Motivation and

Emotion part 2
Ama De Silva
Lesson 10 and 11
Outline
Define motivation.
Different theories of motivation.
Describe intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
Explain and compare the different theories of emotions.
 Define motivation. Sources of Motivation
Motivation
The factors that direct and energize the Biological Psychological
behavior of humans and other organisms.

Motivation refers to factors that activate,

direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior.
Analyze the different theories of motivation.

Instincts, (McDougall Drive-reduction Arousal approaches

,1908) approach(Hull, 1943). to motivation

Cognitive approaches
Incentive approaches to motivation:
Psychosocial needs
to motivation • Expectancy theory
• Goal setting theory
Motivation and Emotion
part 2
Hunger
Hunger Motivation: The motivation to
obtain and consume food.
A closer look at one need/motive: Hunger
Research on hunger is consistent with
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy:
In one study, men whose food intake had
been cut in half became obsessed with
food.
Hunger even changes our motivations as
we plan for the future
Physiology of Hunger
Experiments and other investigations show a complex relationship among the stomach,
hormones, and different parts of the brain.
Feeling hungry can include stomach contractions; the feeling can happen even if the
stomach is removed or filled with a balloon.
Receptors in the digestive system monitor levels of glucose and send signals to the
hypothalamus in the brain.
The hypothalamus then can send out appetite- stimulating hormones to tell the body:
time to eat!
Regulating Weight
The hypothalamus sends appetite-stimulating
hormones, and later, after eating, sends appetite-
suppressing hormones.
Hormones travel from various organs of the body back
to the brain to convey messages that increase or
decrease appetite.
When a person’s weight drops or increases, the body
responds by adjusting hunger and energy use to bring
weight back to its initial stable amount.
Most mammals, without consciously regulating, have a
stable weight to which they keep returning. This is also
known as their set point.
A person’s set point might rise with age, or change with
economic or cultural conditions. Therefore, this “set
point” of stable weight is more of a current but
temporary “settling point.”
 Which foods to eat? Taste Preferences
Some taste preferences are universal.
Carbohydrates temporarily raise levels of
serotonin, reducing stress and depression.
Other tastes are acquired and become favorites
through exposure, culture, and conditioning.
Different cultures encourage different tastes.
Some cultures find these foods to be delicious:
reindeer fat and berries, or boiled chick fetus.
Personal and cultural experience, influenced by
biology, play a role.
We can acquire a food aversion after just one
incident of getting sick after tasting a food.
It is adaptive in warm climates to develop a taste
for salt and spice, which preserve food.
Disliking new tastes (neophobia) may have
helped to protect our ancestors.
Women’s Body Images
Sexual Motivation
 Sexual Motivation
Sex
a physiologically based motive, like
hunger, but it is more affected by
learning and values
Sexual Response Cycle
the four stages of sexual
responding described by Masters
and Johnson External Stimuli
excitement Imagine • Erotic Materials
plateau stimuli more active Amygdala in males • Women exhibit
orgasm nearly as much arousal • More likely to hurt women if
Physiological External women depicted as enjoying • Devalue partners
resolution Readiness stimuli
Imagined stimuli
Effects of hormones • Dreams
• Development of sexual characteristics Sexual Can contain sexual imagery • Sexual Fantasies •
• Activate sexual behavior • Estrogen Motivation Both sexes, but men more often, more physically and
and Testosterone less romantically
 • Kinsey’s Studies
Confidential interviews with 18,000
Sexual Motivation people (in early 1950’s). Sexual Behavior
in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior
It is Interplay of internal and external in the Human Female
Stimuli • Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is
Genes way of preserving and exclusively heterosexual and 6
spreading themselves homosexual and 7 is asexual.

2 important studies contributed to

our knowledge of sexual motivation
Kinsey Studies
Masters and Johnson
Masters and Johnson Study
William Masters and Virginia Johnson (1960s) set out to explore
the physiology of sex.
382 females and 312 males. After their research was done they
ran an institute that claimed to turn gay people straight.
Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation
 Emotions
Emotions:
Feelings that generally have both physiological
and cognitive elements and that influence
behavior.
Gender and Expressiveness
Male and female film viewers did not differ
dramatically in self-reported emotions or
physiological responses.
But the women’s faces showed much more
emotion. (From Kring & Gordon, 1998.)
Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory:

• body before thoughts

Cannon-Bard Theory:

Which came first, the chicken or the • body with thoughts

egg? Or did they evolve together?
Singer-Schachter/Two- factor
Which happens first, theory:
the body changes that go with an emotion,
or the thoughts (conscious awareness and • body plus thoughts/label
labeling of an emotion),
or do they happen together? Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus:

• body/brain without conscious thoughts

James-Lange Theory: Body Before
Thoughts
William James ( 1842-1910): “We feel afraid because we tremble, sorry because we cry.
James–Lange theory is one of the earliest theories of emotion, developed independently by the William
James from the United States and Carl Lange from Denmark.
”The James-Lange theory states that emotion is our conscious awareness of our physiological responses to
stimuli.
Our body arousal happens first, and then the cognitive awareness and label for the feeling: “I’m angry.”
According to this theory, if something makes us smile, we may then feel happy
 Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter Cannon and Philip Bard developed their model of
emotion in the first half of the 20th century.

Cannon-Bard Theory: Simultaneous Body Response and

Cognitive Experience
The Cannon-Bard theory asserts that we have a
conscious/cognitive experience of an emotion at the same
time as our body is responding, not afterward.
Adjusting the Cannon-Bard Theory Emotions are not just a
separate mental experience. When our body responses are
blocked, emotions do not feel as intense. Our cognitions
influence our emotions in many ways, including our
interpretations of stimuli: “Is that a threat? Then I’m afraid.”
Human body responses run parallel to the cognitive
responses rather than causing them.
Schachter-Singer “Two-factor” Theory:
Emotion = Body Plus a Cognitive Label
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer developed the
“two-factor” theory of emotion in 1962.
The Schachter-Singer “two-factor” theory suggests
that emotions do not exist until we add a label to
whatever body sensations we are feeling.
In a study by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
in 1962, subjects experienced a spillover effect
when arousal was caused by injections of what
turned out to be adrenaline.
The subjects interpreted their agitation to whatever
emotion the others in the room appeared to be
feeling; the emotional label “spilled over” from
others.
I face a stranger, and my heart is pounding. Is it
fear? Excitement? Anger? Lust? Or did I have too
much caffeine? The label completes the emotion.
Robert Zajonc, Joseph LeDoux, and Richard
Lazarus: Emotions without Awareness/Cognition
Joseph LeDoux and Robert Zajonc proposed
their ideas in the second half of the 20th
century.

Richard Lazarus notes that some “top-down”

cognitive functions such as threat-appraisal
can be involved, but these emotional
responses can still operate without conscious
thought. Theory: some emotional reactions,
especially fears, likes, and dislikes, develop in a
“low road” through the brain, skipping
conscious thought.
In one study, people showed an amygdala
response to certain images (above, left)
without being aware of the image or their
reaction.
Explain and compare the
different theories of emotions.
Is Experienced Emotion as Universal as
Expressed Emotion?
Embodied Emotion: The role of the
autonomic nervous system
The physiological arousal felt during various emotions is orchestrated by the
sympathetic nervous system, which triggers activity and changes in various organs.
Later, the parasympathetic division calms down the body.
 Emotions in practice Polygraph
Polygraph
A device used to detect
Emotional intelligence: How well do lying based on analysis of
you manage your emotions? differences in physiological
Emotional intelligence The ability to recognize responses to control questions and
emotions in yourself and others and to manage test questions.
your own emotions effectively.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzzVrdc3lXc
List of References
Baron, R. A., & Misra, G. (2016). Psychology: Indian Subcontinent Edition. Tamil
Nandu: Pearson.
Feldman, R. (2009). Understanding Psychology (8th ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill.
Nevid, J. S. (2018). Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications (5th ed.).
Boston: Cengage Learning.