Introduction 

Natural and man-made disasters each year have an impact on thousands

of people. Such major calamities can result in catastrophic loss of life and

physical destruction. Natural and human-caused disasters affect thousands of

individuals each year. They are typically unexpected and can leave entire towns

in shock. Such major calamities can result in catastrophic loss of life and physical

destruction. They are frequently unexpected and can startle entire populations. 

A school must always recognize the value of fire prevention and provide a

safe environment for the students. School fire safety measures include fire

alarms, fire extinguishers, and fire drills. School fire tragedies and disasters can

be avoided. Proper fire safety measures are in place and religiously

implemented. School authorities are well informed, the appropriate school

personnel is appropriately designated to implement such measures, all

government fire safety policies are followed, and students and faculty are

properly trained and cooperate.

In a radio interview, BFP spokesperson Supt. Annalee Carbajal-Atienza

noted that there were 2,103 fire occurrences in January and February, up from

1,863 in the same period in 2021. She attributed the rise in fire incidents to the

easing of restrictions due to the improved coronavirus situation in the country.

Citing studies from the agency's fire investigators, she said more people have

been careless in using electrical connections for long hours, resulting in total

disregard for fire safety measures. (Caliwan, C. L. (2022, March 1)

 Electrical safety is much more than just taking precautions; understanding

the origin and root of the problem is crucial to preventing the damage it causes.

Early fire detection is critical for protecting and saving lives and property. A fire

detection system can help to minimize damage and increase firefighting efforts.

It's also one of the most basic fire safety precautions. Even if you're sleeping or

working, early fire detection will alert you and assist you in responding quickly

enough to avoid harm. Here are a few strong justifications for installing a fire

detection system in your home or business.     

An op-amp controls the sensitivity while a photodiode detects light in the

flame sensor module. It is used to find fire; when it does, it sends out a HIGH

signal. Arduino reads the signal and issues a warning by turning on the buzzer

and LED. Here, an IR-based flame sensor is employed. The researchers have

also used the same concept to detect fire in our Fire Fighting Robot.

Detecting the presence of a flame or fire requires the use of a sensor

called a flame detector. The installation determines how to react when a flame is

detected. The blaring of an alarm, turning off a fuel line (such as a propane or a

natural gas line), and turning on a fire suppression system are all examples of

what they can do. Nobody wants to afford to cause them harm. Fire accidents

are one of the main factors that endanger buildings and people. Engineering is

the best strategy to prevent such mishaps in this technology age. Using a flame

sensor, the researchers will design a project using Arduino for safety purposes.
 This study will focus on designing and creating a prototype that will help

the detection of fire using Arduino. The school will utilize the proposed system.

Installing the prototype will help the students and personnel be safe in a fire.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to design and create a Fire Detection and Response
System using Arduino for Dr.Ruby Lanting Casaul Educational Foundation
Incorporated.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following:
Phase I. Development of the proposed system.
1. Needed requirements in the development of the proposed system.

2. Problem encountered during the development of the proposed system. 

3. Recommendation to the problem encountered.

Phase II. Application of the proposed system.

1. The level of effectiveness of the system.

2. Problems encountered in the development of the system.

3. Recommendation to the problem encountered.

Assumptions:

Phase I. Development of the proposed system.

1. The study presumes that the needed requirements are essential in developing

the fire detection and response system.

2. The study postulated that the challenges encountered during the development

of the proposed system would help to make a better and more effective fire

detection and response system

3. The study assumed that the recommendation would help develop a more

innovative fire detection and response system.

Phase II. Application of the proposed system.

1. The study presumes that the level of effectiveness  is  sufficient in fire

detection and response system.

2. The study presupposes that the challenges respondents meet will help

develop a better fire detection and response system.

3. It is further assumed that the recommendation will help the researchers make

an effective and efficient fire detection and response system.

Related Literature

This chapter provides an overview of the literature that informs the

research and has implications for the findings. It is divided into two major stages.

The development of the proposed system. and its application

First, the literature on the development of the proposed system is

reviewed. This first stage discusses the requirements needed in developing the

system, the essential requirements in developing the system, as well as the

challenges encountered during system development, and finally,

recommendations that can help to improve or upgrade the system. Furthermore,

the literature application of the proposed system. It discussed the system's level

of effectiveness, as well as the challenges encountered while using the system,

and finally, recommendations to assist the system in becoming a more effective

and efficient system.

Development of the proposed system 

 Fires typically result in significant loss of life and property. Several

research attempts have been made to design effective and reasonably priced fire

detection systems with varying degrees of success. The majority of them show a

trade-off between performance and model size. The work presented in this paper

attempts to address performance and model size concerns in a single design

(Jadon, A., 2019).

 The same fundamental idea and framework underlie how all fire alarm

systems work. If a sensor detects smoke or heat, an alarm is triggered, and

people are advised to evacuate the premises immediately. In the worst-case

scenario, an entire building is reduced to ashes, and lives are lost due to a slow

ERT. Then there are the "accidental" "false alarms" caused by the installed Fire

Alarm Systems' false-positive readings. These are only a few factors that make a

city-wide fire alarm system necessary (Sansolis, E., 2021).

Moreover, the primary goal of this research was to design and integrate the

Internet of Things into an Arduino-based fire safety system that alerts fire-fighting

facilities, authorities, and building occupants to prevent fires or reduce the

potential damage they may cause. The researchers conducted literature and

technology reviews, which provided them with a more detailed definition of the

topic and ideas for the most recent technology to be used in a fire safety system.

Fire safety systems are important preventative measures intended to provide

building occupants with timely warnings and instructions to safely evacuate the

premises in the event of a fire (Perilla, F. 2018).

Needed requirements in the development of the system 

 The proposed device may detect the presence of smoke and hearthplace

within the areas blanketed through the proposed device. Temperature and

ionization smoke sensors, GPS and GSM modules, ZigBee module, and

ATmega328P are used. Then, an alarm message is transmitted to the intended

recipients using wireless technology. The proposed device can also document

and save information which includes the location coordinates of hearth places in

the region and the date of the hearth place incident (Elizalde, D., 2018).

The project's goal is to prevent fires from happening to the residents and

the property inside the house. The main controller is the ATmega328, which

controls the temperature-sensitive home fire alarm. The heat from the fire is

detected using an LM35 temperature sensor. The user will receive an alert

message via the short message service via the GSM module. When the system

detects a temperature of 40°C or higher in the house, it will immediately display

an alert notification on the LCD while sending an SMS alert to the users(Mahzan,

N., 2018). 

Furthermore, Their use in fire detection systems will significantly improve

detection accuracy, reducing fire disasters and their environmental and social

consequences. The implementation of CNN-based fire detection systems in

real-world surveillance networks is a major concern due to their high memory and

computational requirements for inference. In this paper, we propose an original,

energy-efficient, and computationally efficient CNN architecture for fire detection,

localization, and semantic understanding of the fire scene, inspired by the

SqueezeNet architecture. This paper demonstrates how, by taking into account

the specific characteristics of the problem of interest and the variety of fire data, a

tradeoff between fire detection accuracy and efficiency can be

achieved(Muhammad, K., Ahmad, 2018).

Problem encountered during the development of the proposed system 

While institutional reforms that increase accountability and transparency in

government and business institutions are essential components of any

anti-corruption strategy, they also require a long-term social foundation,

especially in areas where systemic corruption is a problem. Social

empowerment, which entails expanding and preserving the range of political and

economic resources and alternative options available to common individuals, is

one method of tackling this job. Strengthening civil society to increase its political

and economic vitality, establishing more orderly access points and guidelines for

state-society interaction, and balancing political and economic opportunities are

all part of social empowerment. Development plans specifically geared toward

marginalized groups and areas within a nation are crucial. The judicious

coordination of a variety of well-known development and anti-corruption policies

is what social empowerment entails rather than the use of entirely novel

solutions. Even when it is successful, social empowerment won't eliminate

corruption; however, connecting it to long-term interests engaged in ongoing

political and social processes. It can offer the necessary support for institutional

reforms, weaken the factors of monopoly, discretion, and lack of accountability

that lead to systemic corruption, and aid in institutionalizing reform for the long

term.
Recommendation to the problem encountered

 Automating fireplace detection systems will prevent the loss of life and

property damage by enabling a faster and more accurate response to fireplace

incidents. Previous studies solely used single-scale feature maps for hearth

image categorization. To overcome this issue, we propose a multi-scale

prediction system that uses feature maps generated by densely stacked

convolutional layers at all scales. In evaluations, the expected technique

outperforms the progressive convergent nearby sensor-based alternatives

(Myeongho Jeon, 2021).

Moreover, fire detection and safety systems are essential components of

an intelligent building. The paper describes the current development of advanced

building fire detection and alarm systems. New technology and concepts in

intelligent buildings have also been discussed, such as advanced multifunction

sensors, computer vision systems, wireless sensors, real-time control via the

Internet, and integrated building spiral systems. These new technologies and

concepts will improve fire detectors' ability to distinguish between fire and

non-fire threats and increase the time available for property and life protection

(Liu, Z, 2017).

A fire disaster poses a significant risk to both people and property. An

automated fire alarm system provides real-time surveillance, monitoring, and

automatic alarm. Large numbers of detectors that measure the smoke

concentration or temperature regularly are deployed in buildings to provide early

extinguishment of a fire disaster. The prototype system's test results show that

the automatic fire alarm system meets the design requirements(Zhang, L, 2019).

Furthermore, the effectiveness of measures aimed at localizing and

extinguishing the fire and the success of evacuating people from a burning

building depends on the timely operation of a functioning fire alarm system. The

article examines existing approaches to assessing the state of a fire alarm

system and the requirements imposed by both domestic and international

standards. We consider the fire alarm diagnostic methods we developed based

on the "Gefest" GC and the corresponding software and hardware complex that

allows us to evaluate the operability of the system's elements(Senkiv, S. 2019).

Application of the proposed system 

Based on a study of the relevant sites for the wireless automatic fire alarm

system and the characteristics of communication service, this paper creates a

complete set of wireless automatic fire alarm systems and a specific wireless

communication protocol for fire detection and alarm. This paper achieves rapid

fire detection and alarm and state supervision of fire-fighting facilities with low

power consumption. (Turci, L. D. O. 2017).

Fires typically result in significant loss of life and property. Several

research attempts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to design

effective and reasonably priced fire detection systems. The majority of them

show a trade-off between performance and model size. The work presented in

this paper is an attempt to address both performance and model size concerns in

a single design. To that end, a 'designed-from-scratch' neural network called

FireNet is proposed, which is worthy on both counts: it outperforms existing

counterparts and is lightweight enough to run on embedded platforms like the

Raspberry Pi. Performance evaluations on both a standard dataset and our

newly introduced custom-compiled fire dataset are extremely

encouraging(Jadon, A. 2019).

The surveillance system's fire detection system monitors the indoor

environment and issues alarms as part of the early warning mechanism,

providing notice before the fire becomes uncontrollable. Traditional fire detection

systems suffer from a transparent delay between the fire and the sensor looking

at a point. The proposed video-based fire-detection system detects foreground

moving objects using adaptive background subtraction, which the rule-based fire

color model then verifies to determine whether the detected foreground object is

a fire or not(Gunawaardena, A., 2018).

The level of effectiveness of the system 

First, the fire risk level of the real condition for the occupants, building and

contents, and activities was measured in the current study using the Fire Risk

Assessment Method for Engineering. After considering the fire control measures,

the fire risk was recalculated and compared to the acceptable risk level. In the

event of a fire, the control room is expected to be destroyed by 20%; assuming

constant fire load modulation via building construction using non-burning or up to

10% burning materials, the occupants' fire risk level will be reduced by 8%

compared to the current situation. When standard emergency exit routes are

designed and the fire alarm system is used, the fire risk level will be reduced by
50% and 52%, respectively, compared to the current condition (Askaripoor, T.,

2020).

The main cause of machinery space fires is the emission of flammable oil

mist that comes into contact with heated surfaces that are not covered. This

paper aims to determine the preferred strategies for accident prevention and their

relative cost-effectiveness for each component of fire safety control. The findings

suggest that addressing systemic causes of fire can lead to more cost-effective

safety measures. To address fire safety before the point of no return may be

accidentally crossed, the systemic causes of fire must be taken out of the

equation. (McNay, J., 2019).

A fire alarm system is essential for maintaining and monitoring the safety

of all environments and situations. The usability of many existing fire alarm

systems is well known, but they can be expensive to produce and require regular

preventive maintenance to ensure the system operates properly. Based on the

completed project, the expected system will respond quickly to the current

situation. The system is capable of detecting heat and flame detected by the

detectors. (Idris, A, 2020)

Problems encountered in the development of the system

 Forest fire detection is difficult due to the variety of shapes, textures, and

colors of fires. The traditional image processing method heavily relies on artificial

features, which are not universally applicable to all forest scenarios. To address

this issue, deep learning technology is used to learn and extract features of forest

fires adaptively. However, individual learners lack the necessary learning and
perception skills to complete challenging tasks. Additionally, students frequently

ignore global knowledge in favor of local information, or "ground truth," which

might result in false positives. (Xu, R., 2021)

Recent advances in embedded processing have enabled vision-based

systems to detect fire using convolutional neural networks during surveillance.

Such methods typically require more computational time and memory, limiting

their application in surveillance networks. The model is fine-tuned to balance

efficiency and accuracy, considering the nature of the target problem and fire

data(Muhammad, K., 2018).

Modern high-rise buildings can be configured to create spaces with a wide

range of specifications. This situation creates a diverse building environment with

numerous variables, making fire hazards challenging to predict and accurately

monitor. As a result, developing and implementing an integrated fire disaster

prevention system is required to effectively prevent fire disasters and adequately

protect life and property(Cheng, M. 2017).

Recommendation to the problem encountered

 Fire can be devastating to properties if not properly managed, so fire

detection and alarm systems are sought after. A wireless sensor network-based

fire detection and alarm system were developed to address these issues. The

FDAS comprises a fire detection node, a fire alarm node, and a fire alarm control

panel. The National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code's 10-second criterion is not

met by the average response time of each detection node to the fire alarm

control panel. (Piera, P. J. Y, 2019)

  Since fire is regarded as a threat, fire protection firms continue to look for

ways to effectively control conflagration. The conventional fire extinguisher has

numerous disadvantages nowadays since it leaves chemical residues behind

and might result in health issues, including skin allergies and eye irritations.

Another method of extinguishing the fire is using an acoustic fire extinguisher.

The revisions made were the range of frequency and the wattage used to

suppress a much larger fire compared to the existing acoustic fire extinguisher. It

has a built-in fire alarm that can automatically create a sound once the device

detects the fire(Angeles, M., 2020).

To improve the fire safety of combustible materials in many applications,

smart sensors for rapid flame detection in post combustion and early fire warning

in precombustion situations are urgently needed. The resulting coatings exhibit

distinct temperature-responsive electrical resistance changes, making them

effective early warning sensors for detecting abnormally high environmental

temperatures, allowing for fire prevention below the ignition temperature of

combustible materials. We show that after a flame attack, the multilayered

GO/silicone structure can be synergistically transformed to a multiscale

graphene/nanosilica protection layer with extremely rapid flame detection

response in 2-3 s and excellent flame self-extinguishing retardancy. The

developed hierarchical coatings show promise for fire prevention and protection

applications in a variety of critical fire risk and related perilous situations(Wu, Q.,

2018).
 Additionally, this study conducted a study to address issues with the current

fire sensor system. With the current system, it took more than 3 minutes to

identify fire, even one that was nearby, making it challenging to put out the initial

fire. To improve these problems, studied a fire detection system using an infrared

thermal imaging camera in this study. The technology for detecting fires using

infrared images is rather widespread. It has the benefit of applying to many fire

detection systems because it can detect fire over a great distance. Using the fire

detection system in a field test, a fire that started around 2 km in the future was

found within 10 seconds. This system's fire detection feature is used to detect

fires in forests that commonly erupt in the spring and fall since it can do so from a

distance of around 2 km in less than 10 seconds. (Won-Sub Yoon, 2021)

Theoretical framework

The theoretical framework provides and defines the researcher's theory,

which serves as the foundation for the research study. It forms the foundation of

the study and outlines potential courses to take. The theories of Arthur P.

Dempster, Glenn Shafer, and John von Neumann were the foundation for this

research. 

Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory(2010)

The Dempster-Shafer evidence theory, also known as the DS theory, is a

general framework for reasoning with the uncertainty that has well-understood

connections to other frameworks such as probability, possibility, and imprecise

probability. By combining evidence from numerous sources, the theory enables

one to reach a level of belief (expressed by a mathematical object known as a

belief function) that takes into account all of the evidence that is currently

accessible.

The Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory is based on evidence; it is a

powerful method of information fusion that can deal not only with the uncertainty

and inconsistency of multi-sensor data but also with the inevitable ambiguity and

instability caused by noise or possible interference. It combines all of the

problem's possible outcomes. As a result, it is used to solve problems where

there is a possibility that different evidence will lead to a different result.

These theories' principles could be used to create a system that can make

decisions based on probabilities and possibilities. The D-S Evidence Theory can

solve problems where different evidence could lead to different outcomes;

however, compiling all available evidence, combining it, and devising the best

solutions possible. As a result, an effective and dependable system can ensure

structural building safety. 

Measurement, data receipt, and alarm activation are the proposed

system's operation stages. An Arduino is used to measure and interpret readings

from three sensors. The Dempster-Shafer theory is used in the Raspberry Pi to

calculate the likelihood of fire events occurring within the system. The system

offers three notification services: short message service, smartphone APP, and

online surfing. Field tests validate the system's efficacy and accuracy. (Ting, Y. Y,

2018).
 This paper describes the design of a low-rate, low-power sensor node in a

wireless sensor network for the early detection and monitoring of fires in the

environment. For fire detection, it employs the DHT11 digital

temperature-humidity sensor and the MSP430 microcontroller for processing and

implementing the best algorithm from the comparison algorithm and the DST

algorithm based on Dempster-Shafer Theory. The un-detected fire metric is used

to analyze and test the performance of algorithms. The DST has a more complex

software design than the comparison algorithm(Vijayalakshmi, S., 2016).

Reliability Theory

Reliability Theory states that the system's reliability depends on the

components' reliability. Reliability theory considers the effect of mean time to

repair on overall system failure rates. Still, such calculations are not required for

critical systems because a vital performance requirement relates to operational

failures, fundamentally different from unsafe failures. They are essentially the

result of the system-level response to avoid dangerous failures.

 Reliability theory is concerned with predicting the probability that a

system, possibly composed of many components, will function. We will assume

that knowing which components are operational determines whether or not the

system functions. A series system, for example, will act only if all of its

components are operational. In contrast, a parallel system will function only if at

least one of its components is operational. The goal of reliability theory is to

estimate measurement errors and suggest ways to improve tests to minimize

errors.
 The application of the theory's principle will increase the system's

effectiveness. The system's reliability and effectiveness are dependent on the

system's components' dependability. According to Reliability Theory, measuring

the amount of failure and errors will improve system performance and minimize

errors. Ensuring the system's members will also provide the system's

effectiveness and reliability.

Sensitive fire alarm systems that detect early fires and immediately sound

the alarm are thus desperately needed. Traditional FASs based on smoke and

infrared heat detectors have slow fire warning times and are susceptible to

external interference. Making a sensitive and reliable FAS remains a significant

challenge. In 2018, a new type of FAS based on graphene oxide was developed.

The fire response time could be as fast as 1 second, indicating its inherent

sensitivity. MXene-based, semiconductor-based, color change-based, shape

change-based, thermoelectric material-based, and nanogenerator-based FASs

have all been extensively developed. This research field has seen a rapid

evolution over the last five years (Klimczak, T., 2019).

The positional distribution of the sensors greatly influences the reliability of

the fire detection system. The proposed video-based fire-detection system

detects foreground moving objects using adaptive background subtraction, which

the rule-based fire color model then verifies to determine whether the detected

foreground object is a fire or not. In addition to motion and color, the detected fire

candidate regions are temporally analyzed to detect fire flicker. The proposed

algorithm's performance is evaluated using two videos: fire, fire-colored object,

and non-fire. The experimental results show that the proposed system detects

fire and flames very well (Gunawaardena, A. E., 2016).

Researchers’ theory

We develop a research theory that will strengthen the foundation of our

research study by applying all of the principles of the two theories, the

Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory and the Reliable Theory.

     
 Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigms

The idea of the Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory could be used to

create a system that can make decisions based on probabilities and possibilities

and evaluate the best solution. And the principles of Reliable Theory are based

on measuring the amount of system failure to improve the system and minimize

error. We develop a research theory by combining all of the principles of these

two theories:" An effective and dependable fire system enhances the amount of

security and safety of a structural building. It'll guarantee safety and lower the

probabilities of fireside accidents". This theory manifests the importance of a fire

system in a structural building.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of this study employs Predictor-Criterion Model

of PC model. Predictor-Criterion Model or PC Model is used according to the

relationship between variables.

The predictor variables used to predict the outcome of the study were the

Phase I. Development of the proposed system, needed requirements in the

development of the proposed system, the problem encountered during the

development of the proposed system., and the recommendation for the problem

encountered and Phase II. Application of the proposed system, the level of

effectiveness, problems encountered in the development of the system, and

recommendations to the problem encountered may be offered to enhance and be

efficient the system will make.

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm
 The criterion variables that are used for the study’s outcome for the

institutions were: Keep this institution to alert and the student will be safe. This

will be a big help for the institutions to be more secure and ready for what will

happen in the future.

The above predictors and criterion paved the way to the safety of every

person in these institutions  and lessen the casualties. 

Scope and Delimitation

This study focused on the design of a prototype and covers the detection

of fire systems at Dr. Ruby LantingCasaul Educational Foundation, Incorporated.

It can be a big help for the institutions if this prototype is working.

The students, faculty, and staff are the respondents of this study. The

system is exclusively designed to use at the school. The system is a prototype

that the researchers will make.

Significance of the Study

The study will be beneficial to the following;

Institution. The primary beneficiary of the study is Dr. Ruby

LantingCasaul Educational Foundation, Incorporated. This system will help the

school lessen the damage caused by fire.

Faculty and Staff. This study will help the faculty and staff to be able to

act quickly when fire events occur.

 Students. This study will provide for the safety of the sudents. 

Fire station. This study will help the Fire station to respond quickly to the

fire.

DRRMO. This research study will help the DRRMO officers to improve

their system to ensure the safety of every person.

Researchers. This study will help the researcher to explore more ideas

and to gain more knowledge about the topic that is studied and serves as a

guideline in developing skills and knowledge in making a research paper.

Future Researchers. This study will provide future researchers a takeoff

point in undertaking a subsequent study on the subject.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined either operationally or conceptually. 

Development the process of developing or being developed. This study,

is the development of a fire detection and response system using Arduino.

Fire Detector a flame notice or could be a device designed to detect and

answer the presence of a flame or hearth, permitting flame detection. Responses

to a detected flame depend upon the installation; however, it will embody

sounding the associate alarm, deactivating a pipe, and activating a fireplace

suppression system. In this study, this is the tool to detect the fire. 

Fire Response a flame notice or could be a device designed to detect

and answer the presence of a flame or hearth, permitting flame detection.

Responses to a detected flame depend upon the installation; however, it will

embody sounding the associate alarm, deactivating a pipe, and activating a

fireplace suppression system. In this study, this is the tool to detect fire.

Arduino is an ASCII text file platform used for building natural philosophy.

Arduino consists of each a physical programmable card (often cited as a

microcontroller) and a chunk of a software system, or IDE (Integrated

Development Environment) that runs on your laptop, wont to write and transfer

code to the physical board. In this study, this is the board where you put the code

and connect it to the laptop so that the prototype can work.

System is a regularly interacting or dependent cluster of things forming a

unified whole variety system: Like a gaggle of interacting bodies underneath the

influence of connected forces, a gravitational system. Associate degree

assemblage of gear in or tends to stabilize a thermodynamic system. In this

study, this is the prototype that we will be made.

Ranking is a data transformation that replaces numerical or ordinal values

with their rank when data is sorted. Also ranking is a relationship between a set

of items in which the first is either "ranked higher than," "ranked lower than," or

"ranked equal to" the second for any two items. This is known as a weak order or

total preorder of objects in mathematics.

Likert Scale assumes that an attitude's strength/intensity is linear, i.e. on

a continuum from strongly agree to strongly disagree, and that attitudes can be

measured. It is commonly used to assess attitudes, knowledge, perceptions,

values, and behavioral changes A Likert-type scale consists of a series of

statements from which respondents can select in order to rate their responses to

evaluative questions.

Weighted mean is a type of mean that is determined by multiplying the

weight (or possibility) related to a particular event or outcome by its related

quantitative results and then summing the results. it is about average. Rather

than contributing equally to the final mean, some data points contribute more

"weight" than others. If all of the weights are equal, the weighted mean equals

the arithmetic mean (the familiar "average").

Research Methodology

This chapter represents the method to be used. Data gathering procedure,

respondents, research instruments, data source, and statistical treatment; will

also include the sequence of the researchers' activities and the statistical tools

used in the study's conduct.

Research Design

This research employed the mixed method research design. Creswell and

Plano Clark (2011) define mixed-methods research as those studies that include

at least one quantitative and one qualitative strand. The purpose of this form of

research is to, in combination, provide a better understanding of a research

problem or issue than either research approach alone.

 This chapter presents the method to be used. Data gathering procedure,

respondents, research instrument, data source, and statistical treatment. It will

also include the sequence of the researcher activities and the statistical tools that

we will be applying in the conduct of the study.    

Sources of Data

It is analyzing and producing the relevant information for a report. This

study should provide reliable information that is valuable not just for research but

also for school administration. The major data source would be the respondents'

responses to the researchers' questionnaire. 

Research Instrument

In this study, the researcher will utilize a checklist as a research tool to

obtain data from the respondents which consist of four parts:

Phase I. Development of the proposed system.

1. Needed requirements in the development of the proposed system.

2. Problem encountered during the development of the proposed system. 

3. Recommendation to the problem encountered.

Phase II. Application of the proposed system.

1. The level of effectiveness of the system.

2. Problems encountered in the development of the system.

3. Recommendation to the problem encountered.

Data gathering procedure

 The researchers will respond to phase 1 by collecting qualitative data.

Qualitative data are descriptive and conceptual findings gathered through

questionnaires, interviews, or direct observation. The researcher will be able to

improve the current system based on the data gathered from collecting

qualitative data by distributing questionnaires to respondents and analyzing the

results.

 For phase 2, the researchers will conduct a study on the Development of

the Fire Detection and Response System using Arduino at Dr. Ruby Lanting

Casaul Educational Foundation, Incorporated. Before distributing the

questionnaire, the researchers requested permission to gather information at Dr.

Ruby Lanting Casaul Educational Foundation, Incorporated, by a request letter to

the Dean of the institution mentioned above. The researchers will gather reliable

information that helps the researchers to improve the current system, which is

utilized by Dr. Ruby Lanting Casaul Educational Foundation, Incorporated.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study will be the some of faculty and staff and 

students of Dr. Ruby Lanting Casaul Educational Foundation, Incorporated

because they will be the main beneficial pf this study. Those not mentioned were

excluded.

Research Locale
 The Dr. Ruby Lanting Casaul Educational Foundation, Incorporated (Dr.

Romeo B. Casaul Technological Institute Foundation, Incorporated) is the setting

for this study. It is a non-profit, non-stock educational foundation. This institution

began in 1997 when Dr. Romeo B. Casaul and Dr. Ruby Lanting Casaul, who

were running Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College in TandangSora, Quezon City. They

decided to open a school branch in their hometown, the City of Tabaco, to

develop a rural workforce through baccalaureate and technical-vocational

courses. This school was then known as Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College, offering

baccalaureate courses with its technical-vocational course. At present, both

Colleges are both fully recognized by the Commission on Higher Education

(CHED), the Technical Education and Skills Development (TESDA), and the

Department of Education (DepEd). In June 2010, both institutions were

converted into an educational foundation in honor of their founders. Thus, the

birth of Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College-Dr. Ruby LantingCasaul Educational

Foundation Incorporated and the Romeo B. Casaul Technological Institute

Foundation, Incorporated as non-stock, non-profit educational foundations

situated at the heart of the City of Tabaco, Province of Albay in the Bicol Region. 

To date, the institution continues to offer education in both baccalaureate

and vocational courses, offering learning opportunities for students to choose

from five baccalaureate degrees; namely, Bachelor of Science in Elementary

Education (BEED) with specialization in General Education and Special

Education (SPED), Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education (BSED) major in

Mathematics, English, Filipino, and Social Science. Bachelor of Science in

Business Administration (BSBA) major in Financial Management, Bachelor of

Science in Hospitality Management (BSHM), Bachelor of Science in Computer

Science (BSCS), and the latest program approved by the Commission on Higher

Education (CHED), the Bachelor of Science in Technical Teacher Education

(BTTE).

Statistical Treatment

Statistical treatments were tools used to better analyze the computations

in this study. These statistical measures were bases on making interpretations,

conclusions, and generalizations. In the analysis of data of the study, the

researchers used the following statistical tools:

Ranking is a data transformation in which numerical or ordinal values are

replaced by their rank when data is sorted.

Likert Scale assumes that the strength/intensity of an attitude is linear, i.e.

on a continuum from strongly agree to strongly disagree, and makes the

assumption that attitudes can be measured.

Ratio Scal Interpretation

1.00 – 1 Strongly

1.49 Disagree
 1.50 – 2 Disagree

2.49

2.50 – 3 Agree

3.49

3.50 – 4 Strongly Agree

4.00

Weighted mean is a type of mean that is calculated by multiplying each

data point in a set by a value which is determined by some characteristics of

whatever contributed to the data point.

x̄ = ( Σ xi ) / n 
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