D60 - Treinamento 2008

GE Multilin
D60
Line Distance Relay
GE Multilin D60 Features
GE Multilin D60 Configuration
• The D60 is a member of the UR family and, as such, it is very

flexible and fully configurable. It includes:
– Mapping the input AC signals (sources)
– Configuring interrelations between the protection and control
elements
– Mapping DC signals (trip, alarm, tele-communications
interface)
• The relay can be totally customized using flexibility of its settings
and programmable logic
• As of 2.90 revision, the D60 is provided with TRIP OUTPUT
feature (trip bus):
– The feature makes the configuration easy but still flexible
– The feature is a must for single-pole tripping because of
sophisticated interactions between the protection and control
functions
GE Multilin Configuring the D60
GE Multilin Tripping Elements
(1) Protection functions
intended for tripping
(4) Protection elements
shall be enabled and
can be configured to
configured …
REQUEST a single-
pole or…
(2) This includes pilot-
aided schemes …
(5) A three-pole trip

action via the TRIP
OUTPUT feature
(3) And Line Pickup
(switch onto a fault) …
(1) PILOT SCHEMES

use local protection
elements (distance and
ground directional
overcurrent) ..
(2) And are fully

programmable
regarding interfacing
tele-communications
equipment
(2) PILOT SCHEMES

are pre-wired to initiate
a single-pole trip (3) PROTECTION
ELEMENTS are configured
by the user to request a
single-pole…
(4) or three-pole tripping
(1) LINE PICKUP

feature is pre-wired to
initiate a three-pole trip
(1) Requests for trip are

submitted to the TRIP
OUTPUT feature…
(2) Which executes them

checking numerous
conditions first such as
availability of the AR
function prior to accepting a
single-pole trip
GE Multilin Reclosing Elements
(2) Three-pole operation is

forced from the AR
(evolving faults), user
setting, or the PHASE
SELECTOR
(1) Requests to reclose are

also user-programmable
(request to trip single-pole
are automatically routed to
request reclosing)
GE Multilin Executing Trip Command
(3) OPEN POLE
detector is notified (if
(1) Requests to trip are
single-pole trip)
processed into actual trip
commands
(2) BF function is
automatically initiated…
(4) Trip action is

executed via the
BREAKER CONTROL
feature
GE Multilin Executing Trip Command
(3) Out Of Service status

are passed to the OPEN
POLE and AR features
(2) Breakers
position, and…
(1) BREAKER CONTROL

monitors breaker position
for all the features that
typically need this
information
GE Multilin Executing Trip and Reclose Commands
(1) Breakers are operated

(both open and close) from
the BREAKER CONTROL
feature
(2) Both manual, and ….
(3) Automatic
close commands
are routed via the
BREAKER
CONTROL
GE Multilin Reclosing
(1) AR is initiated
automatically via TRIP (2) AR monitors breakers
OUTPUT feature position, and ….
(3) Operates the breakers
(5) AR forces three-pole trip (4) AR is informed

during single-pole AR cycle regarding fault type by the
or when reclosing is PHASE SELECTOR
impossible
GE Multilin TRIP OUTPUT
(1) User setting: 3P
operation only, or
3P/1P depending on (2) 3P Trip forced
fault type
(5) 3P Trip Bus
(3) 3P operation can

be forced by a user
setting or from the (6) LINE PICKUP
AR requests 3P trip
(4) If AR disabled all (7) requests for 3P

request converted to trip from pilot-aided
3P trip schemes
(8) User requests

for 3P trip
(1) 3P Trip forced
(5) 3P Trip Bus
(2) user-selectable (3) Are converted into (4) When the 3P trip
requests for 1P trip … a 3P trip during multi- is forced
phase faults, or …
(4) 1P request from local protection elements
(1) TRIP A
(2) TRIP B
(3) TRIP C
(5) Confirmed by the PHASE SELECTOR, or
(6) From PILOT SCHEMES

(2) 3P Trip Bus (1) TRIP A (3) Actual tripping operand for pole A
(sent to BREAKER CONTROL)
(4) Sealed-in with

the pole A position
(from OPEN POLE)
(2) 3P Trip Bus (1) TRIP A
(4) Denotes 3P trip

and initiates BF
(5) User-selected
elements …
(3) Denotes 1P trip,

(6) Initiate AR in the initiates BF and AR
3P mode in the 1P mode
TRIP OUTPUT
GE Multilin (Settings)
(1) Trip 3P when requested

or appropriate, trip 1P when
requested and appropriate
(2) Trip 3P from PHASE OV1
(3) Backup 3P trip from

PHASE TOC1
(4) Stepped distance 3P from
GND DIST Z2
GND DIST Z3
PHS DIST Z2
PHS DIST Z3
TRIP OUTPUT
(1) Trip 1P from GND DIST Z1
(2) Trip 1P from PHS DIST Z1
(3) Trip 1P from high-set NEG

SEQ DIRECTIONAL OC
(4) Reclose when tripping from

PHASE TOC1
TRIP OUTPUT
(1) Condition to force 3P trip

brought via an Input Contact
(2) No advance time for pilot-

aided schemes
(3) No breaker position

needed (brought from
BREAKER CONTROL)
TRIP OUTPUT
GE Multilin (Summary)
• TRIP OUTPUT:
– Easy way to program the D60
– Allows to customize the application (UR flexibility
retained)
– Substitutes large number of FlexLogic lines
– Takes care of BFI, ARI, sealing-in, etc.
– A must for single-pole tripping
• TRIP OUTPUT, however, can be left disabled
and instead an application can be built from
scratch in FlexLogic
GE Multilin
DISTANCE
ELEMENTS
GE Multilin Filtering
• Sampling at 64 s/c
• Accurate and fast frequency tracking
• Currents pre-filtered to remove dc
component(s)
– Maximum transient overshoot below 2%
• Voltages pre-filtered to remove low-
frequency transients caused by CVTs
– Transient overreach < 5% up to SIR of 30
GE Multilin Distance Zones
• 5 zones of ground and phase distance protection

• All zones reversible (per zone basis)
• All zones settable to mho or quad (per zone basis)
• All zone settings (except memory duration and signal
source) settable per zone basis:
– Zero-sequence compensation
– Mutual zero-sequence compensation
– Maximum torque angle
– Blinders
– Directional angle
– Comparator limit angles (lens)
– Overcurrent supervision
– Etc.
Distance Comparators
GE Multilin (Ground MHO)
During an AG fault, I2A

and I0 are in phase
While during ABG and
CAG faults, I2A and I0
are shifted by 120
degrees
The comparator prevents the ground distance

elements from operating during LLG faults for
better accuracy
If no V0, default
to “permission”
During Open
Pole Condition The supervision is meant to increase directional
supervision is integrity on time-delayed operations after the
removed memory expires
GE Multilin (Phase MHO)
MHO Distance Zones
GE Multilin (Flexibility)
Traditional
Directional angle
“slammed”
Directional
angle lowered
and “slammed”
Both MHO and

directional angles
“slammed” (lens)
GE Multilin (Ground QUAD)
Same as
for MHO
GE Multilin (Phase QUAD)
QUAD Distance Zones
QUAD Distance Zones
GE Multilin Distance Zones
URPC plots distance

zones from settings
GE Multilin Memory Voltage
• Positive-sequence memorized voltage is

used for polarizing:
– MHO comparator (dynamic, expanding MHO)
– Negative-sequence directional comparator
(Ground Distance MHO and QUAD)
– Zero-sequence directional comparator (Ground
Distance MHO and QUAD)
– Directional comparator (Phase Distance MHO and
QUAD)
• Memory duration is a common distance
setting (all zones, phase and ground, MHO
and QUAD)
Effect of Memory Voltage
GE Multilin (Improved Directionality)
Dynamic MHO
characteristic for a
reverse fault
Static MHO
Impedance during faults characteristic (memory
at the VT location not established or
expired)
Dynamic MHO
Zsystem characteristic for a
forward fault
GE Multilin (Better Resistive Coverage)
Static MHO
characteristic (memory
not established or
RF expired)
Dynamic MHO
Zsystem characteristic for a
forward fault
GE Multilin (Weak Systems)
RF Good coverage only
for close-in faults
Relay exposed to
transients
Zsystem
GE Multilin D60 Memory Circuit
(1) Positive-
sequence voltage
must be within 80%
(3) Start updating
and 115 % of the
the memory and…
rated and should not
be distorted… (4) Consider the
memory established
SETTING
FORCE MEM-POLAR:
UPDATE MEMORY
Off=0
AND RUN
SETTING
SETTING MEMORYDURATION:
DISTANCE SOURCE:
V_1 < 1.15 pu 0
AND tRST
V_A, V_RMS_A 5 cy
V_RMS- V < V_RMS/8 AND 0 S Q
V_B, V_RMS_B V_RMS- V < V_RMS/8 AND
V_C, V_RMS_C V_RMS- V < V_RMS/8
Use V_1 mem
V_1 V_1 > 0.8 pu
OR
IA IA < 0.05 pu
AND R Use V_1
IB IB < 0.05 pu OR
IC IC < 0.05 pu AND
V_1 < 0.1 pu
SETTING
FORCE SELF-POLAR:
Off=0 827842A6.CDR
(2) For 5 cycles in (5) The memory

order to … resets when the
current goes to zero
(1) During close-in 3P

faults positive-
sequence voltage
SETTING drops below 80% of
FORCE MEM-POLAR:
UPDATE MEMORY
the rated
Off=0
AND RUN
SETTING
DISTANCE SOURCE:
V_1 < 1.15 pu 0
AND tRST
V_A, V_RMS_A 5 cy
Use V_1 mem
V_1 V_1 > 0.8 pu
OR
IA IA < 0.05 pu
AND R Use V_1
IB IB < 0.05 pu OR
IC IC < 0.05 pu AND
V_1 < 0.1 pu
SETTING
FORCE SELF-POLAR:
Off=0 (4) The memory is used 827842A6.CDR
for memory duration time

(2) Memory is not
updated anymore and …
(1) After the memory

expires, the positive-
sequence voltage is
SETTING being checked …
FORCE MEM-POLAR:
UPDATE MEMORY
Off=0
AND RUN
SETTING
DISTANCE SOURCE:
V_1 < 1.15 pu 0
AND tRST
V_A, V_RMS_A 5 cy
Use V_1 mem
V_1 V_1 > 0.8 pu
OR
IA IA < 0.05 pu
AND R Use V_1
IB IB < 0.05 pu OR
IC IC < 0.05 pu AND
V_1 < 0.1 pu
SETTING
FORCE SELF-POLAR:
Off=0 827842A6.CDR
(2) If below 10% of the

rated, the memory is (3) If above 10% of the
continued to be used rated, the actual
voltage is used
GE Multilin Memory Duration Setting
• Memory is needed to ride through directionality

problems during close-in 3P reverse faults:
– Memory duration longer than the slowest fault
clearing time for a close-in reverse 3P fault (BF
time included)
• Memory duration cannot be too long because natural
drift of the system (machines) would eventually cause
misoperation if the memory is kept indefinitely
• Testing Recommendations:
– Make sure the VT secondary rating is entered correctly
– Apply a pre-fault voltage of at least 80% of the rated
– Keep the pre-fault signals for at least 7 cycles
– After memory expires, the initial resistive fault coverage and
directional integrity may be lost
GE Multilin Memory resetting, maintaining
Distance can be forced to use memory

voltage during whole duration of the
fault which is beneficial on series
compensated lines
SETTING
FORCE MEM-POLAR:
UPDATE MEMORY
Off=0
AND RUN
SETTING
DISTANCE SOURCE:
V_1 < 1.15 pu 0
AND tRST
V_A, V_RMS_A 5 cy
Use V_1 mem
V_1 V_1 > 0.8 pu
OR
IA IA < 0.05 pu
AND R Use V_1
IB IB < 0.05 pu OR
IC IC < 0.05 pu AND
V_1 < 0.1 pu
SETTING
FORCE SELF-POLAR:
Off=0 827842A6.CDR
Distance can be forced

to self-polar during
open pole or swing
conditions
Phase Distance Zones
GE Multilin (Logic)
(1) The element is (3) OPEN POLE detector
blocked for 1 cycle, if blocks selected 21P
the circuit is being re- elements to prevent
energized misoperation
(2) 21P elements are

supervised from the
phase-to-phase current
Phase Distance Zone 1
GE Multilin (Logic) (4) ZONE 1 SEALS
(1) PKP operands mean WITH CURRENT, but …
“characteristic entered”
AND
OR
SETTING FLEXLOGIC OPERAND

AND
PHS DIST Z1
OR OR PH DIST Z1 OP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS DELAY:
PH DIST Z1 PKP AB t PKP

0
PH DIST Z1 PKP BC t PKP AND

0
OR
PH DIST Z1 PKP CA t PKP
0 FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
PH DIST Z1 SUPN IAB PH DIST Z1 OP AB

AND
PH DIST Z1 SUPN IBC PH DIST Z1 OP BC

AND
PH DIST Z1 SUPN ICA PH DIST Z1 OP CA

AND
OPEN POLE OP *
(3) Typically set to zero
NOTE: * D60 Only. Other UR models apply regular current seal-in for Z1. 837017A6.CDR
(5) On D60 the seal-in

must be broken by Open (2) OP operands mean
Pole “time expired”
Phase Distance Zone 2 through 4
GE Multilin (Logic)
(1) Set per principles of
stepped distance protection
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
SETTING PH DIST Z2 OP AB
PHS DIST Z2 PH DIST Z2 OP BC
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS TIMER DELAY: PH DIST Z2 OP CA
0 t PKP
PH DIST Z2 PKP AB
20 msec 0
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
0 t PKP
PH DIST Z2 PKP BC OR PH DIST Z2 OP
20 msec 0
0 t PKP
PH DIST Z2 PKP CA
20 msec 0 837020A5.CDR
(2) Added to avoid resetting

in borderline cases after
timing out half way
Ground Distance Zone 1
GE Multilin (Logic)
(1) The element is (3) OPEN POLE detector
blocked for 1 cycle, if blocks selected 21G elements
the circuit is being re- to prevent misoperation
energized
(2) 21G elements are

supervised from the neutral
current
Ground Distance Zones 2 through 4
GE Multilin (Logic)
(1) Z2 through Z4 are

supervised from an
internal neutral
directional element
(2) This supervision is

defaulted to “permission”
during Open Pole
GE Multilin Ground Distance Settings
(1) Each zone is individually

reversible
(2) Each zone can be

individually set to either
MHO or QUAD
(3) To avoid confusion the

D60 does not know any K0s.
The Z0/Z1 ratio is entered on
a per zone basis: magnitude
and …
(4) angle
(1) Mutual zero-sequence

compensation: magnitude
(2) angle
GE Multilin Mutual Zero-Sequence Compensation
• Applies to distance comparators only (directional uses

line I0 only)
• Requires wiring 3I0 from the parallel line
I0(P)
Z0M
VAG = ( IA+I0*(Z0/Z1-1) + I0(P)*Z0M/Z1 ) * Z1
IA IB IC 3I0(P)
(1) Reach setting
(2) Maximum torque angle

for distance comparators
(3) Reverse reach setting
(4) Reverse RCA setting
Polarizing current, zero seq.

or neg. sequence
(5) Non-homogeneity angle
(6) Angle limit for distance

comparators (lens, tent)
(1) Maximum torque angle

for directional comparators
(2) Angle limit for directional

comparators
(3) Right blinder reach

(QUAD ONLY)
(4) Right blinder angle

(QUAD ONLY)
(5) Left blinder reach (QUAD

ONLY)
(6) Left blinder angle (QUAD

ONLY)
(1) Current supervision

threshold (3I0)
(2) For SC lines. Normally

set to zero.
(3) Delay if required.
(4) Blocking input (VTFF for

example)
GE Multilin Phase Distance Settings
21P settings are identical
except for:
•Zero-sequence and
•Mutual zero-sequence
compensation
New settings are:

•XFMR Current connections
•XFMR Voltage connections
To apply distance through
transformers
Current supervision applies

to a phase-to-phase current
GE Multilin Phase Distance Settings
Depending on where VTs

and CTs are located, D60
can compensate for the
phase shift and magnitude
change caused by the
power transformer
GE Multilin
TELEPROTECTION
SCHEMES
GE Multilin Direct Underreaching Transfer Trip
• Applications:
– Transfer trip based on an underreaching DISTANCE ZONE 1
• Responds to:
– DUTT RX1 through RX4 (user programmable FlexLogic operands)
• Interfaces with:
– DISTANCE ZONE 1 pickup flags
– TRIP OUTPUT logic (“trip bus”)
– PHASE SELECTOR
– AUTORECLOSER
• Asserts FlexLogicTM operands:
– DUTT OP (the scheme operated – trip action)
– DUTT TX1 through TX4 (key)
– DUTT TRIP A (trip phase A)
– DUTT TRIP B (trip phase B)
– DUTT TRIP C (trip phase C)
– DUTT TRIP 3P (trip three phases)
Direct Underreaching Transfer Trip
GE Multilin (Keying path)
SETTING
(1) ZONE 1 picks up, and
DUTT SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled = 0
Enabled = 1 DUTT NO OF COMM
BITS:
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS AND RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS

PH DIST Z1 PKP DUTT TX1
OR
GND DIST Z1 PKP DUTT TX2
TRANSMIT TABLE DUTT TX3
Phase
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS Selector DUTT TX4
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
OPEN POLE OP
(2) The TX operands are
SETTINGS
DUTT NO OF COMM
asserted based on the
BITS: SETTINGS
DUTT SEAL-IN
PHASE SELECTOR
DUTT RX1: DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Off = 0 0
AND t RST DUTT OP
DUTT RX2:
Off = 0
DUTT RX3: OR
DUTT NO OF COMM
BITS:
Off = 0
RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
DUTT RX4:
RX DUTT TRIP A
Off = 0 DUTT TRIP B
TRIP TABLE DUTT TRIP C
Phase
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS Selector DUTT TRIP 3P
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
837012AA.CDR
OPEN POLE OP
GE Multilin (Operating path)
SETTING
DUTT SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled = 0
Enabled = 1 DUTT NO OF COMM
BITS:
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS AND RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS

PH DIST Z1 PKP DUTT TX1
OR
GND DIST Z1 PKP DUTT TX2
TRANSMIT TABLE DUTT TX3
Phase
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS Selector DUTT TX4
AR FORCE 3P TRIP (3) This operand shall
OPEN POLE OP
be used if the TRIP
SETTINGS
DUTT NO OF COMM
OUTPUT feature is
BITS: SETTINGS
DUTT SEAL-IN
disabled
DUTT RX1: DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Off = 0 0
AND t RST DUTT OP
DUTT RX2:
Off = 0
DUTT RX3: OR
DUTT NO OF COMM
BITS:
Off = 0
RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
DUTT RX4:
RX DUTT TRIP A
Off = 0 DUTT TRIP B
TRIP TABLE DUTT TRIP C
Phase
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS Selector DUTT TRIP 3P
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
837012AA.CDR
OPEN POLE OP
(1) Permission to trip (2) Executed without

received checking any local (4) These operands are
conditions “pre-wired” to the TRIP
OUTPUT feature
No SEAL-IN needed
when using the TRIP
OUTPUT feature
Single-bit channel used
DUTT RX1 via input

contact
GE Multilin (Increased Security for the RX)
• Because no local condition is checked before the

DUTT scheme operates, it is a good practice to
increase the reliability of the RX signal
• The example below uses three independent
communication paths and a 2-out-of-3 voting logic
Keying relay
GE Multilin (Increased Security for the RX)
Receiving relay
GE Multilin Permissive Underreaching Transfer Trip
• Applications:
– Keyed from an underreaching DISTANCE ZONE 1
– Supervised from an overreaching DISTANCE ZONE 2
• Responds to:
– PUTT RX1 through RX4 (user programmable FlexLogic operands)
– DISTANCE ZONE 1 and 2 pickup flags
– PHASE SELECTOR
– AUTORECLOSER
– PUTT OP (the scheme operated – trip action)
– PUTT TX1 through TX4 (key)
– PUTT TRIP A (trip phase A)
– PUTT TRIP B (trip phase B)
– PUTT TRIP C (trip phase C)
– PUTT TRIP 3P (trip three phases)
Permissive Underreaching Transfer Trip
SETTING
PUTT SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled = 0
Enabled = 1
SETTINGS
PUTT NO OF COMM
BITS: SETTINGS
PUTT RX1: PUTT RX PICKUP

DELAY: SETTINGS
Off = 0 tPKP
AND PUTT SEAL-IN
0 DELAY:
PUTT RX2:
0 FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Off = 0 AND t RST PUTT OP
PUTT RX3: OR
Off = 0
PUTT RX4: (2) The TX operands are

Off = 0
asserted based on the
PUTT NO OF COMM
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
PHASE SELECTOR BITS:
PH DIST Z2 PKP RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
OR
GND DIST Z2 PKP RX PUTT TRIP A
PUTT TRIP B
Phase TRIP TABLE
PUTT TRIP C
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS Selector
PUTT TRIP 3P
(1) ZONE 1 picks up, and
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
OPEN POLE OP
PUTT NO OF COMM
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS BITS:
PH DIST Z1 PKP AND RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
OR
GND DIST Z1 PKP PUTT TX1
PUTT TX2
Phase TRANSMIT TABLE
PUTT TX3
PUTT TX4
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
OPEN POLE OP 837013AA.CDR
(1) Permission to trip
SETTING
PUTT SCHEME received and ….
FUNCTION:
Disabled = 0
Enabled = 1
(2) Filtered for security
SETTINGS
PUTT NO OF COMM
BITS: SETTINGS
PUTT RX1: PUTT RX PICKUP

DELAY: SETTINGS
Off = 0 tPKP
AND PUTT SEAL-IN
0 DELAY:
PUTT RX2:
0 FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Off = 0 AND t RST PUTT OP
PUTT RX3: OR
Off = 0
(4) The
PUTT RX4:
Off = 0
scheme
operates
PUTT NO OF COMM
PH DIST Z2 PKP RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS

OR
GND DIST Z2 PKP RX PUTT TRIP A
PUTT TRIP B
Phase TRIP TABLE
PUTT TRIP C
PUTT TRIP 3P
(3) Supervising Z2
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
OPEN POLE OP
picks up
PUTT NO OF COMM
PH DIST Z1 PKP AND RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
OR
GND DIST Z1 PKP PUTT TX1
PUTT TX2
Phase TRANSMIT TABLE
PUTT TX3
PUTT TX4
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
OPEN POLE OP 837013AA.CDR
Extra time before

accepting the RX as a
valid permission to trip
No SEAL-IN needed
when using the TRIP
OUTPUT feature
Two-bit channel used
PUTT RX1 coming in

via input contact
PUTT RX2 coming via

input contact
PUTT TX1 and TX2

going out via output
contact
GE Multilin Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip
• Applications:
– Keyed from an overreaching DISTANCE ZONE 2 or from a user-
selectable GROUND DIRECTIONAL function
– Echo supervised from LINE PICKUP LEO
– Supervised from an overreaching DISTANCE ZONE 2 or from a user-
– Current reversal logic incorporated to the GROUND DIRECTIONAL path
• Responds to:
– POTT RX1 through RX4 (user programmable FlexLogic operands)
– PHASE SELECTOR & AUTORECLOSER
– POTT OP (the scheme operated – trip action)
– POTT TX1 through TX4 (key)
– POTT TRIP A (trip phase A) through POTT TRIP C (trip phase C)
– POTT TRIP 3P (trip three phases)
Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip
SETTING
(2) user-selected
POTT SCHEME
FUNCTION:
protection element (1) ZONE 2 or…
Disabled = 0
Enabled = 1 (ground directional)
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
PH DIST Z2 PKP
OR
AND
(3) pickup…
GND DIST Z2 PKP
SETTINGS
SETTING POTT SEAL-IN
DELAY:
GND DIR O/C FWD: FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Off = 0
AND
OR 0
t RST (4) to key the
POTT OP
SETTINGS POTT NO OF COMM

BITS:
channel
POTT NO OF COMM SETTINGS
BITS: RUN
POTT RX PICKUP
DELAY: AND FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
POTT RX1: POTT TRIP A
t PKP Selector
AND RX TRIP TABLE
Off = 0 0 POTT TRIP B
POTT TRIP C
POTT RX2: FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS POTT TRIP 3P
SETTINGS
Off = 0 AR FORCE 3P TRIP
TRANS BLOCK PICKUP AND
DELAY: OPEN POLE OP
POTT RX3: OR
TRANS BLOCK RESET
Off = 0 DELAY: POTT NO OF COMM
t PKP BITS:
POTT RX4: t RST OR RUN
Off = 0
0
100 msec
SETTING TRANSMIT TABLE
POTT PERMISSIVE ECHO:
Disabled SETTINGS FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS

Off
LINE END OPEN PICKUP POTT TX1
DELAY: SETTINGS
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND POTT TX2
Enabled AND RUN
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
t PKP ECHO DURATION: POTT TX3
0 AND POTT TX4
SETTING ECHO LOCKOUT:
Echo duration and lockout logic ECHO TABLE

POTT ECHO COND:
Custom RX
Off = 0
Phase
Selector
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR FORCE 3P TRIP 837014AD.CDR
OPEN POLE OP
GE Multilin (Echo path)
SETTING
POTT SCHEME
(2) Line End Open
FUNCTION:
Disabled = 0 condition is declared by (3) Permission to trip
Enabled = 1
AND
the LINE PICKUP and … is received and…
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS AND
PH DIST Z2 PKP
OR
GND DIST Z2 PKP
SETTINGS
DELAY:
(4) The transmit
Off = 0
AND
OR 0
t RST path is not active,
POTT OP

then …
BITS:
BITS: RUN
POTT RX PICKUP
Phase
t PKP Selector
AND RX TRIP TABLE
POTT TRIP C
SETTINGS
DELAY: OPEN POLE OP
POTT RX3:
Off = 0
OR
TRANS BLOCK RESET
DELAY:
(5) The RX bits are
POTT NO OF COMM
POTT RX4:
t PKP
t RST OR
BITS:
RUN echoed as TX bits
Off = 0
0
100 msec

Off
LINE END OPEN PICKUP POTT TX1
DELAY: SETTINGS
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND POTT TX2
Enabled AND RUN
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
t PKP ECHO DURATION: POTT TX3
0 AND POTT TX4

POTT ECHO COND:
Custom RX
Off = 0
Phase
Selector
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR FORCE 3P TRIP (1) If ECHO is 837014AD.CDR
OPEN POLE OP
enabled and …
(3) User-selectable
SETTING (1) Either Z2
POTT SCHEME function picks up
FUNCTION:
picks up and…
Disabled = 0
Enabled = 1
during the window
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS AND
AND
opened by … (5) The scheme trips
PH DIST Z2 PKP
GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR
SETTINGS
by asserting its
DELAY:
FlexLogic operands
OR 0 POTT OP
AND t RST
Off = 0

BITS:
BITS: RUN
POTT RX PICKUP
Phase
t PKP Selector
AND RX TRIP TABLE
POTT TRIP C
SETTINGS
DELAY: OPEN POLE OP
POTT RX3: OR
TRANS BLOCK RESET
Off = 0 DELAY: POTT NO OF COMM
t PKP BITS:
POTT RX4: t RST OR RUN
Off = 0
0
100 msec
(2) Permission
Off
LINE END OPEN PICKUP
DELAY: SETTINGS
(4) Current reversal POTT TX1
to trip is
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Enabled t PKP ECHO DURATION:
AND RUN
POTT TX2
POTT TX3
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
0 AND (transient blocking) POTT TX4
received, or …
POTT ECHO COND: logic, then …

Custom RX
Off = 0
Phase
Selector
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR FORCE 3P TRIP 837014AD.CDR
OPEN POLE OP
GE Multilin Current Reversal
SETTINGS
BITS: A POTT RX PICKUP
B
DELAY:
POTT RX1:
AND
t PKP
Off = 0 0
POTT RX2:
D
SETTINGS
Off = 0 TRANS BLOCK PICKUP AND
DELAY:
POTT RX3: OR
TRANS BLOCK RESET C
Off = 0 DELAY:
t PKP
POTT RX4: t RST
Off = 0
(1) Permission to trip
still present
A (RX)
B (RX SECURE)
(3) The scheme is

D (SUPERVISION) WINDOW FOR GND FWD
secure as the
“window” is closed
GND FWD
(2) Fault seen as

GND REV
forward
Extra time before

This gives the GND DIR

function 20 msec to
operate. After that…
the GND DIR function is

locked out for 90 msec
Enables the ECHO

feature in weak
systems
LEO signal to last for

50 msec to arm the
ECHO feature
Echo pulse to last for

100 msec
After the pulse is sent,

the ECHO feature is
disabled for 250 msec
Use any forward-

looking overreaching
directional element
SEAL-IN only if the

TRIP OUTPUT feature
not used
4-bit scheme used
Remote I/O (UCA

GOOSE) used for pilot
communications
Hybrid Permissive Overreaching
GE Multilin Transfer Trip
• Applications:
– Uses DISTANCE ZONE 4 as a default reverse-looking element; any user-
selectable function can be used
• Responds to:
– HYB POTT RX1 through RX4 (user programmable FlexLogic operands)
– HYB POTT OP (the scheme operated – trip action)
– HYB POTT TX1 through TX4 (key)
– HYB POTT TRIP A (trip phase A) through POTT TRIP C (trip phase C)
– HYB POTT TRIP 3P (trip three phases)
(Keying path)
SETTING SETTING (2) user-selected
HYB POTT WEAK
GND DIR O/C FWD:
Off = 0
INFEED:
protection element
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
PH DIST Z2 PKP
OR (ground directional)
GND DIST Z2 PKP
Off
Disabled
OR (1) ZONE 2 or… (3) Pickup and …
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
OPEN POLE OP Enabled
AND
LINE PICKUP UV PKP
SETTING
SETTING
HYB POTT W/I COND:
HYB POTT SEAL-IN
Custom
Off = 0 DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND 0
AND HYB POTT OP
SETTING t RST
HYB POTT SCHEME
FUNCTION: HYB POTT NO OF
Disabled=0 COMM BITS:
Enabled=1 RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
SETTINGS Selector HYB POTT TRIP A
SETTING
RX HYB POTT TRIP B
HYB POTT NO OF HYB POTT RX PICKUP TRIP TABLE
COMM BITS: HYB POTT TRIP C
DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS HYB POTT TRIP 3P
HYB POTT RX1:
t PKP AR FORCE 3P TRIP
AND
0 OPEN POLE OP
Off = 0
HYB POTT RX2: (4) There is not a reverse

Off = 0
HYB POTT RX3: OR

0
100 msec
fault indication…
Off = 0
SETTING
HYB POTT RX4:
HYB POTT SETTINGS
Off = 0 PERMISSIVE ECHO:
ECHO DURATION:
Disabled
(5) then, the

HYB POTT NO OF
Off
ECHO LOCKOUT: COMM BITS:
AND RUN
Echo duration and
Enabled AND
SETTING
HYB POTT ECHO COND:

AND lockout logic
ECHO TABLE
channel is keyed
Custom
Off=0
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
HYB POTT TX1
SETTINGS HYB POTT TX2
SETTING RUN
HYB POTT TX3
GND DIR O/C REV: DELAY: OR HYB POTT TX4
RX
TRANS BLOCK RESET
Off = 0
DELAY: Phase
Selector TRANSMIT TABLE
t PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS OR OR
t RST FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
PH DIST Z4 PKP
GND DIST Z4 PKP AR FORCE 3P TRIP
PH DIST Z1 PKP OPEN POLE OP
GND DIST Z1 PKP 837015AE.CDR
Hybrid Permissive Overreaching Transfer
Trip
GE Multilin (Forward & Reverse Fault Directions)
SETTING SETTING
HYB POTT WEAK
GND DIR O/C FWD:
INFEED:
Off = 0
(2) user-selected FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS OR
forward-looking PH DIST Z2 PKP

GND DIST Z2 PKP
protection element Off

Disabled
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
AND
LINE PICKUP UV PKP
(1) forward-looking SETTING

SETTING
ZONE 2 HYB POTT W/I COND:
Off = 0
Custom
HYB POTT SEAL-IN
DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND 0
AND HYB POTT OP
SETTING t RST
HYB POTT SCHEME
Enabled=1 RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
SETTING
RX HYB POTT TRIP B
DELAY:
HYB POTT RX1:
AND
0 OPEN POLE OP
Off = 0
HYB POTT RX2:
Off = 0 0
100 msec
HYB POTT RX3: OR
Off = 0
SETTING
HYB POTT RX4:
HYB POTT SETTINGS
ECHO DURATION:
Disabled HYB POTT NO OF
Off
(4) user-selected ECHO LOCKOUT:
Echo duration and

AND
COMM BITS:
RUN
Enabled AND lockout logic
reverse-looking SETTING
HYB POTT ECHO COND:

AND
ECHO TABLE
Custom
protection element Off=0
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
HYB POTT TX1
SETTING RUN
HYB POTT TX3
RX
TRANS BLOCK RESET
(3) reverse-looking Off = 0
DELAY:
t PKP
Phase
t RST
ZONE 4 PH DIST Z4 PKP
GND DIST Z4 PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
SETTING SETTING
HYB POTT WEAK
(Echo path)
GND DIR O/C FWD:
INFEED:
Off = 0
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS OR
PH DIST Z2 PKP
GND DIST Z2 PKP (1) Permission
Off
Disabled
OR received, and …
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
AND
LINE PICKUP UV PKP
SETTING
SETTING
HYB POTT W/I COND:
HYB POTT SEAL-IN
Custom
Off = 0 DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND 0
AND HYB POTT OP
SETTING t RST
HYB POTT SCHEME
Enabled=1 RUN
SETTINGS SETTING
(2) The channel is notPhase
Selector
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
HYB POTT TRIP A
RX HYB POTT TRIP B
HYB POTT NO OF
COMM BITS:
HYB POTT RX PICKUP
DELAY: being keyed, and …
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
TRIP TABLE
HYB POTT TRIP C
HYB POTT TRIP 3P
HYB POTT RX1:
AND
0 OPEN POLE OP
Off = 0
(3) No reverse fault,

HYB POTT RX2:
Off = 0 0
100 msec
HYB POTT RX3:
Off = 0
OR
then …
SETTING
HYB POTT RX4:
HYB POTT SETTINGS
(4) ECHO is
ECHO DURATION:
Off
COMM BITS:
sent back
ECHO LOCKOUT:
AND RUN
Echo duration and
SETTING AND
HYB POTT ECHO COND: ECHO TABLE

Custom
Off=0
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
HYB POTT TX1
SETTING RUN
HYB POTT TX3
RX
TRANS BLOCK RESET
Off = 0
DELAY: Phase
t PKP
PH DIST Z4 PKP
(Operating path)
(1) Forward fault is
SETTING SETTING
GND DIR O/C FWD:

HYB POTT WEAK
INFEED:
detected, or…
Off = 0
PH DIST Z2 PKP
GND DIST Z2 PKP (2) Undervoltage with
no reverse fault is
Disabled
Off OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
detected, and…
AND
LINE PICKUP UV PKP
SETTING
HYB POTT W/I COND:

Custom
SETTING
HYB POTT SEAL-IN
(3) Permission
Off = 0 DELAY:
SETTING
AND
AND
0
t RST
received, and …
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
HYB POTT OP
HYB POTT SCHEME

Enabled=1 RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
SETTING
RX HYB POTT TRIP B
DELAY:
HYB POTT RX1:
AND
0 OPEN POLE OP
Off = 0
HYB POTT RX2:
Off = 0
HYB POTT RX3: OR

0
100 msec
(5) The scheme
Off = 0
HYB POTT RX4:

SETTING
operates
HYB POTT SETTINGS
ECHO DURATION:
Disabled
Off
ECHO LOCKOUT:
AND
(4) Fault is not reverse,
HYB POTT NO OF
COMM BITS:
RUN
Echo duration and
SETTING
HYB POTT ECHO COND:

AND
then … ECHO TABLE
Custom
Off=0
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
HYB POTT TX1
SETTING RUN
HYB POTT TX3
RX
TRANS BLOCK RESET
Off = 0
DELAY: Phase
t PKP
PH DIST Z4 PKP
SETTING
GND DIR O/C FWD:

SETTING
HYB POTT WEAK
INFEED:
(Transient Blocking)
Off = 0
PH DIST Z2 PKP
GND DIST Z2 PKP
Disabled
Off OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
AND
LINE PICKUP UV PKP
SETTING
SETTING
HYB POTT W/I COND:
HYB POTT SEAL-IN
Custom
Off = 0 DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND 0
AND HYB POTT OP
SETTING t RST
HYB POTT SCHEME
Enabled=1 RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
SETTING
RX HYB POTT TRIP B
DELAY:
HYB POTT RX1:
AND
0 OPEN POLE OP
Off = 0
HYB POTT RX2:
Off = 0 0
100 msec
HYB POTT RX3: OR
Off = 0
SETTING
HYB POTT RX4:
HYB POTT SETTINGS
ECHO DURATION:
Off
ECHO LOCKOUT: COMM BITS:
AND RUN
Echo duration and
SETTING AND
HYB POTT ECHO COND: ECHO TABLE

Custom
Off=0
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
HYB POTT TX1
SETTING RUN
HYB POTT TX3
RX
TRANS BLOCK RESET
Off = 0
DELAY: Phase
t PKP
PH DIST Z4 PKP
GE Multilin Current Reversal Logic
(2) Reverse fault

indication is passed
SETTING
SETTINGS
TRANS BLOCK PICKUP
instantaneously
GND DIR O/C REV: DELAY: OR
TRANS BLOCK RESET
Off = 0
DELAY:
t PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
PH DIST Z4 PKP
OR
t RST (1) This signal means
GND DIST Z4 PKP “No reverse fault”
(3) Fault seen (5) It is considered reverse

as reverse …. for an extended period of
time
(4) For some

time …
(Settings)
Extra time before
Fault seen as reverse

for 20 msec …
It is considered reverse
for extra 90 msec
Single-bit channel is
used
RX is brought via a
contact input
(Settings)
Enable ECHO in weak
systems
Duration of the ECHO

pulse
Lock-out time for the

ECHO feature
Use any forward-

looking element
Use any reverse-

looking element
GE Multilin Directional Blocking Scheme
• Applications:
• Responds to:
– BLOCKING SCHEME RX1 through RX4 (user programmable FlexLogic
operands)
– DIR BLOCK OP (the scheme operated – trip action)
– DIR BLOCK TX INIT (initiate blocking)
– DIR BLOCK TX1 STOP through TX4 (stop blocking)
– DIR BLOCK TRIP A (trip phase A) through POTT TRIP C (trip phase C)
– DIR BLOCK TRIP 3P (trip three phases)
Directional Blocking Scheme
GE Multilin (Initiate Blocking)
SETTING
BLOCKING SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled=0
SETTING
Enabled=1
BLOCKING RX CO-ORD PKP
DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
PH DIST Z2 PKP AND t PKP
0
GND DIST Z2 PKP
SETTING OR
GND DIR O/C FWD:

SETTING
Off = 0
BLOCK SCHEME
SEAL-IN DELAY:
0
SETTING AND t RST DIR BLOCKOP
BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
COMM BITS: BLOCK SCHEME NO OF BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
COMM BITS: COMM BITS:
BLOCKING SCHEME RX1:
RUN RUN
Off = 0 FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
Selector DIR BLOCKTRIP A
RX TRIP TABLE DIR BLOCKTRIP B
Off = 0 TRIP TABLE DIR BLOCKTRIP C
PATTERN RECEIVED FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS DIR BLOCKTRIP 3P
BLOCKING SCHEME RX3: (See Chapter 8) AR FORCE 3P TRIP
Off = 0 OPEN POLE OP
Off = 0 BLOCK SCHEME NO OF

COMM BITS:
(2) a user-selected AND RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
SETTING
function Selector
RX TRANSMIT TABLE
DIR BLOCKTX1 STOP
DIR BLOCKTX2 STOP
DIR BLOCKTX3 STOP
GND DIR O/C REV. FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS DIR BLOCKTX4 STOP
AND
OPEN POLE OP
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS SETTINGS
PH DIST Z4 PKP
TRANS BLOCK PICKUP FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
GND DIST Z4 PKP DELAY:
OR DIR BLOCKTX INIT
TRANS BLOCK RESET
DELAY:
t PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS t RST
(1) ZONE 4 or…
PH DIST Z1 PKP
OR
OR
GND DIST Z1 PKP

(3) Initiates the 837016AB.CDR
blocking signal
GE Multilin (Dealing with Current Reversal)
SETTING
BLOCKING SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled=0
SETTING
Enabled=1
DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
0
GND DIST Z2 PKP
SETTING OR
GND DIR O/C FWD:

SETTING
Off = 0
BLOCK SCHEME
SEAL-IN DELAY:
0
BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
COMM BITS: BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
(2) Lasting for
COMM BITS:
RUN
BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
COMM BITS:
RUN
Off = 0
some time …
Phase
Selector
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
DIR BLOCKTRIP A

COMM BITS:
AND RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
Selector DIR BLOCKTX1 STOP
SETTING RX TRANSMIT TABLE DIR BLOCKTX2 STOP
DIR BLOCKTX3 STOP
AND
OPEN POLE OP
OR
PH DIST Z4 PKP
(1) Reverse TRANS BLOCK RESET
OR DIR BLOCKTX INIT
DELAY:
indication
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
t PKP
t RST (3) It is extended for some
OR
PH DIST Z1 PKP
GND DIST Z1 PKP
OR
extra period of time 837016AB.CDR
GE Multilin (Stop Blocking)
SETTING
BLOCKING SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled=0
SETTING
Enabled=1
DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
0
GND DIST Z2 PKP
SETTING OR
GND DIR O/C FWD:

SETTING
Off = 0
BLOCK SCHEME
SEAL-IN DELAY:
0
BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
RUN RUN
Phase

PATTERN RECEIVED
(See Chapter 8) (2) Asserts the
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
DIR BLOCKTRIP 3P

STOP operands
Off = 0 (1) Forward BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
COMM BITS:
fault … AND
Phase
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
DIR BLOCKTX1 STOP
Selector
SETTING RX TRANSMIT TABLE DIR BLOCKTX2 STOP
DIR BLOCKTX3 STOP
AND
OPEN POLE OP
OR
PH DIST Z4 PKP
OR DIR BLOCKTX INIT
TRANS BLOCK RESET
DELAY:
t PKP
OR
PH DIST Z1 PKP
OR 837016AB.CDR
GND DIST Z1 PKP
SETTING
BLOCKING SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled=0
SETTING
(2) No blocking signal
Enabled=1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
DELAY: received, then …
0
GND DIST Z2 PKP
SETTING OR
GND DIR O/C FWD:

SETTING
(3) The scheme
Off = 0
BLOCK SCHEME
SEAL-IN DELAY: operates
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING
0
BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
RUN RUN
Phase

COMM BITS:
AND RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
Selector DIR BLOCKTX1 STOP
SETTING
GND DIR O/C REV.

(1) Forward FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
RX TRANSMIT TABLE DIR BLOCKTX2 STOP
DIR BLOCKTX3 STOP
DIR BLOCKTX4 STOP
Off = 0 fault, and …
AND
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
OPEN POLE OP
OR
PH DIST Z4 PKP
OR DIR BLOCKTX INIT
TRANS BLOCK RESET
DELAY:
t PKP
OR
PH DIST Z1 PKP
OR 837016AB.CDR
GND DIST Z1 PKP
Coordination time (wait
for a blocking signal
before tripping)
Fault seen as reverse

for 30 msec …
It is considered reverse
for extra 90 msec
Single-bit channel is
used
RX is brought via a
contact input
Any forward-looking
protection element
Any reverse-looking
protection element
GE Multilin Directional Blocking Scheme
• Using 50DD to establish initial blocking signal:

– Upon detecting any disturbance establishes a blocking signal
– Clears the blocking signal if no reverse indication follows
– Clears the 50DD blocking signal before the transient blocking logic
becomes effective
GE Multilin Ground Directional Elements
• Pilot-aided schemes using distance relays

have inherent limited fault resistance
coverage
• Ground directional overcurrent protection
using either negative- or zero-sequence can
be a useful supplement to give more
coverage for high resistance faults
• Ground directional elements tend to be faster
than distance functions
• Because of the extremely large effective reach
of a ground directional element, the current
reversal situation requires attention
GE Multilin Benefits of Ground Directional Elements
• The zero- and negative-sequence currents

practically do not contain any load
components:
– Pickup levels may be set low ensuring sensitive operation
– Directional discrimination based on the ground quantities is
more accurate as compared to the phase quantities
• Directional discrimination based on the
ground quantities is fast:
– Accurate angular relations between the zero- and negative-
sequence quantities establish very quickly because:
– During faults the zero- and negative-sequence currents and
voltages build up from very low values (practically from zero)
– The pre-fault values do not bias the developing fault
components in any direction
GE Multilin Choice of Voltage Polarization
• The source of polarization for a directional

element should be approached with caution:
– Zero-sequence voltage is the most likely choice
– It is useful to perform some analysis to decide whether the
inter-circuit mutual effects, especially from lower voltage
circuits, can be a problem
– When this situation exists, negative sequence may well be
the preferred choice for a polarizing signal
• In order to provide the required flexibility
modern protective relays may offer a choice
of matching:
– The negative-sequence- or zero-sequence-based
overcurrent function with
– The choice of either negative-sequence- or zero-sequence-
based directional function
GE Multilin Choice of Current Polarization
• Current polarization has its own problems:

– The current in the neutral to ground connections in a wye-
delta-wye or an autotransformer can exhibit an indeterminate
direction
– The solution is to use a signal approximating the delta
tertiary current:
• for the wye-delta-wye case — use the summation of CTs
in both neutral to ground connections
• for an autotransformer — the tertiary current is the most
reliable source of a polarizing signal
• In order to provide flexibility modern protective relays
may offer a choice with respect to polarization of
ground overcurrent direction functions:
– Voltage polarization
– Current polarization
– Dual polarization
Ground Directional O/C Elements of the
GE Multilin D60
• Negative-Sequence Directional OC
– OC function responding to negative- or zero-
sequence current as per user’s selection
– Simultaneous forward and reverse indications
– Separate pickup thresholds and limit angles for
the forward and reverse operating characteristics
– Directional function responding to negative-
sequence voltage and current
– Offset impedance for application on Series-
Compensated lines and in strong systems
Ground Directional O/C Elements of the
GE Multilin D60
• Neutral Directional OC
– OC function responding to neutral (calculated 3I0)
or ground (external 3I0) currents as per user’s
selection
– Simultaneous forward and reverse indications
– Separate pickup thresholds and limit angles for
the forward and reverse operating characteristics
– Polarized form voltage, current or both
– Polarized voltage calculated internally (3V0) or
supplied externally (broken delta 3V0) as per
user’s selection
– Offset impedance for application on Series-
Compensated lines and in strong systems
GE Multilin Negative-Sequence Directional OC
Negative-Sequence Directional OC
GE Multilin (Basic Operation)
SETTING (2) Forward IOC, and …
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD
PICKUP:
AND RUN
I_0 - K I_1 PICKUP
OR
AND RUN
SETTING I_2 - K I_1 PICKUP AND
NEG SEQ DIR OC1
FUNCTION:
Disabled=0 SETTINGS
Enabled=1 FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD
ECA: AND NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD
SETTING NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD
AND
LIMIT ANGLE:
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 BLK:
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 REV
Off=0 LIMIT ANGLE:
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 1.25 cy
SETTING OFFSET: AND
1.5 cy
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 RUN FWD
SOURCE: FWD
Neg Seq Voltage (V_2) REV.
Neg Seq Seq Crt (I_2)
Zero Seq Seq Crt (I_0) V_2 pol REV (1) Negative-sequence
Voltage Polarization
directional element
SETTING
controls …
SETTING
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 NEG SEQ DIR OC1 REV
AND FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
TYPE: PICKUP:
AND RUN NEG SEQ DIR OC1 REV
Neg Sequence
Zero Sequence I_2 - K I_1 PICKUP
OR
AND RUN
I_0 - K I_1 PICKUP
827091A3.CDR
(4) IOCs respond to I0 or (3) Reverse IOC

I2 as per user’s selection
GE Multilin (Current Reversal Logic)
SETTING
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD
PICKUP:
AND RUN
I_0 - K I_1 PICKUP
OR
AND RUN
SETTING I_2 - K I_1 PICKUP AND
NEG SEQ DIR OC1
FUNCTION:
Disabled=0 SETTINGS
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Enabled=1
(1) Reverse fault
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD
ECA: AND NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD
SETTING
AND
indication
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWDfor 1.25
LIMIT ANGLE:
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 BLK: cycle…
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 REV
Off=0 LIMIT ANGLE:
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 1.25 cy
SETTING OFFSET: AND
1.5 cy
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 RUN FWD
SOURCE: FWD
Neg Seq Voltage (V_2) REV.
Neg Seq Seq Crt (I_2)
Zero Seq Seq Crt (I_0) V_2 pol REV (2) Prohibits forward
indication for extra
SETTING
1.5 cycle
SETTING
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 NEG SEQ DIR OC1 REV
AND FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
TYPE: PICKUP:
AND RUN NEG SEQ DIR OC1 REV
Neg Sequence
Zero Sequence I_2 - K I_1 PICKUP
OR
AND RUN
I_0 - K I_1 PICKUP
827091A3.CDR
Uses offset on series

compensated lines
Selects between
negative- and zero-
sequence OC functions
Selects “maximum
torque angle”
Selects the limit angle

(reduces the operating
region for more
security) for FWD faults
Selects pickup value for

the forward OC function

region for more
security) for REV faults
Blocks when needed Selects pickup value for

(from the OPEN POLE, the reverse OC function
for example)
GE Multilin Neutral Directional OC
Neutral Directional OC
GE Multilin (Basic Operation)
SETTING
NEUTRALDIR OC1 FWD
PICKUP:
(3) Forward IOC, and …
NEUTRALDIR OC1 OP
CURR:
SETTING
RUN
NEUTRAL DIR OC1
FUNCTION: 3( I_0 - K I_1 ) PICKUP
Disabled=0 OR
Enabled=1 IG PICKUP AND
SETTING
AND SETTINGS
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 BLK: AND
NEUTRALDIR OC1 FWD
ECA:
Off=0
NEUTRALDIR OC1 FWD FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LIMIT ANGLE:
SETTING AND NEUTRAL DIR OC1 FWD
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 NEUTRALDIR OC1 REV
SOURCE: LIMIT ANGLE:
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 POL NEUTRALDIR OC1

VOLT: OFFSET:
RUN
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 OP
CURR:
FWD
Measured VX OR
Calculated V_0 FWD
1.25 cy
-3V_0 AND
Zero Seq Crt (I_0) 1.5 cy
Ground Crt (IG) REV
3I_0 REV
SETTING
NEUTRAL DIR OC1
IG 0.05 pu AND RUN
FWD
(1) Zero-sequence
POLARIZING:
Voltage OR Current Polarization voltage polarized
Current
Dual OR
REV
OR
or/and …
NOTE:
1) CURRENT POLARIZING IS POSSIBLE ONLYIN RELAYS WITH
THE GROUND CURRENT INPUTS CONNECTED TO
SETTING
AN ADEQUATE CURRENT POLARIZING SOURCE
NEUTRALDIR OC1 FWD (2) Current polarized
2) GROUND CURRENT CAN NOT BE USED FOR POLARIZATION PICKUP:
AND OPERATION SIMULTANEOUSLY
NEUTRALDIR OC1 OP
AND directional FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
CURR: NEUTRAL DIR OC1 REV
RUN element(s) control …
(4) IOCs respond to 3I0 or 3( I_0 - K I_1 ) PICKUP
OR
IG as per user’s selection IG PICKUP

(4) Reverse IOC 827077A8.CDR
GE Multilin (Current Reversal)
SETTING
NEUTRALDIR OC1 FWD
PICKUP:
NEUTRALDIR OC1 OP
CURR:
SETTING
RUN
NEUTRAL DIR OC1
FUNCTION: 3( I_0 - K I_1 ) PICKUP
Disabled=0 OR
Enabled=1 IG PICKUP AND
SETTING
AND SETTINGS
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 BLK: AND
NEUTRALDIR OC1 FWD
ECA:
Off=0
NEUTRALDIR OC1 FWD FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING (1) Reverse fault
LIMIT ANGLE:
AND NEUTRAL DIR OC1 FWD
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 NEUTRALDIR OC1 REV
SOURCE: indication for 1.25
LIMIT ANGLE:
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 POL NEUTRALDIR OC1

VOLT: cycle…OFFSET:
RUN
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 OP
CURR:
FWD
Measured VX OR
Calculated V_0 FWD
1.25 cy
-3V_0 AND
Zero Seq Crt (I_0) 1.5 cy
Ground Crt (IG) REV
3I_0 REV
SETTING
NEUTRAL DIR OC1
IG 0.05 pu AND RUN
FWD
(2) Prohibits forward
POLARIZING:
Voltage OR Current Polarization indication for extra
Current
Dual OR
REV
OR
1.5 cycle
NOTE:
1) CURRENT POLARIZING IS POSSIBLE ONLYIN RELAYS WITH
THE GROUND CURRENT INPUTS CONNECTED TO
AN ADEQUATE CURRENT POLARIZING SOURCE SETTING
NEUTRALDIR OC1 FWD
2) GROUND CURRENT CAN NOT BE USED FOR POLARIZATION PICKUP:
AND OPERATION SIMULTANEOUSLY AND FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
NEUTRALDIR OC1 OP
CURR: NEUTRAL DIR OC1 REV
RUN
3( I_0 - K I_1 ) PICKUP
OR
IG PICKUP
827077A8.CDR
Selects polarizing mode
(voltage, current, dual)
Selects source of the

polarizing voltage
Selects source of the

OC current
Uses offset on series

compensated lines
Selects “maximum
torque angle”

region for more
security) for FWD faults
Selects pickup value for

the forward OC function

region for more
security) for REV faults
Blocks when needed Selects pickup value for

(from the OPEN POLE, the reverse OC function
for example)
GE Multilin Summary of Teleprotection Schemes
• Five common schemes available

• Teleprotection schemes are flexible
– User’s choice of TX/RX interfaces (contacts, UCA GOOSE,
UR Direct I/Os)
– Custom filtering for TX/RX via FlexLogic
– Output operands (OP/TX) can be modified to customize the
scheme
– Input operands (RX) can be modified to customize the
scheme
– User-selected elements can be used in addition to the
traditional Z1, Z2 and Z4 set
• Ground directional functions shall be used
– Faster operation
– More sensitivity
– Security
GE Multilin
MISCELLANEOUS
FUNCTIONS
GE Multilin Line Pickup
• Applications:
– Trip the line when switching onto a fault
– Used by HYBRID POTT scheme
– Could be used as a positive-sequence UV element
• Responds to:
– Positive-sequence voltage and phase currents
– LINE PICKUP UV PKP (positive-sequence undervoltage
conditions)
– LINE PICKUP LEO PKP (line end open condition detected)
– LINE PICKUP PKP/DPO/OP (the element picks up, drops
out and operates – tripping action)
GE Multilin Line Pickup Logic
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING LINE PICKUP UV PKP
SETTING
LINE PICKUP TERMINAL OPEN: SETTING
FUNCTION:
Off=0 POS SEQ OV
Disabled=0 PKP DELAY:
Enabled=1 t PKP
OR t RST=0
SETTING
AND
LINE PICKUP SETTINGS
BLOCK: SETTING
LINE END OPEN
Off=0 PICKUP DELAY:
LINE PICKUPUV PKP:
LINE END OPEN FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING RUN RESET DELAY: LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
LINE PICKUP SIGNAL VAG or VAB < setting t PKP (LEO=Line End Open)
SOURCE: VBG or VBC < setting AND OR t RST
VAG VAB VCG or VCA < setting SETTINGS
VBG VBC AND AR CO-ORD
PICKUP DELAY:
VCG VCA SETTING
IA IA < 0.05 pu AR CO-ORD RESET
IB IB < 0.05 pu DELAY:
AND
IC IC < 0.05 pu t PKP
AND t RST
SETTING
PHASE IOC
LINE PICKUP:
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
IA > PICKUP AND
SETTING OR LINE PICKUP OP
IB > PICKUP OR
LINE PICKUP PKP
AR CO-ORD BYPASS: IC > PICKUP
LINE PICKUP DPO
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AND
GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR
PH DIST Z2 PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS OR AND LINE PICKUP RCL TRIP
AR CLOSE BKR1 0
OR
AR CLOSE BKR2 6 cycles
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
D60 and L90 only LINE PICKUP I< A
LINE PICKUP I< B
LINE PICKUP I< C
837000AA.CDR
Line Pickup Logic
GE Multilin Detecting an Undervoltage Condition
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING
FUNCTION:
Off=0 POS SEQ OV
Enabled=1 t PKP
OR t RST=0
SETTING
AND
BLOCK: SETTING
LINE END OPEN
Off=0 PICKUP DELAY:
LINE PICKUPUV PKP:
PICKUP DELAY:
VCG VCA SETTING
AND
AND t RST
SETTING
PHASE IOC
LINE PICKUP:
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
IA > PICKUP AND
IB > PICKUP OR
LINE PICKUP PKP
LINE PICKUP DPO
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AND
GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR
PH DIST Z2 PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS OR AND LINE PICKUP RCLTRIP
AR CLOSE BKR1 0
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
LINE PICKUP I< B
LINE PICKUP I< C
837000AA.CDR
Line Pickup Logic
GE Multilin Detecting Line End Open
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING
FUNCTION:
Off=0 POS SEQ OV
Enabled=1 t PKP
OR t RST=0
SETTING
AND
BLOCK: SETTING
LINE END OPEN
Off=0 PICKUP DELAY:
LINE PICKUPUV PKP:
SETTING RUN No voltage RESET DELAY: LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
VCG VCA SETTING No current PICKUP DELAY:

AND
AND t RST
SETTING
PHASE IOC
LINE PICKUP:
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
IA > PICKUP AND
IB > PICKUP OR
LINE PICKUP PKP
LINE PICKUP DPO
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AND
GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR
PH DIST Z2 PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR CLOSE BKR1 0
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
LINE PICKUP I< B
LINE PICKUP I< C
837000AA.CDR
Line Pickup Logic
GE Multilin Tripping with Co-ordination Timer
(4) and the line used to
SETTING
(1) Voltage is
SETTING (2) for some be open… and
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LINE PICKUP UV PKP
LINE PICKUP
FUNCTION:
present…
TERMINAL OPEN:
time SETTING
Off=0 POS SEQ OV
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
PKP DELAY:
t PKP
(3) no voltage…
OR t RST=0
SETTING
AND
BLOCK: SETTING
LINE END OPEN
Off=0 PICKUP DELAY:
LINE PICKUPUV PKP:
PICKUP DELAY:
VCG VCA SETTING
AND
AND t RST
SETTING
PHASE IOC
LINE PICKUP:
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
IA > PICKUP AND
IB > PICKUP OR
LINE PICKUP PKP
LINE PICKUP DPO
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AND
GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR
PH DIST Z2 PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR CLOSE BKR1
AR CLOSE BKR2
OR
0
(5) excessive
6 cycles
(6) then, the LINE FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
D60 and L90 only
current is present PICKUP operates LINE PICKUP I< A
LINE PICKUP I< B
(including AR LINE PICKUP I< C
837000AA.CDR
coordination)
Line Pickup Logic
GE Multilin By-passing the Co-ordination Timer
(2) and the line used to FLEXLOGIC OPERAND

SETTING
SETTING
LINE PICKUP TERMINAL OPEN:
be open… and LINE PICKUP UV PKP
SETTING
FUNCTION:
Off=0 POS SEQ OV
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
PKP DELAY:
t PKP
(1) no
OR t RST=0
SETTING
AND
voltage…
BLOCK: SETTING
LINE END OPEN
Off=0 PICKUP DELAY:
LINE PICKUPUV PKP:
PICKUP DELAY:
VCG VCA SETTING
AND
AND t RST
SETTING
PHASE IOC
LINE PICKUP:
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
IA > PICKUP AND
IB > PICKUP OR
LINE PICKUP PKP
LINE PICKUP DPO
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AND
GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR
PH DIST Z2 PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS OR AND LINE PICKUP RCLTRIP
AR CLOSE BKR1
OR
0 (3) excessive (5) then, the LINE
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
D60 and L90 only current is present PICKUP operates
LINE PICKUP I< A
(4) BY-PASS is LINE PICKUP I< B
and… (without ARLINE PICKUP I< C
enabled 837000AA.CDR
coordination)
Line Pickup Logic
GE Multilin Operation from DISTANCE ZONE 2
(2) and the line used to FLEXLOGIC OPERAND

SETTING
SETTING
LINE PICKUP TERMINAL OPEN:
be open… and LINE PICKUP UV PKP
SETTING
FUNCTION:
Off=0 POS SEQ OV
Enabled=1 t PKP
OR t RST=0
SETTING
AND
BLOCK: SETTING
LINE END OPEN
Off=0 PICKUP DELAY:
LINE PICKUPUV PKP:
PICKUP DELAY:
VCG VCA SETTING
IB < 0.05 pu DELAY:
IB
IC IC < 0.05 pu
AND
AND
(1) no
t PKP
t RST
SETTING voltage…
PHASE IOC
LINE PICKUP:
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
IA > PICKUP AND
IB > PICKUP OR
LINE PICKUP PKP
LINE PICKUP DPO
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AND
GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR
PH DIST Z2 PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS OR AND
(4) then, the LINE
LINE PICKUP RCLTRIP
AR CLOSE BKR1
OR
0
(3) ZONE 2 picks up
AR CLOSE BKR2
D60 and L90 only
6 cycles
PICKUP operatesFLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
LINE PICKUP I< A
(without AR LINE PICKUP I< B

LINE PICKUP I< C
coordination) 837000AA.CDR
Line Pickup
GE Multilin Settings
GE Multilin Load Encroachment
• Applications:
– Establishes a blocking signal for high load
conditions that otherwise could operate the
distance and/or TOC functions
• Responds to:
– Positive-sequence voltage and current
– LOAD ENCHR PKP/DPO/OP (the element picks
up, drops out and operates – blocking action)
GE Multilin Load Encroachment
• The element asserts a

blocking operand for
load regions
• The operand can be
used to block distance
and/or TOC functions
Load Encroachment
GE Multilin (Logic)
(3) Pickup timer may be

used for security
(1) Voltage
supervision may be (2) Reset timer may be
set high to avoid used to avoid racing
blocking during faults conditions between the
distance zones and load
encroachment detection
Load Encroachment
(2) The angle is measured

from the R-axis. The
effective region is +/- the
setting
(1) URPC plots the

characteristic
GE Multilin Power Swing Detect
• Applications:
– Establishes a blocking signal for stable power
swings (Power Swing Blocking)
– Establishes a tripping signal for unstable power
swings (Out-of-Step Tripping)
• Responds to:
– POWER SWING OUTER / MIDDLE / INNER
(three dedicated zones used)
– POWER SWING BLOCK (blocking)
– POWER SWING TRIP (tripping)
– Auxiliary operands to facilitate testing
Power Swing Blocking
GE Multilin (Three-step operation)
The locus places

between the outer
and middle
characteristics and
stays there for a
certain period of
time
Power Swing Blocking
GE Multilin (Two-step operation)
The locus places

between the outer
and inner
characteristics and
stays there for a
certain period of
time
Out-of-Step Tripping
GE Multilin (Three-step operation)
When the inner
characteristic is
entered the element
is ready to trip
The locus must stay

for some time
between the outer
and middle
characteristics
Must move and stay

between the middle
and inner
characteristics
GE Multilin (Early vs. Delayed Trip)
In “early” mode the

element trips when
the locus enters the
inner characteristic
In “delayed” mode the element

trips when the locus leaves the
outer characteristic
GE Multilin (Two-step operation)
When the inner
characteristic is
entered the element
is ready to trip
The locus must stay

for some time between
the outer and inner
characteristics
Power Swing Detect
GE Multilin (Logic)
The element uses

positive-sequence Auxiliary operands are
current for supervision available for testing
and special
applications
Power Swing Detect
GE Multilin (Logic)
POWER SWINGOUTER
POWER SWINGMIDDLE
POWER SWINGINNER
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Auxiliary operands are

SETTING SETTINGS
POWER SWING
available for testing and
POWER SWING MODE:
3-step
DELAY1 PICKUP:
POWER SWING
special applications
AND DELAY1 RESET:
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
tPKP
S Q1 POWER SWING BLOCK
tRST
POWER SWING UN/BLOCK
AND L1 S Q5
2-step FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
L5
R POWER SWING 50DD
R
OR
OR
SETTING
POWER SWING FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
DELAY2 PICKUP:
POWER SWING TMR2 PKP
tPKP
AND S Q2
0
L2
R
3-step
2-step
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING POWER SWING TMR3 PKP
POWER SWING
DELAY3 PICKUP: FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
tPKP POWER SWING INCOMING
AND S Q3
0
L3 SETTING
R
POWER SWING TRIP
MODE:
SETTING SETTING
POWER SWING POWER SWING
DELAY4 PICKUP: Early
SEAL-IN DELAY:
tPKP 0
AND S Q4 FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
0 tRST
L4 AND POWER SWING TRIP
R AND
Delayed

NOTE: POWER SWING TMR4 PKP
POWER SWING BLK:
L1 AND L4 LATCHES ARE SET DOMINANT
L2, L3 AND L5 LATCHES ARE RESET DOMINANT Off=0
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
POWER SWING OUTGOING
827841A4.CDR
Power Swing Detect
Selects shape, MHO or

QUAD
Selects mode of operation.

Uses three-step mode if
coordination is required
Selects current supervision
Shapes characteristics
Selects timers based on

system stability studies
Selects mode of tripping

depending on system
conditions and breakers
Power Swing Detect
MHO shape
Power Swing Detect
Less than 90 deg for “lens”
MHO shape
More than 90 deg for “apple”

Power Swing Detect
QUAD shape
X
INNER LFT BL
D INNER RGT BL
D
ACH OUT
ACH MID
MIDDLE LFT BL
D MIDDLE RGT
BLD
OUTER LFT BL
D OUTER RGT BL
D
QUAD FWD RE
QUAD FWD RE
FWD REACH
FWD RCA
MID
REV REACH
H OUT
ACH
QUAD REV RE
QUAD REV REAC

842735A1.CDR
Power Swing Detect
QUAD shape
X
INNER LFT BL
D INNER RGT BL
D
ACH OUT
ACH MID
MIDDLE LFT BL
D MIDDLE RGT
BLD
OUTER LFT BL
D OUTER RGT BL
D
QUAD FWD RE
QUAD FWD RE
FWD REACH
FWD RCA
MID
REV REACH
H OUT
ACH
QUAD REV RE
QUAD REV REAC

842735A1.CDR
Power Swing Detect
Timers

Power Swing Detect
Timers


depending on system
Power Swing Detect
Detecting disturbance during swing to Unblock distance
Uses Power Swing Unblock to

block distance if it’s desired to
unblock in case a new
disturbance occurs

depending on system
GE Multilin VT Fuse Failure
• Applications:
– Establishes a blocking signal under VT fuse failure
condition to block selected voltage-dependent
functions such as distance
• Responds to:
– SRCX VT FUSE F OP
– SRCX VT FUSE F DPO
• No settings, but should be manually enabled
VT Fuse Failure
GE Multilin (Logic)
Asymmetry, or … AND
Reset-dominant
OR SET
FAULT
AND LATCH
SETTING
VT FUSE FAILURE
No voltage but some RESET
FUNCTION:
current, and …
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
AND
COMPARATORS
SOURCE 1
V_2
RUN
V_2 > 0.25 p.u.
Declares VTFF
RUN OR and Latches until
V_1 V_1 < 0.05 p.u. OR SET
RUN
AND FUSE either disturbance
FAIL
I_1 I_1 > 0.075 p.u. is cleared or line
RUN
V_1 < 0.7 p.u. 2 CYCLES AND
is de-energized
AND
RUN 20 CYCLES … FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
I_1 < 0.05 p.u.
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND LATCH SRC1 VT FF OP
SRC1 50DD OP SRC1 VT FF DPO
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OPEN POLE OP
D60 only
AND
No current disturbance, and … OR RESET
Reset-dominant
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AND SRC1 VT FF VOL LOSS
Not in the “fault” state, then …. No energization, and … 827093AF.CDR
GE Multilin
SINGLE POLE
TRIPPING
Single-Pole Tripping
GE Multilin (Overview)
• TRIP OUTPUT, OPEN POLE, BREAKER

CONTROL and AR must be used
• Second trip is always three-pole
• OPEN POLE detector declares pole open
upon receiving trip command
• As a result, active protection elements are
reset instantaneously
• AR FORCE 3P TRIP is established few ms
after trip initiation
• Any subsequent request to trip is accepted
and executed as three-pole tripping
Phase Selector
GE Multilin (Principle)
AB,
BG ABG
BC, I2F AG
BCG
I1F
CG CA,
CAG
Phase Selector
Negative-Sequence Negative-Sequence
vs. vs.
Positive-Sequence Zero-Sequence
(fault current components) (fault current components)
AB, CG,
BG ABG ABG
I1F I0F
I2F I2F
BC,
BCG
AG AG,
BCG
CG AC,
ACG BG,
CAG
Phase Selector
AB,
BG ABG
1.5
I1F
I2F
BC,
BCG
Negative
1 Zero
sequence
AG
(fault) sequence
Positive
(fault)
0.5 sequence
(pre-fault)
Imaginary
CG AC,
ACG
0
CG,
ABG
-0.5
I0F
I2F
-1
Positive
sequence
AG, (fault)
BCG-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Real
BG,
CAG
Phase Selector
GE Multilin (Block Diagram)
Current-Based Algorithm
I1
iA Estimation
the pre-fault
Removal of
I2 vs. I1 Fault Signature Current-
Detector
of Phasors AG
offset
Fault
Based
iB & I2 Adaptive Action
Phase BG
Sequence
Phase Selection Logic

I2 vs. I0 Fault Signature Selection CG
iC Quantities
I0 ABG
V1 BCG
vA Estimation
the pre-fault
Removal of
V2 vs. V1 Fault Signature Voltage- CAG

of Phasors
offset
V2 Based AB
vB & Adaptive Action
Phase
Sequence BC
V2 vs. V0 Fault Signature Selection
vC Quantities
CA
V0
VOID
Negative Sequence
Directionality Check
Voltage-Based Algorithm
GE Multilin Example – Weak Infeed
1
BCG Fault
0.8
Current, secondary Amperes
0.6
0.4
B C A
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
time, sec
100
B C BCG Fault
80
60
A
Voltage, secondary Volts
40
20
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
time, sec
BCG Fault
0-PKP
2-PKP
VOID
CA
BC
AB
CAG
BCG
ABG
Correct operation
in 16 msec
CG
BG
AG
0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24

time, sec
Phase Selector
GE Multilin (Logic)
(1) No Trip, no RIP, and … (4) Resets when trip
decision is reached
(2) 50DD picks up, then …
(3) Captures pre-fault data

and starts calculations
(5) Operands available
for convenient testing
GE Multilin Open Pole Detector
• Applications:
– Blocks selected protection elements during single-
pole open conditions
– Active only during single-pole-open conditions
• Responds to:
– Breaker auxiliary contacts
– Currents and Voltages
– DISTANCE ZONES
– BREAKER CONTROL
Open Pole Detector
GE Multilin (Logic)
(1) Pole A open is
declared …
(2) When trip phase A
command is issued
(3) This resets related

protection elements
immediately, and the
scheme is ready for
evolving faults
Open Pole Detector
GE Multilin (Logic)
(1) When trip phase A
command is issued
(4) Currents and voltages
(2) The Breaker(s) (3) It is detected by the

actually opens, and … Open Pole. Via contacts,
or …
Open Pole Detector
GE Multilin (3) The scheme(Logic)
seals-in as
long as exactly one pole is
open, but …
(1) OPEN POLE is active
when …
(4) Resets when the trip is

converted into a 3P trip
(evolving faults) (2) 1P trip is issued
Open Pole Detector
GE Multilin (Logic)
(6) Open Pole detector is
active as long as this
signal is on
(1) It shall be used to

block ground directional
functions …
(2) Blocks 21G phase A
(3) Blocks 21P A-B
(5) Open pole is declared (4) Breaks seal-in for

for 20 more msec TRIP A command
(security)
Teleprotection Schemes and
GE Multilin Single-Pole Tripping
• Single-Channel Scheme:
– Single “bit” of information can carry only fault /
no fault indication
Rx 1
Rx 2
Phase Selector
TRIP A
• Double-Channel Scheme: TRIP B
currents
– Two bits code / four states
LOGIC
VOID TRIP C
– The three extra states can AG
Distance Elements
voltages
improve the single-pole BG
CG
TRIP 3P
tripping performance AB
BC
considerably CA
Tx 1
Tx 2
GE Multilin Cross-country Faults
Power System
Communications
CAG
AG AG
CG
GE Multilin Two-bit Schemes
Fault Type (Local) Tx1 Tx2 Transmitted Word

AG, BC, BCG Key 10
Relay-1
BG, CA, CAG Key 01 identifies
CG, AB, ABG, 3P key Key 11
AG fault (correct)
Received Word Fault Type (Local) Trip Action
01 AG
11
AG TRIP A
10 AB, ABG, 3P
CA, CAG Relay-2
10 BG
11
trips phase A
BG TRIP B (regardless of
01 AB, ABG, 3P
BC, BCG
wrong CAG
10 CG local phase selection)
01
CG TRIP C
11 BC, BCG
CA, CAG
11 AB, ABG, 3P
10 BC, BCG TRIP 3P
01 CA, CAG
Two-bit Schemes
GE Multilin
Fault Type (Local) Tx1 Tx2 Transmitted Word
AG, BC, BCG Key 10
Relay-2
BG, CA, CAG Key 01 identifies
CG, AB, ABG, 3P key Key 11
CAG fault (wrong)
Received Word Fault Type (Local) Trip Action
01
11
AG
Relay-1
AG TRIP A trips phase A
10 AB, ABG, 3P
(regardless of
CA, CAG
10 BG wrong CAG
11
TRIP B
remote phase selection)
BG
01 AB, ABG, 3P
BC, BCG
10 CG
01
CG TRIP C
11 BC, BCG
CA, CAG
11 AB, ABG, 3P
10 BC, BCG TRIP 3P
01 CA, CAG
GE Multilin Multi-bit channels
• Improves performance during cross-country faults

• Requires teleprotection advance time, otherwise the local
(incorrect) trip may result in misoperation
(1) Local trip … (2) It is effectively

delayed in order to
give …
(3) A multi-bit pilot

scheme a chance
to trip correctly
GE Multilin Single-Pole Tripping Examples
• Closed-loop testing on the RTDS

• Breaker-and-a-half scheme
• AR set to sequential reclosing
• Two-terminal application
Example 1: AG fault
GE Multilin First AR attempt failed
(1) AG fault occurs …
(2) Z2 picks up as well as …
(3) Ground dir OC resulting in …
(4) keying POTT TX1

Example 1: AG fault
(2) Z1 detects the fault first, resulting in …
(6) All phase A-related elements get reset
(5) Open pole, phase A is declared, and …
(1) Phase Selector indicates AG before

any protection element picks up
(4) Phase A
(3) single-pole tripping in …

Example 1: AG fault
(1) All phase A-related elements get reset
(2) So is the Phase Selector
(3) Short after being initiated, the AR sets the FORCE 3P TRIP
operand: any existing or coming request for trip is treated as an
evolving fault
Example 1: AG fault
(5) Unblocks the phase A protection, …
(1) After a dead-time, the AR (4) The Open Pole resets, and …
recloses breaker no. 1
(3) Short after the breaker closes …
(7) Both the breakers
(6) Resulting in 3P trip of…
(2) Breaker No.2 is not reclosed, as

the AR is set to “sequential”
reclosing
Example 1: AG fault
(1) Breaker No. 1 tripped 3P
(2) Breaker No. 2 tripped 3P
(3) Close command for

breaker No.1 (4) Breaker No.1
closed
Example 1: AG fault
(1) Breaker No.1 must have

some pole asymmetry …
(2) Spurious pickup of NTRL

DIR OC, resulting in…
(3) Spurious POTT TX1

keying
(4) The D60 system

does not misoperate ….
(5) Breaker No. 2

closes later …
Example 2: AG fault followed by
GE Multilin BG fault during the dead-time
(2) A second BG
(1) Initially things fault occurs during
evolve as in the a dead-time …
previous example
…
(3) Ground Z2 is the first to pick up the fault, resulting in …
(4) Keying POTT TX1 …

(3) Zone 1 operates simultaneously, resulting in ….
(1) Permission to trip (POTT RX1) is received via UCA GOOSE
(2) POTT and …
(5) AR FORCE 3P TRIP was on

(second trip is always 3P)
(4) 3P trip because …
(2) Ground Directional is not blocked

by the Open Pole and picks up fast…
(3) Resulting in fast POTT operation
(1) Breaker No. 1 gets reclosed …
(4) The scheme trips 3P, and …
(5) Recloses successfully

Example 3: AG fault evolving quickly
GE Multilin into ABG
(1) AG followed by …
(2) BG
(1) BG follows after 8 msec
(2) Initial phase selection is AG
(3) But, the Phase Selector traces the

fault dynamically indicating eventually (4) 3P trip action
ABG, resulting in …
(3) Breaker No. 2
(1) The relay trips 3P

(2) Recloses successfully
Breaker No. 1, and …
GE Multilin
APPLICATION ON
SERIES COMPENSATED
LINES
GE Multilin Series Compensated Lines
• Technical reasons:
– Increased transmittable power
– Better power flow and voltage control
– Improved system stability
• Non-technical reasons:
– Direct cost benefits
– Environmental – sometimes series compensation
is the only realistic solution
• Protection systems have to cope with issues
caused by series compensation
GE Multilin Protection Problems
• Overreach of distance functions:

– Negative reactance of the capacitors reduces the apparent
impedance
– Large transient overreach due to subsynchronous oscillations
• Failure to respond to in-zone faults (blind spots)
– Current and/or voltage “inversions” may effectively block some of
the distance comparators
• Directionality problems
– Current and/or voltage “inversions”
• Fault location not accurate
– Effect of capacitors, MOVs and air gaps
• Worsened accuracy of various protection
functions
– Subsynchronous oscillations
GE Multilin Effect of MOVs
1.4
1.2
vv /VREF
1.0
0.8
MOV
0.6
0.4
0.2
00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
iMOV/P
5 Voltage Drop Across MOV : vMOV Current in Series Capacitor : iC

x 10
2 8000
1.5 6000
1 4000
0.5 2000
0 0
[V]
[A]
-0.5 -2000
-1 -4000
-1.5 -6000
-2 -8000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
post-fault time [ms] post-fault time [ms]
GE Multilin Goldsworthy’s Equivalent Impedance
V V
I SC I
RV(|I |)
XV(|I |)
MOV
Ω
40
Rv_ana
Rv_EMTP
0
Xv_ana Xv_EMTP
-40
-80
2000 4000 6000 8000 A
|Iv|
GE Multilin Overreaching of Distance Elements
X remote bus
high-current
faults
RF
ZSC&MOV
low-current
faults
ZAPPARENT
local bus R
GE Multilin Transients
fault fault cleared

Phase A Current, A
10
5
0
-5
-10
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Phase B Current, A
10
-10
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Phase C Current, A
10
-10
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
time, sec
Transient Overreach of Distance
GE Multilin Elements
X remote bus
RF
ZSC&MOV
ZAPPARENT
local bus R
GE Multilin Signal Inversions – Sample System
Protected Line
Z1 = 2 ohm Z1 = 1 ohm
Z0 = 3 ohm -7 ohm -12 ohm Z0 = 1.5 ohm
Z1 = 10 ohm
Z1 = 15 ohm
Z0 = 30 ohm
Z0 = 35 ohm
m
-5 ohm
oh
45
0=
,Z
Z0 = 25 ohm
Z1 = 8 ohm
hm
5o
=1
Z1
Z1 = 2 ohm
Z0 = 4 ohm
Sample System – Two-machine
GE Multilin Equivalent
Z1 = 1.43 ohm, 84.2 deg Z1 = 3.44 ohm, 71.5 deg

-7 ohm
Z0 = 2.68 ohm, 82.6 deg Z0 = 16.4 ohm, 82.5 deg
Z1 = 10 ohm, 84.3 deg
Terminal Z0 = 30 ohm, 80.0 deg
Terminal
fault location (k)
Right
Left
GE Multilin SLG Low-Current Fault Analysis
I0 (left) k*Z0L (1-k)*Z0L I0 (right) Straightforward rules for signal

inversions could be derived
Z0 (right)
from this model
Z0 (left)
V0 (right)
V0 (bus)
V0 (line)
V0F
Fault current is capacitive if the
sum of Z0 Z1 and Z2 as seen
from the fault point is
I2 (left) k*Z2L (1-k)*Z2L I2 (right) capacitive
IF
Zero-sequence parameters
Z2 (right)
Z2 (left)
may cause negative-sequence

V2 (right)
V2 (bus)
V2 (line)
3*RF
V2F
signal inversion and vice versa

Voltages at the fault point may
k*Z1L (1-k)*Z1L I1F (right)
get inverted
I1F (left)
Voltage and current inversions
occur independently
Z1 (right)
Z1 (left)
V1 (right)
V1 (bus)
V1 (line)
Inversions of negative- and

zero-sequence signals occur
independently
V Thevenin
GE Multilin SLG Low-Current Fault (Right Terminal)
1.5
Symmetrical Currents, A
Right Terminal (I2,I1F)

1
0.5
Right Terminal (I0)

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Fault Location, %
0
Symmetrical Currents, deg
Right Terminal (I0)
-50 Right Terminal (I2,I1F)
-100
-150
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Fault Location, %
Current/Voltage Inversion – Signal
GE Multilin perspective
AG forward fault –
“natural” signal relations
VA V1
V2, V0 (VA, V1) pre-fault
“inversion” =
shift by more than 90 degrees
from the “natural” position
I0, I2, I1F

Current/Voltage Inversion – Protection
GE Multilin perspective
Example – gle
a n
Negative-sequence directional it
l im
o r
t
ara
p
o m
C
V2 Spol = -V2
Co
Sop = I2Z
m
pa
ra
“inversion” =
to shift of signals
rl
im
it
an causing wrong fault
gl direction indication
e
I2
Inversions in the Sample System (Left
GE Multilin Terminal)
IA, IAG
I2
I0
V2
V0
V2
V0
GE Multilin Response of Distance Comparators
100% memory-polarized MHO:
IAG Z – VAG versus V1A_mem
Zero-sequence current-polarized Reactance
IAG Z – VAG versus I0 Z
100% memory-polarized neg-seq directional:
I2 Z versus V1A_mem
100% memory-polarized zero-seq directional:
I0 Z versus V1A_mem
GE Multilin Response of Distance Comparators
Coverage of the Right Terminal Relay
mho
rea reactance
memory polarized I0 directional
mho
VTs reactance
Coverage of the Left Terminal Relay

GE Multilin Problems
• Distance elements cannot ensure

reliable operation during low-current
faults on series compensated lines
– Directionality problems
– Limited coverage even when set to
significantly overreach the protected line
– Blind spots
– Underreaching distance must be set to a
very small portion of the line
GE Multilin The D60 Solution
• Do not use an underreaching direct tripping distance

zone for low-current faults
• Do not depend 100% on overreaching zones for pilot-
aided schemes and coverage of low-current faults
• Use negative-sequence or neutral directional with an
offset impedance feature for sensitive and reliable
direction discrimination for pilot-aided schemes and
coverage of low-current faults
• Use current-controlled dynamic reach approach
to the underreaching distance zone
• Directional integrity ensured by memory polarization
and multi-input comparator approach
Offset Impedance & Directional
S_op = Z x I2
S_pol
V2 -V2 Zoff x I2
Relay
•Faster operation
•Reliable operation in strong I2
systems and for high-
resistance faults
Offset Impedance & Directional
S_pol S_op = Z x I2
Zoff x I2
Relay
-V2 V2
•Reliable indication of a
reverse fault as long as the I2
element is not
overcompensated
GE Multilin Series Compensated Environment
I2 (left) k*Z2L (1-k)*Z2L I2 (right)
Z2 (right)
Z2 (left)
V2 (right)
V2 (bus)
V2 (line)
V2F
• Forward fault:
– As long as the impedance from the potential point backward
to the local equivalent system is inductive, there is no
problem with directionality
– Otherwise, the offset impedance must counterbalance the
net capacitive impedance
• Reverse fault:
– As long as the impedance from the potential point forward to
the remote equivalent system is inductive, there is no
problem with directionality (always true because lines are not
overcompensated)
GE Multilin Offset Impedance
S_op = Z x I2
S_pol
Zoff x I2
-V2 V2
Relay
•The offset impedance must be I2

high enough to counterbalance
the inverted voltage
GE Multilin Setting Rules for the Offset Impedance
Critical in Applications on
Series Compensated Lines
• Rule 1:
– The offset impedance must be higher than the net capacitive
impedance between the potential source of the relay and the local
equivalent system (ensures correct operation on forward faults)
• Rule 2:
– The offset impedance must not be higher than the inductive
impedance between the potential source of the relay and the remote
equivalent system (ensures correct operation on reverse faults)
• Clarifications:
– Should we use just physical capacitive reactance of the
series capacitors despite of fault type? YES.
– Should we assume the MOVs being on or off? It shall be
assumed that the fault current is so low that the MOVs
effectively do not conduct any current. This applies to both
rule no. 1 (minimum offset impedance) and no. 2 (maximum
offset impedance).
– Do we have to consider any non-symmetrical MOV operation
or air gap flashing? NO.
– Do we have to consider voltage protection level of the MOVs
or air gap flash-over voltage? NO.
– System parameters vary. Should we consider the strongest
or weakest systems? The strongest system configurations
shall be considered. Moreover, for rule no. 2 the remote
system impedance may be assumed as zero.
GE Multilin Setting Rules - Example
voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
protection reactance
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2 Ω -4 Ω -3 Ω -5 Ω
INFINITE
INFINITE
3Ω 10 Ω 7Ω
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Left Terminal – Bus side VTs (A):

– Impedance from the VTs backward to the equivalent system =
-2 + 3 = 1 ohm, inductive - no need for the offset, minimum offset
impedance = 0 ohm
– Impedance from the VTs forward to the equivalent system =
-4 + 10 – 3 –5 + 7 = 5 ohm, maximum offset impedance = 5 ohm
– Recommended setting = (0+5)/2 = 2.5 ohm
voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2 Ω -4 Ω -3 Ω -5 Ω
INFINITE
INFINITE
3Ω 10 Ω 7Ω
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Left Terminal – Line side VTs (B):

-4 - 2 + 3 = -3 ohm, minimum offset impedance = 3 ohm
10 – 3 –5 + 7 = 9 ohm, maximum offset impedance = 9 ohm
– Recommended setting = (3+9)/2 = 6 ohm
voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2 Ω -4 Ω -3 Ω -5 Ω
INFINITE
INFINITE
3Ω 10 Ω 7Ω
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Right Terminal – Bus side VTs (A):

-5 + 7 = 2 ohm, minimum offset impedance = 0 ohm
-3 + 10 – 4 – 2 + 3 = 4 ohm, maximum offset impedance = 4 ohm
voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2 Ω -4 Ω -3 Ω -5 Ω
INFINITE
INFINITE
3Ω 10 Ω 7Ω
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Right Terminal – Line side VTs (B):

-3 - 5 + 7 = -1 ohm, minimum offset impedance = 1 ohm
10 – 4 – 2 + 3 = 7 ohm, maximum offset impedance = 7 ohm
• How can we get the required system equivalent

impedances from my short-circuit (or transient)
program?
– Effectively remove the MOVs and air gaps from the model to
simulate a low-current fault (no MOVs/gaps by-passing the
SCs).
– Place a SLG fault in front of the relay and obtain negative-
sequence current and voltage (magnitude and angle).
– The ratio of the negative-sequence voltage and current is the
total impedance between the relay and the local equivalent
system (required for setting rule no. 1)
– Place a SLG fault behind the relay and obtain negative-
sequence current and voltage (magnitude and angle).
– The ratio of the negative-sequence voltage and current is the
total impedance between the relay and the remote
equivalent system (required for setting rule no. 2)
• The D60 provides for negative-sequence and neutral

directional elements:
– Their offset impedance settings will be different because line and
system negative- and zero-sequence impedances are different
– Remember about transformers (grounded wye) reducing the zero-
sequence system impedance
GE Multilin Ground Directional Elements
• Negative-Sequence and Neutral Directional

elements with an offset impedance:
– Fast
– Sensitive
– Guarantees correct fault direction discrimination
– Straightforward setting rules
– Non susceptible to subsynchronous oscillations
– An excellent addition to pilot-aided schemes
GE Multilin Using Ground Directional OC Elements
GE Multilin Adaptive Reach Approach
• The actual reach of a given zone is controlled

by the current:
– Large reach when the current is high causing
large voltage drop across the series capacitors,
triggering the MOVs or gaps and effectively
removing the capacitors from the fault loop
– Small (or zero) reach when the current is low
– Actual dynamic reach = Z_SET – VL/I:
• Z_SET is a user (full) reach setting
• VL is a voltage protection level (user setting)
• I is a magnitude of the fault-loop current (on-line relay
data)
– In particular, the reach is reduced to zero when I <
VL/Z_SET
GE Multilin Low-Current External Fault
Set reach,
Z_SET
X remote bus
RF
Actual reach is
reduced enough to
avoid overreaching ZSC&MOV
ZAPPARENT
local bus R
GE Multilin High-Current External Fault
Set reach,
Z_SET
X remote bus
Actual reach is
reduced enough to
avoid overreaching
ZAPPARENT
R
local bus
GE Multilin High-Current Internal Fault
Set reach,
Z_SET
X remote bus
Actual reach is
expanded and the
fault is detected
ZAPPARENT
local bus R
GE Multilin Adaptive Reach Approach
• Adaptive current-controlled reach of the

directly tripping underreaching distance zone:
– Copes with both steady-state and transient
overreach problems during low-current faults
– Allows to trip high-current internal faults within a
traditional 70-80% reach
– Low-current internal faults to be covered by
directional overcurrent functions with an offset
impedance
GE Multilin Setting Strategies for Distance Zone 1
• Reduces the reach to cope with series compensation

(traditional approach):
– Reach = kCT&VT * kZ * kSUB * (ZLINE – ZSC)
– VL = 0
– For example: reach = 0.9 * 0.9 * 0.5 * (100-60) = 16% of the line
(some fault beyond 16% will be detected owing to the overreach
phenomenon)
• Uses adaptive reach and sets the reach as for plain line
(unique GE feature):
– Reach = kCT&VT * kZ * ZLINE
– VL accordingly
– For example: reach = 0.9 * 0.9 * 100 = 80% of the line (some faults
within 80% reach will not be detected if the current is too low)
• In weak systems, the traditional approach is more
beneficial (the adaptive zone would never pickup)
GE Multilin Setting Rules for Adaptive Z1
• Rule 1 (reach):
– The reach setting shall be a
traditional 75-85% of the line
impedance. Security margin shall
take into account only traditional
factors such as impedance
uncertainty and CT/VT errors
• Rule 2 (voltage supervision):
– The voltage supervision level shall
be a sum of voltage protection
levels for capacitors located
between the relay voltage potential
source and a distant fault in the
direction of the zone that may
appear within the set reach
GE Multilin Setting Rules for Adaptive Z1
• Clarifications:
– What is the unit of the voltage supervision setting? The
setting is entered in pu of VT rated voltage.
– What is the voltage protection level? The voltage protection
level is an actual (peak) value of the voltage at which the
MOV starts conducting significant current (knee-point
voltage) or the air gap flashes over divided by square root of
2.
– For example:
• XSC = 50 ohms, Irated = 2kA, MOV level = 2.5 pu,
VT ratio = 4167, VT secondary = 69.3 V
• Voltage protection level = 50*2,000*2.5 = 250 kV
• Voltage protection level = 250,000/(69.3*4167) = 0.866
pu
– Is the voltage supervision level setting different for ground
and phase zones? NO, unless the reach settings are
dramatically different causing different numbers of series
capacitors to be considered for the VL setting calculations.
voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2 Ω -4 Ω -3 Ω -5 Ω
INFINITE
INFINITE
3Ω 10 Ω 7Ω
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Left Terminal – Bus side VTs (A):

– Assume reach setting of 0.8 * 10 ohm = 8 ohm
– The following SC must be considered: -4, -3
and –5
– Voltage supervision = 0.6 + 0.5 + 0.7 = 1.8 pu
voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2 Ω -4 Ω -3 Ω -5 Ω
INFINITE
INFINITE
3Ω 10 Ω 7Ω
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Left Terminal – Line side VTs (B):

– The following SC must be considered: -3 and –
5
– Voltage supervision = 0.5 + 0.7 = 1.2 pu
voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2 Ω -4 Ω -3 Ω -5 Ω
INFINITE
INFINITE
3Ω 10 Ω 7Ω
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Right Terminal – Bus side VTs (A):

– The following SC must be considered: -3, -4
and –2
– Voltage supervision = 0.5 + 0.6 + 0.5 = 1.6 pu
voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2 Ω -4 Ω -3 Ω -5 Ω
INFINITE
INFINITE
3Ω 10 Ω 7Ω
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Right Terminal – Line side VTs (B):

– The following SC must be considered: -4 and –
2
– Voltage supervision = 0.6 + 0.5 = 1.1 pu
Checklist for D60 Application on Series
GE Multilin Compensated Lines
• Use a ground directional O/C element

(recommended):
– Decide between negative-sequence and neutral
directional O/C
– Calculate the offset impedance setting (OFFSET
setting)
– Indicate the selected ground directional element in
your pilot-aided scheme (GND DIR O/C FWD and
GND DIR O/C REV settings)
• Decide between using a traditional or
adaptive approach to the underreaching
directly tripping distance zone:
– Set zone reach (REACH setting)
– Set voltage supervision (VOLT LEVEL setting)
GE Multilin

D60 - Treinamento 2008

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D60 - Treinamento 2008

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GE Multilin

• The D60 is a member of the UR family and, as such, it is very

(5) A three-pole trip

(1) PILOT SCHEMES

(2) And are fully

(2) PILOT SCHEMES

(4) or three-pole tripping

(1) LINE PICKUP

(1) Requests for trip are

(2) Which executes them

(2) Three-pole operation is

(1) Requests to reclose are

(4) Trip action is

(3) Out Of Service status

(1) BREAKER CONTROL

(1) Breakers are operated

(2) Both manual, and ….

(3) Operates the breakers

(5) AR forces three-pole trip (4) AR is informed

(5) 3P Trip Bus

(3) 3P operation can

(4) If AR disabled all (7) requests for 3P

(8) User requests

(5) Confirmed by the PHASE SELECTOR, or

(6) From PILOT SCHEMES

(4) Sealed-in with

(4) Denotes 3P trip

(3) Denotes 1P trip,

(1) Trip 3P when requested

(2) Trip 3P from PHASE OV1

(3) Backup 3P trip from

(1) Trip 1P from GND DIST Z1

(2) Trip 1P from PHS DIST Z1

(3) Trip 1P from high-set NEG

(4) Reclose when tripping from

(1) Condition to force 3P trip

(2) No advance time for pilot-

(3) No breaker position

• 5 zones of ground and phase distance protection

During an AG fault, I2A

The comparator prevents the ground distance

Both MHO and

URPC plots distance

• Positive-sequence memorized voltage is

(2) For 5 cycles in (5) The memory

(1) During close-in 3P

Off=0 (4) The memory is used 827842A6.CDR

for memory duration time

(1) After the memory

(2) If below 10% of the

• Memory is needed to ride through directionality

Distance can be forced to use memory

Distance can be forced

(2) 21P elements are

SETTING FLEXLOGIC OPERAND

PH DIST Z1 PKP AB t PKP

PH DIST Z1 PKP BC t PKP AND