Module 6.1 Masonry and Asphalt CE22S4

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
CE 206 – CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS AND TESTING
ENGR. JEANETH S. BERGANTIN

INSTRUCTOR
CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

CLICK THE “YES”
BUTTON IN THE POLL.

MASONRY AND
ASPHALT

Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session the students should be able to:
1. familiar with other common materials in construction specifically masonry and asphalt;
2. identify different types of masonry and there uses;
3. identify different uses of asphalt; and
4. apply the techniques and skills learned in discussion into civil engineering field.

MASONRY

MASONRY
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units,
which are often laid in and bound together by mortar.

Common Materials of Masonry
Construction:
• Bricks
• Building Stone (marble, granite, travertine and limestone)
• Cast Stone
• Concrete Block
• Glass Block
• Cob

Bricks
• Bricks are rectangular blocks of baked clay used for
building walls, pavements and other elements in masonry,
which are usually red or brown.

Bricks

Building Stone
• Stones for construction purposes are obtained by quarrying
from solid massive rocks.
• The building stones should be hard, durable, tough, and
should be free from weathered soft patches of material,
cracks, and other defects that are responsible for the
reduction of strength and durability.

Cast Stone
• Decorative cast stone is a highly refined building material
manufactured from a mixture of portland cement, coarse
aggregates and fine aggregates to simulate natural cut
stone.

Concrete Block
• A concrete block is primarily used as a building material in
the construction of walls.
• It is one of the several precast concrete products used in
construction to form desired height and length of the walls.

Glass Block
• Glass blocks, which are sometimes called glass bricks, are
often squares. Used in wall fabrication and decorative
windows, can be used in flooring and some furniture
building.
• Offer light transmittance and significantly thicker than
traditional windows which considered as building block.

Cob
• Also known as Cobb, is a building material that comprises
subsoil, straw (or another fibrous organic material), water
and occasionally lime.
• Cob building has experienced something of a revival in
recent years as a form of sustainable construction.

CONCRETE MASONRY
UNITS

CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
• Concrete unit masonry is a form of masonry which uses
prefabricated concrete blocks, including hollow or solid
architectural concrete masonry units (CMU). To be
considered solid, units must be at least 75 percent solid.
• Hollow concrete units are preferred because of the
reduced weight, easier handling, and lower cost.

Types of Concrete Blocks or Concrete
Masonry Units
Solid Concrete Blocks
• Solid concrete blocks are commonly used, which are heavy
in weight and manufactured from dense aggregate.
• They are very strong and provides good stability to the
structures. So for large work of masonry like for load
bearing walls these solid blocks are preferable.

Types of Concrete Blocks or Concrete
Masonry Units
Hollow Concrete Blocks
• Hollow concrete blocks contains void area greater than
25% of gross area. Solid area of hollow bricks should be
more than 50%. The hollow part may be divided into
several components based on requirement.

Types of Hollow Concrete Blocks:
• Stretcher block
• Corner block
• Pillar block
• Jamb block
• Partition block
• Lintel block
• Frogged brick block
• Bull nose block

Stretcher Block
• It is laid with its length parallel to the face of the wall and
used to join the corner in masonry.
Corner Block
• It is used at the ends of corners of masonry.
Pillar block
• These are used when two ends of the corner are visible.
Also called a double corner block.

Jamb block
• These are used when there is an elaborate window
opening in the wall.
Partition block
• These are generally used to build partition walls.
Lintel block
• These are used for the purpose of the provision of beam or
lintel beam.

Frogged brick block
• It contains a frog on its top along with a header stretcher
like a frogged brick.
Bullnose block
• It is similar to corner blocks but rounded edges at the
corner.

DENSITY CLASSES FOR
CONCRETE MASONRY
UNITS

Density Classes for Concrete Masonry Units
• The density of a concrete masonry unit is expressed as the oven-dry density of concrete in pounds per
cubic foot (lb/ft3 [kg/m3]) as determined in accordance with ASTM C140, Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units. In production, the density of a given
concrete masonry unit is controlled in part by the methods used to manufacture the unit, but largely by
the type of aggregate used in production. Through the use of lightweight aggregates, normal weight
aggregates, or blends of lightweight and normal weight aggregates, the resulting density of concrete
masonry units can be varied by the producer to achieve one or more desired physical properties.

Density Classes of Concrete Masonry Units
• LIGHT-WEIGHT UNITS - have higher thermal and fire
resistance properties and lower sand resistance than
normal weight units.
• MEDIUM-WEIGHT UNITS - moderate weight and cost
generally offer the best labor production to material cost
ratio.
• NORMAL-WEIGHT UNITS - made of well-graded sand,
gravel, and crushed stone.

CLASSIFICATION OF
CONCRETE MASONRY
UNITS

LOAD BEARING (ASTM C90)
Consists of thick, heavy masonry walls of brick or stone that
support the entire structure, including the horizontal floor
slabs, which could be made of reinforced concrete, wood, or
steel members.

NON-LOAD BEARING (ASTM C129)
Does not support any gravity loads from the building, hence
doesn’t bear any weight besides its own.

MORTAR, PLASTER AND
GROUT

MORTAR
Mortar is a mixture of Portland cement, lime, sand and water.
Two mixture of Mortar:
Lime mortar - made of lime, sand and water. Lime make the
mortar rich which increases its workability.
Cement mortar- made of lime mortar mixed with Portland
cement.

GROUT
A high-slump concrete consisting of Portland cement, lime,
sand, fine gravel and water. Grout is used to fill the cores or
voids in hollow masonry units.

Two classification of Grout:
• Non-Sanded Grout - a cement based grout
normally used on smaller tile joints. It is
recommended in floor and wall tiling projects with
grout joints spacing between 1/16 to 1/8 of an
inch.
• Sanded Grout - consist of a cement-based
mortar that has small sand grains added to it to
help it when setting. Adding the sand to the grout,
provide a stronger grout that is normally used in
joints larger than 1/8-inch.

PLASTER
A fluid mixture of Portland cement, lime, sand and water. This
is used for either exterior or interior walls. The average
compressive strength of plaster is about 13.8 Mpa at 28 days.

TYPES OF MASONRY
WALL

Load Bearing Wall
• Constructed with bricks, stones or concrete blocks. These
walls can be exterior as well as interior walls

Reinforced Masonry Walls
• The use of reinforcement in walls helps it to withstand
tension forces and heavy compressive loads.

Hollow Masonry Walls
• Used to prevent moisture reaching the interior of the
building by providing hollow space between outside and
inside face of the wall.

Composite Masonry Walls
• These walls are constructed with two or more units such as
stones or bricks and hollow bricks. This type of masonry
wall construction is done for better appearance with
economy.

Post-Tensioned Masonry Walls
• Constructed to strengthen the masonry walls against the
forces that may induce tension in the wall such as
earthquake forces or wind forces.

TESTING OF SAMPLES

SHAKE TABLE TESTING
An experimental platform that stimulates earthquake motion to
verify seismic performance of building structures

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BRICKS
The compressive strength of bricks is found by crushing 12 of
them individually until they fail of crumble. The pressure
required to crush them is noted and the average compressive
strength of the brick is stated as newtons per mm of surface
area required to ultimately crush the brick.

GROUT SLUMP TESTING
The consistency of grout may range from stiff (about 4 gallons
of water per sack of cement) to fluid (as many as 10 gallons of
water per sack of cement), depending upon the nature of the
grouting job at hand.

ASPHALT

Asphalt
• It is a dark brown to black cementitious materials in
semisolid or solid form consisting of bitumen found in
deposits of natural asphalt.
• The aggregates used for asphalt mixtures are sand, gravel
or slags. In order to bind the aggregates into a cohesive
mixture a binder is used.
• Most commonly, bitumen is used as a binder. It typically
contains approximately 4-7% of bitumen.

Asphalt
• Asphalt is a mixture of aggregates, binder and filler, used
for constructing and maintaining roads, parking areas,
railway tracks, ports, airport runways, bicycle lanes,
sidewalks and also play- and sport areas.
• Asphalt mixtures can be produced at different
temperatures:
• Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
• Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA)
• Cold Mix Asphalt

BITUMEN
• A black, oily, viscous material that is petroleum, a naturally-
occurring organic by product of decomposed organic
materials. Bitumen is the thickest form of petroleum there
is, made up of 83% carbon, 10% hydrogen and lesser
amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and other elements.
• Appearance: Black, sticky, viscose, thermoplastic.
• Construction: Currently, approximately 80% of bitumen
demand is for road construction.

PROPERTIES OF
BITUMINOUS
MATERIALS

PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
• Adhesive: Binds together all the components without bringing
about any positive or negative changes in their properties.
• Water proof: Bitumen is insoluble in water and can serve as an
effective sealant.
• Strong: Though the coarse aggregates are the main load-bearing
component in a pavement, bitumen or asphalt also play a vital role
in distributing the traffic loads to the layers beneath.

PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
• Durable: Bitumen lives up to twenty years if maintained properly
throughout the pavement life.
• Versatile: Bitumen is a relatively easy to use material because of its
thermoplastic property. It can be spread easily along the underlying
pavement layers as it liquefies when heated making the job easier
and hardens in a solid mass when cooled.
• Economical: It is available in cheaper rates almost all over the
world.
USES OF ASPHALT

USES OF ASPHALT
• Road surfaces
• Aircraft landing
• Waterproofing for fabrics
• Used to seal some alkaline batteries
• Used for water proofing and as an adhesive
• For flooring, damp proofing in buildings, waterproofing of various
types of pools and baths.

ARGUMENTS FAVORING
ASPHALT OVER
CONCRETE

Arguments Favoring Asphalt Over Concrete
1. Asphalt offers better traction in all types of weather.
2. Asphalt pavement is easier to maintain and repair as it is reusable/
recyclable and repairable unlike concrete pavement which
becomes a waste matter once it is broken

TYPES OF ASPHALT

Cutback Asphalt
Combination of asphalt cement and petroleum solvent. After a
cutback asphalt is applied the petroleum solvent evaporates
leaving behind asphalt cement residue on the surface to
which it was applied. A cutback asphalt is said to “cure” as the
petroleum solvent evaporates away.

On the basis of relative speed of evaporation, cutback
asphalts are divided into three types
1. Rapid Curing (RC)
2. Medium Curing (MC)
3. Slow Curing (SC)

Emulsified Asphalt
An asphalt emulsion is liquid asphalt cement emulsified in
water. It is composed of asphalt, water and an emulsifying
agent (such as soap). The emulsifying agent is sometimes
called the surfactant, which is composed of large molecules.

Plastic Asphalt Cement
An asphaltic concrete or paving material includes from 5 to 20
percent or more of granular recycled plastic, which
supplements or replaces the rock aggregate component of the
mixture.
Quick Setting Asphalt
A much like plastic as asphalt cement but it has greater
adhesive properties and set ups rapidly.

Asphalt Roofing
It is a porous fabric strip saturated with asphalt.
• Asphalt Shingle Roofing
• Asphalt Roll Roofing
Asphalt Paving
Asphalt is widely used for paving because of its cementitious
substance and still will bind other ingredient such aggregates,
together.

LABORATORY TEST OF
ASPHALT

LABORATORY TEST OF ASPHALT
Viscosity Test
This is used to test the flow properties of asphalt at a temperature. The advantage of using the viscosity test
as compared with the penetration test is that the viscosity test measures a fundamental physical property
rather than an empirical value.
Penetration Test
It is an empirical test that measures the consistency (hardness) of an asphalt at a specified test condition.
The penetration test is one of the oldest and most commonly used tests on asphalt cements or residues from
distillation of asphalt cutbacks or emulsions.

Flash-Point Test
The flash point test determines the temperature to which an asphalt can be safely heated in the presence of
an open flame.
Ductility Test
The ductility test (ASTM D113) measures the distance a standard asphalt sample will stretch without
breaking under a standard testing condition (5 cm/min at 25 °C)

Solubility Test
This test is used to ascertain the purity of asphalt cement. The solubility test is used to detect contamination in asphalt
cement.
Thin Film Oven Test
The thin-film oven (TFO) test simulates short-term aging by heating a film of asphalt binder in an oven for 5 hours at 163°
C (325° F).
Specific Gravity Test
The specific gravity test of a materials is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of the materials to the weight of equal
volume of the water. The various grade of asphalt softens at different temperature.

CLICK THE “YES”
BUTTON IN THE POLL.

.END OF DISCUSSION.

ASPHALT VS BITUMEN

ASPHALT VS BITUMEN
ASPHALT BITUMEN
• Asphalt pavements are durable; with a layer • Higher frictional resistance of a bitumen
depth of 25-40 mm and life span of 20+ pavement means less efficiency in energy
years. utilization.
• Surface made of asphalt is smoother and • Exposure to bitumen leaching may cause
more skid-resistant, ensuring the driver’s deterioration of soil and groundwater quality.
safety and minimal noise.

ASPHALT VS BITUMEN
ASPHALT BITUMEN
• Less sensitive to temperature compared to • Pavements are susceptible to high
bitumen pavements. Negative impacts are temperatures, which can make it slick and
seen only in extremely high or low soft.
temperature. • Cheap to install compared to asphalt.
• Installation is comparatively costlier. • They require regular maintenance,
• Cost effective. An asphalt surface doesn’t especially when resurfacing a pavement with
require regular maintenance like bitumen greater traffic volume. So not cost-effective
surface, rather a routine check periodically is in the long run.
enough.

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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

ENGR. JEANETH S. BERGANTIN

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

BUTTON IN THE POLL.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

At the end of the session the students should be able to:

2. identify different types of masonry and there uses;

3. identify different uses of asphalt; and

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Masonry is the building of structures from individual units,

which are often laid in and bound together by mortar.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

• Building Stone (marble, granite, travertine and limestone)

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

• Bricks are rectangular blocks of baked clay used for

building walls, pavements and other elements in masonry,

which are usually red or brown.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

• Stones for construction purposes are obtained by quarrying

from solid massive rocks.

• The building stones should be hard, durable, tough, and

should be free from weathered soft patches of material,

cracks, and other defects that are responsible for the

reduction of strength and durability.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

• Decorative cast stone is a highly refined building material

manufactured from a mixture of portland cement, coarse

aggregates and fine aggregates to simulate natural cut

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

• A concrete block is primarily used as a building material in

the construction of walls.

• It is one of the several precast concrete products used in

construction to form desired height and length of the walls.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

• Glass blocks, which are sometimes called glass bricks, are

often squares. Used in wall fabrication and decorative

windows, can be used in flooring and some furniture

• Offer light transmittance and significantly thicker than

traditional windows which considered as building block.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

• Also known as Cobb, is a building material that comprises

subsoil, straw (or another fibrous organic material), water

and occasionally lime.

• Cob building has experienced something of a revival in

recent years as a form of sustainable construction.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

• Concrete unit masonry is a form of masonry which uses

prefabricated concrete blocks, including hollow or solid

architectural concrete masonry units (CMU). To be

considered solid, units must be at least 75 percent solid.

• Hollow concrete units are preferred because of the

reduced weight, easier handling, and lower cost.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Solid Concrete Blocks