Cesar Manuel Romero Lopez

ID:00000213251

Homogeneous Reactors
Competency III, Assignment 3, Concepts

Investigate the following:

CONCEPTS AND EXAMPLES:

Reaction Order (definition and examples of real reactions of different orders).
The exponents of the concentrations in Equation lead to the concept of reaction order, the
order of a reaction refers to the powers to which the concentrations are raised in the kinetic
rate law

Zero order reaction: Zero-order reaction is a chemical reaction wherein the rate does not
vary with the increase or decrease in the concentration of the reactants.
Example:
The Haber process is a well-known process used to manufacture ammonia from hydrogen
and nitrogen gas. The reverse of this is known, simply, as the reverse Haber process, and it
is given by:

First order reaction: First-order reaction is a chemical reaction in which the rate varies based
on the changes in the concentration of only one of the reactants.
Example:
First-order reactions are very common. We have already encountered two examples of first-
order reactions: the hydrolysis of aspirin and the reaction of t-butyl bromide with water to
give t-butanol. Another reaction that exhibits apparent first-order kinetics is the hydrolysis of
the anticancer drug cisplatin

Second order reaction: Is a type of chemical reaction that depends on the concentrations of
one-second order reactant or two first-order reactants. This reaction proceeds at a rate
proportional to the square of the concentration of one reactant, or the product of the
concentrations of two reactants.
Example:
two examples are the decomposition of NO2 to NO and O2 and the decomposition of HI to I2
and H2
Cesar Manuel Romero Lopez
ID:00000213251
Overall order (definition and examples)
The overall reaction order is simply the sum of orders for each reactant. For the example rate
law here, the reaction is third order overall (1 + 2 = 3).

Referring to the generic rate law above, the reaction is m order with respect to A and n order
with respect to B. For example, if m = 1 and n = 2, the reaction is first order in A and second
order in B.

Apparent Reaction Order (definition and real example)

The apparent rate constants are such constants of the composite reaction which are
observed when this reaction is described by the equation of simple reaction. The apparent
constants may be functions of several true rate constants and/or concentrations of reacting
substances.

The reaction rate constant k is not truly a constant: i t is merely independent of the
concentrations of the species involved En the reaction. The quantity k is referred to as either
the specific reaction rate or the rate constant

Equation for calculating units of the reaction rate constant (k) and examples
The units of the specific reaction rate constant are

Examples:
Cesar Manuel Romero Lopez
ID:00000213251
Molecularity of a reaction (definition and example)
The molecularity of an elementary reaction is defined as the number of reactant molecules
taking part in the reaction
For example, consider the reaction:
𝑯𝟐 + 𝑰𝟐 → 𝟐𝑯𝑰
For a complex reaction the order and molecularity is the same and the order with respect to
each reactant is equal to its stoichiometric coefficient in the chemical reactions. In this
reaction, the molecularity is two.

Elementary Rate law (definition and real examples)

An elementary reaction is one that evolves a single step such as the bimoIecuIar reaction
between oxygen and metanol

Non-elementary Rate law (definition and real examples)

This type of reaction does not follow simple rate laws.
Homogeneous Reactions The overall order of a reaction does not have to be an integer, nor
does the order have to be an integer with respect to any individual component. As an
example. consider the gas-phase synthesis of phosgene:

in which the kinetic rate Iaw is:

This reaction is first order with respect to carbon monoxide, three-halves order with respect
to chlorine. and five-halves order overall.

Multiple reactions: in series, in parallel, complex and independent (definition and real
examples)

Multiple reactions are of two primary types: parallel reactions and series reactions. Multiple
Reactions. Parallel or competing reactions When a reactant gives two product (desired, and
undesired) simultaneously with different rate constant then this is called a parallel reaction

Examples:
1. Parallel Reactions

2. Series Reactions
Cesar Manuel Romero Lopez
ID:00000213251
3. Complex Reactions: Series and Parallel aspects combined

4. Independent Reactions

Bibliography :
• Fogler, H.S, Elements of chemical reactions engineering, 4th. Ed.
• Levenspiel, O., Chemical Reactions Engineering, 3rd. Ed.
• Another reliable source of internet
• https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Che
mistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.05%3A_First-
Order_Reactions#:~:text=First%2Dorder%20reactions%20are%20very,of%20the%20
anticancer%20drug%20cisplatin.
• https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/12-3-rate-
laws#:~:text=The%20overall%20reaction%20order%20is,1%20%2B%202%20%3D%
203).
• http://websites.umich.edu/~elements/5e/08chap/summary.html

COMA2022