Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter I
Chapter I
Introduction
Peace and order are essential to every community. Basically, these tasks
belong to function of law enforcers. The law enforcers initiate every possible
measure to assure that everyone is safe in whatever part of the day and night.
“The decline in the total crime volume was attributed to the enhanced
police visibility, implementation of special laws, serving of warrant of arrest and
the filing of appreciate charges in court.” Espino said
The researchers observed that some people in the community are not fully
aware on the crime prevention programs and strategies of our police agencies,
which eventually resulted to poor cooperation and coordination on their part.
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
Figure 1 Research Paradigm
The input presents the establishment in the Municipality of San Pablo
where police personnel are visible, the profile of the police visibility as strategy
and the perceived effect of police visibility in the establishment in the
Municipality, which will be identified and analyzed as seen in process. The
expected output will be the determination of the perceived effect of police
visibility for enhancing peace and order in the Municipality of San Pablo.
Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Philippine National Police - The outcome of this study will serve as a basis
in finding ways to intensity their crime prevention programs through police
visibility.
Criminology Student – The finding of the study will help the students to be
aware in the police visibility and to give them an overview of their future
career as law enforcers.
The Researchers- This study will help to discover additional knowledge that
contributes to the development of Criminology profession.
Furthermore, the study also focuses on the profile of the police visibility as
strategy with respect to strategies used in maintaining police visibility and
number of hours spend in the concern areas.
The following are defined conceptually, and according to how will be used
in the research work to help the readers and users understand and appreciate
the study better.
Crime Prevention- The attempt to reduce and deter crime and criminals. As
used in the study, crime and criminals. As used in the study, crime
prevention is an act to prevent and lessen crimes through police visibility.
Police Visibility- As used in the research, these are the law enforcement
officers assigned in particular establishment to prevent crime.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter consists of related literature and studies which have direct
relations to present study.
Related Literature
Foreign
Weisburd, Groff, & Yang1 stated increasing police presence can occur in a number
of ways. One way mainstay of policing since 1930s has been random preventive
patrol by automobile. Random patrol generally involves officer randomly driving
around their beat in downtime between calls for service.
Kelling et.al2 said that random preventive patrol has generally not been thought
to be a very effective crime control tool. In the major study in these areas, the
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experimented on the increasing or decreasing
levels of preventive patrol did not have a significant impact on the crime or
victimization.
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1. Weisburd, Groff, & Yang
2. Kelling et.al
Local
After the assessment that it was effective, Bartolome said he wants to implement
it across the country because aside from policemen doing office work, he said
some policemen in other units will also be required to conduct beat patrol.
He, however, clarified that only those assigned in areas where the threat of big
rebel groups like communist and Moro rebels will be tapped for patrol. “Some of
those assigned in internal security operations will be used for visibility because
we all know that it is an essential component to prevent crime,” said Bartolome.
Moreover, Abat (2013) stated that in Davao City, the police station is increasing
police visibility in communities to reduce the numbers of crimes. Most of the
policemen are outside for advocacy programs and to maximize visibility. And also
don’t let the ride in a mobile since mostly they are on foot patrol to observe more
the community safety, this way they could easily establish connection with the
community against criminal acts. Policemen also go house-to-house in different
villages in subdivision within the area of their responsibilities to make sure that
they are safe by the police force.
______________________________________________________________________________
Rodny Baula
Hence, Rińen (2014), stated that Cebu City is further strengthening police
visibility in public areas where implemented by the police as part of their
strategy to lower street crimes in program dubbed Metro Cebu Comprehensive
Deployment System (MCCDS) which in this program they will maximize police
visibility out in the streets to prevent crimes from happening and witness more
augmentation of policemen out in the streets in beat, foot, and mobile in covert
operations. “The response to street crimes is always police presence”, apart from
increasing the number of policemen in foot and mobile patrols, other strategies
that will be employed the establishment of checkpoints, deployment of covert
personnel and with all these done in random manner.
Therefore, safety is a freedom from harm or danger and the state of being safe
which every person assures in the place they were living and for their daily lives.
People need to feel safe at all times under any circumstances. It does not matter
if you are at home, at work, at school, travelling at social event or in desperate
need of emergency assistance.
Related Studies
Foreign
Sindall and Sturgis3 uses administrative data linked to the British Crime Survey
in order to assess the relative importance of police numbers and [police visibility
in determining public confidence in the police. As expected, visibility has a
significant and positive effect on confidence. However, we also find a significant
positive effect of police numbers over and above the effect of visibility, Moreover,
because the to which people are visible in local areas is itself a function of the
number of police employed, we find that the number of police has an additional
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Sindall and Sturgis
4. Rińen (2014)
This subject gained much attention in the West, and research on fear of crime
had almost exclusively been concentrated in the United States and other
English-speaking nations. Moreover, in line with growing interest in cross-
cultural research in the field of Criminology, recent studies had also examined
fear of crime in European countries such as Belgium (De Donder, Verte, &
Messelis, 2005 ; Pauwels & Pleysier, 2005) 4, Finland ( Salmi, Gronroos, &
Keskinen , 2004)5, and Italy ( Miceli, Roccato, & Rosato, 2004) 6. Even though the
cultural context in which crime is defined and people act is vital to
understanding crime, criminal behavior, and its impact (Robertson, 2006) 7, only
a limited number of studies investigated fear of crime in non- Western countries
(Adu-Mireku, 2002; Dammert & Molone, 2006; Hwang, 2006; Johnson, 2006) 8
Doyle, M., Frogner, L. Andeshed, H. Et. Eur J Crime Policy Res (2016) 9 (Feeling
safety in the presence of police security guards and police volunteers) stated in
their study that uniformed presence is commonly thought to create feelings of
safety to people.
Zhao et. Al10 as they concluded in their study that police presence does have a
strong impact on public fear reduction. In addition, proactive or /and
community policing strategies appear to us to demonstrate the strongest impact
on fear reduction among residents, Simultaneously, we found out that public
satisfaction id strongly associated with the success of a fear reduction program.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. De Donder, Verte, & Messelis, 2005 ; Pauwels & Pleysier, 2005
6. Salmi, Gronroos, & Keskinen , 2004
7. Miceli, Roccato, & Rosato, 2004
8. Robertson, 2006
9. Adu-Mireku, 2002; Dammert & Molone, 2006; Hwang, 2006; Johnson, 2006
In other words, a successful fear reduction program can increase public
satisfaction with police services.
Doyle, M., Frogner, L. Andeshed, H. Et. Eur J Crime Policy Res (2016) 9 (Feeling
safety in the presence of police security guards and police volunteers) stated in
their study that uniformed presence is commonly thought to create feelings of
safety to people.
Zhao et. Al10 as they concluded in their study that police presence does have a
strong impact on public fear reduction. In addition, proactive or /and
community policing strategies appear to us to demonstrate the strongest impact
on fear reduction among residents, Simultaneously, we found out that public
satisfaction id strongly associated with the success of a fear reduction program.
In other words, a successful fear reduction program can increase public
satisfaction with police services.
Local
The PNP indicates that the decrease in the volume of the crime is attributable to
PNP’s crime programs (Sun. Star 20 Sept. 2007) 11. Specifically, the PNP has
reportedly increase police visibility, made use of foot patrol officers, established
checkpoints, deployed motorcycle police and undertaken night watch operations,
among other initiatives (Sun. Star 20 Sept.2007). Moreover, the PNP states in
press release that they posted a “crime solution efficiency” of 88.37 percent
(Philippines 6 Feb, 2008) 12. Corroborating information pertaining to this crime
solution rate could not be found among sources consulted by research
directorate.
____________________________________________________________________________
10. Doyle, M., Frogner, L. Andeshed, H. Et. Eur J Crime Policy Res (2016)
11. Zhao et. Al
12. (Sun. Star 20 Sept. 2007)
Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE
This chapter reveals the method used in the study, the respondents and
the main instruments employed in gathering pertinent data and information
including its validation and administration. It also describes other research
techniques used as additional source of information and the tools employed in
the statistical treatment of data and other information gathered relevant to the
specific problems of investigation.
Research Design
The data gathered was tallied and statistically treated through the
following tools.
Frequency of Percentage
P =F/N * 100
Where P= Percentage
F= Formula
Formula :
X = Weighted Mean
= Sum of Frequency
T- Test. This was employed to test the significant relationship between the
profiles of police visibility as strategy and the effect of police visibility in the
Municipality of San Pablo.
3. 2.60-3.39 Undecided
4. 3.40-4.19 Agree
Classification:
1. PNP Personnel
2. Community
3. Brgy. Official
4. School Personnel
Moderator