s{]m^. F.

{io[-c-ta-t\m³
(1925-þ2010)
1925 Unkw-_À 18-þ\v Fd-Wm-Ip-f¯v P\-\w. a{Zmkv kÀÆI-em-im-eb - nÂ
\n¶v H¶mw dmt¦msS Ncn-{X-¯n Fw. F. _ncp-Zw. lmÀhmÀUv kÀÆI-
em-im-e-bn \n¶v CâÀ\m-j-W dnte-j³kn kvs]jy-sse-tk-j-
t\msS cmjv{S-X-{´-¯n _ncp-Zm-\-´-c-_n-cp-Zw. tIcf kwØm\ Kk-
äntbgvkv FUn-äÀ (1958-þ'68), tIc-f- kÀÆIemimebpsS cPnkv{SmÀ
(1968-þ'77), Imen¡äv kÀÆIemimebn bp Pn kn hnkn-änMv s{]m^-ÊÀ
(1978-þ'79). 1980-þÂ HutZym-Kn-IP - o-hn-X¯
- nÂ\n¶v hnc-an-¨p. Z£n-tW-´y³
Ncn-{X-tIm¬{KÊnsâ A²y-£-]-Zhn hln-¨p. A Survey of Kerala History,
Kerala and Freedom Struggle, Cultural Heritage of Kerala, C´ym-N-cn-{Xw, tIc-f
-N-cn-{Xw, tIc-f-kw-kvIm-cw XpS§n Ccp-]-¯n-b-©n-tesd IrXn-IÄ.
2008-þÂ ]ß-`q-j¬ _lp-aXn \evIn cmjv{Sw BZ-cn-¨p. 2010 Pqsse-
bn \ncym-X-\m-bn.

KS
O
s{]m^. F. {io[-c-ta-t\msâ R§Ä {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ IrXn-IÄ
BO

Ata-cn-¡³ tamUÂ Ad-_n-¡-S-enÂ

C´ym-N-cn-{Xw-þ1
C´ym-N-cn-{Xw-þ2
tIcf cmjv{So-b-N-cn{Xw (1885-þ1957)
tIc-f-N-cn-{X-in-e]
v n-IÄ
C

tIc-f-N-cn{Xw
tIc-fhpw kzmX-{´y-k-a-chpw
D

tIc-f-kw-kvImcw
]p¶-{]-h-b-emdpw tIc-f-N-cn-{Xhpw
kÀ kn. ]n. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ
kÀ kn.]n.bpw kzX-{´-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fn-eqsS
kzX{´Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ hmZhpw kÀ kn. ]n. F¶ hnÃ\pw ­—
hn«p-t]mb I®n-IÄ
A Survey of Kerala History
Cultural Heritage of Kerala
Kerala History and its Makers
Kerala and Freedom Struggle
Political History of Modern Kerala
The Legacy of Kerala
Triumph and Tragedy in Travancore
 {]km-[-I-°p-dn∏v

"Ncn{Xw Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp∂p' F∂-Xp-sIm≠pXs∂ icn-bmb Ncn{Xm-

h-t_m[w Ime-L-´-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-Wv. ka-Im-en-I-kw-`-h-ßsf
hni-I-e\w sNøp-hm\pw `mhn-bnse KXn-hn-K-Xn-Iƒ Gsd-°psd \n¿Æ-
bn-°p-hm\pw Ncn-{X-]-T\w \sΩ klm-bn-°p∂p. hnJym-X-N-cn-{X-Im-c-
\mb s{]m^. F. {io[-c-ta-t\m≥ cNn® C¥ym-N-cn-{Xw, tIc-f-N-cn-{Xw,
tIc-f-kw-kvIm-cw, A Survey of Kerala History, Cultural Heritage of Kerala
XpSßn {]kn-≤-ß-fmb Ncn{X ]pkvX-I-߃ Ct∏mƒ Un kn _pIvkv

KS
A`n-am-\-]q¿∆w {]kn-≤o-Icn°p∂p. apºvv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xm-sW-¶nepw
]e-t∏mgpw Cu {KŸ-߃ hn]-Wn-bn¬ kpe-`-ambn e`y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.
Ncn-{X-hn-Zym¿∞n-Ifpw kz¥w \mSns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-cn-I-ss]-Xr-
Ihpw Adn-bp-hm-\m-{K-ln-°p∂ km[m-cW hmb-\-°mcpw Cu ]pkvX-
O
I-ßsf kt¥m-j-]q¿∆w kzoI-cn-°p-sa∂v R߃ ]q¿Æ-ambn hniz-
kn-°p-∂p.
BO

1967¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® "tIc-f-N-cn{Xw' Ncn-{X-bm-Ym¿∞y-ßsf

hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambpw efn-X-ambpw Ah-X-cn-∏n®v kz¥w \nK-a-\-ß-fn¬
FØn-t®-cp-hm\pw IqSp-X¬ Adnbphm\p≈ BImw£ hmb-\-°m-cn¬
krjvSn-°p-hm\pw klm-b-I-c-am-hpw. "tIc-f-N-cn-{Xw', "tIcf kwkvImcw'
C

XpSßn {it≤-b-amb ]Øn-e-[nIw Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-߃ Un kn _pIvkn-

eqsS {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ A\p-hmZw X∂ s{]m^. F. {io[-c-ta-t\m\v
D

IrX-⁄X tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cu {KŸw hmb-\-°m-cpsS apºn¬

kt¥m-j-]q¿∆w ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

2007 BKÃv 17 chn Un kn

tIm´bw

5
 D≈-S°w

A≤ymbw 1 `qan-imkv{X ]›m-Øew 17

`qhn-`m-K-߃ ˛ `q-an-im-kv{X-]-c-amb \ne ˛ ]¿∆X-ßfpw ae-Ifpw ˛ ae-ºm-
X-Iƒ ˛ kap{Zw ˛ \Zn-Iƒ ˛ Imb-ep-Iƒ ˛ Imem-hÿ ˛ ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Ifpw-
kky-ßfpwa‰pw ˛ ]c-ip-cm-a-IY ˛ "tIcfw', "ae-_m¿' F∂o t]cp-I-fpsS
DZv`hw

A≤ymbw 2 tIc-f-N-cn-{X-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ 28
kmlnXyw ˛ kwkvIr-XI
KS
- r-Xn-Iƒ ˛ Xan-gvIr-Xn-Iƒ ˛ ae-bm-fI
- r-Xn-Iƒ ˛ bh-
\-tc-J-Iƒ ˛ ssN\okv hnh-c-W-߃ ˛ Ad-_n-I-fpsS hnh-c-W-߃ ˛ bqtdm-
]y≥k©m-cn-Iƒ ˛ ]pcm-hkvXpkma-{Kn-Iƒ ˛ kvamc-I-߃ ˛ sIm´m-c-߃ ˛
tIm´-Iƒ ˛ \mW-b-߃ ˛ imk-\-߃
O
A≤ymbw 3 Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Imew 58
BO

alm-in-em-kw-kvImcw ˛ sImSpw-I√
- d
- I
- ƒ, I√-dI
- ƒ apX-em-bh ˛ inem-\n¿Ωn-
X-Kp-l-Iƒ ˛ alm-in-em-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ]g°w ˛ BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ

A≤ymbw 4 BZy-Im-e-hn-tZ-i-_-‘-߃ 65
C

kpK-‘{- Z-hy-hym-]m-cØ
- ns‚ Bcw`w ˛ Ad-_n-Ifpw ^n\o-jy-∑mcpw ˛ {Ko°p-
Imcpw tdma-°mcpw ˛ ssN\-bp-am-bp≈ hmWnPyw ˛ tIc-fØ
- ns‚ \mhn-I] - m-c-
D

ºcyw ˛ ]gb Xpd-ap-J-߃ ˛ ]n¬°m-esØ Xpd-ap-J-߃

A≤ymbw 5 kwL-Im-esØ tIcfw 75

BbvcmPm-°-∑m¿ ˛ Ggn-ae ˛ tNc-∑m¿ ˛ DXn-b≥tNc¬ BX≥ ˛ s\Spw-
tNcemX≥ ˛ ]¬bmss\ s®¬ sIgp Ip´p-h≥ ˛ \m¿ap-Sn-t®-c¬ ˛ th¬
sIgp Ip´p-h≥ ˛ BSp-tImSv ]m´p-t®-c-em-X≥ ˛ sN¬h-°-SpwtIm hmgn-bm-X≥
˛ s]cpw-tN-c¬ Ccp-sºmssd ˛ Cfw-tN-c¬ Ccp-sºmssd ˛ tNc-hw-im-hen ˛
a‰p tNc-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ ˛ h©n-ap-Xq¿ F∂ tNc-cm-P-[m\n ˛ kwL-Im-esØ
Pohn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw : `c-W-k-{º-Zm-bw, kmaq-lnIPohnXw, aXw, kmº-
Øn-Iÿ- nXn, kwL-Im-eØ- n-\p-tijw

A≤ymbw 6 aX-ß-fpsS kwKaw 96

{Zmhn-U-aXw ˛ ssP\-aXw ˛ _p≤-aXw ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ Bcy-h-XvI-cWw ˛
{InkvXp-aXw ˛ blq-Z-aXw ˛ C…mw

11
 tIcfNcn{Xw

A≤ymbw 7 BbvcmPyw 113

A≠n-c≥ ˛ XnXn-b≥ ˛ AXn-b\pw A\-¥-c-Km-an-Ifpw ˛ kwL-Im-e-Øn-\p-
tijw ˛ NS-b\pw Icp-\-¥\pw ˛ Icp-\-¥-S-°≥ ˛ hn{I-am-Zn-Xy-h-c-Kp-W≥ ˛
BbvcmPy-hw-i-Øns‚ Ah-km\w ˛ kmaq-lnIPohn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw ˛
Bbv—tNc—tNmf—]mWvUy-cm-Pm-°∑ - m-cpsS hwim-hen

A≤ymbw 8 sIm√-h¿jw 121

sIm√-h¿jØns‚ D¤hw ˛ DZ-b-am¿Øm-WvU≥IY ˛ temKs‚ kn≤m¥w
˛ i¶-cm-Nm-cycpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw ˛ "sIm√w tXm‚n' ˛ a‰p kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛
]cn-jvIc
- n® k]vX¿jn-h¿jw

A≤ymbw 9 atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ Ipe-ti-J-c-∑m¿ 129

Ipe-ti-Jc Bgvhm¿ ˛ cmP-ti-J-c-h¿Ω ˛ ÿmWp-c-hn-h¿Ω ˛ cma-h¿Ω ˛
tKmZ-c-hn-h¿Ω ˛ Cµp-t°m-X-h¿Ω ˛ `mkvI-c-c-hn-h¿Ω H∂m-a\pw c≠ma\pw
˛ hoc-tI-c-f≥ ˛ cmP-knw-l≥ ˛ `mkvI-c-chn aq∂m-a\pw chn-cm-a-h¿Ωbpw ˛
cma-h¿ΩIpe-ti-Jc

A≤ymbw 10
- ]
KS
- ≥ ˛ shfn-bn¬\n∂p h∂ s]cp-am-°∑
˛ tNc—tNmf-hw-im-hen ˛ atlm-Zb
- m¿ ˛ tNc-am≥IY
- p-csØ tNc-cm-Pm-°∑- m-cpsS hwim-hen

Ipe-ti-J-c-Im-esØ `c-W-co-Xnbpw kap-Zm-bhpw 144

O
cmjv{So-b-hn-`m-K-߃ ˛ `cWw ˛ cmP[m\n ˛ hmWn-Pym-`n-hr≤n ˛ `mjbpw
kmln-Xyhpw ˛ lnµp-a-X-Øns‚ hnImkw ˛ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ ˛ `‡n-{]-ÿm\w
BO

˛ Ipe-ti-Jc Bgvhm¿ ˛ tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ \mb-\m¿ ˛ hnd-∑n≠ \mb-\m¿

˛ t£{X-ß-fpsS hf¿® ˛ t£{X-`-cWw ˛ t£{X-ß-fpsS hnImkw ˛ hnZym-
`ym-khpw hn⁄m-\hpw ˛ aX-ku-lrZw ˛ 11-˛mw iX-I-Ønse kmº-Øn-Ihpw
kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃
C

A≤ymbw 11 thWmSv 1314 hsc 163

BZy-ImeNcn{Xw ˛ thWmSv kzX-{¥-cm-Py-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p ˛ chn-h¿Ω-Ip-e-ti-
D

J-c≥ (1299-˛1314) ˛ thWm-´nse A∂sØ ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ

A≤ymbw 12 tIme-Øp-\mSpw sIm®nbpw 173

aqj-I-hwiw ˛ tIme-Øn-cn-am¿ ˛ s]cp-º-S-∏p-kz-cq]w

A≤ymbw 13 tImgn-t°mSv BZysØ kmaq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS Iogn¬ 179

tImgn-t°m-Sns‚ DZv`hw ˛ km-aq-Xn-cn-bpsS BZy-Ime B{I-a-W-ßfpw hnP-b-
ßfpw ˛ Xe-∏n≈n B{I-aWw ˛ sIm®n-bp-am-bp≈ kwL-´-\-Øns‚ Bcw`w
˛ tIme-Øn-cn-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w ˛ kmaqXncn-am-cpsS `c-W-coXn ˛ kmwkvIm-
cnI ]ptcm-KXn ˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sn-s\-°p-dn®p hntZ-i-k-©m-cn-Iƒ

A≤ymbw 14 sNdp-In-S-cm-Py-߃ 190

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ hcp-tºm-gp≈ cmjv{So-bL
- S- \ ˛ Ff-bS- Ø
- p-kzcq]w ˛ tZin-
ß-\mSpw Xr∏m-∏qcpw ˛ B‰n-߬ ˛ Icp-\m-K-∏≈n ˛ Im¿Øn-I-∏≈n ˛

12
 Imbw-Ipfw ˛ ]pd-t°mSv ˛ ]¥fw ˛ sX°pw-Iq¿ ˛ hS-°pw-Iq¿ ˛ ]q™m¿ ˛
Ic-∏pdw ˛ A©n-ss°-aƒam¿ ˛ CS-∏≈n ˛ ]d-hq¿ ˛ Be-ßmSv ˛ sImSp-ß-
√q¿ ˛ Abn-cq¿ ˛ Xe-∏n≈n ˛ h≈p-h-\mSv ˛ ]me-°mSv ˛ sIm√-t¶mSv ˛ Ih-f-
∏md ˛ sh´-Øp-\mSv ˛ ]c-∏-\mSv ˛ Ipdp-ºpd-\mSv ˛ IS-Ø-\mSv ˛ tIm´bw ˛
Ipd-tßm´v ˛ c≠p-Xd ˛ IÆpsc Ben-cm-Pmhv ˛ \ote-izcw ˛ Ipºf

A≤ymbw 15 t]m¿´p-Kokv Ime-L´w 208

hmkvtIm U Kma-bpsS BK-a\w (1498) ˛ I{_mƒ ˛ hmkvtIm U KmabpsS
c≠m-asØ hchv ˛ tImgn-t°mSpw sIm®nbpw XΩn-ep-≠mb bp≤w ˛ A¬taU
˛ B¬_p-s°z¿°v ˛ B¬_p-s°z¿°ns‚ A\-¥-c-Km-an-Iƒ ˛ Ip™m-en-
am¿ ˛ Nmen-bw-tIm´ ˛ kmaq-Xn-cnbpw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Imcpw XΩn-ep-≠mb k‘n
(1540) ˛ kmaq-Xncn Nmen-bw-tIm´ ]nSn-°p∂p (1571) ˛ kmaq-Xn-cn°v Ip™m-en-
am-tcm-Sp-≠mb i{XpX ˛ Ip™m-en-am-cpsS A¥yw ˛ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS
A[x-]X - \w ˛ t]m¿´p-Kokv _‘-Øns‚ ^e-߃ ˛ t]m¿´p-Ko-kvIm-eØns‚
aX-N-cn{Xw ˛ tIc-f-Ønse ss{IkvX-h-k-`sb eØo≥k-`-bm-°m-\p≈ {iaw

A≤ymbw 16 thWmSv (1314-˛1729)

KS
˛ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv (1599) ˛ Iq\≥Ip-cn-ip-I-em]w (1653) ˛ `‡n-
am¿§-Øns‚ ]p\-cm-hn¿`mhw

234
O
hoc-D-Z-b-am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω ˛ Cchn Cc-hn-h¿Ω ˛ BZn-Xy-h¿Ω k¿∆mw-K-
\m-Y≥ ˛ tNc-D-Z-b-am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω ˛ chn chnh¿Ω ˛ `qX-e-hoc {iohoc
BO

-D-Z-b-am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω ˛ hnP-b-\-K-chpambp-≠mb bp≤w ˛ Xncp-a-e-\m-bn-

°s‚ B{I-aWw ˛ t£{X-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-am-bp≈ a’cw ˛ Da-b-Ω-dm-Wn-
bpsS XmXvIm-en-I-`-cWw ˛ chn-h¿Ω (1684 ˛ 1718) ˛ BZn-Xy-h¿Ω ˛ cma-h¿Ω

A≤ymbw 17 U®p-Im-cpsS A`yp-Z-bhpw ]X-\hpw 244

C

kmaq-Xn-cn-bp-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ BZy-Ime _‘w ˛ ]pd-°mSpw Imbw-Ip-f-hp-

ambn D≠m-bn-cp∂ _‘w ˛ U®p-Im¿ sIm√w ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p∂p (1658) ˛ U®p-
D

Im¿ sIm®n-]n-Sn-°p∂p (1663) ˛ U®p-Im¿ D≠m-°nb DS-º-Sn-Iƒ ˛ U®p-Im¿

sIm®n-tbmSp ssIs°m≠ \bw ˛ sh´w bp≤w ˛ U®p-Im¿ tN-‰phm ]nSn-®-S-
°p∂p ˛ U®p-Im¿ B`y-¥-c-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sp∂p ˛ U®p-Im-cpsS _p≤n-
ap-´p-Iƒ ˛ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ Db¿® ˛ kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS hnP-b-߃ ˛ ssakq-
dns‚ B{IWw ˛ U®v sIm®n-bpsS ]X\w ˛ U®p-]-cm-P-b-Øn-\p≈ Imc-W-
߃ ˛ U®p-Im-cpsS `c-W-coXn ˛ U®p-Im-cpsS aX-\bw ˛ U®p-Im-cpambp-
≠mb _‘-Øns‚ ^e-߃

A≤ymbw 18 ]Xn-\mdpw ]Xn-t\gpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse tIc-f-Øns‚

cmjv{So-b-L-S-\bpw kmaq-lnI-Po-hn-Xhpw 259
cmjv{So-b-L-S\ ˛ Ifcn ˛ A¶w ˛ s]mbvØv ˛ IpSn-∏I ˛ kXy-]-co£ ˛
Zmb{Iaw ˛ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w ˛ PmXn-Ifpw
kap-Zm-b-ßfpw ˛ kmaq-ln-I-amb A\m-Nm-c-߃ ˛ DØ-c-tI-c-f-Ønse am∏n-f-
am¿ ˛ kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ˛ kmº-ØnIPohnXw

13
 tIcfNcn{Xw

A≤ymbw 19 am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ωbpw [¿Ω-cm-Pmhpw 270

am¿ØmWvU-h¿Ω-bpsS \bw ˛ ]n≈-amsc ASn-®-a¿Øp∂p ˛ B‰n-ß-ens‚
eb\w ˛ sIm√-hp-am-bp-≠mb bp≤w ˛ Imbw-Ip-f-hp-am-bp-≠mb bp≤w ˛ Ff-
b-S-Øp-kz-cq-]-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb bp≤w ˛ Ipf-®¬bp≤w (1741) ˛ Imbw-Ipfw ]nSn-
®-S°
- p∂p ˛ Aº-e∏ - p-gbpw a‰pw Iog-S°
- p∂p ˛ hS-°≥{]-tZ-iß
- f
- nse {]t£m-
`Ww ˛ Aº-e-∏p-g-bp≤w ˛ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw sIm®nbpw XΩn-ep-≠mb kJyw
˛ Ingt° AXn¿Øn-bnse Akzm-ÿy-߃ ˛ `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-߃ ˛ Xr∏-Sn-
Zm\w ˛ kmwkvIm-cn-I-]p-tcm-KXn ˛ [¿Ω-cm-Pmhv ˛ sIm®nbpw tImgn-t°m-Sp-am-
bp≈ _‘w ˛ I¿Æm-´nIv \hm-_p-am-bp≈ _‘w ˛ ssakq-dp-am-bp≈ _‘w
˛ [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns‚ `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-߃ ˛ kmwkvIm-cn-Im-`n-hr≤n

A≤ymbw 20 sIm®n-bpsS Ncn{Xw (1500-˛1805) 286

t]m¿´p-Kokv Ime-L´- Ønse sIm®o-cm-Pm-°∑
- m¿ ˛ sIm®n-bn¬ U®p-Im-cpsS
Db¿® ˛ ]men-bØ- ®
- ≥ ˛ Nmgq¿I-elw ˛ Xncp-hn-XmwIqdpambn sNbvX kJyw
˛ ssa-kq¿ B{I-aWw ˛ i‡≥Xºp-cm≥ ˛ sIm®n-°p-≠mb ]ptcm-KXn

A≤ymbw 21 ssakq¿B{IaWw
KS
]me-°mSv ssII-S-Øp∂p ˛ sslZ¿ Ben-bpsS BZysØ B{I-aWw ˛ ae-
_m¿ Iem-]-߃ ˛ sslZ-dpsS c≠m-asØ tIc-fm-{I-aWw ˛ {_n´o-jp-Imcpw
292
O
{^©p-Im-cp-ambn sslZ¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ _‘w ˛ Sn∏p-hns‚ BZy-Im-e-hn-P-
b-߃ ˛ Sn∏p-hns‚ tImgn-t°m-Sm-{I-aWw ˛ Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ IÆq-cn¬ ˛ Sn∏p-
hns‚ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿B{I-aWw ˛ ssakq¿ A[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ A¥yw ˛
BO

ssakq¿ B{I-a-W-Øns‚ ^e-߃

A≤ymbw 22 {_n´o-jvi-‡n-bpsS hf¿® 303

tIc-fh - p-am-bp≈ Cw•o-jp-Im-cpsS BZy-Im-e_
- ‘
- ß
- ƒ ˛ Cw•o-jp-Im¿ A©p-
C

sX-ßn¬ ˛ B‰n-߬ Iem]w (1721) ˛ Cw•o-jp-Imcpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw XΩn¬

sNbvX DS-ºSn (1723) ˛ Xe-t»-cn-bnse Cw•ojv ^mIvSdn ˛ Cw•ojpImcpw
D

{^©pImcpw XΩn¬ kwL´\w ˛ [¿Ω]´Ww ssIhis∏SpØp∂p ˛ Cw•ojv

{^©v kwL´\w (1739˛1749) ˛ Xet»cnbnse D]tcm[w ˛ aøgnbpsS ]X\w
˛ ssakq¿ B{IaWhpw {_n´ojvi‡nbpsS hf¿®bpw ˛ ae_mdnse
cmjv{Sobhyhÿm]\w ˛ sIm®n—Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F∂o cmPy-ßf - p-am-bp≈
DS-ºS- n-Iƒ

A≤ymbw 23 {_n´o-jm-[n-]-XysØ sh√p-hn-fn-°p∂p 312

]Sn™mtd tImhneIsØ cmPm°∑mcpsS Iem]w ˛ H∂masØ ]g»n-
hnπhw (1793˛1797) ˛ c≠masØ ]g»nhnπhw (1800˛1805) ˛ ]g»ncmPmhns‚
Pohm¿∏Ww ˛ thepغnbpw ]menbØ®\pw \SØnb kacw ˛ sIm®n
B{Ian°s∏Sp∂p ˛ Ip≠d hnfw_cw ˛ thepغnbpsS Bfl_en -˛
Ipdn-®n-b-cpsS elf (1812)

A≤ymbw 24 Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse {]_p-≤-amb `cWw 322

P\Iob{]t£m`Whpw a{¥namcpsS \njvImk\hpw ˛ thepغnbpsS
14
 `cW]cnjvImc߃ ˛ DΩnWnغn ˛ dmWn Kucn e£vao_mbn ˛ Kucn
]m¿∆Xo_mbn ˛ kzmXnXncp\mƒ ˛ D{XwXncp\mƒ am¿ØmWvUh¿Ω ˛
BbneywXncp\mƒ ˛ hnimJw Xncp\mƒ ˛ {ioaqew Xncp\mƒ ˛ tkXp-
e£vao_mbnbpsS doP‚ v`cWw ˛ {ioNnØncXncp\mƒ _mecmah¿Ω

A≤ymbw 25 sIm®n-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn 333

tIW¬ a¨tdm ˛ \©∏ø ˛ sh¶Skp∫ø ˛ i¶chmcnb¿ ˛ Znhm≥ i¶pÆn-
tat\m≥ ˛ tKmhnµtat\m≥ ˛ a‰p Znhm∑m¿ ˛ B¿. sI. j◊pJwsN´n ˛
sIm®ocmPm°∑mcpsS Imem\p{IaWnI

A≤ymbw 26 {_n´ojv ae-_m¿ 340

\oXn\ymbkwhn[m\w ˛ KXmKXhnIk\w ˛ kmºØnIm`nhr≤n ˛
hnZym`ymk {]h¿Ø\߃ ˛ {]mtZinIkzbw`cWw ˛ am∏nfIem]߃ ˛
tZiob{]ÿm\Øns‚ Bcw`w ˛ tlmw dqƒ {]ÿm\w ˛ \n lIcW-
{]ÿm\w ˛ 1921˛se ae_m¿elf ˛ cmjv{Sob]{X{]h¿Ø\Øns‚ XpS°w

KS
˛ ]ø∂q¿ktΩf\w ˛ D∏pkXym{Klw ˛ \nbaewL\{]ÿm\w (1932) ˛
tIm¨{K nse `n∂n∏v ˛ ap…nweoKns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ IΩyqWnÃp]m¿´nbpsS
DZbw ˛ Izn‰v C¥ym kacw ˛ kzmX{¥y{]m]vXn°ptijw
O
A≤ymbw 27 Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw sIm®n-bn-sebpw cmjv{So-b-{]-
ÿm-\-߃ 350
BO

XncphnXmwIqdnse BZyImekac߃ ˛ aebmfnsatΩmdnbepw

CughsatΩmdnbepIfpw ˛ kztZim`nam\n cmaIrjvW]n≈ ˛ `oIc
hnπh{]ÿm\߃ ˛ sNºIcma≥]n≈ ˛ ]uckaXzhmZ{]t£m`Ww ˛
tIm¨{K ns‚ BZyIme{]h¿Ø\߃ ˛ \nh¿Ø\{]t£m`Ww ˛
XncphnXmwIq¿ tÉv tIm¨{K pw DØchmZ`cW{]t£m`Whpw ˛
C

]p∂{]˛hbem¿ kw`hw ˛ XncphnXmwIqdn¬ DØchmZ`cWw ˛ sIm®nbnse

BZyIme cmjv { Sob{]t£m`W߃ ˛ BZyImesØ tIm¨{K v
D

{]h¿Ø\߃ ˛ CeIv{Snkn‰n kacw ˛ DØchmZ`cWw Bhiys∏Sp∂p ˛

sIm®nbnse Zzn`cWw ˛ sIm®ocmPy {]PmaWvUeØns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ˛
{]PmaWvUew A[nImcØn¬

A≤ymbw 28 Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-˛-sIm-®nbpw tIc-fhpw 363

sFIytIcf{]ÿm\w ˛ XncphnXmwIq¿˛sIm®nkwtbmP\w ˛ a{¥nk`IfpsS
DZbmkvXab߃ ˛ tIcfkwÿm\Øns‚ ]ndhn ˛ tIcfØns‚ `cW-Xe-
Ønep≠mb kw`hhnImk߃

A≤ymbw 29 Hcp ]pXnb kap-Zmbw cq]wsIm≈p∂p 370

]Xns\´pw ]sØmºXpw \q‰m≠pIfnse tIcfobkapZmbw ˛ `cW-
XeØnepw kaqlXeØnepw BZyImeØp≠mb am‰ßƒ ˛ Nm∂m¿elf
˛ ]m›mXyhnZym`ymkhpw {InkvXy≥ anj\dnamcpsS {]h¿Ø\ßfpw ˛
aX]chpw kmaqlnIhpamb ]cnjvIcW{]ÿm\߃ ˛ N´ºnkzmanIƒ ˛

15
 tIcfNcn{Xw

{io\mcmbWKpcp ˛ {_“m\µinhtbmKn ˛ hmKv`Sm\µ≥ (1885˛1939) sshIp-

WvT-kzman ˛ kmapZmbnIkwLS\IfpsS Bhn¿`mhw ˛ AbntØm®mS\-
{]ÿm\w ˛ ssh°w kXym{Klw ˛ Kpcphmbq¿ kXym{Klw ˛
t£{X{]thi\w ˛ Aø≥Imfn ˛ ]menbw kXym{Klw ˛ h°w
A_vZp¬JmZn¿ auehn ˛ Zmb{IaØn¬ h∂ ]cnjvImcw ˛ `q\nba-
]cnjvImc߃ ˛ kmaqlnIt£a]≤XnIƒ -˛ Bkq{XnXhnIk\w ˛
kmºØnIhpw {]hrØn]chpamb ]pXnb h¿§ßfpsS Bhn¿`mhw

A≤ymbw 30 kmln-Xyhpw Ie-Ifpw 394

aebmf`mjbpsS DZv`hw ˛ aWn{]hmfw ˛ Nºp°fpw ktµiImhyßfpw ˛
\ncWwIhnIƒ ˛ IrjvWKmY ˛ a≤yImeNºp°ƒ ˛ `‡nImhy߃ ˛
B´°YIƒ ˛ Ip©≥\ºymcpw cma]pcØphmcycpw ˛ BZyImesØ
anj\dnamcpsS kmlnXy{]h¿Ø\߃ ˛ 19˛mw \q‰m≠nse aebmf-
kmlnXyw ˛ B[p\nIaebmfIhnX ˛ t\mhepw sNdpIYbpw ˛ \mSIw ˛
kmlnXy\ncq]Ww ˛ PohNcn{Xhpw bm{XmhnhcWhpw ˛ hymIcWw,

KS
\nL≠p, `mjmimkv{Xw apXembh ˛ Ncn{X{KŸßƒ ˛ kwkvIr-X-km-ln-
Xy-Øn\v tIc-f-Øns‚ kw`m-h\ ˛ Bbp¿t∆Zw ˛ kwKoXw ˛ Nn{XIe ˛
hmkvXpinev]hpw {]Xnaminev]hpw ˛ aX]camb IeIƒ ˛ ImbnIIeIƒ
O
BO
C
D

16
 A≤ymbw H∂v
`qan-im-kv{X-]-›m-Øew

cfw ]≠p-]t≠ C¥y-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-Wv. C¥y-bpsS

tI kmam-\y-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ Hcp `mK-amWv tIc-f-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xw.
tIc-f-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-am-I-s´, \m\m-`m-h-hn-im-e-amb `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-
csØ kº-∂-am-°n-t∏m∂ apJy-[m-c-I-fn¬ H∂pw. AtX-k-abw `qan-
im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw cmjv{So-b-ambpw kzX-{¥-amb Hc-kvXnXzw AXn-{]m-
No-\-Im-ew-ap-Xte tIcfw ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-∂n-´p-≠v. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb
{]tXyI ÿnXnbpw {]Ir-Xn-e-_v[-amb khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw tIc-f-Øn\p
kphy-‡-amb Hcp hy‡nXzw \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ing°v ]›n-a-L-´-
KS
߃°pw ]Sn-™mdv Ad-_n-°-S-en\pw CS-bn-em-bn, C¥y-bpsS sXt°
A‰-Øv, sX°p-h-S°p \of-Øn¬ InS-°p∂ `q`m-K-am-Wt√m tIc-fw.
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Cu \ne C¥y-bpsS CX-c-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂p cmjv{So-
O
b-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw Ipd-s™m-s∂m-gn™p Ign-bm\pw hntZ-
i-cm-Py-ß-fp-ambn hn]p-ehpw kPo-h-hp-amb _‘-߃ ]pe¿Øm\pw
BO

tIc-fsØ klm-bn-®n-´p-s≠∂ hkvXpX Hcp IS-¶-Y-t]mse tXm∂pw.

Ncn-{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-S-tØmfw tIc-f-Øns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-sØ-°p-
dn-®p≈ Hcp ]T\w Cu {]I-c-W-Øn¬ {]tXyIw {]m[m\yw A¿ln-
°p-∂p.
C

`qhn-`m-K-߃
tIcfw 80 18'', 120 48'' F∂o DØ-cmw-£mw-i-߃°n-S-bn¬, 740 52'', 770
D

24'' F∂o ]q¿∆-tc-Jmw-i-߃°p-≈n¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. 15,000 NXp-c-

{i-ssa¬(38,855 NXp-c-{i-In-tem-ao-‰¿) BWv BsI hnkvXo¿Æw. kap-
{Z-Xocw 360 ssatemfw \o≠p-In-S-°p-∂p. ae-\m-Sv, CS-\m-Sv, ka-Xew
F∂n-ßs\ `qansb ÿqe-ZrjvSym aq∂p hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xncn-°mw*.
Ingt° AXn¿Øn-bn¬ InS-°p∂ kly-]¿∆-X-\n-c-bmWv ae-\m-Sv. ]¿∆-
X-Øns‚ D∂-X-X-e-߃ CS-Xq¿∂ h\-ß-fm¬ Bhr-X-am-Wv. ae-s©-
cn-hp-I-fnse h\-`q-an-I-fn¬ CS-bv°nsS tXm´-߃ ImWmw. ]Sn-™mdv
IS¬Øo-c-tØmSp tN¿∂p-In-S-°p∂ {]tZiw ka-X-e-am-Wv. aW¬ \nd-
™-XmWv Cu `mKsØ aÆv. ChnsS kar-≤n-bmbn hf-cp∂ sXßp-
Iƒ `qan-sb Hcn-°epw ambmØ lcn-X-`w-Kn-b-Wn-bn-°p-∂p. ka-X-e-{]-
tZ-iØv hn]p-e-amb s\¬°r-jn-bp-ap-≠v. ae-\m-Sn\pw ka-X-e-Øn\pw
* Ipdn-™n(-a-e-hm-cw), ap√(-Im-´p-]p-dw), ]me(-X-cn-im-bn-°n-S-°p∂ I¬{]-tZ-iw), acp-Xw (Im¿jn-
I-{]-tZ-iw), s\bvX¬(-k-ap-{Z-Xo-cw) F∂n-ßs\ {]mNo-\-tI-c-fo-b¿ `qan-sb, aÆns‚ tNcp-h-bp-
sSbpw {]Ir-Xn-ta-J-e-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hn`-Pn-®n-´p-≠v.

17
 tIcfNcn{Xw

CS-bv°mWv CS-\m-Sv. aÆn¬ sN¶-√ns‚ Ie¿∏p≈ Cu taJ-e-bn¬

H‰-s∏´ Ip∂p-Iƒ Xmgvhc-Isf Ahn-S-hnsS XS-™p-\n¿Øp-Ibpw ka-
`q-an-Iƒ h\m-—m-Zn-X-amb Kncn-]m¿iz-ß-fn¬ Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p. s\√v, ac-®o-\n, kpK-‘-{Z-hy-߃, Iip-h≠n XpS-ßnb Im¿jn-
tIm-¬]-∂-ß-fm¬ kar-≤-amWv Cu `mKw. Db¿∂ ae-ºp-d-ß-fn¬ hnim-
e-amb tXbn-e-tØm-´-ßfpw Ge-tØm-´-ßfpw D≠v; ae-bn-d-°-ß-fn¬
Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, d∫¿, C©n, a™ƒ F∂nh Xg-®p-h-f-cp-∂p.

`q-an-im-kv{X-]-c-amb \ne
Ad-_n-°-S-en\pw kly-]¿∆-X-Øn\pw CS-bn¬ CSp-ßn-°n-S-°p∂ tIc-
f-Øns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb \ne AXns‚ Ncn-{X-K-Xnsb kmc-ambn
kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. DØ-tc-¥ysb {]I-º\wsIm≈n-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp∂
cmjv{So-b-t£m-`-ß-fn¬\n∂p kpc-£n-X-ambn Hgn-™p-\n-ev°m≥ klm-
b-I-amb Hcp ]rY-Iv`mhw Ncn-{Xm-cw-`-Im-ew-ap-Xevt° tIc-f-Øn-\p-≠v.
C¥y-bpsS hS-°≥`mK-ß-fn-ep-≠mb hntZ-io-bm-{I-a-W-ß-fpsS sISp-
Xn-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn\v A[n-I-sam∂pw A\p-`-h-s∏-´n-´n-√. Bcy-_u-≤-ssP-
KS
\-∑m¿ hS-°p-\n∂v C¥ybpsS a‰p `mK-ß-fn¬ IS∂p hf-sc-°mew
Ign-™nt´ tIc-f-Øn¬ FØn-bp-≈p. shfn-bn¬\n-∂p≈ hºn® ssII-
S-Ø-ep-I-fm¬ On∂-`n-∂-am-ImsX {]tXy-I-amb Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw kmaq-
O
lnI-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øm≥ tIc-f-Øn\p Ign-™p. acp-a-°-
Øm-bw, _lp-`¿ØrXzw apX-emb khn-ti-j-km-aq-lnIm-Nm-c-ß-fpsS
BO

hnIm-k-Øn\pw Cu {]tXy-IX klm-b-I-am-bn. Fhn-sSbpw a°-Øm-

bn-I-fm-Wt√m {_m“-Wcpw ap…n-ß-fpw. F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ Ah-cp-
sS-bn-S-bn¬t∏mepw acp-a-°-Ømbw ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-hsc ImWmw. ]ø-∂q¿
{Kma-Ønse \ºq-Xn-cn-amcpw hSt° ae-_m-dnse am∏n-f-amcpw CXn-\p-Zm-
l-c-W-am-Wv. ]e Awi-ß-fnepw C¥y-bpsS CX-c-tZ-i-ß-fn-te-Xn¬\n∂p
C

hyXy-kvX-ambn Ie-I-fp-sSbpw hmkvXp-in-ev]-Øn-s‚bpw hy‡n-Xz-`m-

kp-c-amb kz¥w ssien cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ tIc-f-Øn\p km[n-
D

®p. IY-I-fn, NmIym¿Iq-Øv, Hm´≥Xp-≈¬, tamln-\n-bm´w XpS-ßnb

Iem-cq-]-߃ tIc-f-Øns‚ kzX-{¥m-¥-co-£-Øn¬ hnI-kn-®p-h-∂-h-
bm-Wv.
kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-k-º¿°-sØbpw Ab¬]-°-ß-fn¬\n-
∂p≈ B{I-a-W-ß-sfbpw \nt»jw Hgn-hm-°n-s°m-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ tIc-
f-Øns‚ H‰-s∏-´p≈ Cu \ne. AssZz-X-a-X-ÿm-]-I-\mb i¶-cm-Nm-
cy¿ (788-˛820) B hnZq-c-`q-X-Im-e-Øn¬, AXm-bXv F.-Un. 9˛mw iX-I-
Øn¬ thZm-¥-{]-N-c-Wm¿∞w \S-Ønb ssP{X-bm-{Xbv°v taev]-d™
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]Xn-_-‘-߃ _m[-I-am-bn-cp-∂n-√-t√m. AXn-]p-
cm-X-\-Im-ew-ap-Xevt° ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n\p `‡-P-\-߃ `q{]-Ir-Xn-
bp-tS-Xmb sshj-ay-ßsf hI-h-bv°msXXs∂ kly-]¿∆-X-Øn\v
Ccp-]m¿iz-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ hn{ipX Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-{µ-߃ kµ¿in-®p-t]m-
cp-∂p. Ab¬]-°-Øp≈ Xan-gv\m-´nepw I¿Æm-S-I-{]-tZ-iØpw B[n-
]Xyw t\Snb hnhn[ i‡n-If - psS B{I-aW
- ]
- c
- n-]m-Sn-bn¬ F√m-bvt]mgpw

18