸𝐴𝐾 𝑃𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 𝑘𝑊
𝐿
1,418.422007
ℎ𝑟
𝐵𝑆𝐹𝐶 = 10,179.86705 𝑘𝑊
𝐿 𝑚3
𝐵𝑆𝐹𝐶 = 0.1393360051 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟 × 1000𝐿
72
𝑚3
𝐵𝑆𝐹𝐶 = 1.393360051 𝑥10−4 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
VOLUME OF DAY TANK
𝐿
Note: 𝑽𝒇 = 𝑭𝑪 = 1,418.422007 ℎ𝑟
𝐿 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑉𝐷𝑇 = 𝑉𝑓 𝑖𝑛 ×( )
ℎ𝑟 𝐷𝐴𝑌
𝐿
𝑉𝐷𝑇 = 1,418.422007 ℎ𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 × 24ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝐿 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑉𝐷𝑇 = 34,042.12817 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 × 1000𝐿 𝑜𝑟𝑉𝐷𝑇 = 34.0421281 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒
DIMENSIONS OF DAY TANK
NUMBER OF DAY TANK
𝑁𝐷𝑇 = 𝑁𝑈𝑀𝐵𝐸𝑅 𝑂𝐹 𝐷𝐼𝐸𝑆𝐸𝐿 𝐸𝑁𝐺𝐼𝑁𝐸𝑆
𝑁𝐷𝑇 = 6 𝐷𝐴𝑌 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐾𝑆
Assume:
The Day tank form is a Horizontal Cylindrical Tank
𝐻𝐷𝑇 = 6𝑚 𝑜𝑟 19.685𝑓𝑡
DIAMETER OF DAY TANK
𝐿
𝑽𝒇 = 1,418.422007 (24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)
ℎ𝑟
𝟏𝒎𝟑
𝑽𝒇 = 𝟑𝟒, 𝟎𝟒𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟕 𝑳 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑳
73
𝑽𝒇 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟕𝒎𝟑
𝝅𝑫𝟐 𝑳
𝑽𝒇𝒕 = 𝟒
𝝅𝑫𝟐 𝑳
𝟑𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟕𝒎𝟑 = ; 𝑳 = 𝟐𝑫
𝟒
𝟐𝝅𝑫𝟑
𝟑𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟕𝒎𝟑 =
𝟒
𝟒(𝟑𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟕𝒎𝟑 )
𝑫𝟑 =
𝟐𝝅
𝑫 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒎
𝑳 = 𝟐𝑫
𝑳 = 𝟐(𝟐. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒎)
𝑳 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟕𝟔𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟐𝟒𝟗 𝒎
TOTAL VOLUME OF DAY TANK
𝑉6𝐷𝑇 = 𝐿𝐼𝑇𝐸𝑅𝑆 × 6 𝐸𝑁𝐺𝐼𝑁𝐸𝑆
𝐿
𝑉6𝐷𝑇 = 34,042.12817 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 × 6 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝑚3
𝑉6𝐷𝑇 = 204,252.769 𝐿 × 1000 𝐿
𝑉6𝐷𝑇 = 204.252769 𝑚3
NO. OF STORAGE TANK
𝐿 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠 30𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑉𝑓 = 1,418.422007 ℎ𝑟 × × 1 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
1𝑑𝑎𝑦
74
𝐿
𝑉𝑓 = 1,021,263.845 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ (6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
𝐿 𝑚3
𝑉𝑓 = 6,127,583.07 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟 6,127.58307 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
Assume: Delivery will be made 2 times a month
𝑽𝒇
𝑽𝒇𝒕 = 𝟐 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒂 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉
𝐿
6,127,583.07
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑽𝒇𝒕 = 𝟐 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒂 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉
𝑳 𝟏 𝒈𝒂𝒍
𝑽𝒇𝒕 = 𝟑, 𝟎𝟔𝟑, 𝟕𝟗𝟏. 𝟓𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉 × 𝟑.𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟒 𝑳
𝑽𝒇𝒕 = 𝟖𝟎𝟗, 𝟑𝟕𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝒈𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒓 𝟑, 𝟎𝟔𝟓. 𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟗𝟑 𝒎𝟑
𝑉𝑓𝑡
No. of the storage tank = 𝑉𝑠𝑡
From National Storage Tank: 300,000-gallon
𝟖𝟎𝟗,𝟑𝟕𝟎.𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝒈𝒂𝒍
tank size No. of Storage Tank = = 300,000 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
No. of Storage Tank = 2.697902058 tanks
No. of Storage Tanks ≈ 3 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠

75
VOLUME OF STORAGE TANK
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = (2 × 𝑉𝐷𝑇 ) × 4
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = (2 × 34,042.12817 𝐿) × 4
𝑚3
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 272,337.0254 𝐿 ×
1000 𝐿
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 272.3370254 𝑚3
DIMENSION OF STORAGE TANK (according to National Storage Tank)
1𝑚
Height of Storage tank = 40 𝑓𝑡 × 3.28𝑓𝑡
𝐻𝑠𝑡 = 12.19512195 𝑚
DIAMETER OF STORAGE TANK
𝜋𝐷 2
𝑉𝑆𝑇 = 𝐻𝑆𝑇
4
4𝑉
𝐷 = √𝜋𝐻𝑆𝑇
𝑆𝑇
𝑓𝑡3
(4)(272,337.0254 𝐿)( )
𝐷=√
28.3𝐿
𝜋(40𝑓𝑡)
𝑚
𝐷 = 17.5018997 𝑓𝑡 × 3.28𝑓𝑡
𝐷 = 5.335945031 𝑚
76
FUEL PUMP
From the Storage to Day tank:
𝐿 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑄𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓 = 1,418.422007 ℎ𝑟 × 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
𝐿 𝑚3
𝑄𝑓 = 23.64036678 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟 0.02364036678 𝑚𝑖𝑛
FUEL TRANSFER PUMP RATING (Storage tank to day tank)
From PSME Code:
𝑄𝑓 (𝐻)(𝑆.𝐺)
𝑃𝑃 = 6130.25
23.64036678(12.19512195 )(0.8654434251)
𝑃𝑃 = 6130.25
1000𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑃 = 0.04070060405 𝑀𝑊( )
1𝑀𝑊
𝑃𝑃 = 40.70060405𝑘𝑊
FUEL TRANSFER PUMP RATING (day tank to engine)
𝑄𝑓 (𝐻)(𝑆.𝐺)
𝑃𝑃 = 6130.25
23.64036678(𝟓.𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟏)(0.8654434251)
𝑃𝑃 = 6130.25
1000𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑃 = 0.01878576955 𝑀𝑊 × 1𝑀𝑊
𝑃𝑃 = 18.78576955 𝑘𝑊
77
DESIGN OF
LUBRICATION
SYSTEM
78
Given and Assumptions:
Indicated Horsepower = 4,076.35532 ℎ𝑝
Sy = 28,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
F.S = 15
𝐻1 = 10 𝑓𝑡
𝐻2 = 15 𝑓𝑡
Width of teeth = 24
𝑃1 = 2 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑡
𝑉1 = 20 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑡
𝑉2 = 40 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐿1 = 20 𝑓𝑡
𝐿2 = 40 𝑓𝑡
𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑄𝐶 = 0.0004 ℎ𝑟−ℎ𝑝
𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑄𝑆 = 0.04 𝑚𝑖𝑛−ℎ𝑝
𝑓 = 0.03
𝑁𝑉 = 85%
𝑆𝐺𝑂𝑖𝑙 = 0.9285
79
FUEL RATE
𝑊
𝑊ℎ = 𝐼𝐻𝑃𝑓
𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
699.688905
ℎ𝑟
𝑊ℎ = 4,076.35532 ℎ𝑝
𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑘𝑔
𝑊ℎ = 0.1716457105 × 2.2 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
ℎ𝑝−ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑘𝑔
𝑊ℎ = 0.07802077749 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
OIL CONSUMED BY ENGINE
𝑄𝐶 = 𝑄𝑐 (𝐼𝐻𝑃)
𝑔𝑎𝑙 1 𝑓𝑡 3 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑄𝐶 = 0.0004 (4076.35532 ℎ𝑝)( )( )
ℎ𝑝 − ℎ𝑟 7.48 𝑔𝑎𝑙 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚3
𝑄𝐶 = 0.003625093868 ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 35.315 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑚3
𝑄𝐶 = 0.0001026502582
𝑚𝑖𝑛
OIL SUPPLIED TO THE ENGINE
𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑄𝑆 = 𝑄𝑠 (𝐼𝐻𝑃) 𝑄𝑆 = 0.04 𝑚𝑖𝑛−ℎ𝑝 (4,076.35532 ℎ𝑝)(7.48 𝑔𝑎𝑙)
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚3
𝑄𝑆 = 21.79869155 𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 35.315 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑚3
𝑄𝑆 = 0.6172643792 𝑚𝑖𝑛
OIL RETURN FLOW
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑄𝑆 − 𝑄𝐶
80
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑄𝑅 = 21.79869155 − 0.003625093868
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚3
𝑄𝑅 = 21.79506646 ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 35.315 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑚3
𝑄𝑅 = 0.6171617289
𝑚𝑖𝑛
DENSITY OF OIL
𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑆𝐺𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )
𝑙𝑏
𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.9285(62.4 )
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑔 35.315 𝑓𝑡 3
𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 57.9384 𝑓𝑡 3 × 2.2𝑙𝑏 × 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 930.0429982
𝑚3
DIAMETER OF SUCTION PIPE
𝜋(𝑑𝑆 )2 (𝑉1 )
𝑄𝑆 = 4
4(𝑄 )
𝑑𝑆 = √ 𝜋(𝑉𝑆)
1
𝑓𝑡3
4(21.79869155 )
𝑑𝑆 = √ 𝑓𝑡
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜋(20 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚
𝑑𝑆 = 1.178027082 𝑓𝑡 × 3.281 𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑆 = 0.3590451332 𝑚
DIAMETER OF DISCHARGE PIPE

81
𝜋(𝑑𝑑 )2 (𝑉2 )
𝑄𝑆 = 4
4(𝑄 )
𝑑𝑑 = √ 𝜋(𝑉𝑆)
2
𝑓𝑡3
4(21.79869155 )
𝑑𝑆 = √ 𝑓𝑡
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜋(40 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚
𝑑𝑆 = 0.8329909379 𝑓𝑡 × 3.281 𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑆 = 0.2538832484 𝑚
DIAMETER OF RETURN PIPE
𝜋(𝑑𝑅 )2 (𝑉2 )
𝑄𝑅 = 4
4(𝑄𝑅 )
𝑑𝑅 = √
𝜋(𝑉2 )
𝑓𝑡3
4(21.79506646 )
𝑑𝑅 = √ 𝑓𝑡
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜋(40 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚
𝑑𝑅 = 0.8329216724 𝑓𝑡 × 3.281𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑅 = 0.2538621373 𝑚
HEAD LOSS AT SUCTION PIPE
𝑓(𝐿1 +𝐻1 )(𝑉1 )2

ℎ𝑓1 = 2(𝑔)(𝑑𝑆 )
82
𝑓𝑡 2
0.03(20 𝑓𝑡+10𝑓𝑡)(20 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ𝑓1 = 𝑓𝑡 (60 𝑠)2
2(32.2 2 ×( ))(1.178027082 𝑓𝑡)
𝑠 (1 𝑚𝑖𝑛)2
𝑚
ℎ𝑓1 = 0.001318131862 𝑓𝑡 × 3..281 𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝑓1 = 0.0004017469863 𝑚
HEAD LOSS DISCHARGE PIPE
𝑓(𝐿2 +𝐻2 )(𝑉2 )2

ℎ𝑓2 = 2(𝑔)(𝑑𝑑 )
𝑓𝑡 2
0.03(40 𝑓𝑡+15𝑓𝑡)(40 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ𝑓2 = 𝑓𝑡 (60 𝑠)2
2(32.2 2 ×( ))(0.8329909379 𝑓𝑡)
𝑠 (1 𝑚𝑖𝑛)2
𝑚
ℎ𝑓1 = 0.01367021302 𝑓𝑡 × 3..281 𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝑓1 = 0.004166477604 𝑚
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD LOSS
ℎ𝐿𝑇 = ℎ𝑓1 + ℎ𝑓2
ℎ𝐿𝑇 = 0.001318131861 𝑓𝑡 + 0.01367021302 𝑓𝑡
𝑚
ℎ𝐿𝑇 = 0.01498834488 𝑓𝑡 × 3.281𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝐿𝑇 = 0.00456822459 𝑚
83
DESIGN OF
COOLING SYSTEM
84
GIVEN:
Brake HorsePower, BHP 10,234.45079 hp
Wet Bulb Temp, tw1 20 °C
Dry Bulb Temp, td1 30 °C
Exit Relative Humidity, RH2 65 %
Make-up Water Temperature, twc 20 °C
ASSUME:
Inlet Water Temperature, twA’ 32.7 °C
Outlet Water Temperature, twB’ 47 °C
Temp. Loss in Heat Exchanger, Θ1 3.4 °C
Temp. Difference in Cooling Tower, 5.8 °C

Θ2
WATER MASS FLOW RATE OF COOLING TOWER, 𝑾𝑾 ′
Based from Power Plant Engineering (Adapted to MKS Units) by Frederick T. Morse; Cooling System; pages 177 to 178;
we are to use a cooling (preferably a forced draft cooling tower) as it is minimal upon consideration of cost, bulk, and auxiliary power.
This would provide an immediate cooling for the Diesel Engines frame jackets in the heated parts. To obtain the circulating cooling
water requirements, we are to use the equation provided by several references.Based from Power Plant Engineering (Adapted to
MKS Units) by Frederick T. Morse; Cooling System; page 178 ; using the equation below we are to use the given equation to obtain
the required circulating cooling water.
85
𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐸𝐷 𝐵𝐻𝑃
𝑊′𝑤 = 674.58 ( )
𝑇𝑤𝐵′− 𝑇𝑤𝐴′
𝑃𝑜
𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐸𝐷 𝐵𝐻𝑃 =
𝑛𝑔
= 7320𝑘𝑊
𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐸𝐷 𝐵𝐻𝑃 0.9587551537
= 7634.900289 1 𝐻𝑃
𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐸𝐷 𝐵𝐻𝑃 ( )
0.746𝑘𝑤𝑊
𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐸𝐷 𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 10,234.45079 HP
𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐸𝐷 𝐵𝐻𝑃 )
𝑊′𝑤 = 674.58 ( 𝑇
𝑤𝐵′− 𝑇𝑤𝐴′
10,234.45079 𝐻𝑃)
𝑊′𝑤 = 674.58 ( 47°𝐶−32.7°𝐶
𝑘𝑔 1ℎ𝑟
𝑊′𝑤 = ( 482,794.1129ℎ𝑟 )(3600𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
𝑊′𝑤 = 134.1094758 𝑠
COOLING TOWER EFFICIENCY, 𝒏

𝑪𝑻
Solving for 𝑡
𝑊𝐵
𝑡𝑊𝐵 = 𝑡𝑊𝐵 = 32.7°𝐶 − 3.4°𝐶
𝑡𝑊𝐵 = 29.3 °𝐶
Solving for 𝑡
𝑊𝐴
𝑡𝑊𝐴 = 𝑡′𝑊𝐵 − 𝛩2
𝑡𝑊𝐴 = 29.3 °𝐶 − 5.8 °𝐶
𝑡𝑊𝐴 = 23.5 °𝐶 → °𝐹
9
𝑡𝑊𝐴 = 5( 23.5 °𝐶 ) + 32
𝑡𝑊𝐴 = 74.3 °𝐹
Solving for 𝑡
𝐴𝑃𝑃
𝑡𝑊1 = 20 °𝐶 → °𝐹
86
9(
𝑡𝑊1 = 20 °𝐶 ) + 32
5
𝑡𝑊1 = 68 °𝐹
𝑡𝐴𝑃𝑃 = 𝑡𝑊𝐴 − 𝑡𝑊1
𝑡𝐴𝑃𝑃 = 74.3 °𝐹 − 68 °𝐹
𝑡𝐴𝑃𝑃 =6.3 °𝐹
Cooling Tower Efficiency, 𝑛𝐶𝑇
(𝐹−32)(5)
𝑡𝑤𝐴 = 74.3 °𝐹 → ( )
9
𝑡𝑤𝐴 = 23.5 °C
𝑡𝑤𝐵 = 29.3 °𝐶
𝑡𝑤1 = 20 °𝐶
𝑡𝑤𝐵− 𝑡𝑤𝐴x 100%

𝑛𝐶𝑇 = 𝑡𝑤𝐵− 𝑡𝑤1
29.3 °𝐶−23.5 °𝐶 x 100%

𝑛𝐶𝑇 = 29.3 °𝐶−20 °𝐶
𝑛𝐶𝑇 = 62.3655914 %
TYPE OF COOLING TOWER SELECTED
𝑛𝐶𝑇 < 60% = 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑛𝐶𝑇 > 60% = 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
RESULT:
62.3655914 % > 60% = Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower

87
TYPE OF APPROACH
APPROACH TEMPERATURE
LARGE 15-20 °F
MODERATE 10-15 °F
SMALL 4-8 °F
𝑡𝐴𝑃𝑃 = 6.3 °𝐹 = SMALL APPROACH
HEIGHT OF THE COOLING WATER
FOR SMALL APPROACH :
H, feet
𝑡𝐴𝑃𝑃, °𝐹 →
4 35
→
4.8 36
→
5.6 37
→
6.4 38
→
7.2 39
→
8 40
→
𝑡𝐴𝑃𝑃 = 6.3 °𝐹
INTERPOLATING :
88
𝑡𝐴𝑃𝑃, °𝐹 H, feet
5.6 37
6.3 H
6.4 38
5.6−6.3 = 37− 𝐻
5.6−6.4 37−38
H= 37.65 ft ( 1𝑚 )
3.28 𝑓𝑡
H = 11.47865854 m
WATER CONCENTRATION, 𝑊
𝐶
Figure 30: Mechanical-Draft Cooling Tower Sizing Chart
𝐺𝑃𝑀
𝑊𝐶 = 2.7 𝑓𝑡²
89
𝐺𝑃𝑀 3.785𝐿 1𝑘𝑔 1𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑊𝐶 = 2.7 ( 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 )( 1 𝐿 )( )
𝑓𝑡² 60𝑠
𝑘𝑔 3.28𝑓𝑡
𝑊𝐶 = 0.170325 ( )²
𝑠−𝑓𝑡² 1𝑚
𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝐶 = 1.832424 𝑠−𝑚²
HEAT OF COOLING WATER, 𝑄′

𝑤
𝑄′𝑊 = 𝑊′𝑤 (𝐶𝑤 )
𝑘𝑔 ( 𝑘𝐽 (47- 32.7 ) °C
𝑄′𝑊 = 134.2560609 4.187 𝑘𝑔−°𝐶 )
𝑠
𝐾𝑗
𝑄′𝑊 = 8038.460816 𝑠
WATER IN THE COOLING WATER, 𝑊

𝑊
𝑄𝑤 = 𝑄′𝑊 = 𝑊𝑊 (𝐶𝑤 ) ( 𝑡𝑊𝐵 − 𝑡𝑊𝐴 )
𝑄𝑤
𝑊𝑊 =
(𝐶𝑤 )( 𝑡𝑊𝐵 − 𝑡𝑊𝐴 )
𝐾𝑗
8038.460816 𝑠
𝑊𝑊 =
𝑘𝐽
( 4.187 ) (29.3°𝐶 − 23.5°𝐶)
𝑘𝑔 − °𝐶
𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑊 = 331.0106329 𝑠
AREA OF COOLING WATER, 𝐴

𝐶𝑇
90
𝑊𝑊
𝐴𝐶𝑇 = 𝑊𝑐
𝑘𝑔
331.0106329
𝑠
𝐴𝐶𝑇 = 𝑘𝑔
0.170325
𝑠−𝑓𝑡²
1
𝐴𝐶𝑇 = 1943.406035 𝑓𝑡² x (3.28𝑓𝑡)²
𝐴𝐶𝑇 = 180.6408049 𝑚²
WIDTH OF COOLING WATER, 𝑊

𝐶𝑇
𝐴𝐶𝑇 = 𝐿𝐶𝑇 (𝑊𝐶𝑇 )
if, 𝐿 = 2(𝑊 )
𝐶𝑇 𝐶𝑇
Therefore,
𝐴𝐶𝑇 = 2(𝑊𝐶𝑇 )(𝑊𝐶𝑇 )
𝐴𝐶𝑇 = 2(𝑊𝐶𝑇 )²
1943.406035 𝑓𝑡²
𝑊𝐶𝑇 = √ 2
1𝑚
𝑊𝐶𝑇 =31.17215131 𝑓𝑡 ( 3.28𝑓𝑡)
𝑊𝐶𝑇 = 9.503704669𝑚
LENGTH OF COOLING TOWER, 𝐿

𝐶𝑇
𝐿𝐶𝑇 = 2(𝑊𝐶𝑇 )
91
𝐿𝐶𝑇 = 2( 31.17215131ft)
1𝑚
𝐿𝐶𝑇 = (62.34430262)(3.28𝑓𝑡)
𝐿𝐶𝑇 = 19.00740934m
ENTHALPY OF WATER AT WATER TEMPERATURE EXITING THE COOLING WATER, ℎ𝐴 = ℎ𝑓 @𝑡𝑤𝑎 = 23.5°𝐶
FROM THE STEAM TABLE:
ENTHALPY TEMPERATURE
96.51 23
ℎ𝐴 23.5
100.70 24
BY INTERPOLATION:
96.51 − ℎ𝐴 23 − 23.5
=
96.51 − 100.70 23 − 24
𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝐴 = 98.605 𝑠
ENTHALPY OF WATER AT WATER TEMPERATURE ENTERING THE COOLING WATER, ℎ

𝑏
ℎ𝐵 = ℎ𝑓 @ 𝑡𝑊𝐵 = 29.3°𝐶

92
ENTHALPY TEMPERATURE
121.60 29
ℎ𝐵 29.3
125.78 30
BY INTERPOLATION:
121.60 − ℎ𝐵 29 − 29.3
=
121.60 − 125.78 29 − 30
𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝐵 = 122.854 𝑠
ENTHALPY OF MAKE-UP WATER IN THE COOLING WATER, ℎ

𝑐
ℎ𝑐 = ℎ𝑓 @ 𝑡𝑊𝑐 = 20 °𝐶
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑐 = 83.95 𝑘𝑔
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART ENTERING AND EXITING AIR
td1 , °C tW1 , °C RH, % ω , kga/kgv h, kJ/kg v, m3 /kg
ENTRY 30 20 40 0.010582 57.214 0.873

93
EXIT 43.6 36.851 65 0.037925 141.691 0.952
𝑡𝑎2 = 𝑡𝑤𝑏′ − 𝜃1
𝑡𝑎2 = 47°𝐶 − 3.4°𝐶
𝑡𝑎2 = 43.6 °𝐶
𝑘𝑗
ℎ𝑎1 = 57.214
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
𝑣𝑎1 = 0.873
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔𝑉
𝑤𝑎1 = 0.010582
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
𝑘𝑗
ℎ𝑎2 = 141.691
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔𝑉
𝑤𝑎2 = 0.037925
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
94
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MATERIAL BALANCE
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝑊𝑎1 + 𝑊𝑤 " + 𝑊𝑚 = 1𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝑊𝑎2 + 𝑊𝑤 "
𝑊𝑚 = 𝑊𝑎2 − 𝑊𝑎1
𝑘𝑔𝑉 𝑘𝑔𝑉
𝑊𝑚 = 0.037925 − 0.010582
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎 𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
𝑘𝑔𝑉
𝑊𝑚 = 0.027343
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
HEAT BALANCE
𝑘𝑔𝑣 𝑘𝑔𝑣
1 ( ℎ𝑎1 ) + 𝑊𝑤 " (ℎ𝐵 ) + 𝑊𝑚 (ℎ𝐶 ) = 1 ( ℎ𝑎2 ) + 𝑊𝑤 " (ℎ𝐴 )
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎 𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
95
( ℎ𝑎2 ) − ( ℎ𝑎1 ) − 𝑊𝑚 (ℎ𝐶 )

𝑊𝑤 " =
(ℎ𝐵 ) − (ℎ𝐴 )
141.691 − 57.214 − 0.027343 (83.95)
𝑊𝑤 " =
( 122.854) − (98.605)
𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑤 " = 3.389069865 𝑘𝑔 𝑉
𝑑𝑎
WEIGHT OF AIR, 𝐿
𝐶𝑇
𝑊𝑤
𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 =
𝑊𝑤 "
𝑘𝑔
331.0106329 𝑠
𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 =
𝑘𝑔𝑉
3.389069865
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 97.67005287 𝑠
QUANTITY OF AIR ENTERING, 𝑉

𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 ( 𝑉𝑎1 )
𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑚³
𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 97.67005287 ( 0.873 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑚³
𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 85. 26595616
𝑠
WATER VAPOR CARRIED IN THE AIR, 𝑊

𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 ( 𝑊𝑎2 − 𝑊𝑎1 )

96
𝑚³ 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔𝑉 )
𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 85. 26595616 ( 0.037925 𝑘𝑔 𝑉 − 0.010582
𝑠 𝑑𝑎 𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
𝑘𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 2.331427039 𝑠
RAW WATER PUMP, 𝑷

𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑄 𝑤 𝑌 𝐻
𝑊′𝑤
𝑄𝑤 =
𝑃
𝑘𝑔
134.104975
𝑠
𝑄𝑤 = 𝑘𝑔
1000
𝑚³
1000𝐿
𝑄𝑤 = (0.1341094758𝑚³) 1𝑚³
𝐿= 𝑚³
𝑄𝑤 = 134,109.4758 0.1341094758
𝑠 𝑠
MAIN PIPES TABLE
V = 1.3 m/s
Pipe Size = 10 in
TEMPERATURE(C) P(𝑘𝑃𝑎 )
97
23 °C 2.81
23.5 °C x
24 °C 2.985
𝑃 = 2.8975𝑘𝑃𝑎 ; ASSUME Z = 20m
𝑃 𝑣²
𝐻= + + 𝑧
𝛿 2𝑔
2.8975𝑘𝑃𝑎 1.3²
𝐻= + + 20𝑚
9.81 2(9.81)
𝐻 = 20.38149847𝑚
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑄 𝑤 𝑌 𝐻
𝑚³ ( 𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ( 0.1341094758 ) 9.81 ) ( 20.38149847𝑚 )
𝑠 𝑚³
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 26.81418386𝑘𝑊
98
DESIGN OF
MACHINE
FOUNDATION
99
GIVEN:
Power Output, Po = 7,320 kW

Engine Speed, N = 720 rpm; 60hz
No. of Cylinders = 12
Bore = 310 mm
Stroke = 430 mm
Mass of Engine = 76 tons
Length of Engine = 7,833 mm
Width of Engine = 3,460 mm
Height of Engine = 4,690 mm
ASSUMPTION:
Density of Concrete, dc = 2,322.68 kg/m3

Soil Bearing Capacity, SBC = 5,000 lb/ft2
Factor of Safety = 5
Clearance = 6 in.
Diameter of Reinforcement Steel Bar, 𝐷𝑠𝑏𝑝 = 16mm
Length of Reinforcement Steel Bar, 𝐿𝑠𝑏𝑝 = 12m
Density of Steel, 𝜌𝑠𝑏𝑝 = 7,850 kg/m3
100
Figure 31: Machine Foundation Schematic Diagram
WEIGHT OF ENGINE, We
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈
𝒇
𝑾𝒆 = 𝟕𝟔 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑻𝒐𝒏 (𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑻𝒐𝒏 )
𝑾𝒆 = 𝟕𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈𝒇
WEIGHT OF THE FOUNDATION, Wf

(According to the PSME Code 2008, the foundation mass should be 3 to 5 times the
weight of the machinery it is supposed to support.)
𝑊𝑓 = (3 𝑡𝑜 5)(𝑊𝑒 )
𝑊𝑓 = (4)(76,000 𝑘𝑔𝑓 )
𝑾𝒇 = 𝟑𝟎𝟒, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈𝒇
TOTAL WEIGHT, Wt
𝑾𝒕 = 𝑾𝒆 + 𝑾𝒇
𝑾𝒕 = 𝟕𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈𝒇 + 𝟑𝟎𝟒, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈𝒇
101
𝑾𝒕 = 𝟕𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈𝒇 + 𝟑𝟎𝟒, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈𝒇

𝑾𝒕 = 𝟑𝟖𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈𝒇
VOLUME OF MACHINE FOUNDATION, Vf
𝑊𝑓
𝑉𝑓 =
𝑑𝑐
304,000 𝑘𝑔𝑓
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑘𝑔
2,322.68
𝑚3
𝑉𝑓 = 130.88329𝑚3
LENGTH OF FOUNDATION, L
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑏 + 2𝐶
𝐿𝑏 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝐶
0.0254𝑚
𝐿𝑏 = 7.833𝑚 + 6𝑖𝑛( )
1𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑏 = 7.9854𝑚
0.0254𝑚
𝐿 = 7.9854𝑚 + 2(6𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )
1𝑖𝑛
𝐿 = 8.2902𝑚
UPPER WIDTH OF THE FOUNDATION, a
𝑎 = 𝑊𝑏 + 2𝐶
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝐶
0.0254𝑚
𝑊𝑏 = 3.64𝑚 + 6𝑖𝑛( )
1𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑏 = 3.7924𝑚
0.0254𝑚
𝑎 = 3.7924𝑚 + 2(6𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )
1𝑖𝑛
𝑎 = 4.0972𝑚
102
LOWER WIDTH OF THE FOUNDATION, b
Figure 32: Engine Foundation Diagram
𝑆𝐵𝐶 𝑊𝑒 +𝑊𝑓
=
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑏𝐿
𝑁(𝑊𝑒 +𝑊𝑓 )
𝑏=
(𝐿)𝑆𝐵𝐶
5(76,000𝑘𝑔𝑓 +304,000𝑘𝑔𝑓 )
𝑏= 𝑙𝑏 1𝑘𝑔𝑓 3.28𝑓𝑡 2
(8.2902𝑚)[5,000 𝑥 𝑥( ) ]
𝑓𝑡2 2.2046𝑙𝑏 1𝑚
𝑏 = 9.392921749𝑚
DEPTH OF THE MACHINE FOUNDATION, h
𝑎+𝑏
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑥 (ℎ)𝐿
2
2𝑉𝑓
ℎ=
(𝑎+𝑏)𝐿
2(130.88329𝑚3 )
ℎ=
(4.0972𝑚+9.392921749𝑚)(8.2902𝑚)
ℎ = 2.340632989𝑚
103
WEIGHT OF STEEL BAR REINFORCEMENTS, Wsb
(From page 13, Section 204, Chapter 2 (Commercial and Industrial Building) of the Philippine Mechanical
Engineering Code of 2011: “f. Concrete foundations should have steel bar reinforcements placed both
vertically and horizontally, to avoid thermal cracking. Weight of the reinforcing steel bars should be from
1/2 % to 1% of the weight of the foundation.”)
1
𝑊𝑠𝑏 = (2 % 𝑡𝑜 1%)𝑊𝑓
𝑊𝑠𝑏 = (0.0075)(304,000𝑘𝑔𝑓 )
𝑊𝑠𝑏 = 2,280𝑘𝑔𝑓
WEIGHT OF STEEL BAR REINFORCEMENT PER PIECE, Wsbp
𝝅
𝑾𝒔𝒃𝒑 = 𝟒 (𝑫𝒔𝒃𝒑 )𝟐 (𝑳𝒔𝒃𝒑 )(𝝆𝒔𝒃𝒑 )
𝝅 𝒌𝒈
𝑾𝒔𝒃𝒑 = 𝟒 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝒎)𝟐 (𝟏𝟐𝒎)(𝟕, 𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝟑 )
𝑾𝒔𝒃𝒑 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟗 𝒌𝒈/𝒑𝒊𝒆𝒄𝒆
NUMBER OF STEEL BAR REINFORCEMENT, Nsb
𝑾
𝑵𝒔𝒃 = 𝑾 𝒔𝒃
𝒔𝒃𝒑
𝟐, 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝒈
𝑵𝒔𝒃 =
𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟗 𝒌𝒈
𝑵𝒔𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟗𝟗𝟑𝟑𝟏 𝒑𝒄𝒔

𝑵𝒔𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝒄𝒔
CONCRETE FOUNDATION
Application Cement Sand Gravel
Foundations and 1 3 5
Footings
104
NUMBER OF BAGS OF CEMENT, Nb
𝟐𝟕
𝑵𝒃 = 𝑪𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 + 𝑺𝒂𝒏𝒅 + 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍
𝟐𝟕 𝑩𝒂𝒈𝒔 𝟏𝒚𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝟑 𝟑.𝟐𝟖𝒇𝒕 𝟑
𝑵𝒃 = 𝟏+𝟑+𝟓 ; 𝒚𝒂𝒓𝒅𝟑 ( ) ( 𝟏𝒎 )
𝟑𝒇𝒕
𝒃𝒂𝒈𝒔
𝑵𝒃 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝟑
𝒃𝒂𝒈𝒔
𝑵𝒃 = 𝟒 𝒎𝟑
TOTAL BAG OF CEMENT, Nbt
𝑵𝒃𝒕 = 𝑵𝒃 𝒙 𝑽𝒇
𝒃𝒂𝒈𝒔
𝑵𝒃𝒕 = (𝟒 )(𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟐𝟗𝒎𝟑 )
𝒎𝟑
𝑵𝒃𝒕 = 𝟓𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟔 𝒃𝒂𝒈𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝑵𝒃𝒕 = 𝟓𝟐𝟒 𝒃𝒂𝒈𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
GALLONS OF WATER
𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝐺𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 7.5 𝑏𝑎𝑔 (𝑁𝑏𝑡 )
𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝐺𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 7.5 𝑏𝑎𝑔 (524 𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝐺𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 3930 𝑔𝑎𝑙
VOLUME OF SAND, Vsand
𝑽𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝑵𝒃 𝒙 𝑽𝒇 𝒙 𝑺𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝒃𝒂𝒈𝒔 𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝟏𝒎𝟑
𝑽𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 = (𝟒 )(𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟐𝟗𝒎𝟑 )(𝟑 𝒃𝒂𝒈)(𝟑.𝟐𝟖𝒇𝒕)𝟑
𝒎𝟑
𝑽𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟗𝒎𝟑 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅
VOLUME OF GRAVEL, Vgravel

105
𝑉𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 𝑵𝒃 𝒙 𝑽𝒇 𝒙 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍
𝒃𝒂𝒈𝒔 𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝟏𝒎𝟑
𝑽𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍 = (𝟒 )(𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟐𝟗𝒎𝟑 )(𝟓 𝒃𝒂𝒈)(𝟑.𝟐𝟖𝒇𝒕)𝟑
𝒎𝟑
106
CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY OF EQUIPMENTS
107
WARSTSILA 31 (12V31) 7.32 MW RATED POWER

108
DIESEL ENGINE
Engine Quantity
Wartsila 31 (12v31)
Rated Power: 7320 6
Fuel: Diesel
FUEL SYSTEM
Description Quantity
SSE SS 1500L Diesel Day Tank 6
Viking Pump Series SG05 & SG407 12

Duplex Fuel Package
(Storage Tank to Day Tank)
Power = 11 – 22 KW
Main Storage Tank (100K gal) 2
Ocean Pump (Day Tank to Engines) 12
Power = 5 - 11 KW
Lefilter High Precision Fuel Oil Filter 6
Machine
Pipings
EXHAUST SYSTEM
Axial Flow Silencer 6
Sound Reduction: 40Db
Flow: 42460kg/H
Exhaust stack 6
109
(Steel support structure

and
Steel pipe)
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
1000 Litre Cube Lubricant Tank 6
Piusi Particle Oil Filter - 60 LPM 6
Pipings
AIR INTAKE SYSTEM

Air filters 6
Air intake 0.5 m diameter steel 6
pipe
Filter Duct system
COOLING SYSTEM
Industrial radiators 60
Heat exchangers 6
Coolant pumps 6
Pipings
110
CHAPTER V
FLOOR PLAN
109
110
TOP VIEW
111
FRONT VIEW
112
REAR VIEW
113
RIGHT SIDE VIEW

114
LEFT SIDE VIEW

115
ISOMETRIC VIEW
116
ENGINE ROOM
117
FILTRATION SYSTEM AND MAIN STORAGE TANKS

118
SUBSTATION
119
CHAPTER VI
BILL OF MATERIALS
120
DIESEL ENGINE
Engine Quantity Price Total
Wartsila 31 (12v31)
Rated Power: 7320 6 P27,000 ,000.00 P162,000,000.00
Fuel: Diesel
TOTAL: P162,000,000.00
LAND
Location Unit Quantity Price Total
Barangay Itangon
Bula, Camarines Sqm 50,000 sqm P3771 P972,899,145.00
Sur, Philippines
TOTAL: P188,550,000.00
ENGINE FOUNDATION
Materials Unit Quantity Price Total
Reinforced Metric ton 15 P15,300.00 P229,500
Rebar
Cement Sack 3500 P260.00 P910,000
Sand Cubic meter 300 P300.00 P90,000
Gravel Cubic meter 500 P900.00 P450,000
Water Cubic meter 100 P30.00 P30,000
121
TOTAL: P1,709,500.00
FUEL SYSTEM
Description Quantity Price Total
SSE SS Diesel Day Tank 6 P98,223.33 P589,339.98
Viking Pump Series SG05 & 6 P153,000.00 P918,000.00

SG407 (2 pumps
Duplex Fuel Package per unit)
Power = 11 – 22 KW
Main Storage Tank 2 P1,800,000.00 P3,600,000.00
Ocean Pump Duplex (Day 6 P61,032.00 P366,192.00
Tank to Engines) (2 pumps
Power = 5.5 – 11 KW per unit)
Lefilter High Precision Fuel 6 P50,000.00 P300,000.00
Filter Machine
60 LPM
TOTAL: P5,773,531.98
122
EXHAUST SYSTEM
Axial Flow Silencer 6 P39,000.00 P234,000.00
Flow: 42460kg/H
Exhaust stack 6 P653,645.00 P4,080,000.00
(Steel support structure and
Steel pipe)
TOTAL: P4,314,000.00
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
1000 Litre Cube 6 P59927.94 P359,567.64
Lubricant Oil Tank
Piusi Particle Oil 6 P1416.48 P8498.88
Filter - 60 LPM
TOTAL: P368,065.64
AIR INTAKE SYSTEM

Air filters 6 P1842.50 P11,055.00
(0.15m diameter)
Air intake 0.5 m 6 P2550.00 P15,300.00
diameter steel pipe
TOTAL: 26,355.00
123
COOLING SYSTEM
Industrial radiators 60 P26,193.25 P1,571,595.00
60 hz
220-440V
Heat exchangers 6 P23,573.93 P141,443.58
Coolant pumps 6 P7702.07 P46212.42
Power = 5.5 – 11 KW
TOTAL: P1,759,251.00
TOTAL COST
Diesel Engines P162,000,000.00
Land Cost P188,550,000.00
Engine Foundation P1,709,500.00
Fuel System P5,773,531.98
Exhaust System P4,314,000.00
Lubrication System P368,065.64
Cooling System P1,759,251.00
Air Intake System P26,355.00
TOTAL: P364,500,683.62
124
MONTHLY FUEL CONSUMPTION
𝐹𝐶 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑔 1𝐿 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝐹𝐶 = 167.7 𝑥 𝑥 7320 𝐾𝑊 𝑥 24 𝑥 30
𝑘𝑤 − ℎ𝑟 1000𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝐿
𝐹𝐶 = 883,846.08 𝑥 6 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝐿
𝐹𝐶 = 5,303,076.08
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝐴𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑦 24, 2022: 𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑃76.

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑃61
𝐹𝐶 = 5,303,076.08 𝑥 𝑃61
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑃323,487,665.28 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
POWER GENERATION SALES
43920 𝐾𝑊 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑥 30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 31, 622, 400 𝑘𝑤 − ℎ𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝐴𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑦 2022 𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑤ℎ = 𝑃10.530

𝑘𝑤
𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ = 31,622,400 𝑘𝑤 − ℎ𝑟 𝑥 𝑃10.530
ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ = 𝑃332,983,872.00
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PER YEAR

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑓 2022 = 23 $ = 𝑃1201.58 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑤
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑥 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑃1201.58 𝑥 43920 𝐾𝑊
125
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝑃52,817,313.6
TOTAL SALES PER MONTH

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
−(𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ + 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

= 332,983,872 − ( 323,487,665.28 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
+ 52,817,313.6 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑥 )
12 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ = 𝑃5,094,763.92 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
ANNUAL INCOME
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑥 12
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 5,094,763.92 𝑥 12
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝑃61,137,167.04
TOTAL COST OF THE PLANT WITH TAX (12% VAT)

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 364,500,683.62 (1 + 0.12)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃408,240,765.65
RATE OF RETURN OF INVESTMENT

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
61,137,167.04
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑥 100%
408,240,765.65
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 14.98 %
126
RETURN OF INVESMENT
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑂𝐼 =
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑃408,240,765.65
𝑅𝑂𝐼 =
𝑃61,137,167.04
𝑅𝑂𝐼 = 6.68 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
127
CHAPTER VII
REFERENCES
128
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2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1266853/philippines-electricity-
consumption-by-sector/
Power Generation Industry, Power Plant, Powerhouse | Lubmarine. (2022). Retrieved 15
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industry-power-plant-powerhouse
Power Generation/Diesel Power - Wikiversity. (2022). Retrieved 15 May 2022, from
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Power_Generation/Diesel_Power
Diesel Power Station Advantages and Disadvantages and Application | ElectricalVoice.
(2022). Retrieved 15 May 2022, from https://electricalvoice.com/diesel-power-station-
advantages-disadvantages-applications/
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937976,17z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x33a1c102bae971fd:0x106f716b693cd745!8m2!3d13.6
24532!4d123.493583
Bula, Camarines Sur Profile – PhilAtlas. (2022). Retrieved 15 May 2022, from
https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r05/camarines-sur/bula.html
What is a Fuel System? – Gumout. (2022). Retrieved 15 May 2022, from
https://gumout.com/what-is-a-fuel-system/
Kanogˇlu, M., Kazım Işık, S., & Abuşogˇlu, A. (2022). Performance characteristics of a
Diesel engine power plant. Retrieved 15 May 2022, from
129
Cooling water pump (CWP) for gas-fired | Sulzer. (2022). Retrieved 15 May 2022, from
https://www.sulzer.com/en/shared/applications/cooling-water-pump-for-gas-fired
Fuel tank - Wikipedia. (2022). Retrieved 15 May 2022, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_tank
What Is A Fuel Filter? | Car Care Tips | Wiygul Automotive Clinic. (2022). Retrieved 15
May 2022, from https://wiygul.com/support/1766/what-is-a-fuel-filter/
BWSC to supply Benin's most efficient power plant. (2022). Retrieved 18 May 2022, from
https://www.bwsc.com/fr/medias/news/2018/award-benin
Diesel Power Plant - Components, Operation and Applications. (2022). Retrieved 18 May
2022, from https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2021/08/diesel-power-plant.html
(2022). Retrieved 18 May 2022, from https://www.wartsila.com/docs/default-
source/product-files/engines/df-engine/product-guide-o-e-w31df.pdf
Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Systems, Part of Indoor Air Quality Design Tools
for Schools | US EPA. (2022). Retrieved 18 May 2022, from https://www.epa.gov/iaq-
schools/heating-ventilation-and-air-conditioning-systems-part-indoor-air-quality-design-
tools
(2022). Retrieved 18 May 2022, from https://www.bbm-
akustik.de/fileadmin/Dateien/PDF/BBM-Gerber_Air-intake-systems.pdf
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(2022). Retrieved 18 May 2022, from

https://www.shipleyenergy.com/resources/commercial/safety-tips-for-on-site-fuel-
storage-tanks
Lubrication System Diesel Engine. (2022). Retrieved 27 May 2022, from

https://www.engineersedge.com/power_transmission/engine_lubrication.htm
130
Diesel Power Plant [Layout, Working, Advantages, Diagrams] PDF. (2022). Retrieved 27 May 2022, from
https://www.theengineerspost.com/diesel-power-plant/
(2022).Retrieved27May2022,fromhttps://learnmech.com/diesel-power-plant-working-
construction/#:~:text=The%20basic%20principle%20in%20diesel%20engine%20is%20that%2C,are%20c
h%20briefly%20used%20in%20the%20following%20field
Diesel Electric Power Plant: Layout, Merits and Application. (2022). Retrieved 27 May 2022, from
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plant-layout-merits-and-application/29466
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factors/6350#:~:text=The%20type%20of%20power%20plant,example%2C%20lake%2C%20river%20etc.
Diesel Generators and Power Plants | Power Sources Gensets Buy-Sell. (2022). Retrieved 27
May2022,fromhttps://www.generatorsource.com/Power_Plants_and_Diesel_Generators.aspx#:~:text=Hy
dro%20Generation&text=There%20are%20usually%20two%20or,controls%20and%20the%20Power%20
Plant.
Generator Installation Safety, Safety Tips | Diesel Service. (2022). Retrieved 27 May 2022, from
https://www.generatorsource.com/Generator_Installation_Safety.aspx
What is Generator Load Bank Testing and How is it Done | Carelabz.com. (2022). Retrieved 27 May 2022,
from https://carelabz.com/how-what-why-generator-load-bank-testing-done/
What is Diesel Cycle - Processes with P-v and T-s Diagram. (2022). Retrieved 27 May 2022, from
https://www.theengineerspost.com/diesel-cycle/
Allowable Soil Bearing Capacity Chart: Rock, Sand, Clay & More. (2022). Retrieved 27 May 2022, from
https://dicausa.com/soil-bearing-capacity/
131
Mahajan, B. (2022). Density of Cement | Density of Sand | Sand Density | Cement Density | Density of
Aggregate | Density of Concrete | Density of Cement, Sand, Aggregate & Steel. Retrieved27May2022,from
https://civiconcepts.com/blog/density-of-cement#Density_of_Concrete
132
CHAPTER VIII
EQUIPMENT SCHEDULE
133
EQUIPMENT SCHEDULE
DIESEL ENGINE
Model Rated Power Days of Operation
Output / year
Engine # 1 Wartsila 31 (12V31) 7.32 MW 365 Days
FUEL SYSTEM
Description Quantity Days of Operation / year
SSE SS 1432L Diesel Day 6 365 Days
Tank
Viking Pump Series SG05 & 12 365 Days
SG407
Duplex Fuel Package
Main Storage Tank (100K 2 365 Days
gal)
Ocean Pump (Day Tank to 12 365 Days
Engines)
Lefilter High Precision Fuel 6 365 Days
Oil Filter Machine
134
EXHAUST SYSTEM
Axial Flow Silencer 6 365 Days
Flow: 42460kg/H
Exhaust stack 6 365 Days
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Description Quantity Days of Operation/year
1000 Litre Cube Lubricant Tank 6 365 Days
Piusi Particle Oil Filter - 60 LPM 6 365 Days
COOLING SYSTEM
Industrial radiators 60 365 Days
Heat exchangers 6 365 Days
SCHEDULE OF OPERATION AND LOAD CURVE
MONDAY TO SATURDAY
Hour of the day Monday – Saturday Number of Total TOTAL
(MW) Engines Power Energy
running (MW) (Mw-hr)
12:00 MN 31.04 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
135
1:00 AM 30.69 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr

2:00 AM 30.81 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
3:00 AM 29.25 4 29.28 MW 29.28 MW-
Hr
4:00 AM 30.51 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
5:00 AM 32.79 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
6:00 AM 36.19 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
7:00 AM 35.30 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
8:00 AM 35.01 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
9:00 AM 35.14 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
10:00 AM 35.20 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
11:00 AM 34.71 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
12:00 NN 34.30 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
1:00 PM 33.50 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
2:00 PM 33.60 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
3:00 PM 34.10 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
4:00 PM 35.54 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
5:00 PM 36.00 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
6:00 PM 37.81 6 43.92 MW 43.92 MW-
Hr
7:00 PM 38.61 6 43.92 MW 43.92 MW-
Hr
8:00 PM 37.60 6 43.92 MW 43.92 MW-
Hr
9:00 PM 37.19 6 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
10:00 PM 34.70 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
11:00 PM 31.41 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
136
12:00 MN 30.94 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr

Total:
856.44 MW-
Hr
SUNDAY
Hour of the day Sunday (MW) Number of Total TOTAL
Engines Power Energy
running (MW) (Mw-hr)
12:00 MN 29.11 4 29.28 MW 29.28 MW-
Hr
1:00 AM 29.77 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
2:00 AM 29.72 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
3:00 AM 29.52 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
4:00 AM 29.61 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
5:00 AM 31.02 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
6:00 AM 32.80 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
7:00 AM 33.08 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
8:00 AM 33.22 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
9:00 AM 32.41 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
10:00 AM 32.57 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
11:00 AM 33.99 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
12:00 NN 32.78 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
1:00 PM 32.16 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
2:00 PM 30.94 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
3:00 PM 30.30 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
4:00 PM 32.11 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
137
5:00 PM 32.62 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr

6:00 PM 34.06 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
7:00 PM 36.30 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
8:00 PM 36.59 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
9:00 PM 35.12 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
10:00 PM 33.67 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
11:00 PM 31.92 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
12:00 MN 30.11 5 36.6 MW 36.6 MW-Hr
Total:
834.48 MW-
Hr
138
CHAPTER IX
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
139
7.1 Conclusion
After finishing the Diesel Power Plant Design, which was meant to give Itagon,
Bula Camarines Sur, and other nearby islands and municipalities an extra source of
electricity, the proponents came to the conclusion that the Diesel Power Plant design is
the best type of power plant for the area because of its benefits. Diesel power plants do
not need a complicated layout or design, which means they take up less space and cost
less to run. Diesel power plants are also easy to keep up and last longer than other types
of power plants because they are simple and take up less space. This power plant would
help a lot of communities on or near the island get enough electricity, which would make
their lives much easier. It could also help bring more tourists to the island.
7.2 Recommendation
Based on the conclusion, the following suggestions are made to improve the
performance and quality of the design of the power plant:
1. Environmental Impact Assessment. It is important to provide a
comprehensive environmental impact assessment in order to assist the
designers in making the appropriate adjustments that will, first result in
even fewer emissions from the power plant and and second result in the
least amount of damage to the environment caused by the power plant.
2. Fuel Oil Maintenance. In light of the fact that the delivery of fuel oil occurs
only twice a month, the implementation of a fuel oil polishing or maintenance
system will assist in maintaining the high quality of the fuel.
3. Quality Assurance. The total performance of the power plant would be
considerably impacted positively or negatively by the selection of materials
and equipment of a high or low quality. Carry out the actual quality
assurance procedures in order to guarantee that the components of the
power plant's design, including the materials and the machinery that will be
employed, will conform to the required quality levels.
140
4. Materials and Equipment. Enhancement of the selected equipment and

materials in accordance with the growing standards of the professional
industry and the necessitates of the environment.
5. Waste Heat Recovery System. The integration of a mechanism for
recovering waste heat will help to increase the engines' overall efficiency.
6. Quality Control. The regular testing of power plant machinery, materials,
and a variety of processes and procedures in order to guarantee that the
facility is operating at maximum capacity and that any flaws or issues are
immediately identified, addressed, and resolved. In addition to that, this will
be of tremendous assistance in the process of upgrading the services.
7. Bill of materials. In addition to the quality of the products, the authenticity
of the bill of materials would guarantee that the design of the power plant
was conducted effectively. The proponents suggest conducting additional
validation studies to determine the expenses of the real equipment that will
be employed. Make direct touch with the suppliers as well as the
manufacturers if the conditions let it.
141
CHAPTER X
CURRICULUM VITAE
142
JOHN ALVIN ESTRELLADO
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Technological Institute of the Philippines (TIP) Q
Address: B6 L5 Zenia St. San Antonio Village Antipol, Rizal
Email Address: qjapestrellado@tip.edu.ph
Cellular No.: +639686436144
CAREER OBJECTIVE
To pursue a career in mechanical engineering in which I can demonstrate the learning outcomes of the
Technological Institute of the Philippines (TIP) Mechanical Engineering program, which is accredited by the US-
based ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology), Engineering Accreditation Commission.
DESIGN PROJECT COMPLETED/ RESEARCH
Design and Fabrication of Pedal-Powered Grass Trimmer

An environmental friendly grass trimmer that gives precise and accurate trims on grasses
ON-THE-JOB TRAINING/ PRACTICUM/ INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
Internship
October 10, 2017 - May 01, 2018
Senior high school on the job training as required for compliance.
KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND ATTITUDE
Having graduated from TIP with its orientation towards outcome-based education, I have acquired and can
demonstrate the following studentacquire outcomes (knowledge, skills and attitudes) necessary to the practice of the
computing profession:
Analyze complex problems and identify and define the computing requirements
appropriate for solution. Use modern techniques and tools of the computing
practice in complex activities.
Understand professional, ethical, legal, security and social issues and responsibilities relevant to professional
computing.
SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED
Machine Design Contest

Technological
Institute of the
PhilippinesMarch
05, 2019
143
RALPH RENIEL PASCUAL
Technological Institute of the Philippines (TIP) QC
Address: 24B Ramon Magsaysay Ave. San Roque Teresa, Rizal
Email Address: qrrcpascual@tip.edu.ph
Cellular No.: +639366417494
CAREER OBJECTIVE
Seeking a challenging opportunity where I will be able to utilize my strong organizational skills, educational
background and ability to work well with people, which will allow me to grow personally and professionally.
• The Impact of Parental Involvement on the Senior High School Students of

Tomas Claudio Colleges (2017)
• Solar Energy as a Renewable Source of Electricity in Remote Areas of
Batangas (2021)
computing.
Career Jam with Ayala Property

Management Corporation Zoom
Webinar Live
May 27, 2021
IEC on Alternative Fuels and
Energy Technology by DOEZoom
Meeting
144
JOHN WELMER RONQUILLO

Address: Ph1 Blk1 Lt88 Centella Homes, San Isidro
RODRIGUEZ (MONTALBAN)
Email Address: wermerdesu@gmail.com
Cellular No.: +639750966611
Biomechanical Bicycle Design for

Outdoor Workout Fitness On-going
computing.
M.E.P.F. Air
Conditioning &
Ventilation
Online Zoom
Meeting
February 14, 2022
INTRODUCTION ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH AS A CAREER

Online Zoom Meeting
April 09, 2022
INTRODUCTION ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH AS A CAREER
San Mateo Rizal
March 03, 2018
145
JOHN MARK SARMIENTO

Address: 19-B Palawan Quezon City
Email Address: johnmarksarmiento333@gmail.com
Cellular No.: +639516435830
CAREER OBJECTIVE
To establish a career in engineering in which I can demonstrate the learning outcomes of the Mechanical Engineering
program of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (TIP), which is a program that has been accredited by the
outcome-oriented ABET (AccreditationBoard for Engineering and Technology), Engineering Accreditation Commission
in the United States.
Fabrication of Exercise Bicycle as an Alternative Source of Energy in Sorsogon

This project's primary focus was on the development of a stationary bike that could generate electricity using human

power.

computing.
Thesis and Capstone Design/Project Document Formatting and
Organization Zoom Video Call AppZoom Video Call App
November 12, 2021
Careers in
the Post-
Pandemic
EraZoom
Video Call
146
KENNETH TULDAC
Address: Blk 15 Lot 7 Villa Luisa North Bagumbong Caloocan
Email Address: qkptuldac@tip.edu.ph
Cellular No.: +639312121868
CAREER OBJECTIVE
To establish a career in information technology where I can demonstrate the learning outcomes of the Mechanical Engineering program of
the Technological Institute of the Philippines (TIP), a program accredited by the US-based outcomes-oriented ABET (Accreditation Board for
Engineering and Technology), Engineering Accreditation Commission.
Project Study 1
Pedal Powered Grass Trimmer
ON-THE-JOB TRAINING/ PRACTICUM/ INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
On the Job Training

Cabiles Tractor Parts
5th Ave. South Caloocan City
January 14, 2021 - June 15, 2022
Fixing and Selling tractor parts.
Having studying from TIP with its orientation towards outcome-based education, I have acquired and can demonstrate the following student
acquire outcomes (knowledge, skills and attitudes) necessary to the practice of the computing profession:
Analyze complex problems and identify and define the computing requirements appropriate for solution.
Use modern techniques and tools of the computing practice in complex activities.
Understand professional, ethical, legal, security and social issues and responsibilities relevant to professional computing.
Online Student Development Program

via Zoom Online Conference
June 24, 2021
Career Jam with APMC (Ayala Property Management Corporation)

via Zoom Online Conference
May 27, 2022
T.I.P. Career Center

Anniversary Hall, T.I.P. ? Q.C.
March 23, 20
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Technological Institute of the Philippines - Quezon City

College of Engineering and Architecture

Estrellado, John Alvin

Pascual, Ralph Reniel

Ronquillo, John Welmer

Sarmiento, John Mark

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE

This project design entitled “DESIGN OF 43.92 MW DIESEL ELECTRIC POWER

Engr. Jesus Dela Cruz, PME/RME/MP

To our classmates and friends, through exchanging ideas and suggestions

Electricity can be considered as one of the basic needs of an individual. It

How Diesel Power Plant works?

TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... I

APPROVAL SHEET ............................................................................................. II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... III

Statement of the Problem .................................................................................. 1

I. Details of Design ............................................................................................. 4

Background of the Study ...................................................................................... 5

Basic Principle of Diesel Electric Engine Power Plant .......................................... 5

Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Power Plant ........................................ 6

Selection and Location of Power Plant ................................................................. 5

Main Components of a Diesel Power Plant .......................................................... 7

Main Objectives .................................................................................................... 8

Specific Objectives ............................................................................................. 12

Project Scope and Limitation .............................................................................. 13

Limitations of the Project .................................................................................... 13

Diesel Power Plant Components ........................................................................ 14

Diesel Electric Power Plant ................................................................................ 21

Diesel Engine Specifications .............................................................................. 22

Daily Load Curve for Sunday and Weekdays ..................................................... 26

Number of Units to be Installed .......................................................................... 27

Graphical Presentations of Schedule of Operation ............................................. 27

Alternatives and Graphical Representation ........................................................ 28

Starting the System ............................................................................................ 33

Closing the System............................................................................................. 34

Installation and load testing of the plant ............................................................. 34

Location of the Powerplant ................................................................................ 34

Selection of System ............................................................................................ 35

Selection of Equipments ..................................................................................... 36

Installation Safety Precautions ........................................................................... 37

II. Economic Studies ........................................................................................ 40

Performance and Characteristic of Diesel Power Plant ...................................... 41

III. Design Proper .............................................................................................. 44

Engine Power ..................................................................................................... 45

Combustion of Fuel ............................................................................................ 54

Air Intake System ............................................................................................... 60

Lubrication System ............................................................................................. 76

Cooling System .................................................................................................. 83

Machine Foundation ........................................................................................... 97

IV. Summary of Equipments .......................................................................... 104

V. Plans and Drawings ..................................................................................... 97

Top View ....................................................................................................... 109

Front View ..................................................................................................... 110

Rear View ...................................................................................................... 111

Right Side View ............................................................................................. 112

Left Side View ............................................................................................... 113

Isometric View ............................................................................................... 114

Engine Room................................................................................................. 115

Filtration System and Storage Tanks ............................................................ 116

VI. Bill of Materials.......................................................................................... 118

Monthly Fuel Consumption ............................................................................... 118

Power Generation Sales ................................................................................... 123

Operation and Maintenance ............................................................................. 123