Creativity and innovation:

business, the terms creativity and innovation are used almost interchangeably, but from
a concentua voint of view there is a ditterence between these two terms. Brief v.
creativity results in the production of novel and useful ideas (Amabile. 1996) in any
domain, and innovation involves the successtul implementation of creative ideas (Rosing
et al…. 2011), and the commercialization of these ideas within the market place. Therefore.
an innovation process could be
considered as a combination of two main activities
creativity and implementation. Creativity Is the generation of novel and usetul ideas anc
implementation is their conversion into new products and processes. This sequence seems
Josicaandfairv evident: however. even
a briet look at the innovation ettorts
organizations reveals that they lace many challenges and obstacles in maintaining a
smooth and balanced innovation processes (Sarooghi et al., 2015)
this section the definition of creativity and innovation and the difference between them
will be clarified. Moreover, product and process innovation and their scales
(radical/
incremental) will be defined and discussed, as this will form the basis for the subsequent
analysis in the paper. The purpose of this section is show these concepts are defined and
the link between these concepts in the literature.
The definitions of creativity and innovation must be clearly established before
proceeding. There are numerous definitions of “creativity” and “innovation” in
the
literature. Several public articles use these terms interchangeably and this can mislead the
literature reviewer (McAdam & McClelland, 2002). Creativity and innovation are often
perceived to be so closely linked that these terms are often used interchangeably (Ford,
1996; Knudsen & Cokpekin, 2011). In following we try explain the definition of
creativity and innovation. However, the link between creativity and innovation may not
be as positive and strong. Indeed, a number of researchers have found that creativity and
innovation may be only loosely coupled. According to these researches, the production
creative ideas always not leads to their conversion from ideation into actual innovations
(e.g., Baer, 2012) Creativity and implementation are two distinguishable activities of
the innovation process with potentially different antecedents (e.g., Axtell et al., 2000, Baer,
2012). This growing body of work has not always stated this distinction clearly. Indeed,
both earlier research and more recent efforts have treated creativity and implementation as
indicative of the same

Green innovation examing the realationship

between creativity and innovation
With the growth of industrial evolution, the side ettects or industrial activities on environment have de velop
Internationa issue (Haseeb. Kot. Hussain
& Jermsittiparsert, 2019; Jermsittiparsert & Chankoson,
2019; Kasayanond, Umam, & Jermsittiparsert, 2019; Somjai & Jermsittiparsert, 2019). In the agenda of
corporate management, the idea of protecting the environmental management has gained a lot of
consideration for the elimination of environmental pressure
These days companies are attentive towards the development of green production and products as green
management can earn high profits, because generally the green products are acceptable. The of green
product development performance (GPDP) ca be defined as developing the new concept about green
practices or
green processes, green products (G)and services which new, original and beneficial
(Mathiyazhagan, Sengupta, & Mathivathanan, 2019). In simple words for the successful planning of
developing GP it's important to incorporate mindset of management with the development activities of Gr
According to the Weng eta. (2015) that investments In green product process and innovations are beneticial
in tuture
for the business. So, companies must know about the importance of green innovation (Gl) and also
recognize that areen products will be common in international market and development of green products
will be leading in future (Weng, Chen, & Chen, 2015). Additionally, the green products have more attention
because the people are well aware with environmental issue. The developing the new products and services
that are environment frenov are Important for ousiness success, are meeuna the customers demand
regarding environment protection. Though according to the literature many studies have discussed about the
development of green product whereas substantial gaps still exist regarding effects of reactive and proactive
green innovations on the performance development of green product (Kawai, Strange, & Zucchella, 2018).
we have tried to bridge that gap by suggesting
a research framework with hen of for innovative
pertormance development of Gl, green creativity, reactive Gl and proactive green innovation.
Subsequently development of green products is most important for the firms at this time of environmentalism.

Measurements or the Constructs and Definitions

Reactive green innovation

The innovation related with passive environment with the purpose or tollowing the environmental laws by
adoptina the requests of stake holders or requirement or interested parties for atemative environment or av
dealing the neqative correlation of environmental innovation and challenges of competitors is known as the
reactive green innovation. For the measurement of reactive green innovation, we have developed the four-
item measure
(1) To compete with the rivals for the innovations related to environment your organization will
be passive.
(2) Your organization ever forced for responding the changed situations.
(3) For the fulfilment of
parties demands vour organization have asked ever for the creation of new solutions.
(4) To obev the
environmental requlations vour organization have ever adopted the environment linked innovations dassivelv.
Green creativit
According to the Albort-Morant, Leal-Millán, and Cepeda-Carrión (2016) developing the new ideas regarding
the green processes, green services, green products or the practices which are usetul, innovative, novel and
unique are known as green creativity (Weng et al., 2015). Ih green creativity can easily measure with the
help of six Items.
(1) The project members tind out new Ideas tor the enhancement of environmental
performance.
(2) Real solutions for the environmental problems discovered by the project members.
(3) For
the implementation of new green ideas proper plans are created by the members of green project.
(4) The
project members support the new green ideas in front of others. (5) Rechecking of green ideas by the project
members.
(6) New ways for realizing the purpose of environmental protection by the members of the project.
Green product development performance
For the measurement of performance of green product development Albort-Morant et al. (2016) have
developed a five-item measure:
(1) The aims of GP D can be achieved by the project.
(2) a compare to the
competitors the project in the development ot qreen products more creative.
(3) over the time the continuous
improvements in the process of development by the project. (4) outstanding green products are discover

Green innovation and GHG emissions

Introduction
Environmental pollution and climate change have gained more and more attention
as one of the most concerning issues in the world in the 21st century. There are still
many uncertainties in the current forecast of climate change. However, a large amount of
literature Review
refers to new products and new processes that can provide
value to consumers and
enterprises while greatly reducing their environmental
impact. Faced with the greenhouse
erect that needs to be dealt with urgently, some scholars
gradually have begun to address
environmental factors in the research of enterprise
technological innovation 18,19. This 15
now the efficiencv Or green innovation evolves trom the
efficiency or traditional techno
logical innovation. Without green technological innovation
and progress, there can be nC
real sustainable development, and the green growth of the
economy cannot be achieved
without technological innovation. Green innovation is the
key to green development. The
concept of ecological innovation was first introduced in the
book Driving Eco-innovation
A Breakthrough Discipline for Innovation and
Sustainability. Since then,
"eco-innovation
has also been referred to as environmental innovation, green
innovation, or Sustainabie
innovation (Fussler and James, Iyy6) I/. Specifically, green
innovation reters to produci
innovation and technological innovation that aim to protect
the environment and reduce
the negative impact of economic activities on the
environment (Blättel-Mink, 1998; Mirata
and Emtairah, 2005) 20,21 . Studies have proved that
stricter environmental regulations
will promote high-quality economic development (Chen et
al. 2020) 22. This is because
environmental regulations Incentivize companies to carrv
out green innovations, ana
increased technological innovations allow companies to
eliminate outdated production
capacity and upgrade production efficiency while also
reducing carbon emission intensity
(Apergis et al. 2013) [23].
In terms of the measurement method of green innovation
ethiciency, the measurement
of green innovation efficiency is usually based on two
technical innovation measurement
methods: parametric Stochastic frontier production unction
and non-parametric data
envelopment analysis.
Among them, the DEA method can realize the measurement
innovation ethiciencv with multiple inout and multiple
outout variables. Although the
SHA method can avoid the random error problem that the
DEA method cannot solve, it is
necessary to set a suitable frontier production unction form
in advance when applying
it 24-26 . The DEA method does not require setting a
specitic tunction torm and is a
non-parametric estimation method. Therefore, it can
circumvent multiple limitations of
parameter methods and has unique advantages in measuring
the performance and relative
efficiency or decision-making units (DMU) with multiple
inputs and multiple outputs, such
as the DEA-CCR (Data Envelopment AnalyS1S-A
. Charnes & W. W. Cooper & E. Rhodes
model proposed bv Charnes et al. (1978) 1271 and the
DEA-BCC model proposed bv Banker
(1986) [28].
Compared with pollutants such as SO2 (sulfur dioxide) and
NO2 (nitrogen dioxide),
the impact of excessive CO) (carbon dioxide) emissions is
global and will cause a rise in
global temperatures (Azomahou, Laisney, and Nguyen Van,
2006) [29]. Currently, scholars
are doing more and more research on carbon emission
reduction in urban agglomerations
focusing on the following aspects.
First, the decomposition of carbon emission drivers and the
relationship between
economic development and carbon emission reducton. Kava
(lyyudecomposes the
driving factors by expressing carbon emissions as factor
multiplication according to differ-
ent weights. This method is also called the Kaya identity
decomposition method. Many
scholars have extended other methods tor carbon emission
decomposition based on Kaya's
constant equation, such as the Laspeyres index method 31),
simple average decomposition
method (Boyd, Hanson, and Sterner, 1988) [32], adaptive
weight decomposition method
(Ang, Zhang, and Choi, 1998) [33], etc. Carbon emissions
are closely related to economic
activities. Some scholars have theoretically analyzed the
impact of regional integration
the marginal cost of carbon reduction and found that China's
increased regional integration
would reduce the marginal cost of carbon emissions in
China (He et al. 2018) 34 .
Second, the impact of technological innovation on carbon
emission intensitv. Bein
hocker's (Beinhocker et al. 2008) [35] research estimates
that in the next 40 years, the global
carbon producuvity will increase DV IU times to meet the
carbon emission reduction targets
set by the IPCC. However, the only way to simultaneously
achieve the goal of reducing the
cost of carbon emissions reduction and maintaining
economic growth 1s to increase carbon
productivity. Carbon emission intensity is closely related to
technological innovation. In the
context of China, there is a spatial spillover effect of low-
carbon technological innovation
on carbon emission reduction, and the effect of emission
reduction in ditterent regions
also shows regional heterogeneity (Lu Na et al. 2019) 36,37.
The impact of technology
on carbon emissions varies depending on the subject of
study. letsuya and Shunsuke 38
studied the erects Or national technologv in dirterent
income ranges on carbon emissions
Hypothesis 1 (H1). Green innovation efficiency is the
determinant of the non-linear relationship
between carbon emission intensity and the level of green
innovation technology.
Considering the high-carbonization characteristics of
China's economy and energy
system, the green innovation drive iS one or the important
ways to achieve the goal of
carbon neutrality, and it is also one of China's main
measures to actively adapt to climate
change [45].
When the pollution intensity of a region in a given year 1S
high and the
investment in technological innovation is low, it will cause
a
"pollution effect".
At this
time, the ethciency of green innovation in the region IS low,
and the industrial structure 15
unreasonable. Resource-intensive industries represented by
industry generate a large num
ber Of carbon emissions. In the meantime, the cost of
carbon emissions IS high. However
the Chinese government has stepped up its efforts to address
climate issues in recent years
and industries With high carbon emissions are the first to
bear the brunt. Environmental
regulations are becoming more stringent, and local
governments and companies can only
invest a lot of money In carbon emission reduction
technologies. The improvement ol
green innovation etticiency comes at the cost of
compressing other inputs. At this time, the
increase in green innovation efficiencv mav lead to an
increase in carbon emission intensitv.
Only when green innovation technologies torm spatial
agglomeration, scaleup, and have a
mature production svstem, technological reforms Will
reduce the cost of carbon emission
reduction, and the intensity of regional carbon emissions
Will drop signiticantly. Green
technological advancement is a tundamental measure to
achieve carbon emission reduction.
However, ditterent levels of green innovation, independent
technological innovation and
technology introduction, and ditterent levels of green
technologv in different countries and
regions have ditterent ettects on carbon emission reduction
46-48 . Specitically
there mat
be a threshold effect between the efficiencv of green
innovation and carbon emissions in
the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao GBA. As the etticiency
of green innovation changes
there mav be more than one threshold. In different threshold
intervals, the impact of
green innovation etticiency on carbon emissions is also
different. In summarv, this article
proposes
Hypothesis 2 and
Hypothesis 3.
Hypothesis 2 (H2). When the level of green innovation in
cities is low, the government needs
to invest a lot or Monu in cron emission reducon tec.es. Ths
inste th
space for factors flow. Therefore, the increase in the
efficiency of green innovation will increase the
intensity or carbon emissions
Hypothesis 3 (H3). When the level of green innovation in a
city reaches a certain level, regionai
green innovation forms a spatial spillover to carbon
emission reduction. At this time, an increase in
the efficiency of green innovation will inhibit the growth of
carbon emission intensity in cities.
Green innovation and environmental
performance
Extant literature oN Organizational sustainability and sustainable
uses of resources focused on large than small and medium size
firms
Chassin
2011) whereas small and
meaium-slea
enterprises
(SMES) that together produce large portion of the environmental
im-
acts from commercial activities remain under researched in the aca
demic
Iterature (boiral et al., 2019; lang and lang, 2012).
However.
increased pressure from stakeholders to implement environmental
management initiatives (Yu et al…. 2017: Yu and Ramanathan.
ZUL:
ang, 2013) has become rule of business for firms across
industry and geography to engage in green process and product de-
velopment. It calls upon firm to rely on intangible resources to
address
the intricacy of environmental sustainability issues and respond in a
manner to handle varied stakeholder Dressures Singh and E
kassar, o1y
uly) Previous stales suggest mat en-
ployees across unction and levels in organization exert significant

influence on environmental performance (Del Giudice and Della

Peruta. 2016: Dubev et al…. 2015: Lewis et al. 2014) but the kev role
of
the top management Decomes critical as S/he has large latitude to
make
influence
the firm environmental performance (Singh and El
Chambrick and llev4.
Environmental management systems in organization depends upon
developing and sustaining their internal competences and
capabilities
Russo you Yin and
Schmeldier
you and
wherein SMES have been found as major defaulters due to shorttalls
of
emplovees' abilities and motivation combined with required organiza
tonal capabilitieS to address complex challenges of environmental
sustainability (Boiral et al., 2014). We posit that leadership and HRM
(Leroy et al, 2018) are INvolved In developing IrmS Internal compe-
tences and capabilities that are essential for people management In
SMEs but from different DersDectives (Lerov et al. 2018). At the
same
2015), employee's voice (Elsetouhi et al., 2018) alongwith employees
influence on environmental performance (Del Giudice and Della
Peruta. 2016: Dubev et al…. 2015: Lewis et al. 2014) but the kev role
of
the top management Decomes critical as S/he has large latitude to
make
influence
the firm environmental performance (Singh and El
Chambrick and llev4.
Environmental management systems in organization depends upon
developing and sustaining their internal competences and
capabilities
Russo you Yin and
Schmeldier
you and
wherein SMES have been found as major defaulters due to shorttalls
of
emplovees' abilities and motivation combined with required organiza
tonal capabilitieS to address complex challenges of environmental
sustainability (Boiral et al., 2014). We posit that leadership and HRM
(Leroy et al, 2018) are INvolved In developing IrmS Internal compe-
tences and capabilities that are essential for people management In
SMEs but from different DersDectives (Lerov et al. 2018). At the
same
2015), employee's voice (Elsetouhi et al., 2018) alongwith employees
study has limitations and we present them alongwith direction for
future research. First, we conducted this study in the manufacturing
sector SMEs in the UAE and it limits the generalization of our study
to the non-manufacturing sector SMEs. Therefore, we suggest that
future research should extend our conceptual research framework to
the non- manufacturing sector SMEs in the UAE. Second, this study
did not use employee level construct namely environmental beliefs
and values to find its moderating role on the HRM-performance
outcomes. As a result, we propose that researches in future should
advance our research fra- mework to include employee's
environmental beliefs and values as moderator on to the influence of
green HRM on green innovation. Third, this study investigated the
internal factors only vis-à-vis adop- tion of SMEs’ environmental
strategy. We suggest that the future study in SMEs in the UAE should
investigate both internal and external factors vis-à-vis in the
adoption of the environmental strategy in SMEs for deeper
understanding of formulating, implementing and sustaining
proactive environmental strategies. Finally, our study sampled
organi- zational members’ perception to measure green innovation
and en- vironmental performance. We suggest that future research
should sample perception of both internal and external stakeholders
to better understand and explain SMEs’ green innovation and
environmental performance.
Acknowledgment
The article is based on the study funded by the Basic Research
Program of the National Research University Higher School of
Economics (HSE) and by the Russian Acade
Green information and
reputation
Ever-growing globalization and industrialization put forward impending
requirements for green and sustainable logistics (G&SL). Over the past
decades, G&SL initiatives triggered worldwide deliberations, aiming at easing
negative transport externalities and improving supply chain performance. This
review-based paper attempts to offer a joint quantitative and qualitative
understanding for the overall evolutionary trend, knowledge structure, and
literature gaps of the G&SL research field. Employing the science mapping
approach, a total of 306 major paper published from 1999 to 2019 were
retrieved, elaborated on, and synthesized. Visualized statistics regarding
publication years, journal allocation/co-citation, inter-country/institution
collaboration, influential articles, co-occurred keywords, and time view clusters
of research themes were analyzed bibliographically. On this basis, a total of 50
sub-branches of G&SL knowledge were classified and thematically discussed
based on five alignments, namely (i) social-environmental-economic research,
(ii) planning, policy and management, (iii) application and practice, (iv)
technology, and (v) operations research. Finally, the current knowledge
obstacles and the future research opportunities were suggested. The findings
contribute to portray a systematic intellectual prospect for the state quo,
hotspots, and academic frontiers of G&SL research. Moreover, it provides
researchers and practitioners with heuristic thoughts to govern transportation
ecology and logistics service quality.
Ever-growing globalization and industrialization put forward impending
requirements for green and sustainable logistics (G&SL). Over the past
decades, G&SL initiatives triggered worldwide deliberations, aiming at easing
negative transport externalities and improving supply chain performance. This
review-based paper attempts to offer a joint quantitative and qualitative
understanding for the overall evolutionary trend, knowledge structure, and
literature gaps of the G&SL research field. Employing the science mapping
approach, a total of 306 major paper published from 1999 to 2019 were
retrieved, elaborated on, and synthesized. Visualized statistics regarding
publication years, journal allocation/co-citation, inter-country/institution
collaboration, influential articles, co-occurred keywords, and time view clusters
of research themes were analyzed bibliographically. On this basis, a total of 50
sub-branches of G&SL knowledge were classified and thematically discussed
based on five alignments, namely (i) social-environmental-economic research,
(ii) planning, policy and management, (iii) application and practice, (iv)
technology, and (v) operations research. Finally, the current knowledge
obstacles and the future research opportunities were suggested. The findings
contribute to portray a systematic intellectual prospect for the state quo,
hotspots, and academic frontiers of G&SL research. Moreover, it provides
researchers and practitioners with heuristic thoughts to govern transportation
ecology and logistics service quality.

Literature Retrieval and Selection

The advanced retrieval function in Scopus and WoS core collection database
was used to retrieve the G&SL related papers published during 1999 to August
2019 (see Table 1). To ensure the quality of the literature, the document types
were restricted to research articles, while other types such as the conference
proceeding, book chapter, letter or editorial material were excluded. The
preliminary search yielded 1160 records. These records were imported into
EndNote software for the first-round inspection to filter out duplicates and
unqualified records in forms (e.g., article length and integrity). Additionally,
those completely and partially irrelevant studies were removed. For example, an
article entitled “Using logistics regression to analyze the sustainable
procurement performance of large supply chain enterprises” was not the desired
result. A total of 397 records were left after the first-round inspection. Then, the
second-round selection was carried out by carefully reading the abstract of each
document. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for this round focused on
whether the document was consistent with the research topic, i.e., with green
logistics initiatives, practices. and other G&SL innovations, rather than broader
research, such as production, manufacturing or urban transportation. Unless it
has a strong relation with G&SL. In particular, the following topics were
excluded: (i) green design on the specialized logistics technology e.g., biomass
and biofuel; (ii) business competition and (iii) offshoring and lean production.
Finally, 91 records were removed, leaving 306 full-length articles in our review
portfolio.
Second, the international collaboration is not significant. Taking mainland
China for instance, about 70 percent of 49 publications are completed entirely
by domestic institutions. The Swedish publications do not have any co-authors
from other countries or regions. This phenomenon may be due to the large
differences in the background and model of G&SL development in different
countries [35]. Moreover, the knowledge gap caused by the wide extension of
G&SL and the scattered knowledge structure make the research still focus on
the respective fields of researchers, such as sustainable development [36],
environment governance [37] and transportation planning [38]. Therefore, at
present, the cooperation between academic institutions of different backgrounds
has not been widely carried out.
Among the 402 organizations that contributed to G&SL research, those with
more than five documents and over 30 citations were built into a network of 22
items and 22 links, as shown in Figure 6. None of the organizations published
more than 10 papers (3% of 306) and the studies were relatively independent.
Therefore, it can be argued that no organization has yet been able to lead G&SL
research so far. However, some of the institutions located in Asia Pacific and
Europe have a higher reputation in G&SL due to higher citations, including the
Hong Kong Polytechnic university (Hong Kong, 388 citations), Wageningen
University (The Netherlands, 370 citations), Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki (Greece, 324 citations), National Chiao Tung University (Taiwan,
330 citations), Iowa State University (USA, 206 citations), University
California Berkeley (USA, 160 citations) and Nanyang Technological
University