Heat

Heat is the transfer of energy across the boundary of a system due

to temperature difference.

Cool environment
20°C

Heat is energy in
Hot coffee transition.
80°C heat
Units of Heat
• Heat has the same unit as work and energy.

joule
1 cal = 4.186 J

calorie 1 BTU = 1055 J

1 BTU = 252 cal

BTU
1 BTU = 778 ft-lb
(Cal) is actually a kilocalorie (kcal),
equal to 1000 cal
Internal Energy, U

Internal energy refers to the sum of all the microscopic forms of

energy of the constituent atoms and molecules of a system.

• Internal energy includes:

• kinetic energy of random translational, rotational, and vibrational motion
of molecules;
• Internal energy does not include the bulk kinetic/potential energy of the
system.
• The internal energy of the system is associated with its temperature.
• Internal energy is an extensive property and cannot be measured directly.
Question:
Is it possible to change the
temperature of a system without
the addition or removal of heat?
The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat

Doing work on water increases

its internal energy.

An increase in internal energy

would result to a rise in
temperature.

The change in temperature is

directly proportional to the
James Prescott Joule amount of work done.
(1818-1889)
Problem:
A student eats a dinner rated at
2,000 Calories. She wishes to
do an equivalent amount of
work in the gymnasium by
lifting a 50.0-kg barbell. How
many times must she raise the
barbell to expend this much
energy? Assume she raises the
barbell 2.00 m each time he lifts
it and she transfers no energy
when she lowers the barbell.
Solution:
Calorimetry
•Calorimetry means “measuring heat.”
•Energy transfer (heat) involves temperature changes.
•Heat is also involved in phase changes, such as the
melting of ice or boiling of water.
•Calorimetry is just an application of the conservation
of energy
Sensible Heat
•The heat required to change the temperature of a given
mass of a pure substance is called sensible heat.
•It is proportional to the mass m of the substance and the
change in temperature ∆T.

m = mass
c = specific heat
T = temperature
Specific Heat

Specific heat is the energy per unit mass    

required to change the temperature of a given
substance by 1 C°.

• Specific heat is a measure of how thermally For liquid water:

insensitive a substance is to the addition of energy.
c = 1 cal/g · C°
• Specific heat is an intensive property.
c = 4.1861 J/g · C°
For ice: c = 2.09 J/g · C° c = 4,1861 J/kg · C°
For steam: c = 2.01 J/g · C° c = 1 Btu/lb · F°
Concept Check:
Imagine you have 1 kg each of iron, glass,
and water, and all three samples are at
10°C. Rank the samples from highest to
lowest temperature after 100 J of energy
is added to each sample.

A. Iron, glass, water

B. Iron, water glass
C. Glass, iron, water
D. Glass, water, iron
E. Water, iron, glass
F. Water, glass, iron
Calorimetry
• Calorimetry is concerned with heat
calculations involved in various physical
changes.
• When energy is transferred in the form of
heat between two bodies, the heat lost by
one equals the heat gained by the other.

−Qlost = Qgained
Problem:

A cowboy fires a silver

bullet with a muzzle
speed of 200 m/s into
the pine wall of a saloon.
Assume all the internal
energy generated by the
impact remains with the
bullet. What is the
temperature change of
the bullet?
Solution:
Specific Heat of Silver:
234 J/kg C (from table)
Problem:
A cowboy fires a silver bullet with a muzzle speed of 200
m/s into the pine wall of a saloon. Assume all the internal
energy generated by the impact remains with the bullet.
Suppose the cowboy runs out of silver bullets and fires a
lead bullet at the same speed into the wall. Will the
temperature change of the bullet be larger or smaller?
(specific heat of lead is 128 J/kg C)
Problem:
You are designing an electronic circuit element made of 23 mg
of silicon. The electric current through it adds energy at the
rate of 7.4 mW. If your design doesn’t allow any heat transfer
out of the element, at what rate does its temperature
increase? The specific heat of silicon is 705 J/kg · K.
Solution:
You are designing an electronic circuit element made of 23 mg
of silicon. The electric current through it adds energy at the
rate of 7.4 mW. If your design doesn’t allow any heat transfer
out of the element, at what rate does its temperature
increase? The specific heat of silicon is 705 J/kg · K.
Problem:
A 0.05-kg ingot of metal is heated to 200.0°C and then
dropped into a calorimeter containing 0.400 kg of water
initially at 20.0°C. The final equilibrium temperature of the
mixed system is 22.4°C. Find the specific heat of the metal.
Solution:
A 0.05-kg ingot of metal is heated to 200.0°C and then
dropped into a calorimeter containing 0.400 kg of water
initially at 20.0°C. The final equilibrium temperature of the
mixed system is 22.4°C. Find the specific heat of the metal.
 Concept Check:
Whenever heat is
transferred into or out of a
system, its temperature
always changes. Is this
statement true or false?
Phase Change and Latent Heat
• A transition from one state of matter to another is
called phase change.
• Whenever a substance undergoes phase change,
energy is always absorbed or released
• At a given pressure, phase change occurs at a
definite temperature.
• The specific energy necessary to change the phase
of a substance at a definite temperature is called
latent heat, L.

 
For water:
 

Lf = latent heat of fusion

Lv = latent heat of vaporization
Example:
What mass of steam initially at 130°C is needed to
warm 200 g of water in a 100-g glass container from
20.0°C to 50.0°C?
Solution:
Practice Problem:
In a particular camp stove, only 30% of the energy
released in burning gasoline goes to heating the water
in a pot on the stove. How much gasoline must we
burn to heat 1.00 L (1.00 kg) of water from 20K to
100K and boil away 0.25 kg of it? Note that the
combustion of 1 g of gasoline releases 46,000 J.
Solution:
Molar Heat Capacity
The heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy needed
to raise the temperature of a given sample by 1 C°.

• Specific heat is the heat capacity per unit mass.

• Heat capacity is an extensive property.
• The molar heat capacity of a substance is the
product of its specific heat and molar mass.

     
Relationship Between CP and CV
• The specific heat at constant For monatomic gases:
pressure and volume and the
universal gas constant are related  

by the following:

For diatomic gases:

 
 

  For air:
 
Problem:
A cylinder contains 3.00 mol of helium gas at a
temperature of 300 K.

a. If the gas is heated at constant volume, how much

energy must be transferred by heat to the gas for its
temperature to increase to 500 K?
b. How much energy must be transferred by heat to the
gas at constant pressure to raise the temperature to
500 K?
Solution
A cylinder contains 3.00 mol of helium gas at a
temperature of 300 K.
a. If the gas is heated at constant volume, how much
energy must be transferred by heat to the gas for its
temperature to increase to 500 K?
Solution
(B) How much energy must be transferred by heat to the gas
at constant pressure to raise the temperature to 500 K?