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Panniculitis Review
Panniculitis Review
Panniculitis Review
ABSTRACT: Panniculitis is uncommonly seen in both dogs and cats. Although a large number of organisms can
cause infectious panniculitis, many of these are rarely seen in the UK. A variety of systemic diseases can also
cause non-infectious panniculitis. Of the non-infectious cases, sterile nodular panniculitis is the most common
type. Histopathology and deep tissue culture are indicated in most cases to reach a diagnosis. Infectious
panniculitis must be treated with antimicrobial agents. Sterile nodular panniculitis usually responds well to
glucocorticoid administration. This paper gives an overview of the different causes of panniculitis and how to
approach suspected cases. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-3862.2011.00057.x
INVESTIGATION
A thorough history should be taken and the patient dermatological examination. In-house cytology of
should be subjected to an in-depth general and discharged fluid can help determine if a primary or
secondary (most cases) infection is present. Some of
the organisms capable of causing panniculitis may be
seen on cytology but, in most cases, histopathology
and bacterial and fungal deep tissue culture will be
necessary. Fine-needle aspirates of intact lesions will
appear oily and inflammatory cells can be found.The
inflammation can be granulomatous (only
macrophages), pyogranulomatous (neutrophils and
macrophages), eosinophilic or lympho-plasma-
histiocytic. For cases with suspected underlying
diseases, such as pancreatic disease, appropriate blood
and other laboratory tests are indicated; however,
assessing vitamin E levels is not a helpful parameter.
Histopathological samples are best obtained by
excisional techniques, as punch biopsies are often
not deep enough to reach the affected tissues.
TREATMENT
Therapy should address the underlying disease
wherever possible. Solitary nodules can be responsive
to surgical removal, however, a recent report1
suggested that this might not be as successful as
previously thought.
SUMMARY
Panniculitis is a rare disease that can affect both cats
and dogs. Infectious causes are numerous. However,
many of the organisms implicated in infectious
panniculitis cannot be found in the UK. Due to the
Fig. 5: The patient two weeks after systemic signs commonly associated with the skin
immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone disease, accurate diagnosis and treatment of the
was started. condition is desirable. Some systemic diseases can