Zlib - Pub Real Real English Authentic Learning Grammar Book Teachers Edition 2

GRAMMAR
1
REAL
BOOK
ENGLISH
AUTHENTIC
LEARNING
SECOND EDITION
KAY POWELL
GRAMMAR
1
REAL
BOOK
ENGLISH
AUTHENTIC
LEARNING
KAY POWELL SECOND EDITION
Development and authoring of

online workshops and
supplementary web material
Kay Powell
Nicholas Walker
TEACHER’S EDITION
REAL, Real English Authentic Learning
REAL Grammar Book 1, Second Edition Acknowledgements
Teacher’s Edition The great poet Rumi (1207–1273) said, “Set your life on
fire. Seek those who fan your flames.” To all the excep-
Kay Powell tionally creative and passionate specialists at Chenelière
© 2014 TC Media Books Inc. Education I extend my heartfelt thanks. You have lit up
© 2009 Chenelière Education Inc. my black-on-white manuscript and transformed it into a
colourful work of art.
Managing Editor: Melissa Repas To all those people who have “fanned my flames” as a
Editors: Susan Roy, Esmé Vlahos writer—students, teachers, family members, friends—
Project Manager: Valérie Côté my enduring gratitude. A special thanks to the author of
Researchers: Rachel Irwin, Tara Smith REAL Skills Book 1, Angelika Brunel, for her friendship
Copy Editor: Jeanine Floyd and support. To my husband Zafarullah, thank you for
Proofreader: Stephanie Watt constantly feeding the flame. “The lamps are different,
Cover and Book Designer: Micheline Roy but the Light is the same.” (Rumi)
Web Material Editor: Esmé Vlahos – Kay Powell
Web Material Project Manager: Solange Lemaitre-Provost Thank you to the many teachers who gave invaluable
feedback and suggestions, including the team of
reviewers:
Carol Broderick
Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec and Christopher Conk, Cégep de Granby
Library and Archives Canada cataloguing in publication Jean-Thomas Courchesne, Cégep de Sherbrooke
Becky McKnight, Cégep Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
Powell, Kay, 1947- Susan Meier, Cégep régional de Lanaudière
Marie White, Cégep Garneau
REAL: Real English Authentic Learning. Grammar Book 1
Teacher’s Edition And to those who participated in the developmental
research for this second edition:
Second Edition Ali Boumoussa, Collège Ahuntsic
Includes index. Veronica Frediani, Cégep Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
For college students. Netta Gorman, Cégep de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue
Izabela Kubinska, Collège de Valleyfield
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Table of Contents
UNIT 1 Simple Present UNIT 3 Nouns
Function and Form ............................... 1 Function and Form ............................... 23
Simple Present • Verb Be: Simple Present of the Countable and Uncountable Nouns • Spelling of
Verb Be • Expressions with Be • There with Be Plural Countable Nouns • Possessive Form
• Yes / No Questions and Short Answers with Be
Practise.................................................. 25
• Information Questions with Be • All Other
Verbs: Simple Present of Other Verbs • Spelling Communicate........................................ 27
of the Third-Person Singular • Pronunciation of the
Review ................................................... 28
Final Third-Person Endings -s and -es • Yes / No
Questions and Short Answers with Other Verbs
• Information Questions with Other Verbs UNIT 4 Determiners
• Information Questions Without the Auxiliary Do
Function and Form ............................... 29
Practise.................................................. 6 Articles • Quantifying Determiners
Communicate........................................ 10 • Demonstrative Determiners • Possessive
Determiners
Review ................................................... 11
Practise.................................................. 31
UNIT 2 Present Progressive Communicate........................................ 33
Function and Form ............................... 13 Review ................................................... 34
Present Progressive • Afrmative and
Negative Statements • Spelling • Questions in UNIT 5 Pronouns
the Present Progressive • Verbs Rarely Used in the
Present Progressive • Simple Present and Present Function and Form ............................... 35
Progressive Subject and Object Pronouns • Possessive
Determiners and Possessive Pronouns
Practise.................................................. 16 • Reexive Pronouns
Communicate........................................ 20 Practise.................................................. 37
Review ................................................... 21 Communicate........................................ 42
Review ................................................... 43
29 UNIT 6 Simple Past

Simple Past • Simple Past of Regular Verbs
• Spelling of Regular Verbs • Pronunciation of -ed
• Simple Past of Irregular Verbs • Information
Questions with Regular and Irregular Verbs
• Simple Past of the Verb Be
Practise.................................................. 48
Communicate........................................ 56
Review ................................................... 57
UNIT 7 Prepositions
Prepositions: Meanings of Prepositions • At, To,
From . . . To, and From • In and On • For and During
• Of and Off
Practise.................................................. 62
Communicate........................................ 66
Review ................................................... 67
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.
1
UNIT 8 Past Progressive UNIT 11 Modals
Function and Form ............................... 69 Function and Form ............................... 99
Past Progressive • Afrmative and Negative Common Modals • Afrmative and Negative
Statements • Questions • Simple Past and Past Statements • Questions
Progressive
Practise.................................................. 101
Practise.................................................. 71
Communicate........................................ 106
Communicate........................................ 76
Review ................................................... 107
Review ................................................... 77
UNIT 12 Editing Files
UNIT 9 Adjectives and Adverbs Parts of Speech
Function and Form ............................... 79 Sentences.............................................. 111
Adjectives: Form and Position • Comparatives, Sentence Formation • Types of Sentences
Superlatives, and Equality • Comparative and • Subject-Verb Agreement • Sentence Structure:
Superlative Forms • Adverbs: Type, Function and Fragments • Sentence Structure: Run-on
Position • Adjectives to Adverbs • Comparatives, Sentences • Punctuation • Capitalization
Superlatives, and Equality
Edit It! .................................................... 118
Practise.................................................. 83
Words .................................................... 119
Communicate........................................ 86
Cognates • Homophones • Gerunds and
Review ................................................... 87 Innitives • Common Spelling Problems
Edit It! .................................................... 123
UNIT 10 Future Final Edit It! ........................................... 124
Will and Be Going To • Future with Will: Final Verb Review
Afrmative and Negative Statements • Questions
• Future with Be Going To: Afrmative and Simple Present, Simple Past, and
Negative Statements • Questions Future Forms......................................... 125
Practise.................................................. 92 Simple Present and Present
Communicate........................................ 96 Progressive ........................................... 126
Review ................................................... 97 Simple Past and Past

Progressive ........................................... 127
Modals ................................................... 128
41 Questions .............................................. 128

Verb Review .......................................... 129
Appendices
1 Pronouns ............................................ 130
2 Question Words................................. 131
3 Question Formation .......................... 132
4 Verb Tense Overview ........................ 133
5 Irregular Verbs ................................... 134
Credits ................................................................... 136
Index ....................................................................... 137
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS
Features
In this much-anticipated second edition of REAL Grammar Book 1, you’ll nd the many features that made the
rst edition so successful, along with valuable improvements and additions. The four-step progressive approach
has been updated to suit the needs of today’s high-beginner to low-intermediate students of English as a second
language.
Overall Structure
Eleven theme-based units build grammatical and language skills, and an Editing Files unit provides additional
grammar elements to improve your writing and editing skills. The Final Verb Review section is a comprehensive
review of verb tenses seen at this level. Useful appendices, which act as both a reference and study tool, conclude
the book.
Unit Overview
1. FUNCTION AND FORM appears on coloured
pages for easy reference. The unit title and an
example sentence illustrate the unit’s grammar focus.
A timeline demonstrates the verb tenses.
Clear grammar charts with Notes in the margin
explanations and examples are highlight common
followed by short exercises for errors and provide
a quick check of your comprehension. usage tips to help
you use grammar
accurately.
2. PRACTISE offers contextualized and
mixed exercises on grammatical
concepts learned in Function and Form.
Thematically linked to REAL Skills Book 1, Cross-
they aim to reinforce vocabulary and references
language structures but can also work as send you
stand-alone activities. to charts in
Function and
An online component offers
Form and the
80 interactive workshops, including
Appendices.
pronunciation and dictation activities,
unit tests, Editing Files and Final Verb
Review exercises.
Varied exercises give opportunities for
independent work and collaborative
learning.
An example for each exercise provides a
model.
3. COMMUNICATE has collaborative

Speaking and Writing activities which
encourage peer editing.
FEATURES v
4. REVIEW proposes one or
two pages of exercises to
evaluate your understanding
and mastery of the grammar
featured in the unit.
Edit It!
allows you to
practise your
editing skills as you
nd and correct
common errors.
Editing Files, a new unit with sentence and word skills

development, includes charts, examples, and exercises to
improve your writing and editing skills.
Final Verb Review

Five pages of comprehensive exercises review the verb
tenses covered in Function and Form.
Appendices
Five Appendices feature charts with
useful reference material, including a verb tense
overview and a list of irregular verbs.
Clear and integrated web links indicate when to consult the interactive online activities on Chenelière’s new
platform. You’ll nd:
• An interactive eBook for teachers and students
• Additional questions on material in the book as well as new material, to be used for homework, in the lab, or for evaluation
• Interactive activities that give students automatic feedback
• Answer keys for the teacher
vi FEATURES
1
UNIT
Simple Present
Different travel options take

travellers in new directions.
Yesterday Today Tomorrow

Now
FUNCTION AND FORM
1.1 Simple Present

Use Example
Habits She goes to New York every month. Adverbs such as never,
We usually buy our tickets online. often, rarely, seldom,
sometimes, and usually
Customs I always eat sh and chips my rst day in go after the verb be and
England.
before all other verbs in
At Thanksgiving people often travel to see their the simple present.
families.
He is always late.
Facts Adventure travel offers exciting vacations. I always sleep late on
Ice hotels melt in the spring. the weekends.
Keywords
Adverbs of time and frequency always, every day, every month, generally, never,
normally, often, rarely, seldom, usually . . .
1 Underline the keyword and circle the verb(s). Give the reason that the simple
present is used. Use the chart above for help.
1. Every year millions of Muslims go on a pilgrimage to Mecca. A custom
2. Muslims turn toward Mecca when they pray ve times a day. A fact
3. Usually people walk around the Kaaba seven times. A custom
4. It is always extremely hot in Saudi Arabia. A fact
5. People often shop in luxurious air-conditioned shopping malls. A habit
UNIT 1 Simple Present 1

Verb Be
1.2 Simple Present of the Verb Be
Use the verb be in the simple present for facts and present states.
Afrmative Negative
A contraction is the Subject Verb Contraction Subject Verb Contraction
shortened form of a be be + not
word. When you remove
a vowel, replace it with I am I’m I am not I’m not
an apostrophe: I am He / She / It’s not
I’m. He / She / It is He’s/ She’s/ It’s He / She / It is not
He / She / It isn’t
We / You / We’re / You’re / We / You / We / You / They’re not

They are are not
They’re They We / You / They aren’t
1.3 Expressions with the Verb Be

Use expressions with the verb be to describe age, size, colour, physical states, price,
time, nationality, and profession.
Age How old are you? I’m 20 years old.
Size and colour How tall are you? I’m 1.67 m.

What colour is your shirt? It’s yellow.
Physical state / condition I’m hungry and I’m thirsty. We’re sleepy. We’re warm.
Price and time How much is it? It’s $10.

What time is it? It’s 2:00 p.m.
Nationality and profession Guido is Italian. He’s a doctor.
1.4 There with the Verb Be

Use there with the verb be to state a fact.
There Is There Are

For one person or thing (singular) For more than one person or thing
(plural)
There is a concert outside. There are concerts in the park every day.
2 Complete each sentence with the afrmative, or with the negative contracted form of the verb be.
1. The cruise ship is 360 metres long. 4. She ’s not / isn’t hungry. (negative)
2. We aren’t very thirsty. (negative) 5. Tim and Julie are tour directors.
3. I am Japanese. 6. There is not / isn’t a party tonight. (negative)
2 UNIT 1 Simple Present

1.5 Yes / No Questions and Short Answers with the Verb Be
Verb Subject Rest of Short Answers
Be Question
Am I a good singer? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Is he / she / it in class today? Yes, she is. No, she’s not (isn’t).
Are we / you / they in the same class? Yes, you are. No, you’re not (aren’t).
3 Write each sentence as a yes / no question and give the short answer.
1. Chris Hadeld is on the space station.

Is Chris Hadeld on the space station? Yes, he is .
2. Julie Payette and Roberta Bondar are Canadian astronauts.

Are Julie Payette and Roberta Bondar Canadian astronauts? Yes, they are .
3. I am not interested in space travel.

Are you interested in space travel? No, I’m not .
1.6 Information Questions with the Verb Be

Question Word Verb Be Rest of Question Answer Go to appendix 2,
page 131, for
What is this? It’s a travel brochure.
examples of all the
Where is he from? He’s from India. question words.
When are you at home? I’m at home around noon.
Who is she? She’s my cousin.

is on the bus? My cousin is on the bus.
Why am I here? I’m here to choose a tour.
How are you? I’m in good shape.
4 Complete each question with a question word and the correct form of the verb be. We can also use how
The answer to the question is in bold. with an adjective or an
adverb to ask questions.
1. Who is with you? My sister is with me.
How much / many . . . ?
2. How old is your sister? My sister is 20 years old. How old . . . ? How
far . . . ? How often . . . ?
3. Where are we now? Now we are near Barbados. How long . . . ? How big /
tall / high / small . . . ?
4. When is the show? The show is at seven o’clock.

All Other Verbs
1.7 Simple Present of Other Verbs
The verb have is an exception. The third-person singular of have is has.
Subject Base form Subject Do / does + not Base form
of verb (contraction) of verb
(+ -s or -es)
I work/go. I do not (don’t)
He / She / It works / goes. He / She / It does not (doesn't) work / go.
We / You / They work/go. We / You / They do not (don't)
1.8 Spelling of the Third-Person Singular

Verb Ending Rule Example
Most endings Add -s. read reads
Consonant + -y Change the -y to i and add -es. cry cries
-o, -ch, -sh, -s, -ss, do does, watch watches,

-x, -z Add -es. wish wishes, kiss kisses,
mix mixes, buzz buzzes,
1.9 Pronunciation of Third-Person Endings -s and -es

Final Sound Pronunciation Example
/ f /, / k /, / p /, / t / /s/ laughs, tricks, sleeps, eats
/ b /, / d /, / g /, / l /, / m /, / n /, / r /, sobs, hides, wags, tells, welcomes, returns, goes,

/z/
/ v /, / w /, / y / or a vowel sound cheers, loves, blows, plays
/ ch /, / sh /, / j /, / s /, / x /, / z / / iz / watches, washes, changes, caresses, waxes, buzzes
5 Write the sentence in the afrmative or negative form using the verb.
1. The plane usually (y) ies directly from Montréal to France.

The pronunciation of
the nal-s of a third- 2. Steve (go) goes to the Alps to snowboard every year.
person-singular verb
depends on the nal 3. Our ski instructor (take) takes the morning ight every Monday.
sound, not the spelling.
4. Jo (visit, negative) does not / doesn’t visit his brother every year.

1.10 Yes / No Questions and Short Answers with
Other Verbs
Do / Does Subject Base Form Short Answers
of Verb
In yes / no questions, the
Do I Yes, I do. No, I don’t. main verb is always in
its base form.
Does he / she / it work / go? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
Does she travel a lot?
Do we / you / they Yes, they do. No, they don’t. Does she travels a lot?
6 Write the missing yes / no question or short answer.
1. Do Monica and Jenny like New York? Yes, Monica and Jenny like New York.
2. Do they enjoy shopping in New York? (afrmative) Yes, they do.
3. Does Jenny often visit the museum? No, she doesn’t often visit the museum.
1.11 Information Questions with Other Verbs

Question Word Do / Does Subject Base Form of Verb Go to appendices
2 and 3, pages
Where does he ski?
131–132, for more
When do they arrive? information on
question words.
How / How often / How far does she travel?
1.12 Information Questions Without the Auxiliary Do

Do not use do or does when what or who refers to the subject of the sentence.
Question Word Verb in Third- Rest of Short Answer

Person Singular Question Subject + Do / Does
Who likes to travel? I do!
What stops a migraine? Sleep does.
7 Write a question about each statement to match the information in bold.
1. Nick and his sister travel in March. When do Nick and his sister travel?
2. His sister goes trekking in the rainforest. Where does his sister go trekking?
3. They like it because it’s a tropical paradise. Why do they like it?

PRACTISE
8 Afrmative / Negative with the Verb Be Chart 1.2
Complete each sentence with the form of the verb be indicated in parentheses. Use
Complete additional contractions for the negative.
exercises online to isn’t
Example: Travel in Asia (negative) popular this year.
practise the simple
present tense of the 1. Standby (negative) isn’t a cool way to travel.
verb be and all other
2. Beaches in the Caribbean (afrmative) are very beautiful.
verbs.
3. Shark observation (afrmative) is a risky adventure.
4. Youth hostels in Europe (negative) aren’t cheap and clean.
5. There are several festivals in the summer.
6. There is a lot of modern architecture in Barcelona.
9 Yes / No Questions with the Verb Be Chart 1.5
Complete each question with the correct form of the verb be. Then give the short
answer to each question.
Example: Is French food delicious? Yes, it is .
1. Is Maria a student from Poland? Yes, she is .
2. Is Paris a city in Italy? No, it is not .
3. Are Mediterranean beaches clean? Yes, they are .
4. Are France and Poland the smallest countries in Europe? No, they are not .
10 Information Questions with the Verb Be Chart 1.6
Write a question about each statement to match the information in bold.
Example: A: Cambodia is in southeast Asia.
Q: Where is Cambodia?
1. A: The best tourist attraction in Cambodia is the temple of Angkor Wat.
Q: What is the best tourist attraction in Cambodia?
2. A: Angkor Wat is extremely big.
Q: How big is Angkor Wat?
3. A: The hot dry season is from March to May.
Q: When is the hot dry season?
4. A: The capital of Cambodia is Phnom Penh.
Q: What is the capital of Cambodia?
5. A: The ecotourism site of Ratanakiri is near the border of Vietnam.
Q: Where is the ecotourism site of Ratanakiri?

11 Afrmative Mixed Verb / Subject-Verb Agreement Charts 1.2, 1.7
Refer to unit 12,
Underline the subjects of the verbs in parentheses. Then write the verbs Editing Files, for
in the simple present. more information
on subject-verb
Example: Florence (continue) continues to attract tourists from everywhere. agreement.
has 1 is 9
Florence (have) Rome, the capital of Italy, Venice (be) a city
offers 5
many museums. The Ufzi (offer) many of waterways built on small
has 2
Gallery (have) things to see and do. islands in a lagoon. Everyone
wishes 10
paintings by Botticelli and A masterpiece of Roman (wish) to take
Leonardo da Vinci. You can engineering, the Colosseum a ride in a gondola to the next
see 3 stands 6
also (see) (stand) in attraction. The many shops
sculptures by Michelangelo, the middle of a busy street. in the ancient alleyways of San
takes 7 catch 11
including the huge statue of A tour (take) Marco (catch)
David. From the Boboli Gardens visitors to see the tunnels and the eyes of visitors shopping
across the River Arno, there cages where gladiators and wild for superb masks still made by
is 4
(be) an amazing animals waited before ghts. ne craftsmen. This city (remain)
is 8 remains 12
view of the Duomo, Florence’s Rome (be) one of the world’s
stunning cathedral. a magnicent city to visit. most beautiful cities.
12 Afrmative / Negative and Contractions Charts 1.2, 1.7
Complete each sentence with the correct simple present form of the verb.
Then write the negative contracted form on the line.
Example: The rst place I (like) like to visit in Toronto is the CN Tower. don’t like
1. We (want) want to see whales when we go to Vancouver. don’t want
2. In Nova Scotia, visitors (go) go to see the relics from the Titanic. don’t go
3. My brother (drive) drives a horse-drawn carriage in Old Québec. doesn’t drive
4. Kayaking near icebergs in Labrador (be) is the most exciting experience. isn’t

13 Yes / No Questions and Short Answers Chart 1.10
Read the proles of three friends who work at an ice hotel. Write a yes / no question
about each person. Then answer each question using a short answer and a full sentence
that says what the person does. Use the information in the chart to help you. Answers will vary.
Charles: A Guide Thomas: A Bartender Sara: A Spa Therapist
likes snowboarding wants to be a nurse enjoys snowboarding
watches action movies mixes cocktails listens to music
goes ice shing works at night goes skiing
Example: Charles / go skating (negative)

Q: Does Charles go skating?
A: No, he doesn’t. He goes ice shing.
1. Thomas / work (negative)
Q: Does Thomas work during the day?
A: No, he doesn’t. He works at night.
2. Sara / listen (afrmative)
Q: Does Sara listen to music?
A: Yes, she does. She listens to music.
3. Charles and Sara / enjoy (afrmative)
Q: Do Charles and Sara enjoy snowboarding?
A: Yes, they do. They enjoy / like snowboarding.
4. Charles / watch (negative)
Q: Does Charles watch comedies?
A: No, he doesn’t. He watches action movies.
5. Thomas / want (afrmative)
Q: Does Thomas want to be a nurse?
A: Yes, he does. He wants to be a nurse.

14 Information Questions Charts 1.11, 1.12
Read the description of the Savage Safari tour. Write questions to match the information
in bold. Then answer each question with a long answer.
Savage Safari
The Savage Safari tour invites you on a camping adventure for seven days and nights in
a national park in the heart of Africa. Travellers sleep in tents by a campre. When they
wake up, they hear the sounds of wild animals. They travel in comfortable Jeeps to see
elephants, lions, and giraffes. Savage Safari is the best way to live the African experience.
Every night African drummers play traditional music and dancers perform energetic
dances. It is a great vacation for photographers and artists, too. Do you want to join our
tour? The excursion leaves from Montréal every Monday. Reserve your place soon.
Question Answer
Example: How long is this trip? The trip is for seven days and nights.
1. Where do travellers sleep? They sleep in tents by a campre.
2. What do the travellers hear when they wake up? They hear the sounds of wild animals.
3. What do travellers see? They see elephants, lions, and giraffes.

4. Who plays traditional music? African drummers play traditional music.
5. When does the tour leave Montréal? The safari tour leaves Montréal every Monday.
15 Adverb Placement Chart 1.1
Unscramble the words to write a correct sentence. Be sure to use the correct form of
the verb.
Example: always / online / I / for travel tips / check I always check online for travel tips.
1. Mark / a winter vacation / never / take

Mark never takes a winter vacation.
2. book / rarely / Kevin and I / our airplane tickets / online

Kevin and I rarely book our airplane tickets online.
3. he / that practise sustainable tourism / go to places / often

He often goes to places that practise sustainable tourism.
4. always / choose / an exotic destination / Suzie

Suzie always chooses an exotic destination.

SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
Interview two students about their likes, dislikes, and preferences. Write seven questions in
the simple present to ask them.
Example: Where do you like to go in the summer?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
WRITING
Interview two students. Write their answers below.
Example: I like to go to the beach.
Student 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Student 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

REVIEW
A Third-Person Singular
Write the text in the third-person singular.
Christine’s Volunteer Experience

lives 1 she gets 2
Christine (live) in a small village in Peru. Every morning (get) up at
She helps 3 She teaches 4

6:15 a.m. (help) the teacher in the village school. (teach) English.
She has 5
(have) fun every day in this wonderful village.
She does 6 She helps 7

(do) so many different things. (help)
She drives 8
to build new houses. (drive) an old Jeep to get supplies
She assists 9
in the nearby town. (assist) the nurse who comes once
she tries 10
a week. Every day (try) to do more to help the people.
Volunteer work is really an amazing experience!
B Afrmative / Negative / Adverbs

Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs. Place the adverb in the correct place.
Space Travel
usually sleep 1
Do you know that astronauts in the Space Station (sleep, usually)
2
in sleeping bags attached to the wall so that they (oat, negative) do not / don’t oat
doesn’t work 3
away? The toilet (work, negative) with water like it does on Earth; it
works with suction. Since a day in space lasts about 90 minutes, astronauts
age 4 loses 5
(age) quickly. In space, an astronaut (lose)
his or her sense of up and down, so coming back to Earth is very difcult. When astronauts
come 6 generally have 7

(come) back, they (have, generally) problems
8
walking on the ground. Each astronaut (exercise, normally) normally exercises for 2 hours
has 9
a day. Low gravity (have) negative effects on muscles, bones, and blood circulation. Humans
need 10
(need) little sleep in space because they don’t work a lot. Do you want to travel in space?

C Mixed Questions
Write a yes / no (Y / N) or an information (INF) question about each sentence.
Sentence Type Question
1. Paula loves backpacking. Y/N Does Paula love backpacking?
2. Sam is a guide. Y/N Is Sam a guide?
3. They always look happy. Y/N Do they always look happy?
4. Ella enjoys camping. INF / what What does Ella enjoy?
5. Vicky likes ecotourism. INF / who Who likes ecotourism?
6. They usually travel by plane. INF / how How do they usually travel?
7. He scuba dives in the Caribbean. INF / where Where does he scuba dive?
8. Katy takes her vacation in June. INF / when When does Katy take her vacation?
Edit It! Underline and correct the 10 errors in the simple present.
1. Cindy has 16 years old and is an au pair in Switzerland. is
2. She come from Canada. comes
3. She work four hours a day during the week. works
4. She is lives in Geneva with a busy couple and their son and daughter,
Antoinette and François. lives
5. Francois go to pre-school in the morning. goes
6. Does you know Geneva? Do
7. It are a beautiful city beside a lake. is
8. How often do she housework? does (she) do
9. She studys painting at a local school at night. studies
10. On the weekend she be free to walk around this pretty city. is

2
UNIT
Present Progressive
People of all ages are now doing a variety

of physical activities to keep fit. What are you
doing?
Yesterday At this moment Tomorrow
FUNCTION AND FORM
2.1 Present Progressive

Use the present progressive for actions in progress.
Adverbs can go after

Function Example
the verb be.
Describes an action in progress at It is raining on his new car right now. I’m currently training for
the moment of speaking a marathon.
Describes an action in progress in He is taking evening classes this month. They can also go at the
the present for a temporary period beginning or end of the
of time sentence.
She is reading a book
Keywords
about acupuncture
at the moment, currently, now, presently, right now, this month . . . at the moment.
1 Underline the keywords in each sentence. Then write the function of the
present progressive.
1. Right now I am surng the Internet for healthy recipes.

It describes an action in progress at the moment of speaking.
2. Bianca is leasing a car this semester.

It describes an action in progress in the present for a temporary period of time.
3. I am watching a great exercise video at the moment.

UNIT 2 Present Progressive 13

2.2 Afrmative and Negative Statements
Subject Verb be Base form of Subject Verb be + not Base form of
verb + -ing verb + -ing
I am (I’m) I am not (I’m not)
He / She / It is (He’s / She’s / It’s) He / She / It is not (He’s not / He isn’t)

working. working.
We / You / They are (We’re / You’re / We / You / are not
They’re) They (We’re not / We aren’t)
2 Complete each sentence with the correct present progressive form of the verb.
1. Fitness classes (grow) are growing in popularity right now because people
are trying to lead healthy lives.
2. These days dieticians (advise) are advising people to eat more vegetables.
3. Right now I (sit, negative) am not/’m not sitting on the couch watching TV.
4. People of all ages (get) are getting regular exercise nowadays.
5. Naomi (swim, negative) is not swimming at the local pool this week.
2.3 Spelling
-e Change -e to -ing. make making
-i Add -ing. ski skiing
-ie Change the -ie to y and tie tying

add -ing.
Vowel or consonant + -y Add -ing. cry crying
Consonant + short vowel + Double the last consonant and win winning
consonant add -ing (except for -w, -x, -y).
3 Write the verbs in their -ing form.

Verbs in the -ing living lying staying
1. live 4. lie 7. stay
form are called
present participles. 2. move moving 5. try trying 8. sit sitting
drink + -ing drinking
3. write writing 6. die dying 9. put putting
14 UNIT 2 Present Progressive

2.4 Questions in the Present Progressive
Yes / No Questions Information Questions
To give a short answer to
Verb Subject Base form of Question Verb Subject Base form of
a yes / no question, use
be verb + -ing word be verb + -ing be without the main verb.
Am I What am I doing? Is he working this
weekend?
Is he / she / it working? Where is she going?
Yes, he is.
Are we / you / they Who are they meeting? No, he isn’t.
4 Use the words to write a question in the present progressive.
1. he / play / hockey / right now. Is he playing hockey right now? Go to appendix 1,

page 130, for more
2. what / Jamie / do / today What is Jamie doing today? information on
question words.
3. why / she / run / so fast Why is she running so fast?
2.5 Verbs Rarely Used in the Present Progressive

Some verbs, such as be, are never used in the present progressive. She is being hungry.
Mental States Possession Sense and Feelings and

Perception Preferences
believe, forget, know, mean, belong, have, own, feel, hear, see, seem, dislike, hate, like, love,
remember, think, understand possess smell, sound, taste need, prefer, want
We believe in justice. She has a speed bike. Do you see the boat? I like martial arts.
(are believing) (is having) (Are you seeing) (am liking)
2.6 Simple Present and Present Progressive

Simple Present Present Progressive
Use the simple present for facts or habits. Use the present progressive for temporary situations and
actions in progress at that moment.
I wear glasses every day. Presently I am not wearing my glasses.
5 Write the verb in the appropriate form: simple present or present progressive.
1. Valerie is walking on the treadmill right now. (walk)
2. Members of the gym have many free activities every day. (have)
3. The cardio class is open to people of all ages. (be)
4. At the moment we are doing warm-up exercises. (do)
5. I am currently reading a book about diet and tness. (read)

PRACTISE
6 Afrmative and Negative Chart 2.2
Complete the sentences with the correct present progressive form of the verbs.
Complete additional
Example: My classmates and I (sit) are sitting in the cafeteria at the moment.
exercises online to
practise the present am reading
1. Right now I (read) the list of courses while my friends Justin
progressive.
and Nadia (decide) are deciding which sport to do.
2. At the moment Justin (try, negative) isn’t trying to convince Nadia to

take a scuba-diving class.
3. The college has a large pool and Nadia (get) is getting nervous about
learning to swim underwater.
4. Nadia and I do not have adventurous personalities so we (sign up, negative)

aren’t signing up for scuba diving.
5. Today we (complete) are completing our registration for all our courses for
this semester.
7 Spelling Chart 2.3
Cross out the misspelled word in the highlighted areas of the text.
Example: It is hireing / hiring people to help construct an 18 km long obstacle course.
Test Your Strength!

Are you ready for the challenge of your life? Tough Mudder is an exciting, dynamic new company that
1
is offerring / offering a life-changing experience for adventurous people who want to test their physical
2
strength and mental endurance. Events are now happening / happenning in
Vancouver, Toronto, and Montréal, and in other cities around the world. In this
3
exciting, tough obstacle race, participants are running / runing in mud, sand, and
water, and through re—even through obstacles that give electric shocks—to test
4
their courage. They are climbbing / climbing up ropes, hills, and even buildings.
5
Tough Mudder has a charitable purpose, too. At the moment it is raising / raiseing
6
money to help wounded soldiers in war zones. Spectators are paieing / paying a
7
reasonable price for tickets to watch runners who are participatting / participating
8
in this year’s race. Around the world, adventurous runners are putting / puting their
names on the registration lists on the website. I put my name on the list for the next
9
event in Montréal. No, I am not lieing / lying ! It’s true. In fact, many of my friends are
10
signing / signning up today.

8 Yes / No Questions Chart 2.4
Look at each photo and answer the question with a short answer. Write the correct
information for each negative response using a complete sentence.
Example: Is Kevin travelling by car? No, he’s not. He’s travelling by train.
1 2 3 4 5
1. Are they watching whales in the Bay of Fundy right now? Yes, they are.
2. Is Matt skiing at Whistler these days? No, Matt isn’t. He is snowboarding at Whistler.
3. Is she shopping at the moment? Yes, she is.
4. Is Sandra kayaking in Nova Scotia? No, she isn’t. She is running on a beach.
5. Are the fans watching the Calgary Stampede this afternoon? Yes, they are.
Form a question in the present progressive about each picture. Use the word box
to help you.
Example 1 2 3 4 5
Bruno David and Jessica Valerie Ashley and Jack Audrey
Question Answer rollerblade

Example: Are the women rollerblading? Yes, they are. scuba dive
kayak
1. Is Bruno Zumba dancing? Yes, he is. jog
skydive
2. Are David and Jessica jogging? No, they aren’t. Zumba dance
They are scuba diving.
3. Is Valerie scuba diving? No, she isn’t.

She is jogging.
4. Are Ashley and Jack skydiving? Yes, they are.
5. Is Audrey kayaking? Yes, she is.

10 Information Questions Chart 2.4
Complete the dialogue with a question to match the information in bold.
Example: Frederick: Which class are you taking?

Michelle: I’m taking the cardio salsa class.
1. Michelle: What are you signing up for this semester?

Frederick: I’m signing up for the Zumba class this semester.
2. Michelle: Why are you doing it?

Frederick: I’m doing it to get back in shape.
3. Frederick: Where are you going for your dance classes?

Michelle: I’m going to the studio downtown for my dance classes.
4. Frederick: Who are you going with?

Michelle: I’m going with my brother.
5. Michelle: How much are you paying for your classes?/What are you paying for your classes?
Frederick: I’m paying $100 for 10 classes.
11 Afrmative, Negative, and Questions Charts 2.2, 2.4
Complete the paragraph with the correct present progressive form of the verbs
in parentheses.
Example: Michelle (feel, negative) is not feeling ready.
Paralympian
Michelle Stilwell is a wheelchair sprinter from British Columbia who won gold and silver medals in the 2012
are talking 1
Paralympic Games. At the moment Michelle and her coach (talk) . Now (what,
what is she doing 2 is xing 3
she, do) ? She (x) her wheelchair because
is waving 4
it needs some adjustments. Now she (wave) to the crowd as she gets ready
are waiting 5
to start the race. All the wheelchair sprinters (wait) for the race to start. They
are smiling 6
(smile) as their supporters start cheering. They’re off! The wheelchairs (move)
are moving 7
at an incredible speed. Now the sprinters (smile, negative)
are not / aren’t smiling 8 are concentrating 9
. They (concentrate) on the race. Michelle’s
is encouraging 10
son Kai (encourage) her as she passes.
What is happening 11
(what, happen) now? Presently Michelle (win)
is winning 12
the race! Journalists (run)
are running 13
onto the race track. They (take)
are taking 14
photos. (where, Michelle, go)
Where is Michelle going 15
now? She’s on her way to the podium to
receive her medal.

12 Simple Present or Present Progressive? Chart 2.6
Refer to unit 1,
Underline the keyword in each sentence. Then circle the correct form of the verb. page 1, for more
Explain your choice. Write F for a fact, H for a habit, or AP for an action in progress. information on the
simple present.
Example: Look now! Britanny skis / is skiing downhill. AP
1. Right now my exercise program makes / is making my muscles hurt! AP
2. Connor goes / is going white water rafting every summer. H
3. Sammy and his team swim / are swimming 20 laps every morning. H
4. Normally exercise is / is being good for everyone. F
5. Jody smiles / is smiling right now because she is winning the race. AP
6. This month Anne trains / is training for the obstacle race. AP
7. Jackson does / is doing tai chi every day before breakfast. H
8. Oh no! The speed skaters skate / are skating too close to the wall now! AP
9. Without a doubt, speed skaters are / are being always risk-takers. F
10. All year round I do / am doing tai chi and yoga. H
13 Simple Present or Present Progressive? Chart 2.6
Underline the keywords and write the correct form of the verbs. Then write SP (simple
present) or PP (present progressive) above each verb.
Visiting José
PP
Example: Today I (visit) am visiting my friend José.
SP SP
works 1 likes 2
He usually (work) part time as an instructor in a private club. He (like)
PP SP
his job but he (work, not) is not working 3 now because he (be) is 4
too busy at school.
SP
goes 5
He (go) to school every day to study to become a gym teacher. He’s excited because
PP
is getting 6
at the moment he (get) ready to move in with friends to cut costs. This morning
PP PP
am helping 7 are putting 8
I (help) him pack. Right now we (put) clothes into bags to take to the
SP
has 9
Salvation Army. José (have) a lot of clothes but many are worn out or too small. As a
SP
needs 10
gym instructor, he (need) many different sports clothes, but as a student, he wears
whatever he wants.

WRITING SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
1. Write eight different questions about what the people are doing in the illustration.
Write yes / no and information questions. Use the word boxes for help.
2. Then work with a classmate (Student A). Ask the rst four questions and write
your partner’s answers. Do the same for the last four questions with another
classmate (Student B).
Verbs Nouns
balance baseball cap
cycle bathing cap
get bathing suit
kneel running shoes
lie shorts
lift sunglasses
relax sweatpants
ride treadmill
rub weights
stand
stretch
sweat
tan
watch
wear
Example: What are Jenny and Sarah doing? They are doing yoga.
Question Student A’s Answer
1. Bill
2. Tania
3. Kim and Tom
4. Mike
Question Student B’s Answer
5. Jenny and Sarah
6. Jack
7. Kelly
8. Julie and Bill

REVIEW
A Afrmative and Negative

Complete the text with the afrmative or negative form
of the present progressive.
Our Friendly City

I work as a tour guide. My city has many streets that are just for pedestrians.
am taking 1
Right now I (take) a group of tourists around the old port.
are walking 2
We (walk) along the path by the St. Lawrence River and a
is docking 3
large boat (dock) at the port. It’s not a tourist boat. It (unload,
is not unloading 4
not) people or cargo. It is decorated with bright lights!
is turning 5
Everybody (turn) around to look at a noisy crowd of young
are meeting 6
people who (meet) on the grass. They (congregate, not)
are not congregating 7 to run a marathon. They (doing, not) are not doing 8
are partying 9
yoga, either. They (party) ! They graduated from high school
getting 10
today and they are (get) together to celebrate on the boat.
B Questions
Write each sentence as the type of question indicated in parentheses.
1. My city is making green decisions. (Y / N)

Is your city making green decisions?
2. The urban planner is presenting new ideas. (Who)

Who is presenting new ideas?
3. They are planning new bike paths. (What)

What are they planning?
4. They are creating new parks in the city. (Where)

Where are they creating new parks?
5. People are planting owers in the alleyways. (Y / N)

Are people planting owers in the alleyways?
6. The council is voting on new rules today. (When)

When is the council voting on new rules?

C Simple Present or Present Progressive
Complete each sentence with the simple present or present progressive form of the verb.
1. At the moment we (watch) are watching a pair of ducks on the lake.
2. Every day in the spring we (come) come to walk in this park.
3. The snow (melt) is melting now and we can see the grass.
4. It is still a bit cold but the weather (get) is getting warmer now.
5. At the moment one of the ducks (dip) is dipping its head in the water.
6. All year round we (take) take photos of the birds that visit the lake.
7. A walk (be) is an excellent way to keep t and we (like)

like to watch birds.
8. Suddenly we (hear) hear a familiar sound. The Canada geese (y)

are ying overhead!
Edit It! Underline and correct the errors. If the sentence is correct, write C.
am eating
1. Right now I eat my supper.
2. We practise meditation every day. C

are
3. They are being in our exercise class.
believes
4. He is believing in hot yoga for maximum health.
5. The health benets of exercise are well known. C
6. Is he studying now? Yes, he is. C

see
7. I am seeing about 50 students in the library.
We’re
8. Were very happy with our choice of activity.
prefers
9. Kate is preferring to walk home after work.
10. The group gives a concert once a month. C

3
UNIT
Nouns
Eat cereal and fruits to start your day.
FUNCTION AND FORM
Nouns are used to name people, places, things, and abstract concepts.
3.1 Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns
For people or things that can be counted For people or things that cannot be
Some nouns are
counted
both countable
Have both singular and plural forms Do not have a plural form and uncountable,
(regular ending -s or -es) depending on the
car cars dish dishes She gave me some advice. (advices) intended meaning.
My hair is a mess! (all
Can take the third-person singular or Take the third-person singular form of
my hair)
plural form of the verb the verb
My mother teaches at the high school. Smoke damages people’s health. There are dog hairs all
over the sofa. (strands
Her two sisters teach at the university.
of hair)
Can take an indenite article Cannot take an indenite article
I saw a romantic movie last night. I need an information.
Can be used with a number Cannot be used with a number

I need two chairs and one table. I need two furniture.
Examples of uncountable nouns
bread coffee earth our milk rain salt sugar sun water
beauty fun happiness information love luck peace time truth violence
1 Write C if the noun is countable or U if it is uncountable.

1. advice U 3. tree C 5. child C 7. trafc U
2. love U 4. chair C 6. foot C 8. freedom U
UNIT 3 Nouns 23
3.2 Spelling of Plural Countable Nouns
Regular Plurals
Noun Ending Rule Example
Most endings Add -s. computer computers toy toys
-f, -fe Change the -f to v and add -es. leaf leaves (exceptions: beliefs, chiefs)
Change the -fe to v and add -es. life lives
-o Add -s or -es. photo photos potato potatoes
Consonant + -y Change -y to i and add -es. party parties
-ch, -s, -sh, -ss, -x, -zz Add -es. wish wishes
Most compound nouns Add -s or -es to last noun. soccer game soccer games
Examples of Irregular Plurals

analysis analyses foot feet medium media salmon salmon
child children goldsh goldsh moose moose sheep sheep
criterion criteria goose geese mouse mice tooth teeth
deer deer man men person people woman women
2 Write the plural form of the noun on the line.

The pronunciation
1. baby babies 6. wife wives
of the plurals with a
nal -s and -es follows watches video games
2. watch 7. video game
the same rule as the
third-person singular of 3. gentleman gentlemen 8. thief thieves
verbs: /s/ , /z/ , /iz/ . Go to
unit 1, page 4, for more 4. animal animals 9. person people
information.
5. boy boys 10. class classes
3.3 Possessive Form

Use the possessive form of nouns to show ownership or association.
Noun Rule Example

Singular nouns Add ’s (apostrophe + -s). the dog’s bone, the boss’s decision
Plural nouns that do not end with -s the children’s books
Plural nouns that end with -s Add an ’ (apostrophe). my brothers’ cars
Proper nouns that end with the sound / z / Mr. Jones’ car
3 Write the possessive form of the nouns in parentheses.
1. the boys’ motorcycle (the boys) 3. James’ computer (James)
2. Mike’s book (Mike) 4. women’s club (women)
24 UNIT 3 Nouns
PRACTISE
4 Plural Countable and Uncountable Nouns Charts 3.1, 3.2
Indicate if each noun is countable (C) or uncountable (U). (If you need help, read the
sentence.) Then complete each sentence with the correct form of the noun. Complete additional
exercises online to
Noun C or U Sentence practise nouns.
Example: love U People say that love makes the world

go around.
1. fun U We have fun at the water park.
2. city C New York is one of the coolest cities .
3. salt U I like salt on my fries.
4. course C I am failing two courses right now.
5. energy drink C He loves energy drinks .
6. hair C Look at these cat hairs on my coat!
7. money U I don’t have enough money .
8. sandwich I love salami sandwiches .

C
5 Mixed Countable and Uncountable Nouns Chart 3.1
Cross out the noun that doesn’t belong with the others in each row.
1. tea milk sugar carrot
2. rain snowake sun snow
3. education computer information technology
4. printer report homework page
5. love beauty fun game
6 Plural Nouns Chart 3.2
Write the correct plural form of each noun in parentheses. Use a dictionary if necessary.
Example: The mice ate the cheese. (mouse)
1. I saw the women on the team. (woman) 5. Barbados has many beaches . (beach)
2. There are many different theories . (theory) 6. I’m going to brush my teeth . (tooth)
3. The dog is guarding the sheep . (sheep) 7. Did you see my videos ? (video)
4. The children liked the movie. (child) 8. I love her birthday parties . (party)
UNIT 3 Nouns 25
7 Possessive Form Chart 3.3
Write the possessive form of the underlined noun in each sentence.
Example: Jack / workbench is very heavy. Jack’s workbench is very heavy.
1. Astrid / house is next to mine. Astrid’s house is next to mine.
2. Where is Ivan / dog? Where is Ivan’s dog?
3. The girl / apartment is really small. The girl’s apartment is really small.
4. Nicole / drawings are on the table. Nicole’s drawings are on the table.
5. Dan / new car is expensive. Dan’s new car is expensive.
6. The children/ parents worry about energy drinks. The children’s parents worry about energy drinks.
7. The sisters / schedule is very stressful. The sisters’ schedule is very stressful.
8. The women / residence hall is very modern. The women’s residence hall is very modern.
8 Mixed Nouns Charts 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Write the correct form of the nouns in parentheses.
Example: New bike (path) paths are accommodating citizens.
Bike-sharing is fun and environmentally friendly. From the largest bike-sharing system in China to a university
planners 1
campus in Brazil, urban (planner) are coming up with new ideas to ease trafc problems.
In Asia, the bicycle used to be the simplest way to travel to work, but with growing prosperity (person)
people 2 money 3 China’s 4
have (money) to buy cars. (China) bike-sharing system
connects users to public transport. In Kitakyushu, Japanese users have access to a battery that charges their
cities 5
electric bikes. In India, the government is introducing bike-sharing in 10 (city) .
In Europe, the largest bike-sharing system is in Paris and the government of Denmark plans to build new
bikes 6
super highways just for (bike) ! There is also a competition to design an ultra-modern bike
station in Copenhagen. Tourists in Amsterdam have to watch out for all the bikes on bridges
crossing the famous canals. In London, interactive maps give users real-time (information)
information 7
about the number of bikes available at every station.
In South America, the University of São Paolo in Brazil found a creative way to solve
university’s 8
trafc problems on its large campus. The (university) solution was to
students 9
create free bike-sharing for (student) and professors to get to their (class)
classes 10
on time.
26 UNIT 3 Nouns
WRITING SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
1. Work in pairs. Choose one of the following topics. Take a minute to list as many
nouns as you can think of related to that topic.
2. Exchange your list with another pair. With your partner, decide if the nouns on the
list are countable (C) or uncountable (U). Then write the correct plural form of the
countable nouns.
Topics
 Food and drink  Sports  Shopping
 Travel  Leisure activities  School
Noun C or U Plural
Example: Snack C Snacks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Edit It! Underline and correct the error in each sentence.
information
1. Some students use their cellphones to get informations during an exam.
advice
2. What advices do you give your classmates about cheating?
People
3. Persons say that honesty is the best policy.
beliefs
4. We all have different perspectives and believes.
societies
5. In some society lying is acceptable.
student’s
6. A students’ responsibility is to be fair and not cheat.
UNIT 3 Nouns 27
REVIEW
A Plurals of Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Choose the correct forms of the countable and uncountable
nouns highlighted in the text.
Airport Anxiety
1 2
Sometimes persons / people worry about air travel / travels , but today everyone
3
seems relaxed. Of course, some people are anxious about security / securities ,
4
but that’s normal. Some travellers are waiting to check in their luggage / luggages .
5
Others are asking for informations / information about their ights. One man is
6
talking to the couple next to him. They are giving him advice / advices about his
7
trip to South America. I hope they warn him about the trafc / trafcs in the big
8 9
citys / cities . Some children / childrens are having fun in the play area. A few
10
passengers are changing their money / monies at the bank. Oh! It’s time to board.
B Regular and Irregular Plurals

Write the correct plural form of each noun in parentheses.
1. Do you have good sleep habits ? (habit)
2. I have really sore feet after yesterday’s marathon. (foot)
3. Why do you have two screens for your computer? (screen)
4. Get ready to discuss the three studies in class. (study)
5. Do you need to buy some tomatoes for your lunch? (tomato)
C Possessive Forms
Underline the errors in the possessive form. Then write each sentence correctly.
1. The team of the women is competing in the Paralympics.

The women’s team is competing in the Paralympics.
2. Where are the credit cards of Ashley?

Where are Ashley’s credit cards?
3. The decision of the girls was unanimous.

The girls’ decision was unanimous.
28 UNIT 3 Nouns
4
UNIT
Determiners
The couple is walking on the sidewalk.
FUNCTION AND FORM
4.1 Articles
Articles are used to make a noun denite (the student) or indenite (a student).
Article Use Example

Use a before a singular countable He has a cool bike.
noun to refer to a non-specic I often eat a mango for dessert.
person or thing.
Indenite a / an Use an in front of a noun beginning Do you want an apple or an orange?

with a vowel sound or a silent h. It takes an hour to drive to work.
Exception: Use a if the vowel makes A university education is expensive.

a /y/ sound.
Use the with singular and plural nouns The bike I lost is red.
Denite the to refer to specic people or things. Here’s the mango I’m going to eat.
For generalizations about people or Studies can be stressful.

things Students often have a lot of homework.
None For names of people, titles, sports, Dr. Stewart speaks Japanese and lives in
languages, and countries Japan. He does martial arts.
Not: The Dr. Stewart speaks the Japanese and
lives in the Japan. He does the martial arts.
1 Complete each sentence with a, an, or the. If no article is needed, write X.
1. This is a hospital. 4. Where is the metro station? Uncountable nouns

cannot take an
2. Do you want X pepper in your soup? 5. Jack is eating an avocado. indenite article.
X The steak needs a salt.
3. It is such an honour to meet you. 6. His favourite game is hockey.
UNIT 4 Determiners 29
4.2 Quantifying Determiners
Determiner Use Example
Spelling error: a lot many Use many before a countable I have many friends.
alot noun in afrmative and negative I don’t have many friends.
statements and questions.
How many friends do you have?
much Use much before an I don’t have much time for fun.
uncountable noun in negative How much time do you have?
statements and questions.
too much, Use too much or so much in I have so much fun with my
so much afrmative statements. friends!
a lot of Use a lot of before a countable Do you have a lot of friends?

or an uncountable noun. I spend a lot of much time with
Use a lot of instead of much in my friends.
afrmative statements.
4.3 Demonstrative Determiners

Determiner Function Example
this (singular) Refer to people or things I like this photo here.
these (plural) that are near you Can I keep these ones?
Refer to unit that (singular) Refer to people or things What is in that box over there?
5, page 36, for those (plural) that are far from you I like those trendy chairs in that store.
more information
on possessive
determiners
and possessive
pronouns.
4.4 Possessive Determiners
Determiner Function Example
my / your Indicate ownership Karine is my best friend.
English nouns have his / her / its or association with I often go to her house.
no gender, unlike people or things
our / your / their Our houses are on the same street.
French nouns. Use the
possessive determiner
that refers to the gender 2 Check if each sentence is right (R) or wrong (W). Write the sentence correctly if
of the person who owns there is an error.
the object.
Sue likes her phone. 1. I prefer this website to
R
that one.
(The phone belongs
to Sue.) 2. I don’t have many I don’t have much money.
W
Joel likes his tablet. money.
(Joel is the owner of the 3. He wants to copy that He wants to copy those documents and
W
tablet.) documents and those page. that page.
30 UNIT 4 Determiners
PRACTISE
3 Articles Chart 4.1
Underline the nouns. Complete each sentence with a, an, or X (no article needed).
Complete additional exercises
Example: Sometimes I fry X chicken. online to practise determiners.
1. Here’s the Thai cookbook you are looking for.
2. We love X Thai food.
3. This is a popular vegetable.
4. I don’t put X salt in everything.
5. Today I am making an eggplant recipe.
6. I am adding a tomato.
7. Most people like X spices.
8. Each time I peel an onion, I cry!
9. Here is the dish I enjoy the most.
10. You need to cook it for an hour and a half.
4 Quantifying Determiners Chart 4.2
Complete each sentence with many or much.
Example: Grace has many hobbies.
1. Yannick doesn’t spend much time at home.
2. He plays many sports.
3. He participates in many competitions.
4. He doesn’t have time to do much homework.
5. His sports activities take up many hours a week.
5 Demonstrative Determiners Chart 4.3
Underline the correct determiner in each sentence.
Example: I am going into this / these store to buy running shoes.

1
Jade: I’m not sure I like this / these red sneakers I’m holding right now.
2
Dylan: Do you want to try on those / this pair that I just picked up?
3
Jade: No, I don’t. I prefer that / those sneakers in the corner at the back.
4
Dylan: Do you mean these / this blue pair next to me?
5
Jade: No, I don’t. Please, pass me these / that purple pair behind them.
6 Possessive Determiners Chart 4.4
Complete the text with the correct possessive determiner: my, his, her, its, our, your, their.
Example: I like Gaudi because his designs are unusual.
Antonio Gaudi was an amazing architect. Do you know any of his 1

beautiful buildings? He started building
the famous Sagrada Família Cathedral in Barcelona in 1882 and planned its 2
completion for 2026. My sister
went to visit the cathedral this summer and her 3

impression was that 2026 was too optimistic! The people of
Barcelona love their 4

famous architect. Do some research on your 5
computer if you want to learn more.
7 Mixed Determiners Charts 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
Underline the correct determiner in each sentence. There may be more than one
possible answer.
Example: Around the world there are many / much / a lot of strange buildings.
1. The Sydney Opera House draws so much / many / a lot of admiration from visitors.
2. People come to Vienna to see the district heating plant with its / a / his unusual
decorations.
3. Did your daughter enjoy his / her / its visit to the Royal Ontario Museum? Heating plant, Vienna
4. In Sopot, Poland, there is a / an / his famous crooked house.
5. Barcelona has many / the / a lot of architecture that is exciting to see.
6. A man in Bulgaria built his / a lot of / her house in the shape of a snail!
7. Do you prefer the Basket Building in Ohio to the / those / that building over there?
8. My aunt is showing me his / her / many photo of Habitat 67 in Montréal.
9. There is an / a / its atrium in the centre of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao.
10. My favourite architect is the / an / a famous American Frank Lloyd Wright. Habitat 67, Montréal
8 Mixed Determiners Charts 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
Complete each sentence with the correct determiners.
Example: Jonathan introduced me to his friend Anthony.
1. Anthony has a sister, Anna, who is an architect.
2. Anna attended Harvard University. Her teacher won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2004.
3. Dame Zaha Hadid is the rst woman architect to win that prize.
4. Hadid designed many modern buildings around the world.
5. Hadid lives in England and is a role model for a lot of / many young female architects.
COMMUNICATE
Maya’s bedroom Jean-Luc’s bedroom
SPEAKING
Find a partner and decide which photo each of you will use to compare Maya’s bedroom
with Jean-Luc’s. Ask questions using the correct possessive determiners and other
determiners before each noun.
Example: Student A: Is there a cushion on Maya’s couch?

Student B: Yes, there is. I see a white cushion on her couch.
Student A (Maya’s Bedroom) Student B (Jean-Luc’s Bedroom)

1. desk 1. sneakers
2. chair 2. round rug
3. shelves 3. bookcase
4. cushions 4. bedside table
5. pictures 5. guitar
WRITING
Are the bedrooms in the photos the same as your bedroom or different? What is your
bedroom like? Write a description of your bedroom. Use the determiners in the word box.
Underline the determiners in your description.
a a lot of an its many my that the their these this those
Example: This photo looks like my bedroom. Its layout is the same. There is a bed and
a desk. There are many windows. I also have a bookcase and a guitar.
REVIEW
A Possessive Determiners and Demonstrative Determiners

Circle the correct determiners.
1 2
Mario: I like this / these table in front of me but I don’t like that / those chairs in the corner.
3 4
This / these sofa that I’m sitting on is comfortable but that / those armchairs over there
5
aren’t. I don’t want to keep this / these old dresser next to me.
6
Zoe: OK, but me / my grandmother gave me that old dresser, so I want to keep it.
7
Mario: Is this you’re / your coffee table, too?
8
Zoe: No, it was left by the previous tenants. They didn’t have room in they’re / their
new apartment. This lamp is my father’s. He gave it to me when he moved out of

9
his / he’s large house.
10
Mario: Some of this furniture should denitely nd it’s / its way to a new owner!
B Articles and Quantifying Determiners

Write the correct determiner (a / an, the, many, much) in front of each noun.
1. Do you have an assignment to hand in this week? Yes, I do. I have to write a report.
2. She has to read many books but she doesn’t have much time.
3. He didn’t do much work, like many busy students.
4. I hope to get an email from my teacher. He cancels the class when he is sick.
5. Beth is applying to a small university in Québec. I think she is making the right decision.
Edit It! Underline and correct the 10 determiner errors.
much an
Pablo doesn’t have many knowledge of English. He is currently taking a English course
an a lot
because he wants to be the interior designer. Pablo has alot of determination. He watches
X his many
English TV and speaks the English with he’s friends. He reads much magazines to nd
This
information about different styles. These information is useful for the nal course essay.
His their
Her essays are usually well organized and teachers say they’re topics are interesting.
5
UNIT
Pronouns
“I dream of an Africa which is in

peace with itself.” We admire him for
his courage.
FUNCTION AND FORM
5.1 Subject and Object Pronouns

It, unlike the other pronouns, cannot be used to refer to humans. Note that the
plural pronoun they does not refer only to humans.
Pronoun Function Example

I Replaces a noun that is the subject of Naomi swims with Jessica.
you a sentence and comes before the main (subject) (verb)
Subject verb She swims with Jessica.
he / she / it
Always write the rst-person subject I don’t swim. i don’t swim.
we / you / they
pronoun with a capital letter.
me Replaces a noun that is the object of a Naomi swims with Jessica.

you sentence and usually comes after a verb (verb +
Object or preposition preposition) (object)
him / her / it Naomi swims with her.
Object pronouns are not capitalized.
us / you / them
1 Write the correct subject or object pronouns to replace the underlined nouns.
1. Natalia loves her yoga classes. She loves them .

2. Fred and I saw Sharon and Tania yesterday. We saw them
yesterday.
3. Do you see Michael? Do you see him ?
4. Anna and Jim invited Sara to supper. They invited her to supper. Do not use an object
pronoun followed by a
5. Mark is watching the movie Fast and Furious. He is watching
subject pronoun.
it . I am a student. (Me ,
6. Does Leah like Tim and me? Does she like us ? I am a student.)
UNIT 5 Pronouns 35
5.2 Possessive Determiners and Possessive Pronouns
The word its cannot be used as a possessive pronoun. It can only be used as a
possessive determiner. This is the cat’s toy. This toy is its. This is its toy.
Form Function Example
Do not confuse the my Replaces a This is Sandy’s mountain bike.

possessive determiners your noun to show This is her mountain bike.
his, its, your, and their ownership or Mathew’s graduation
Possessive his / her / its
association ceremony is on Monday.
with the contractions determiner our / your / their
he’s (he is), it’s (it is), Is always His graduation ceremony is
you’re (you are), and followed by a on Monday.
they’re (they are). noun
mine Replaces a This is my cellphone. This

yours possessive cellphone is mine.
determiner and Where is your cellphone?
his / hers
Refer to unit 4, Possessive noun combination Where is yours?
ours / yours /
page 30, for more pronoun Replaces a This cellphone is Jade’s. /
theirs
information possessive noun This is Jade’s cellphone.
on possessive Is not followed This cellphone is hers.
determiners. by a noun
2 Underline the possessive determiner or the possessive noun. Then complete the
second sentence with the correct possessive pronoun.
1. This is my car. This car is mine .
2. That is their apartment. That apartment is theirs .
3. They are my sister’s children. They are hers .
4. That is my brother’s truck. That truck is his .
5. This is our painting. This painting is ours .
5.3 Reexive Pronouns

Note the spelling change Pronoun Function Example
from -self (singular) myself Is usually the object of I am proud of me myself!
to -selves (plural). a verb or preposition
yourself Take care of yourself!
himself (hisself)
when the subject
himself / herself / itself Tom is admiring him himself.
and the object of the
themselves (theirselves) ourselves / yourselves / They are proud of them
sentence are the same
ourselves (ourselfs) themselves themselves.
3 Complete each sentence with the correct reexive pronoun.
1. Nancy is proud of herself because she had a good evaluation.
2. When people feel good about themselves , they enjoy their work.
3. Make a note to remind yourself about the meeting.
36 UNIT 5 Pronouns
PRACTISE
4 Subject Pronouns Chart 5.1
Underline the subject of each sentence. Then write the sentence with a
subject pronoun. Complete additional
exercises online to
Example: Batman and Robin are superheroes. They are superheroes. practise pronouns.
1. Superheroes are eternally popular. They are eternally popular.
2. Superman always wins the battle over evil. He always wins the battle over evil.
3. Catwoman is both a heroine and a villain! She is both a heroine and a villain!
4. Gotham City is Batman’s hometown. It is Batman’s hometown.
5. My brother and I want to be superheroes. We want to be superheroes.
5 Object Pronouns Chart 5.1
Complete each sentence with the missing object pronoun. Use the information in parentheses.
Example: She is driving them to soccer practice. (the boys)
1. They are taking it to the vet. (the hamster)
2. The girl is watching him x his motorcycle. (her brother)
3. She is bringing us our food. (you and me)
4. He is teaching them karate. (the students)
5. The principal is giving her the diploma. (the girl)
6 Subject and Object Pronouns Chart 5.1
Complete the text with the appropriate subject or object pronouns. Underline the noun(s)
each pronoun replaces.
Example: Vegetarians and vegans avoid certain food types. They do not eat meat.
1. My sister, Jessie, is a vegan. She does not eat meat or eggs or drink milk.
My mother is a vegetarian. She doesn’t eat red meat, poultry, or seafood but
she eats eggs. Shawn, my brother, isn’t a vegetarian. He likes meat.
2. My sister Jessie, my mother, and I don’t touch meat. We laugh at Shawn
when he eats ribs because he eats like a lion. Shawn makes fun
of Jessie when she eats alfalfa sprouts. Shawn says she looks like a
rabbit eating grass.
3. Everyone in my family is different. Sometimes I joke with them about their
food preferences. Jessie and I don’t eat meat, and our friends often tease us
at lunchtime.
UNIT 5 Pronouns 37
7 Possessive Determiners Chart 5.2
Underline the possessive pronoun. Then write each sentence with a possessive
determiner and noun.
Example: That yoga mat is yours. That is your yoga mat.
1. This spinning cycle is mine. This is my spinning cycle.
2. These weights are theirs. These are their weights.
3. That soccer ball is hers. That is her soccer ball.
4. Those running shoes are his. Those are his running shoes.
5. That treadmill is ours. That is our treadmill.
6. Is this schoolbag yours? Is this your schoolbag?
7. These socks are his. These are his socks.
8. Those photos are ours. Those are our photos.
8 Possessive Pronouns Chart 5.2
Underline the possessive determiner and the noun, or the possessive noun. Then write
each sentence with a possessive pronoun.
Example: This isn’t our desk. This desk isn’t ours.
1. Annie, is this your textbook? Annie, is this yours?
2. No, it is Jake’s textbook. No, it is his.
3. Where is my book? Where is mine?
4. These books are Nadia’s. These books are hers.
5. Those books are the teachers’. Those books are theirs.
6. Is that your country house? Is that yours?
7. This is their country house. This country house is theirs.
8. Our house is across the street. Ours is across the street.
9 Possessive Pronouns or Possessive Determiners Chart 5.2
Underline the correct possessive pronoun or possessive determiner.
Example: Is this jacket her / hers?

1
Chloe: I’m looking for my sneakers. Are these your / yours ?
2
Alex: No, they’re not mine / my . They belong to Lisa.
3
Chloe: No, they’re denitely not hers / her . They are blue.
4
Alex: What colour are yours / your ?
5
Chloe: My / Mine are pink and green.
38 UNIT 5 Pronouns
Chloe: Emma and Sophie have a lot of stuff in this closet.
6
Alex: I guess most of this stuff is their / theirs .
7
Chloe: Here are my / mine sneakers under Jim’s sports bag.
8
Alex: He should look after his / he’s things.
9
Chloe: You’re right. You always look after your / yours things well.
10
Alex: Roommates should keep their / theirs closets tidy.
11
Chloe: Lisa is a good example. She really takes care of her / hers things.
12
Alex: I guess all of us could make an effort to clean up ours / our space!
10 Spelling of Reexive Pronouns Chart 5.3
Each sentence has one or more reexive pronouns. Underline the incorrect reexive
pronouns and then write them correctly. If the sentence is correct, write C.
themselves
Example: Leslie and Alex are pleased with theirselves.
myself himself
1. I am proud of meself and he is happy with hisself.
ourselves themselves
2. We are satised with ourselfs, but they are not proud of themselfs.
3. Sonia is pleased with herself. C

yourselves
4. Kate! Jackson! Why are you sunning yourself on the roof?
itself
5. The cat is licking itselves.
yourself
6. Justin, why are you congratulating youself?
themselves
7. The players are proud of thereselves for a great game.
yourselves
8. Sam and Tony, you should be ashamed of yourself!
11 Reexive Pronouns Chart 5.3
Complete each sentence with the correct reexive pronoun.
Example: Tony is forcing himself to get in shape.
1. Zoe has a new tattoo. She is pleased with herself .
2. Jason doesn’t like distractions. He prefers to study by himself .
3. The athletes won the competition. They are proud of themselves .
4. We congratulated ourselves on the success of our project.
5. I am training myself to be more disciplined.
6. Hugo, if you think texting and driving is cool, you are fooling yourself !
7. Why are you guys always pushing yourselves to the limit?
8. The dog is shaking itself . It just ran in the rain.
UNIT 5 Pronouns 39
12 Mixed Pronouns and Possessive Determiners Charts 5.1, 5.2
Underline the correct pronoun or possessive determiner.
Example: We like sleeping in ours / our / our’s motorhome.
1. We have fun putting up we / us / our tent.
2. Me / I / My love sleeping under the stars.
3. Do you like they’re / their / theirs motorcycle? Its / It’s / It the latest model.
4. Is that Ski-Doo you’re / yours / your or his / he’s / him?
5. We sail on the lake in us / we / our boat.
6. I put on mine / my / me swimsuit and dive in the water.
7. Them / They / Theirs have an active lifestyle and enjoy hunting on
theirs / there’s / their land.
8. She often goes camping in the woods with hers / she / her friends.
9. In the winter we usually go to us / our / ours shack to ice-sh.
10. My brother loves he / his / its snowmobile and my sister enjoys
her / hers / she speedboat.
13 Mixed Pronouns Charts 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Write the pronoun that replaces the underlined word(s).
Example: Suzie and Samantha are in the same class. They are in the same class.
1. Fred and I like snowboarding. We like snowboarding.
2. Suzie watches horror movies. She watches horror movies.
3. Did you phone your sister? Did you phone her ?
4. I know her four good friends. I know them .
5. I’m meeting Zach at school. I’m meeting him at school.
6. Did you nish your homework? Did you nish it ?
7. This is her computer. This is hers .
8. That is my schoolbag. That is mine .
9. Is Amelie happy with Amelie? Is she happy with herself ?
10. Are Tom and Tim pleased with Tom and Tim? Are they pleased with themselves ?
40 UNIT 5 Pronouns
14 Mixed Pronouns Charts 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Complete the text with the pronouns in the word box. You can use each pronoun more
than once.
Example: I’m a millennial myself .
Millennial Identity
A millennial is a person born after 1980 in history’s rst “connected” generation.
I
How do you rate yourself 1
as a millennial? In a recent study in the U.S.A., me
young people evaluated their 2
level of millennial identity. The study my
myself
showed millennials to be condent, technologically connected, and open to ourselves
new ideas. Most millennials use smartphones. They 3
do not use a landline they
them
their 4 themselves 5
in homes. They amuse by downloading movies to their
their computers rather than going to see a movie in a cinema. They play videogames themselves
you
alone, with friends, or with strangers in other countries. Millennials identify your
themselves 6
as liberal in their views and are tolerant toward others. Family is yourself
them 7 Their 8
more important to than fame and fortune. aim is to
have a successful marriage and to be good parents.

yourself 9 you 10
To rate , answer the following questions. Do have
you 11
a tattoo or a piercing? Are more interested in spirituality than religion?
your 12
Are political views liberal? When you are driving, where is
your 13
smartphone? If you have an impulsive desire to text and drive at the
you 14
same time, and sleep with the smartphone next to your bed,
are a millennial!
I 15
So am I! I multitask with hand-held gadgets.
myself 16
am also proud of when I succeed at school.
my 17
I am interested in clothes and I like to look smart.
I 18
listen to music a lot and need to be connected all
the time. I have nomophobia, or the fear of losing mobile contact,

my 19
when I think that connection to technology could
ourselves 20
be interrupted. We millennials are happy with !
UNIT 5 Pronouns 41
SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
Work with a classmate and take turns interviewing each other. Write your classmate’s
responses below. Then nd another pair of students and introduce your partner.
Use as many pronouns as you can. Refer to Appendix 1 to help you.
Example: This is Nadia. She is 18. She is studying nursing. Her favourite hobby
is reading.
1. Name and age: Answers will vary.
2. Program of study and future career:
3. Home location (now and in the future):
4. Family (now and in the future):
5. Hobbies:
6. Favourite movies:
7. Favourite singer or band:
8. Favourite public gure:
9. Lifestyle choices (food, body decoration):
10. Personal views (spirituality, politics):
WRITING
Write a short text about someone you admire and respect. The person can be
a family member, a teacher, a close friend, a famous person, or an athlete. Use
as many pronouns and possessive determiners as you can and underline them.
Remember to give your text a title. Refer to Appendix 1 to help you.
Example: My Father
I really admire my father. He works hard in his job as an engineer, but he always
has time to listen to me when I have a problem. My father knows how to have
fun, too. In the winter he skies and he organizes a great hockey game with our
family. In the summer he bikes or runs every day. Last summer we went kayaking
on the river near our house. I admire my father for being able to balance his work
and his family life so well. However, sometimes I worry that he pushes himself
too hard.
42 UNIT 5 Pronouns
REVIEW
A Subject and Object Pronouns

Underline the correct pronoun.
1. Why are you laughing at she / her? She / Her isn’t funny!
2. Look at he / him! He / him is all dressed up for the Halloween party.
3. Are you coming with we / us? We / Us are leaving by car at nine o’clock.
4. They / them are meeting us at the reception hall. Are you going with they / them?
5. I / me don’t want to be late for the party. Don’t worry, you’re travelling with I / me.
B Possessive Determiners and Possessive Pronouns

Complete the text with the correct possessive determiners and possessive pronouns.
Possessive Determiners my his / her / its our / your / their
Possessive Pronouns mine his / hers ours / yours / theirs
The Colours of Holland

its 1
Holland is a country famous for canals, windmills, and owers. Every
spring tourists arrive from around the world to see the colourful beds of tulips.
Their 2
colours are rich and vibrant. Travellers brought tulips from Turkey and
Iran in the sixteenth century. In 1592 a man called Carolus Clusius wrote a book on
His 3
tulips. book became an instant success and tulips became very popular.
their 4
The Dutch became rich as they rened techniques to create tulips in new
its 5
colours. Each colour of tulip has meaning. Red tulips represent true love,
pink tulips are for affection, purple for royalty, and orange for energy and passion.
theirs 6
The Dutch brought tulips to North America. One colony of has become a world marvel. Originally
called New Amsterdam by the Dutch, the city was renamed New York by the British.
A relative of mine 7
introduced me to these wonderful owers. I remember the stories my 8
her 9 hers 10
grandmother told me about childhood in Holland. The most vivid memory of was the
day she ran through a eld of tulips in her little wooden shoes. One day I hope to visit Holland’s tulip elds.
UNIT 5 Pronouns 43
C Mixed Pronouns
Complete Zoe’s email with the pronouns in the word box. Use each pronoun only once.
he him I it me mine myself she we you
Hi, Julie,
you 1 Mine 2
How are ? I hope your studies are going well. are getting difcult!
it 3
Science is a tough career choice, but is interesting.
4
I am proud of myself because my grades are good. Brittany is also studying science
she 5 I 6
and helps me when don’t understand the homework. Right now
we 7
are studying for our nal exams.
he 8 him 9
How is Simon? Does like his new job? Give my love.
me 10
Write to soon.
Zoe
Edit It! Underline and correct the 15 pronoun errors in the text.
I It
Me, I love the winter. She is my favourite season. Winter in Canada brings a lot of snow
I her
and i can do many activities. My sister and I love riding along trails on hers snowmobile.
It’s we our
Its really exciting. Sometimes us put on ours snowshoes and take long walks through the
we herself
woods. In addition, they love cross-country skiing; my sister is proud of her because she
they’re her
takes part in races. She won a few medals and their on a shelf in his bedroom. I also go
my He’s we
snowboarding with mine brother. His a funny guy and our laugh a lot. We really enjoy
ourselves
ourselfs doing fun winter activities together.
44 UNIT 5 Pronouns
6
UNIT
Simple Past
Steve Jobs changed the way we

interact with technology.
Last week / Yesterday Today Tomorrow Next week /

month / year . . . Now month / year . . .
FUNCTION AND FORM
6.1 Simple Past

Use Example
For an action or event Yesterday I watched a documentary. Form the simple past by
in the past that is Last year we bought a home movie theatre. using only one verb.
completely nished
In 1990 T. Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. I have bought bread
yesterday.
Keywords
a year ago, last month, last spring, in 1969, on February 17, when I was a child, yesterday . . .
1 Underline the keywords and circle each verb in the simple past.
Refer to appendix 5,
1. On April 3, 1973, Dr. Martin Cooper made the rst cellphone call. pages 134–135, for a
list of irregular verbs.
2. I watched a report on techno-addiction last week.
3. Microsoft bought Skype from the founders in 2011.
4. Years ago children played games in the street, not on computers.
5. IBM developed the rst smartphone in 1992.
6. In the 1960s Doug Engelbart developed the rst computer mouse made of wood.
7. Last month I bought my rst wearable technology: Google Glass.
8. Fifty years ago nobody had nomophobia, the fear of losing mobile phone
contact.
UNIT 6 Simple Past 45

6.2 Simple Past of Regular Verbs
Afrmative Negative Yes / No Questions
Subject Base form of Subject Did + not Base form Did Subject Base form
verb + -ed of verb of verb
I / He / She / It I / He / She / It I / he / she / it

did not
walked. walk. Did walk?
We / You / They We / You / They (didn’t) we / you / they
6.3 Spelling of Regular Verbs

To give a short answer Most endings Add -ed. play played

to a yes / no question,
-e or -ie Add -d. love loved
use did or didn’t
without the main verb. Consonant + -y Change the -y to i and cry cried
Did Charles buy a add -ed
smartphone? Consonant + short vowel drum drummed
Yes, he did. sound + consonant Double the nal consonant
No, he didn’t. and add -ed (except -w,
Two-syllable verbs when stress* -x, -y). refer referred
falls on the second syllable
*Stress is the emphasis placed on the sound or syllable of a spoken word.
2 Complete each sentence with the afrmative or negative form of the verb.
Then write sentences 1 and 2 as yes / no questions.
1. Jason (show) showed me his new tablet yesterday.

Did Jason show you his new tablet yesterday?
2. Emma (try) tried to drive her electric car a week ago.

Did Emma try to drive her electric car a week ago?
3. They (post, negative) did not (didn’t) post their photos on Facebook last night.
6.4 Pronunciation of -ed

Final Sound Pronunciation Example
Use the nal sound of /ch/, /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/ matched, laughed, kicked, stopped, missed,
the base verb, not the /s/, /sh/, /x/ washed, mixed
spelling, to decide how /id/
/d/, /t/ decided, persuaded, wanted
to pronounce -ed. The
-gh in laugh is all other /d/ changed, entered, zzed, freed, moved, pulled,
pronounced /f/. sounds returned, sobbed, smoothed, wagged, welcomed

6.5 Simple Past of Irregular Verbs
Form afrmative and negative statements and yes / no questions with irregular verbs
the same way as with regular verbs. Here are a few examples of irregular verbs.
pages 134–135, for
come came drink drank go went think thought
a list of irregular
do did eat ate run ran write wrote verbs.
6.6 Information Questions with Regular Refer to appendix 2,

and Irregular Verbs page 131, for
information on
With Did Without Did question words.
Question Did Subject Base form Question Past form Rest of

word of verb word of verb question
What he do? Who invented the television?

did When the subject of the
How much you pay? What felt strange? sentence is not known,
do not use did.
3 Write a question in the simple past to match the information in bold. What fell on the oor?
(We don’t know what
1. Ben found information about 3D movies on the Internet last night. fell on the oor.)
Where did Ben nd information about 3D movies last night? The phone fell on the
oor.
2. Google Glass appeared in 2013.
When did Google Glass appear?
You can a answer a
3. Sandra paid $65 for a new phone online last month. yes / no question with a
Who paid $65 for a new phone online last month? short answer.
Were you at the coffee
shop yesterday?
6.7 Simple Past of the Verb Be Yes, I was.
No, I wasn’t.
Do not use did with the verb be in the negative and question forms.
Afrmative Negative Yes / No Information

Questions Questions
Subject Verb Subject Verb be + Verb Subject Question Verb Subject
be not be word be
I / He / She / It was. I / He / She / It was not Was I / he / she / it? Where was I / he / she / it?
(wasn’t).
We / You / They were. We / You / They were not Were we / you / they? Who were we / you / they?
(weren’t).

PRACTISE
4 Regular Verbs in the Simple Past Charts 6.2, 6.3
Write each regular verb in the simple past. Then circle the two verbs that have the nal
Complete additional /id/ sound.
exercises online to worried
Example: worry
practise the simple past of
regular and irregular 1. change changed 4. end ended 7. start started
verbs.
2. fry fried 5. plan planned 8. stop stopped
3. die died 6. cry cried 9. open opened
5 Afrmative and Negative of Regular Verbs Chart 6.2
Write the afrmative sentences in the negative and the negative sentences in the
afrmative. Use contractions for negative verbs.
Example: He texted her lots of smiley faces. He didn’t text her lots of smiley faces.
1. People replied to my tweet within minutes last night.

People didn’t reply to my tweet within minutes last night.
2. Nathalie didn’t lie about her age at her interview last month.
Nathalie lied about her age at her interview last month.
3. He regretted the unkind remark he posted on Facebook yesterday.

He didn’t regret the unkind remark he posted on Facebook yesterday.
4. We didn’t apply new privacy rules to our website last June.
We applied new privacy rules to our website last June.
6 Afrmative and Negative of the Verb Be Chart 6.7
The underlined information in each sentence is incorrect. Write the sentence in the
negative using the contracted form. Then use the information in parentheses to write a
correct statement.
Example: Johnny Depp was born on June 19, 1968. (June 9, 1963)
Johnny Depp wasn’t born on June 19, 1968. He was born on June 9, 1963.
1. As a teenager Depp was a drummer in a band. (guitarist)

As a teenager Depp wasn’t a drummer in a band. He was a guitarist.
2. Depp’s most successful movies were in the 1980s. (after the 1980s)
Depp’s most successful movies weren’t in the 1980s. They were after the 1980s.
3. According to the 2012 Guinness Book of World Records, Johnny Depp was the
lowest-paid actor. (highest-paid)
According to the 2012 Guinness Book of World Records, Johnny Depp wasn’t the
lowest-paid actor. He was the highest-paid actor.

7 Pronunciation of -ed Chart 6.4
Write each verb in the simple past. Then write /t/, /d/, or /id/ to indicate the pronunciation
of the nal -ed. Practise pronouncing the past-tense verbs with a classmate.
Example: share shared /d/
1. help helped /t/ 5. cough coughed /t/
2. parade paraded /id/ 6. tie tied /d/
3. wait waited /id/ 7. wish wished /t/
4. hum hummed /d/ 8. transfer transferred /d/
8 Simple Past of Irregular Verbs Chart 6.5
Write the verbs in the simple past. Use appendix 5 for help.
Example: cost cost
1. begin began 6. shut shut
2. break broke 7. forget forgot
3. teach taught 8. hear heard
4. lose lost 9. keep kept
5. sell sold 10. throw threw
9 Negative of Irregular Verbs Chart 6.5
Write each sentence in the negative form using contractions.
Example: A French company made the rst spy mannequin for stores.
A French company didn’t make the rst spy mannequin for stores.
1. After 2003 the supersonic plane Concorde ew regularly from New York to London.
After 2003 the supersonic plane Concorde didn’t y regularly from New York to London.
2. Bill Gates gave the world the rst Apple computer.

Bill Gates didn’t give the world the rst Apple computer.
3. Sarah sold her jewellery on the rst eBay auction in 1985.

Sarah didn’t sell her jewellery on the rst eBay auction in 1985.
4. I rode at 320 km/hour in a Japanese high-speed bullet train last year.

I didn’t ride at 320 km/hour in a Japanese high-speed bullet train last year.
5. We felt dizzy on the 97-metre high Steel Dragon rollercoaster in Japan during our last vacation.
We didn’t feel dizzy on the 97-metre high Steel Dragon rollercoaster in Japan during our last vacation.

10 Irregular Verbs in the Simple Past Chart 6.5, appendix 5
Write the simple past of the irregular verbs in the crossword puzzle.
Use a dictionary for help.
1 Across →
s
3. grow 13. dig
a
2 3 4 5. buy 14. win
c g r e w d
7. hit 15. leave
a o r 8. make 16. strike
5 6 7 8
b o u g h t h i t m a d e 10. tell 19. put
g h a e w 11. sit 20. spend
9 10 11
w h t o l d s a t 12. sleep 23. know
12
s l e p t u h
13 14
n d u g w o n
15
l e f t h o
16 17 18 Down ↓
s t r u c k 1. see 9. go
e a r 2. catch 11. shake
n n e 3. get 16. send
19 20 21
p u t s p e n t 4. draw 17. run
22
t o a 6. think 18. creep
o t 7. have 21. take

23 8. meet 22. eat
k n e w
11 Afrmative and Negative of Irregular Verbs Chart 6.5
Use a verb from the crossword to complete each sentence in the simple past afrmative or negative.
Example: On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina left many people in New Orleans homeless.
1. A massive earthquake shook San Francisco on April 18, 1906.
2. Astronauts (negative) did not / didn’t go to the moon before 1969.
3. The world’s population (negative) did not / didn’t grow rapidly in the nineteenth century.
4. On February 15, 2013, Russians ran to see a meteorite explode over the city of Chelyabinsk.
5. In ancient times people knew a lot about astronomy.
6. After the invention of electricity people (negative) did not / didn’t buy candles to read at night.
7. Scientists believe a huge meteorite struck the earth and killed the dinosaurs.
8. Many people caught inuenza in the 1918 pandemic and between 40 and 50 million died.
9. Einstein thought a lot about relativity before he published his theory in the 1900s.
10. People spent a lot of money on technology last year.

12 Afrmative Mixed Verbs Charts 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, appendix 5
Complete the texts with the simple past of the verbs. Use a dictionary for help.
Example: Dr. Wilder Peneld (do) did important research into epilepsy.
came 1
1. The American neurosurgeon Dr. Wilder Peneld (come) to work in
established 2
Montréal in 1928. In 1934 he (establish) the Montréal Neurological
found 3
Institute. He (nd) a special way to operate on patients with epilepsy.
removed 4
He (remove) the top of the skull while the patient remained conscious.
touched 5
When Dr. Peneld (touch) a part of the brain, the patient (tell)
told 6 felt 7
him what he or she (feel) at that moment. Dr. Peneld
drew 8
(draw) a map to show the connections between parts of the brain and
different parts of the body. These maps are still used by neurosurgeons today.
became 9
2. In the early 1960s Dr. Lucille Teasdale (become) one of Québec’s rst female surgeons.
went 10 spent 11
She (go) to Uganda, a country in East Africa, in 1961 and (spend)
saw 12
35 years there. When Dr. Teasdale and her husband, Dr. Piero Corti, (see) the primitive
decided 13 built 14
local hospital, they (decide) to raise money and they (build) a clean
developed 15
modern hospital. Dr. Teasdale (develop) AIDS after operating on soldiers and
died 16
(die) in 1996.
13 Negative to Afrmative Mixed Verbs Charts 6.2, 6.5, 6.7
Guess if the facts in the chart are true or false. Research online to see if your answers
are correct. Write the false sentences in the negative in the Correction column. Then
write the correct answer.
Fact Correction
Example: Lindbergh made the rst Lindbergh didn’t make the rst successful airplane. The Wright
successful airplane. T or F ? brothers did.
1. Wilbur was alone in the Wright Flyer Wilbur wasn’t alone in the Wright Flyer plane on
plane on December 17, 1903. T or F?
December 17, 1903. He was with his brother Orville.
2. Charles Lindbergh piloted his plane Charles Lindbergh didn’t pilot his plane solo across the
solo across the Pacic in 1927. T or F?
Pacic in 1927. He ew across the Atlantic.
3. Boeing introduced the rst 247, Boeing didn’t introduce the rst 247, a 10-passenger
a 10-passenger commercial airliner,
in 1969. T or F? commercial airliner in 1969. It was in 1933.
4. The supersonic plane Concorde

made its rst ight from London to
New York in the 1970s. T or F?

14 Afrmative and Negative Mixed Verbs Charts 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.7, appendix 5
Complete the text with the simple past of the highlighted verbs. Use the negative form
where indicated.
Example: In the past etiquette be was extremely important.
Netiquette
realized 1
A few years ago people realize that bad behaviour in
cyberspace be (negative) wasn’t 2

acceptable. Netiquette begin
began 3 forgot 4
on the Internet because people forget
wrote 5
that they were talking with real people and write
6
offensive messages. People realize (negative) did not (didn’t) realize that they hurt
hurt 7
other people’s feelings. The other day I receive
received 8 WAS 9
an impolite email. IT be ALL IN
typed 10
CAPITAL LETTERS. When the sender type in capital letters,
11
she was shouting at me. Maybe she know (negative) did not (didn’t) know that be
was 12
bad netiquette. The golden rule of netiquette is: Remember
that there is a human being reading the message. So watch what and how you type!
15 Yes / No Questions Chart 6.2, 6.7
Read the short texts and underline the verbs in the simple past. Then write a
yes / no question about each action in the text.
Example: At 8:00 a.m. I listened to the news on my computer and played games.
Did you listen to the news on your computer at 8:00 a.m.? Did you play games?
1. Yesterday morning I checked my emails and Skyped my family in Russia. In the

afternoon I bought groceries.
Did you check your emails yesterday morning? Did you Skype your family in Russia?
Did you buy groceries in the afternoon?
2. I was in bed until 10:30 a.m. yesterday. I ate breakfast, then I went to the shopping mall.
I bought some T-shirts and a pair of jeans. I ordered pizza for dinner.
Were you in bed until 10:30 a.m. yesterday? Did you eat breakfast? Did you go to the
shopping mall? Did you buy some T-shirts and a pair of jeans? Did you order pizza for dinner?
3. I got up at 6:30 a.m. and went jogging. I was on my smartphone for an hour.
Did you get up at 6:30 a.m.? Did you go jogging? Were you on your smartphone for an hour?

16 Simple Past and Questions Charts 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6
Complete each sentence in the left-hand column in the simple past tense. Then write
a question in the right-hand column using the word provided.
Sentence Question
Example: The Canadian Dr. John Hopps (develop) When did the Canadian Dr. John Hopps develop the
developed the heart pacemaker in 1950. heart pacemaker?
1. Joseph-Armand Bombardier (drive) drove Did Joseph-Armand Bombardier drive the rst
the rst snowmobile in 1937.
snowmobile in 1937?
2. In 1959 Bombardier (give) gave the world Why did Bombardier give the world the Ski-Doo?
the Ski-Doo to improve travel in harsh winters.
3. In 1906 Reginald Fessenden (make) made Who made the rst two-way transatlantic radio
the rst two-way transatlantic radio transmission.
transmission?
4. Chris Haney (create) created the board game Where did Chris Haney create the board game Trivial
Trivial Pursuit in Montréal in 1979.
Pursuit in 1979?
17 Yes / No Questions with Be Chart 6.7
Write a yes / no question about each statement. Then answer the question with a long answer.
Sentence Yes / No Question Long Answer
Example: Leonardo da Vinci was a Was Leonardo da Vinci a genius? Yes, Leonardo da Vinci was a
genius. genius.
Was he also a scientist and an Yes, he was also a scientist and an
1. He was also a scientist and an
inventor. inventor? inventor.
Were designing and painting his Yes, designing and painting were
2. Designing and painting were
his passions. passions? his passions.
Was the Mona Lisa his favourite Yes, the Mona Lisa was his
3. The Mona Lisa was his
favourite painting. painting? favourite painting.
Were his designs for machines Yes, his designs for machines were
4. His designs for machines were
remarkable. remarkable? remarkable.

page 131, for more Write a question in the simple past to match the information in bold.
information on
question words. Example: The 30x30 Challenge encouraged Tristan to reconnect with nature.
What did the 30x30 Challenge encourage Tristan to do?
1. In May 2013 biologist Dr. David Suzuki invited Canadians to take his 30x30 Challenge.
When did Dr. David Suzuki invite Canadians to take his 30x30 challenge?
2. He wanted Canadians to spend 30 minutes outside every day for 30 days.

What did he want Canadians to do?
3. He thought it was important because we need to reconnect with nature.

Why did he think it was important?
4. Naomi decided to cycle every day for 30 days, rain or shine.

What did Naomi decide to do, rain or shine?
5. Pierre cycled on all the bike paths in Montréal.

Who cycled on all the bike paths in Montréal?
6. They enjoyed the challenge because they had fun and discovered nature in the city.
What did they enjoy?
19 Information Questions with the Verb Be Chart 6.7
Write an information question to match each answer. Use the simple past of the verb be.
Example: The fteenth century was the Age of Discovery.

What was the fteenth century? / When was the Age of Discovery?
1. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer.

Possible answers: Who / What was Vasco da Gama? / Who was a Portuguese explorer?
2. Da Gama was famous because he was the rst explorer to sail from Europe to India.
Possible answers: Why was da Gama famous? / Who was the rst explorer to sail
from Europe to India?
3. Christopher Columbus lived in Italy and sailed to the Americas in 1492.

Possible answers: Where was Christopher Columbus in 1492? / When was
Christopher Columbus in the Americas? / Who was in the Americas in 1492?
4. The explorers were eager to nd a new route to trade silk and spice.
Possible answers: Who was eager to nd a new route to trade silk and spice? / What
were the explorers eager to nd?
5. The rulers of South America were very rich.

Possible answers: Who was very rich? / How rich were the rulers of South America?

20 Mixed Questions Charts 6.2, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7
Read the text and underline the simple past of the verbs. Then answer the
questions below.
Media Through the Ages

Even in prehistoric times humans wanted to leave messages for each other. In Lascaux,
in the southwest of France, our ancient ancestors left brightly coloured paintings of
horses, deer, bison, and other animals that they hunted for food. In 1933 the Hungarian
explorer Laszlo Almasy found a cave in the Egyptian desert that had a painting of
humans oating in mid-air. He called it the Cave of Swimmers. If the artist really saw
people swimming, it suggests that climate change started then.
Around the world, ancient people drew, painted, and carved on rocks. They had a
basic knowledge of chemistry to make colours like red, yellow, and brown. They found
the minerals in rocks. On one site in South Africa, there were shells that looked like
pots in which the artists mixed powders with water or urine to make paint. In China,
ancient sculptors carved spectacular tigers in stone. To ancient artists, the tiger
symbolized power and courage. In India, the predominant animal gure in rock art
was the bull. In Brazil, cave artists painted local animals, and humans hunting, ghting,
and dancing. Through these vivid images, our ancestors described their everyday
activities. Nowadays people instantly upload their pictures to the Internet!
1. According to the text, why did prehistoric people paint and carve on rocks?
They wanted to leave messages for each other.
2. Were the cave paintings in Lascaux brightly coloured?

Yes, they were. / Yes, the paintings in Lascaux were brightly coloured.
3. Who found the Cave of Swimmers?

The Hungarian explorer Laszlo Almasy found the cave.
4. Did ancient people have a basic knowledge of chemistry?

Yes, they did. / Yes, they had a basic knowledge of chemistry.
5. What represented power and courage in ancient China?

The tiger represented power and courage in ancient China.
6. What was the predominant animal gure in India’s rock art?

The predominant animal gure in India’s rock art was the bull.

SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
1. Think about ve hi-tech gadgets that are important to you

now. Write them in the chart below.
2. Then interview two classmates. List their gadgets in the
chart. Find out why they wanted their gadgets and how
these gadgets changed their everyday lives.
Example: Gadget: GPS
– What new gadget did you buy this year?
– I bought a GPS for my car.
– Why did you get a GPS? How did it help you?
– I wanted it because I did not know the streets in this city.
It was useful when I moved here.
My Gadgets Student 1’s Gadgets Student 2’s Gadgets

1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.
WRITING
Write a paragraph in the simple past to describe how early technological

inventions made people’s lives different. Underline the verbs in the simple
past and use keywords.
Example: Cheaper computers and the invention of the Internet made it

possible to do research for school assignments at home. Before the invention
of the Internet students had to go to the school library to do research. I read
about the history of computers last year and I learned that the rst computers
were big and very expensive. Now computers are small and easier to afford.

REVIEW
A Afrmative in the Simple Past

Complete the text with the simple past of the regular or irregular verbs.
Perfume Paradise
was 1
Did you know that Ancient Egypt (be) the place where perfume
became 2
(become) popular? The word perfume comes from Latin: per means
believed 3
through and fumus means smoke. In the past people (believe) that
connected 4
smoke (connect) the world of the living with the world of the dead.
arrived 5
When incense (arrive) in Egypt 3000 years ago, only priests
had 6
and pharaohs (have) access to it. Queen Hatshepsut (plant)
planted 7
trees and owers to make perfumes for bathing. They (keep)
kept 8
the skin soft under the burning Egyptian sun and they smelled
sailed 9
good. When another queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, (sail) to meet the
told 10
Roman general Mark Anthony, she (tell) her soldiers to put
got 11
perfume on the sails of her boat. As the boat (get) nearer,
began 12
Mark Anthony smelled the perfume and so (begin) one of
history’s great love stories.
B Negative and Information Questions in the Simple Past

The underlined information in each sentence is false. Write the sentence in the negative
form. Then write a question to match the underlined information.
1. Toru Iwatani created the Pac-Man video game in 1979.

Toru Iwatani did not / didn’t create the Pac-Man video game in 1979.
Q: When did Toru Iwatani create the Pac-Man video game?
2. Pokémon trading cards were a craze in 1991.

Pokémon trading cards were not / weren’t a craze in 1991.
Q: When were Pokémon trading cards a craze?

3. In the 1993 movie Jurassic Park, scientists cloned exotic animals.
In the 1993 movie Jurassic Park, scientists did not / didn’t clone exotic animals.
Q: What did the scientists clone in the 1993 movie Jurassic Park?
4. Walt Disney wrote the lyrics and music for the 1994 Lion King movie.
Disney did not / didn’t write the lyrics and music for the 1994 Lion King movie.
Q: Who wrote the lyrics and music for the 1994 Lion King movie?
5. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was Disney’s second feature lm.
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was not / wasn’t Disney’s second feature lm.
Q: What was Disney’s second feature lm?
Read the interview. Underline the 10 simple past errors in the text.
Edit It! Write the correction above the error.
Geocaching: A Popular Modern Treasure Hunt Game

Players hide containers called geocaches in many locations. When they nd a
geocache, they write a message for the person who hid the item.
start
June: When did you started to become interested in geocaching?
started was have
Barnie: I start to geocache when I had 14 years old. I didn’t had a smartphone or a GPS
but I used my eyes and followed the clues.

decide
June: Why did you decided to take part in this outdoor treasure hunt?
get
Barnie: I didn’t got any exercise. Geocaching is fun, free, and good
exercise outdoors.
hide
June: Where did you hid your rst cache?
put
Barnie: I putted my rst cache in a hole in the trunk of a big tree.
take
June: How long did it took for someone to nd it?
found
Barnie: Someone nded it after only two hours. When I got my rst
message, I was so happy!

7
UNIT
Prepositions
A wave can take you from the ocean

to the shore or across the world.
FUNCTION AND FORM
Prepositions
Prepositions indicate a connection or relationship between things, events, and ideas.
7.1 Meanings of Prepositions

Place and Position Direction and Time, Date, and Duration
Movement
at the restaurant, at 57 Main Street across the sea after 11:00 a.m.
behind the desk along the beach at night, at midnight, at 5:00 p.m.
between the desk and the chair around the corner before Saturday
for 10 kilometres by car by Monday
from Vietnam, from animals (origin) from east to west during the holidays
in Thailand, in Montréal on foot for a week
in front of the class through the window from January to August
next to / beside my classmate to school, to Italy in the afternoon, in 2014, in May
on the desk, on Main Street towards the north on June 10, on Tuesday
on top of / under the table
1 Match each sentence with the meaning of the preposition. Write the letter.
1. The cake is on the table. c a. place
2. They are driving to Ottawa. e b. date

Prepositions are usually
3. The street party starts at 1:00 p.m. d c. position placed before a noun or
pronoun.
4. Jack walks home on Mondays. b d. time
I am going to the mall.
5. We’re sitting in the living room. a e. direction and movement Come with me!
UNIT 7 Prepositions 59
7.2 At, To, From . . . To, and From
Preposition / Use Place Direction and Time
Movement
At We’re at the cafeteria. Meet me at three
For a xed time or place (xed location) o’clock.
I live at 61 Forsyth Road. (address)
To We’re walking to the It’s now twenty to

For movement, cafeteria. eight.
direction, or a time We go to France every (It’s now 7:40.)
summer.
From . . . to Use from without to to indicate We’re going from the My appointment is
For movement between origin. cafeteria to the library. from 3:00 to 4:00 p.m.
two places or a period This cup is from China. I’m from
of time England. Milk comes from cows.
2 Complete each sentence with at, to, or from . . . to.
1. Our busy community centre is at 21 Hudson Street.

Do not use the
preposition for with an to
2. On Tuesdays we drive physically challenged people the pool.
innitive.
3. We organize daily activities from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.
They came to visit us.
(They came for to at
4. Our daycare opens 7:30 a.m.
visit us.)
5. Our bus takes seniors to the shopping mall once a week.
7.3 In and On
Preposition / Use Place Time
In We’re in the cafeteria. I run for an hour in the morning. (time of day)
For a place or time with Edinburgh is in Scotland. *Exception: at night
boundaries I live in the city of Québec. I’m training in April. (month)
I started running in 2012. (year)
I run in the winter, too. (season)
On Edinburgh Castle is on a hill. The marathon is on June 11. (date)

For a specic place or I live on Maguire Street. It’s on Saturday. (day)
time I like to work out on the weekend.
3 Complete each sentence with in or on.

1. Maya lives in London on Lawrence Road.
2. She jogs in the morning for half an hour.
3. Maya moved to London in 2011.
4. On Sunday she jogs in Hyde Park.
5. She’ll run a marathon on July 4.
60 UNIT 7 Prepositions
7.4 For and During
Preposition/Use Time and Duration
For I waited for three hours.
For a specic length of time I did karate for two years.
During We took a trip during the spring break.

For a period of time (to state when something happened) We saw three castles during our trip.
4 Complete each sentence with for or during.
1. Craig studied French in Paris during the summer.
2. He learned French for three months and then went back to

Canada.
3. Craig decided to study French at university in Québec for three

years.
4. During his stay in France he made many friends.
5. Every weekend he travelled for two days outside Paris.
7.5 Of and Off

Preposition/Use Example
Of
For composition The pot is made of clay.
For quantity There are hundreds of birds in the ock.
For possession The owner of the house is on vacation.
Off
For movement away from something or someone It fell off the table.
(usually used with a verb) He walked off without saying a word to us.
She put off the meeting to next week.
5 Complete each sentence with of or off.
1. Lana rushed off the podium.
2. This ring is made of silver.
3. The owner of the car isn’t here.
4. She pushed him off the chair.
5. We saw thousands of ants.
6. He jumped off the diving board.
7. He has loads of video games.
8. The bank robber ran off without the money.
PRACTISE
6 Prepositions of Place Chart 7.1
Complete each sentence with a preposition of place from the word box. You can use
Complete additional each preposition more than once.
exercises online to
Example: The plants are behind the chair.
practise prepositions.
1. The hat is hanging on the back of the chair on the right.
behind 2. The lamp is behind the book and the

beside coffee cup.
between 3. The bag is on the oor.
in front of
4. The sandals are in front of the chair and
next to
the bag.
on
on the left 5. The chair on the left has a cushion.
under next to / beside
6. The chairs are the table.
7. The coffee cup is in front of the lantern.
8. The table is between the two chairs.
9. The book is next to / beside the coffee cup.
10. The wooden oor is under the chairs and table.
7 At, To, and From . . . To Chart 7.2
Complete each sentence with at, to, or from . . . to.
Example: We send vegetables to local businesses.
1. We are growing organic vegetables at our community centre.
2. Once a week we take food from the garden to a residence for the elderly.
3. Our van also brings fresh vegetables to local daycares.
4. We encourage local residents to buy their vegetables at our weekly market.
5. Our garden is open from May to October.
6. In June, July, and August our market sells produce from 11:00 a.m. to
3:00 p.m.
7. We close at 3:00 p.m. because there is a lot of work to do in the garden.
8. Right now I’m loading the van with potatoes to go to the hospital.
9. Next year there will be something new at our community garden.
10. We’ll plant fruit bushes and bring a colony of bees to the garden.
8 In and On Chart 7.3
Complete the text with in and on.
Example: There are about 10 girls in the boat.
The Race
On 1 In 2
a beautiful summer weekend I like to sit by the lake. June, July, and August there are
on 3 in 4
always lots of people having picnics, strolling the beach, and playing the sand. Right now
in 5 in 6
there’s a group of girls a canoe with their coach practising for the race September. One
on 7
girl sits a small seat at the back, while the girls in the middle of the canoe are in a half-sit, half-kneel
on 8
position. At the front, the girls are both knees. The coach blows a whistle, and the rowers start rowing
with strong, steady strokes. The canoe shakes and the rst
in 9
girl falls the water. She swims to the shore and
watches her teammates continue to paddle. Another girl
carefully moves to take the front position. The girls then steer
their canoe to the other side of the lake. Suddenly they all
in 10
jump out of the canoe, turn it around, jump , and
return to the other side of the shore. There is always
something interesting to watch at the lake.
9 For and During Chart 7.4
Check if each sentence is right (R) or wrong (W ). Write the sentence correctly if there
is an error.
Sentence R W Correction
Example: For the summer I swim every day. During the summer I swim every day.
1. Maggie slept during ten hours. Maggie slept for ten hours.
2. She skated for 45 minutes.
3. For the winter I ski a lot. During the winter I ski a lot.
4. Ivan studied for four hours.
5. We travelled during four days. We travelled for four days.
10 Of and Off Chart 7.5
Complete each sentence with of or off.
Example: Naomie pushed her brother off the swing.
1. The plate slid off the kitchen counter. 4. Is your house made of red brick?
2. Dina took off her jacket. 5. Jack jumped off the diving board.
3. I saw hundreds of butteries. 6. The lid of this box is very heavy.
11 In, On, From, From . . . To, For, and During Charts 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Complete the text with in, on, from, from . . . to, for, and during.
Example: In September 2013 Diana Nyad swam from Cuba to Florida.
Find a Way
On 1
August 31, 2013, the American author, journalist, and long-distance swimmer Diana Nyad began
from 2 to 3 On 4
her swim Cuba Florida, a distance of about 177 kilometres. September 2,
5 6
2013, the 64-year-old swimmer came ashore in Florida, tired but triumphant. During her swim
in 7 for 8
Diana did not use a shark cage; she swam the water about 53 hours without any
from 9
protection from sharks. A silicone bodysuit protected her jellysh. After ve attempts, Nyad
in 10
nally found herself the record books for the rst successful Cuba-to-Florida swim. As Diana
said, her motto that year was Find a way.
12 At, In, On, and To Charts 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Complete the text with at, in, on, and to.
Example: Stephan travels to Europe every year.
The Life of Vi
in 1
My friend Stephan told me the story of his grandmother, Violette Granger. Violette was born Paris
on 2 in 3 to 4
January 10, 1937. When she was two, her father got a job Spain. The family moved
Madrid. Violette already spoke French. Then she learned to speak Spanish. When she was 10, her family
to 5 In 6
relocated Canada. Vancouver, Violette had to speak English. Later she studied Chinese
at 7 On 8
the University of British Columbia. March 23, 1963, she had her rst child, Stephan’s
In 9 at 10
mother, Marguerite. 1985, Marguerite went to study Japanese the University of Tokyo.
Then Marguerite married an Italian journalist. Now I understand why Stephan speaks ve languages!
13 At, For, From, and In Charts 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Complete each sentence with at, for, from, or in.
Example: My uncle always takes a nap at 2:00 p.m.
1. Do we really need eight hours of sleep at night?
2. A short nap in the afternoon is a great idea.
3. In Latin American countries, people call it a siesta.
4. I took some advice from a doctor and started to nap every afternoon.
5. At 3:00 p.m. every day, I take a 20-minute nap.
6. You can nd nap chairs for 10-minute power naps in some airports.
7. A study from Greece says that a nap keeps you healthy.
8. Napping for 20 minutes helps you stay fresh for the rest of the day.
14 At, During, For, From . . . To, On, and To Charts 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Complete the text with at, during, for, from . . . to, on, and to. You can use a word more than once.
Example: I found a beautiful inuksuk on the beach.
Community Communication
on 1
An inuksuk is a stone structure made by the Inuit living in Arctic Canada. Placed a high
on 2 for 3
mountain or a beach, an inuksuk is used communication and survival.
to 4
Arms and legs usually point travellers a navigation channel or a passage through the
From 5 to 6
mountains. the end of summer the rst signs of spring, the landscape
During 7
is covered with snow and ice. months when the sea is not frozen, an inuksuk can show a
navigation channel for a small boat. It can also point the way
to 8
a migration path for sh, an important
At 9
source of protein for the Inuit. the foot of
an inuksuk without arms, travellers know that they can nd a

during 10
cache of food, which is vital for survival
the winter months when food is scarce. Inuksuks are also
used to convey other messages. Smaller stones are often

on 11
placed a large inuksuk. Every detail
to 12
sends a message the traveller.
SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
Ask a classmate how she or he gets from one place to another. Use as many of
the prepositions from the word box as you can. Use other prepositions if possible.
at by from from . . . to on to to the right of to the left of
Example: Student A: How do you get from home to school? How long
does it take?
Student B: I walk from my house to the bus stop and I get on the bus
to go to school. It takes 20 minutes.
From To
1. home a. school
2. school entrance b. English class
3. home c. work
4. cafeteria d. gym
5. home e. shopping mall
6. school auditorium f. bookstore
WRITING
Describe your movements on a typical school day. Use as many prepositions as possible
and underline them.
Example: On Monday morning I get up at 6:30 and I get ready for school. First I walk
to the metro station and I get on the train. At about 7:30 I arrive at my stop and
take a bus to school. The whole journey from home to school takes about 30 minutes.
REVIEW
A Prepositions of Place
Underline the correct prepositions.
1
1. The Happy Trails Riding Stable at / in / to Ontario is a magical place for people with
special needs. The mission of the stable is to improve people’s lives by
encouraging them to enjoy the company of animals. Autistic children spend time
2 3
near / at / behind horses and begin to feel secure. To / On / At the stable, children who
normally speak very little, or not at all, develop a strong bond with an animal. As they
4
sit under / on / between a horse, they pat it and talk to it. Riding a horse becomes a
pleasant and informal speech therapy session. Children become calm when they sit
5 6
in / on / at a horse and go for a ride on / in / between a peaceful environment.
7
2. Other animals help people with special needs. On / In front of / In supermarkets dogs
8
help their blind owners to nd their groceries. Between/In/Next to senior citizens’
residences, volunteers encourage the elderly to pet cats and dogs. Seniors
sometimes feel lonely and sad; a few moments spent with an animal
9
beside /behind/in their arms brings warmth and companionship. Animals and
10
humans live together on/for/in this beautiful planet. Let’s enjoy each other’s
company.
B Prepositions of Time
Complete each sentence with a preposition from the word box. Use each preposition once.
1. Meet me at two o’clock in front of the library.
2. The neighbourhood family party is on July 1.

after
3. During the spring break I went to Cuba. at
4. Before I go to sleep, I turn off the computer. before
by
5. I’ll be away for six weeks. during
6. After he left, I decided to watch a movie. for
from . . . to
7. The next judo course starts in October.
in
8. We’ll be in Spain from May to July. off
during on
9. They will stay in Florida the month of August.
10. By ten o’clock the trafc isn’t too bad.
C At, During, For, From . . . To, On, and To
Complete the text with at, during, for, from . . . to, on, and to.
Community Spirit
During 1 to 2
our summer vacation we volunteered for a local charity. From August 1 August 15
at 3 from 4
we worked a camp for children with physical disabilities. First we had to drive
to 5 to 6
Montréal Sherbrooke to pick up the minibus. After that we drove some of the children
for 7
the campsite on Mont Mégantic. It rained two
days, so we spent time inside playing games. When the
sunny weather returned, we did lots of outdoor activities
at 8
the campsite, including shing.
During 9 on 10
our ride home August 15 we
talked about all the great things we did with the children.
For 11
We learned a lot about ourselves, too.
two weeks we shared some wonderful moments.
Edit It! Find and underline the 10 preposition errors. Correct each error.
African Adventure
In During in
On 2011 I went on an African vacation. At my trip I visited many different places. I was at
for to in
South Africa during two weeks and I climbed at the top of Table Mountain to Cape Town.
in in
I went on a shark cage and it was really scary being from the water with sharks. On safari
the variety of animals was amazing. I saw hippos, lions, antelopes, and chimpanzees, all
in
on their natural environment. I also went to an ostrich farm and watched Zulu dancers.
during
I can honestly say that across my trip I wasn’t bored for a minute.
8
UNIT
Past Progressive
I was sleeping last night when you called me.
Last month Yesterday Last night Today Tomorrow
FUNCTION AND FORM
8.1 Past Progressive

Use the past progressive for actions in progress in the past.
Function Example Keywords

Describes an action that was in progress at a specic I was surng the Net at 11:00 p.m. as, when, while
time in the past yesterday.
Describes two or more actions that were in progress Kylie was listening to music as she
at the same time in the past was texting.
Describes an action that was in progress in the When I was typing my report, the
past when another event interrupted it computer crashed.
1 Underline the past progressive verb(s) in each sentence. Then write the reason
the verb form is used.
Adverbs come after the
1. I was writing my assignment at 10:00 p.m. yesterday. verb be.
It describes an action in progress at a specic time in the past. I was slowly walking
along the street when
2. I was watching TV while I was doing my assignment. a car ran into a truck.
It describes two actions that were in progress at the same time in the past.
3. I was helping my brother with his homework when my mother arrived.

It describes an action that was in progress in the past when another
event interrupted it.
UNIT 8 Past Progressive 69

Subject Past form Base form of Subject Past form Base form of
of be verb + -ing of be + not verb + -ing
I / He / She / It was I / He / She / It was not

(wasn’t)
waiting. waiting.
We / You / were We / You / were not
They They (weren’t)
2 Complete each sentence with the past progressive form of the verb.
Refer to unit 2,
chart 2.3, page 14, 1. Erica (wave) was waving to me as I (speak) was speaking on
for spelling rules for the phone.
-ing endings.
2. She (try) was trying to tell me that she (leave) was leaving
as I continued my conversation.
Refer to unit 2,
chart 2.5, page 15, for 3. I didn’t see her because I (pay, negative) was not / wasn’t paying attention.
verbs rarely used in
the progressive form.
8.3 Questions
Past form Subject Base form of Question Past form Subject Base form of
of be verb + -ing word of be verb + -ing
Was I / he / Where was I / he /

going?
she / it she / it
sleeping?
Were we / you / When were we / you / swimming?
they they
8.4 Simple Past and Past Progressive

Simple Past Past Progressive
To give a short answer to Use the simple past for a completed Use the past progressive for an action that
a yes / no question, use action in the past. was in progress at a specic time in the past.
be without the main verb. I went to a movie last night. I was watching TV at midnight.
Was he driving after the
party?
3 Complete each sentence with the appropriate form of the verb: the simple past
Yes, he was.
or the past progressive.
No, he wasn’t.
1. Yesterday evening Alex (watch) watched videos on YouTube.
2. At 8:30 p.m. I (try) was trying to study.
3. While we (relax) were relaxing Connor (arrive) arrived .
70 UNIT 8 Past Progressive

PRACTISE
4 Afrmative Chart 8.2
Underline the correct form of the past progressive.

Complete additional
Example: Yesterday I was thinking / were thinking / thinking about our
exercises online to
assignment when Patrick, my roommate, came home.
practise the past
1. At eleven o’clock this morning Patrick typing / were typing / was typing his notes. progressive.
2. While he was working, our cats was running / were running / running around the room.
3. The cats was beginning / were beginning / were begining to get on his nerves.
4. While he was stapling / was stapleing / was stappling the pages together,
the cats started to ask for food.
5. As Patrick was putting his assignment in his backpack, I were trying / was triing /
was trying not to laugh.
5 Afrmative Chart 8.2
Complete the text with the past progressive form of the verbs.
Example: I (learn) was learning about robots yesterday.
Robots Rule
Yesterday evening, on TV, I (watch) was watching 1
a Japanese robot called Saya who
was greeting 2 was welcoming 3
(greet) people in a Tokyo store. She (welcome) customers
and (chat) was chatting 4

with them. Then I watched Saya in the role of a multilingual elementary
was taking 5 was giving 6
school teacher. She (take) attendance and (give)
students work to do.

was beginning 7
This robotic technology (begin) to fascinate me, so I looked online for
more information about the Japanese robotic industry. I found a video in which some female androids
were singing 8 were dancing 9
(sing) while others (dance) . At the same time, their
faces (change) were changing 10

constantly to express six basic emotions: happiness, disgust,
anger, sadness, fear, and surprise. The robots were very lifelike. It was a bit freaky!
6 Negative Chart 8.2
Complete each sentence with the negative past progressive form of the verb(s) using contractions.
Example: Jake (work) wasn’t working last night when I saw him.
1. He (play) wasn’t playing guitar in the band and the musicians (rehearse) weren’t rehearsing
for their upcoming concert.
2. Jake (think) wasn’t thinking about music.
3. They (write) weren’t writing any new songs.

7 Mixed Afrmative and Negative Chart 8.2
Complete the text with the afrmative or negative past progressive form of the verbs.
Use contractions for the negative form.
Example: While Temple Grandin (communicate) was communicating with cattle, she
learned about their behaviour.
was growing up 1
When Temple Grandin (grow up) , her parents were worried because
she (develop, negative) wasn’t developing

2
the way a two-year-old usually does.
They nally received a diagnosis of autism. The specialist told them that Temple
(communicate, negative) wasn’t communicating 3

well with humans because she
didn’t understand their emotions.
Sometime later, while Temple (live) was living 4

in the countryside, she discovered
that she understood cattle better than humans. When she was with them, she knew what they
(think) were thinking 5

and why they (behave) were behaving 6
in certain ways.
Temple found that she (spend) was spending 7

all her time studying cattle. It became
her passion. Her autism (prevent) was preventing 8

her from enjoying life at college. She
wasn’t taking 9
(take, negative) part in student activities, but she
(concentrate) was concentrating 10

on her work to improve the lives of farm animals.
She became a doctor of animal science, a university professor, and a consultant to the beef industry.
Temple’s designs for humane housing for cattle are now used internationally.
8 Questions Chart 8.3
Write a question to match the information in bold.
Example: Temple was talking to cattle. What was Temple doing?
1. Temple’s parents were worrying because she wasn’t developing normally.

Why were Temple’s parents worrying?
2. No, she wasn’t communicating well with humans.

Was she communicating well with humans?
3. Yes, she was living in the countryside.

Was she living in the countryside?
4. She was communicating well with cattle because she understood them.
Why was she communicating well with cattle?
5. She was designing humane housing for cattle.

What was she designing for cattle?

9 Answering Questions Chart 8.3
Read the text and underline the past progressive verbs. Then answer the questions.
Use short answers to answer the yes / no questions.
Example: Was Jana studying pure science? Yes, she was.

What was she studying? She was studying pure science.
Veterinary Vocation
Jana was doing an internship at a zoo last year. Before that, she was studying pure science at
CEGEP and she was also volunteering at an animal shelter. She was caring for injured and
sick animals. Jana’s zoology teacher, Mel, asked her if she was reading about animals and
their habitats. She wasn’t reading much, because she was concentrating on the behaviour
of the animals in her care. Mel told Jana that it was essential to understand animals and
their natural environment if she was planning a career with them. When I last spoke to
Jana, she was starting her rst year in veterinary medicine at university. She was also
working part time at the university’s animal hospital.
1. Where was Jana working last year? She was working at a zoo.
2. Was Jana doing an internship at the zoo? Yes, she was.
3. Was she studying health sciences before that? No, she wasn’t.
4. Where was Jana volunteering? She was volunteering at an animal shelter.
5. What was she doing at the shelter? She was caring for injured and sick animals.
10 Writing Questions Chart 8.3
Write a yes / no question and an information question for each sentence. Use the past
progressive and use pronouns for the information question.
Yes / No Question Information Question
Example: Lola was putting

her thumbs up while she
Was Lola putting her thumbs up Why was she smiling at you?
was smiling at me. while she was smiling at you?
1. Melanie was asking me to

Was Melanie asking you to phone her What was she asking you?
phone her when I looked
in the classroom. when you looked in the classroom?
2. The woman was dialing

911 as the man was
Was the woman dialing 911 as the Who were they calling?
calling his wife. man was calling his wife?
3. The students were

Were the students reading their When were they reading their
reading their messages
during the break. messages during the break? messages?

11 Past Progressive and Simple Past Charts 8.1, 8.4
Underline the keyword in each sentence. Then complete the sentence with the simple
past or past progressive form of the verb(s). Write the reason the verb tense is used.
Example: While the student (talk) was talking, the principal (come) came into the room.
Reason: It describes an action in progress in the past (talking) when another
event interrupted it (came).
1. While she (speak) was speaking , her classmates (laugh) were laughing all the time.
Reason: It describes two actions in progress at the same time in the past (speaking and laughing).
2. As I (type) was typing , the computer (crash) crashed .
Reason: It describes an action in progress in the past (typing) when another event interrupted it
(the computer crashed).
3. I (exercise) was exercising from 10:00 a.m. to noon. Then I (eat) ate my lunch.
Reason: It describes an action in progress at a specic time in the past (exercising), and a completed
action (ate).
4. While Megan (read) was reading , we (sleep) were sleeping .
Reason: It describes two actions in progress at the same time in the past (reading and sleeping).
5. While Clare and Max (watch) were watching TV, Lily (leave) left the room.
Reason: It describes an action in progress in the past (watching) when another event interrupted it (Lily left).
12 Past Progressive or Simple Past? Charts 8.1, 8.4
Underline the correct verb.
Example: While I researched / was researching, I felt sleepy.

1 2
A few years ago, when I took / was taking a psychology course, I had / was having to
3
write a research paper on cheating. At the same time, I attend / was attending evening
4 5
classes and I worked / was working at a restaurant every day. It was / was being a
6 7
difcult time for me. I only had / was having weekends to study. As I wrote / was writing
8 9
my report the night before class, I realized / was realizing that I only had / was having
10
two pages of a ten-page report. I panicked. I went / was going to a website that helps
11
students cheat. I started / was starting to ll in details of my topic on the website when
12 13
I noticed that my hands shook / were shaking . I knew that I did / was doing the wrong
14 15
thing. I stopped / was stopping using the website and began / was beginning to use
16
my own notes. Later that evening, as I wrote / was writing the last few words of my
17 18
report, I realized / was realizing that cheating was so easy! I felt / was feeling proud of
myself for writing my own paper.

13 Past Progressive and Simple Past Chart 8.4
Go to appendix 5,
Complete the text with the past progressive and simple past forms of the verbs. pages 134–135, for a
list of irregular verbs.
Example: Vikal (learn) learned to play the sitar when he was a child.
1
Vikal: I hear that you (rehearse) were rehearsing with Raju when I called last night.
Erin: Yes, it was a great jam session. Fusion music is the way to go.
Vikal: It certainly is. We (come) came 2

to Canada when I was a child. We only
listened 3 reminded 4
(listen) to Indian music in our house. It (remind)
us of our home back in India. As I (grow up) was growing up

5
, I (develop)
developed 6
a taste for the sitar. I really (want) wanted 7
to learn to play.
were trying 8
My parents (try) to maintain our Indian culture, so they agreed. They
found 9
(nd) a teacher and here I am today, an Indo-Canadian musician.
Erin: I’m from Nova Scotia, so I (hear) heard 10

a lot of Scottish and Irish
music while I (live) was living 11

there. I (start) started 12
to play in my
teens. Music is a great way to communicate across cultures.

were discussing 13
Vikal: Right! When Raju and I (discuss) fusion music yesterday, he
said 14
(say) that the mix of music from two different cultures was a
fantastic idea. He also (mention) mentioned 15

that fusion music was a wonderful
way to bring people together from all over the world.
14 Mixed Past Progressive and Simple Past Questions Chart 8.1, 8.4
Example: He was observing their body language. What was he observing?
1. Dalia was crossing her ngers for good luck. Why was Dalia crossing her ngers?
2. Ben made an offensive gesture. What kind of gesture did Ben make?
3. Carl and Polly gave us the okay sign. Who gave you the okay sign?
4. The child was crying because he lost his toy. Why was the child crying?
5. The robot sang a love song. What did the robot sing?
6. Tamara was giving the thumbs-up sign. Who was giving the thumbs-up sign?
7. No, her language wasn’t very formal. Was her language very formal?
8. Yes, Kara was writing a letter. Was Kara writing a letter?
9. Yes, her letter sounded friendly. Did her letter sound friendly?

SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
1 2 3 4
Choose one of the photos and write questions about the event. Use the past
progressive. Ask a classmate your questions and write her or his answers.
Example: Student A: Where were the students walking / going with their pans?
Student B: They were going downtown to protest. Possible questions: photo 1
Student A’s Questions Student B’s Answers

1. Were the pots and pans making a lot of noise?
2. Were students yelling?
3. What were people talking about?
4. Why were they protesting?
5. Where were they going with their pots and pans?
WRITING
Think about something you experienced in the past, such as a protest or an event or an
accident. Describe the scene at the time. What was happening around you?
Example: I was driving in a snowstorm when I saw a terrible accident. People were
screaming and waving to slow down cars. A man was shouting loudly.
I guess he was in shock. A woman was crying on her cellphone. People were
getting out of their cars to help. The scene was shocking.

REVIEW
A Afrmative and Negative

Complete the text with afrmative and negative forms of the
past progressive.
Media Attention
was walking 1
1. As I (walk) around Gezi Park in Taksim Square in Istanbul last year, I
didn’t imagine scenes of violence in that peaceful place. On May 28, 2013, however, it became
were removing 2
the centre of an environmental protest. While workers (remove) trees in the
park, members of the public rushed in to protest. They said that the government (protect, negative)
was not (wasn’t) protecting 3

one of the few public parks left in Istanbul.
was becoming 4
2. With a population of over 13 million, Istanbul (become) very crowded.
The authorities said they (demolish) were demolishing 5

Gezi Park to build a huge shopping
mall in Taksim Square.
3. As the protests (happen) were happening 6

in Istanbul, the world (ignore, negative)
was not (wasn’t) ignoring 7

this environmental injustice. Thanks to modern
were watching 8
communications technology, people (watch) the drama in real time.
Long live Gezi Park!
B Questions
1. The horses were running in the eld.

Where were the horses running?
2. My dog was wagging his tail because he was happy to see me.
Why was your dog wagging his tail?
3. The wolf was howling when we went outside.

When was the wolf howling?
4. Yes, the elephants were touching each other with their trunks.
Were the elephants touching each other with their trunks?
5. No, the birds weren’t singing as the sun rose.

Were the birds singing as the sun rose?

C Past Progressive or Simple Past?
Underline the correct verb.
1. While we learned / were learning to scuba dive, we learned to communicate under water.
2. The instructor surprised us when we practised / were practising in the sea the other day.
3. We looked at each other because we didn’t know what he said / was saying.
4. He swam nearer and we understood / were understanding his message.
5. He warned / was warning us about a shark that was coming close.
6. While the shark swam / was swimming past us, we kept still.
7. We shook / were shaking with fear but fortunately the shark swam / was swimming away.
8. We went / were going home and studied / were studying our underwater signals.
Edit It! Underline the past progressive verb error in each sentence.
Write the correct verb on the line.
1. Sonia was crossing her ngers while she was lyin. was lying
2. Rob were waving his hand to ask me to come over to his desk. was waving
3. The angry children was making clenched sts. were making
4. I thought Dimitri was’nt telling the truth. wasn’t telling
5. Dimitri was perspireing a lot when he took the lie detector test. was perspiring
6. His hands were geting very wet, too. were getting
7. The people didn’t looking at the researchers. were not / weren’t looking
8. While I was study in Asia, I saw many cultural differences. was studying
9. I was becomming more sensitive to other cultures. was becoming
10. I was happy that I was learned a lot about Eastern customs. was learning

9
UNIT
Adjectives and
Adverbs
Remember that actions speak louder than
words.
FUNCTION AND FORM
Adjectives
Adjectives are used to give extra information about nouns and pronouns.
9.1 Form and Position

Adjective Rule Example
Form Always singular. Never add -s to an adjective tall boys, tall girls
even if the noun is plural. Kate wears colourful clothes.
Has the same form for masculine and a happy girl, a happy boy
feminine nouns
Position Usually placed before nouns Naomi gives brilliant ideas to the team.
Follows verbs like appear, be, become, feel, Polite manners are impressive.
get, look, and seem
1 Check if each sentence is right (R) or wrong (W ). Write the sentence correctly if
there is an error.
1. Sandy looked sad. ✓
2. Positives rsts impressions are essential. ✓ Positive rst impressions are essential.
3. She wears colourfuls clothes. ✓ She wears colourful clothes.

4. He angry appears. ✓ He appears angry.
5. Kind words are important. ✓
UNIT 9 Adjectives and Adverbs 79

9.2 Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality
Form Function Example
Comparative Compares two people, groups, A dolphin is smaller than a whale.
or things Dolphins are more / less intelligent than whales.
Superlative Compares more than two people, Dolphins are the most communicative of the sea
groups, or things mammals. They are the least shy.
They are also the friendliest.
Equality Shows equal or similar status between Seals are as friendly as dolphins.
two people, groups, or things
9.3 Comparative and Superlative Forms

Spelling Rule Adjective Comparative Superlative
One-syllable adjectives Add -er or -est. soft softer than the softest
One-syllable adjectives ending Add -r or -st. brave braver than the bravest
with -e
One-syllable adjectives Double the nal consonant slim slimmer than the slimmest
ending with a short vowel and add -er or -est.
and a consonant
Two-syllable adjectives Change the -y to i and add happy happier than the happiest
ending with a consonant + -y -er or -est.
Other adjectives with two or Add more / less or most / wonderful more / less the most / least
more syllables least before the adjective. wonderful than wonderful
Irregular adjectives bad worse than the worst

far farther / further the farthest /
than furthest
good better than the best
little less than the least
2 Complete the chart with the correct comparative, superlative, and equality
forms of each adjective.
Use than to make a
comparison. Use then to Adjective Comparative Superlative Equality
indicate next, before, or
at that time. 1. fast faster than the fastest as fast as
2. simple simpler than the simplest as simple as
3. pretty prettier than the prettiest as pretty as
4. beautiful more beautiful than the most beautiful as beautiful as

5. good better than the best as good as
80 UNIT 9 Adjectives and Adverbs

Adverbs
Adverbs add information about verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
9.4 Type, Function and Position

Type Function Position Example
Degree Describes how much / little Usually comes before the main verb rather, really, very
something happens George really loves music.
Follows the verb be
Noelle is very anxious.
Frequency Describes how often Usually comes before the main verb always, frequently,
something happens Vanessa often plays hockey. never, often,
sometimes, usually
Follows the verb be
He is usually friendly.
Manner Describes how something Usually comes after the main verb carefully, fast, slowly,
is done He communicates well. quickly, well
Time Describes when Usually comes at the beginning or end later, next week, now,
something happens of the sentence today, tomorrow,
Today George will give a speech. yesterday
He will talk to the media tomorrow.
3 Write each sentence using the adverb in parentheses.
1. I am polite. (usually) I am usually polite. Adverbs ending in -ly can

come before the main
verb or after the object.
2. My colleague told the truth in court. (yesterday) Yesterday my colleague Kate slowly ate her
supper. Kate ate her
told the truth in court. / My colleague told the truth in court yesterday.
supper slowly.
3. He was convincing. (totally) He was totally convincing.
4. Are rst impressions right? (always) Are rst impressions always right? Never put an adverb
between the verb and
the direct object.
He answered carefully
5. She washed her face. (quickly) She washed her face quickly. / She quickly
the questions. He
washed her face. answered the questions
carefully.

9.5 Adjectives to Adverbs
Change most adjectives to adverbs by adding -ly. A few adverbs never end in -ly.
Spelling Rule Adjective Adverb

Most adjectives Add -ly. quick quickly
slow slowly
Adjectives ending with -y Change the nal -y to i and lazy lazily

add -ly. noisy noisily
Adjectives ending with -le Change the nal -le to -ly. humble humbly
Adjectives ending with -ic Add -ally. dramatic dramatically
Exceptions early, far, fast, late, early, far, fast, late,

long, good long, well
9.6 Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality

Form Formation Example Irregular Adverbs
Comparative For one-syllable adverbs: She runs faster than the worse than
Add -er + than. boys on her rugby team. farther / further than
For adverbs with two or more syllables: He works less intelligently more / less than
Add more / less + adverb + than. than the others. better than
(Exception: early earlier)
Superlative For one-syllable adverbs: She has worked the hardest the worst
Add the + adverb + -est. on our group project. the farthest / furthest
For adverbs with two or more syllables: He plays the most musically the most/ least
Add the most / least + adverb. of all the pianists. the best
Equality Use as + adverb + as. The soprano sings as as badly as

wonderfully as the tenor. as far as
as much as
as well as
4 Form an adverb from each adjective. Then write the comparative, superlative,
and equality forms of each adverb.
Adjective Adverb Comparative Superlative Equality
1. easy easily more / less easily the most / least easily as easily as
2. comfortable comfortably more / less comfortably the most / least comfortably as comfortably as
3. wise wisely more / less wisely the most / least wisely as wisely as
4. tragic tragically more / less tragically the most / least tragically as tragically as
5. good well better / worse than the best / worst as well as

PRACTISE
5 Position of Adjectives with Be, Look, and Feel Chart 9.1
Complete each sentence with your choice of adjective from the word box. Use a
dictionary to help you. More than one answer could be possible. Complete additional
exercises online to
Example: Noah looks surprised to see me. practise adjectives and
1. When I am worried about my grades, I go to see my teacher. adverbs.
2. Mia looks excited because her vacation starts tomorrow.

angry
3. Joanna shouts a lot when she is angry . disappointed
embarrassed embarrassed
4. I felt when I had to talk in front of the class.
excited
5. When he is disappointed with his marks, Mike shrugs his shoulders. surprised
worried
6 Form and Position of Adjectives Chart 9.1
Check if each sentence is right (R ) or wrong (W ). Write the sentence correctly if there is
an error.
Example: Chris likes movies scary. ✓ Chris likes scary movies.
1. Those students worried are. Those students are worried.

✓
2. We’re talking to our neighbours We’re talking to our friendly

✓
friendly.
neighbours. Adjectives formed using
3. Lara has goods intentions. Lara has good intentions. the present (-ing) and
✓
past (-ed) participles
have different meanings.
4. He is unhappy with his results.
✓ The movie was
depressing. The
5. Hand signals are very effectives. ✓ Hand signals are very effective. audience feels
depressed.
7 Comparatives and Superlatives of Adjectives Charts 9.2, 9.3
Complete each sentence with the correct comparative or superlative form of the adjective
in parentheses. Remember to use than with a comparative and the with a superlative.
Example: I am funnier than all my teammates. (funny)
1. Helen is the youngest member of the team. (young)
2. This practice is easier than the last one. (easy)
3. Megan’s communication skills are worse than mine. (bad)
4. Helen is the best communicator in our group. (good)
5. She’s also the happiest member of the team. (happy)

8 Types and Position of Adverbs Chart 9.4
Complete each sentence with an appropriate adverb from the word box.
Then write an X in the correct column to indicate the type of adverb.
completely frequently never often skillfully How How

Often
Example: I often help my blind neighbour to do his groceries. X
1. When I don’t speak a language, I frequently use hand signals to communicate. X
2. I never speak too fast when somebody doesn’t understand me. X
3. Deaf people communicate skillfully by using sign language. X
4. They understand completely what the other person is saying. X
9 Changing Adjectives to Adverbs Chart 9.5
Complete each sentence by changing the adjective in parentheses to an adverb.
Example: Inspector Imax thought the woman was acting (strange) strangely .
1. The detective was listening (close) closely to the woman’s story.
2. He thought that she was lying (brilliant) brilliantly .
3. Diana smiled (grateful) gratefully as he gave her a cup of coffee.
4. She moved her long legs (lazy) lazily .
5. She spoke (polite) politely to the detective.
6. Diana was (amazing) amazingly calm.
7. Inspector Imax asked the nal question (quiet) quietly .
8. She answered (convincing) convincingly , “No, I didn’t do it!”
10 Spelling of Adverbs Ending with -ly Chart 9.5
Underline the correct spelling of the comparative or superlative form of each adverb.
Example: Sophie talks faster / more fast than her sister Isabelle.
1 2
Sophie laughs more loudly / loudlly than her younger sister. Isabelle speaks more softly / softily and tries
3 4
to convey her message more tactfuly / tactfully than Sophie. Sophie acts more dramaticly / dramatically
5
than both her sisters. She behaves the most impatiently / impatientily when she doesn’t get what she wants.
6
Ariane is the most well-balanced of the three sisters. She talks the most moderately / moderatly and the most
7 8 9
reasonabley / reasonably . She communicates goodly / well —she listens more attentively / attentivly than
10
Sophie and Isabelle. She is the most happyly / happily married of the three sisters.

11 Mixed Adjectives and Adverbs Chart 9.5
Write an X to indicate if the word is an adjective or adverb. If you can add -ly to the
adjective to make an adverb, write the adverb in the chart. Make the necessary
spelling changes and use your dictionary to help you.
Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb
Example: Example:
X charmingly X
charming lost
1. frustrated X 6. hopefully X
2. forgotten X frustratedly 7. generous X generously
3. cautiously X 8. dirty X dirtily
4. noisy X noisily 9. usually X

5. often X 10. happy X happily
12 Comparative, Superlative, and Equality Adjectives and Adverbs Charts 9.2, 9.6
Read the text and complete the information about Bethany in the second column of the
chart below. Then, in the third column, write a sentence to compare yourself with
Bethany. Use the adjectives in the word box and their adverb form. Use as many
comparative, superlative, and equality adjectives and adverbs as you can.
Bethany Hamilton, a young American surfer, survived a shark attack in 2003 when she was just
13 years old. She was lying sideways on her surfboard with her left arm hanging in the water
when a tiger shark unexpectedly attacked her. She lost her entire left arm. Only eight weeks later,
the brave surfer picked up her board with her right arm and courageously went surng again.
Her courage and amazing determination to become a professional surfer led her to her dream.
adventurous ambitious brave determined early exciting good late old young
Example: Bethany acted more bravely than I ever did.
1. Year of birth 1990 Bethany is older than I am.

I was born seven years later than Bethany.
2. Career professional surfer I enjoy surng, but I don’t surf as well as Bethany.
Bethany wanted to be the best surfer possible, but I surf for fun.
3. Character courageous Bethany is more adventurous than I am.

determined The most exciting adventure I had was swimming with dolphins.

SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
With a classmate, form idioms using the nouns and adjectives in the chart. Use the
equality form of the adjectives. Write the idioms in the third column.
Noun Adjective Idiom
cave big Example: as at as a pancake
chocolate cold 1. as dark as a cave
elephant dark 2. as slow as a turtle
hyena at 3. as tasty as chocolate
ice sharp 4. as big as an elephant
knife slow 5. as tall as a skyscraper
pancake tall 6. as sharp as a knife
skyscraper tasty 7. as ugly as a hyena
turtle ugly 8. as cold as ice
WRITING
Write a short text on a painting, photo, song, or other type of visual or audio media
that you like. Describe how it makes you feel and why you chose it. Use as many
different adjectives and adverbs as you can and underline them in your text.
Example: I like the Mona Lisa because she has a secretive smile. She is very mysterious.
When I saw the painting in Paris, I really loved her hands. What I remember
the most vividly about the Mona Lisa is that her hands are absolutely lifelike.

REVIEW
A Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives

Write the correct comparative or superlative form of each adjective in parentheses.
Remember to use than with the comparative and the with the superlative.
1. In 2013 the Montréal Botanical Garden hosted the most beautiful Mosaïcultures.
(beautiful, superlative)
2. I thought that the Canadian entries were the best . (good, superlative)
3. In my opinion, the most impressive sculpture was the massive bird. (impressive,
superlative)
4. There was the largest choice of animals possible. (large, superlative)
5. The noisiest exhibit was the one with sculptures representing North
American legends, accompanied by drums and chanting. (noisy, superlative)
6. The biggest exhibit seemed to be the huge face of Gaia, the Earth goddess.
(big, superlative)
7. Communicating with owers is more creative than using words. (creative,
comparative)
8. The 2013 competition was better than the one in 2003. (good, comparative)
B Comparative and Equality Forms of Adverbs

Read the rst two columns of the chart. Then write a sentence comparing Person 2 with
Person 1. Use the comparative or equality form of the adverb in the rst column.
Person 1 Person 2 Comparison
1. Jamie plays the Mike plays better than Mike plays the guitar more skillfully than Jamie.
guitar skillfully. Jamie.
2. Emily dances well. Maria doesn’t dance as Emily dances better than Maria.
well as Emily.
3. Todd skis fast. Kim skis very fast. Kim skis faster than Todd.
4. Rebecca works Chris works better than Chris works more efciently than Rebecca.
efciently. Rebecca.
5. Fred paints carefully. Joe paints carefully. Joe paints as carefully as Fred.

C Comparative Form of Adjectives and Adverbs
Write the adjectives and adverbs in the comparative form.
Furry Friends
more effectively 1
To communicate with an animal (effectively) than we usually do, we need
to observe its behaviour closely. We must focus on the body language of the animal to become
more sensitive 2
(sensitive) to its communication. Some animals sense our feelings, too; perhaps
better 3
they are even (good) at understanding us than we are at understanding them.
more nervous 4
If someone is anxious, a dog will become (nervous) than usual when that person
more negatively 5
enters the room. A nervous dog will react (negatively) to anxiety than a
more loudly 6
condent dog will. Consequently, it will bark (loudly) and its actions will
faster 7
become (fast) than usual. In new situations, the dog may be (aggressive)
more aggressive 8
than in familiar ones and it may even bite somebody. We need to reassure the
calmer 9 more slowly 10
animal by becoming (calm) and moving (slowly) .
They say that a dog is man’s best friend, so let’s be kind to our furry friends.
Edit It! Correct the 10 underlined errors. Write the correction above the error.
Animal Connections
constantly
Animals communicate with each other constant. Whales make sounds that travel
as
through the water and they are almost more communicative as dolphins. Birds have
greater
different types of song and the variety is greatest than we previously imagined. Land
more
mammals also send each other warnings, which are most sophisticated than we realized.
Modern technology helps us to hear sounds that we couldn’t hear before. Animals
as more
are as connected than we are, with our worldwide Internet. When it is most dangerous
than usual to go outside their burrows, foxes call to warn other members of their group.
saddest most
Elephants are the sad when another elephant dies. They are the more caring of all
efciently
the mammals except for humans. Tiny animals like insects communicate efcient with
smarter
chemical messages. Animals are smartest and more communicative than we think.

10
UNIT
Future
When I graduate, I am going to make

a difference in the world.
Past Present Future

Yesterday Today Tomorrow
FUNCTION AND FORM
10.1 Will and Be Going To

Form Use Example Keywords
Will For a denite fact in the The game will start / is going to start at later, next
and future 2:00 p.m. tomorrow. week / month /
For a prediction It’s getting cold. It’s going to/will snow year, probably,
Be going to
soon. soon, tomorrow,
tonight
Will For a spontaneous decision Come with us. We will show you
at the moment of speaking the way.
For a promise or an offer to I will help you study tonight.
do something in the future
Be going to For an action that is He is going to study in Europe next

planned for the future month.
1 Underline the future form in each sentence. Highlight the keywords. Give the
reason the verb form is used.
1. We are going to drive to Florida next summer.

It expresses an action that is planned for the future.
2. Wait. I will help you move your desk in a minute.

It expresses a spontaneous decision made at the moment of speaking.
UNIT 10 Future 89
Future with Will

Subject Will Base form Subject Will + not Base form
Adverbs usually come of verb of verb
after will.
I / He / She / It will I / He / She / It
I will probably face will not
wait. wait.
many challenges. We / You / They (‘ll) We / You / They (won’t)
2 Complete each sentence with the verb in parentheses and the contracted
form of will. Use the negative form when indicated. Practise pronouncing the
contractions by reading the sentences to a classmate.
1. Tomorrow I (meet) ’ll meet my role model.
2. Next week we (start) ’ll start to prepare for the

championship.
3. He (be, negative) won’t be afraid to meet difcult challenges.
4. My teammates (waste, negative) won’t waste an opportunity to

succeed.
5. Next year they (organize) ’ll organize another competition.
10.3 Questions
To give a short answer
to a yes / no question,
use will or won’t Will Subject Base form Question Will Subject Base form
without the main verb. of verb word of verb
Will she reach her goals When he arrive?
I
in life?
Yes, she will. Will he / she / it wait? What will they do?
No, she won’t.
we / you / they Where you stay?
3 Complete each question with will and the verb in parentheses.
1. Will they support our charity? (they, support)
2. Will Matt volunteer for the event? (Matt, volunteer)
3. Will you fulll your dreams? (you, fulll)
4. When will Megan leave for the event? (when, Megan, leave)
5. Where will we go to help? (where, we, go)
90 UNIT 10 Future
Future with Be Going To

Subject Verb Going to Base form Subject Verb Going to Base form
be of verb be + not of verb
I am I am not
(‘m) (’m not)
He / She / It is He / She / It is not

going to travel. going to travel.
(’s) (’s not / isn’t)
We / You / They are We / You / They are not

(‘re) (’re not / aren’t)
4 Complete each sentence with be going to and the verb in parentheses. When
indicated, use the negative form.
When speaking, some
1. Next year I (participate) am going to participate in fundraising. people say, I’m gonna
leave. The correct form
2. They (use) are going to use the money to redecorate. is I’m going to leave.
3. No, we (collect, negative) are (‘re) not / aren’t going to collect old toys.
10.5 Questions
Verb Subject Going to Base form Question Verb Subject Going to Base form
be of verb word be of verb
Am I When am I start?
Is he / she / it going to wait? What is she going to do?
Are we / you / they Where are you stay?
5 Complete each question with be going to. Use the words in parentheses.
1. Are you going to help people with special needs? (help, you)
Adverbs usually come
2. Is he going to have empathy for others? (he, have) after the verb be.
3. Are they going to live in peace? (they, live) I am certainly going to
help people.
4. When are we going to become more tolerant? (when, we, become)
UNIT 10 Future 91
PRACTISE
6 Afrmative and Negative with Will Chart 10.2
Complete the testimonies with will and the verbs and adverbs in parentheses.
Complete additional
Example: Helping others (inspire, obviously) will obviously inspire me.
exercises online to
practise future forms.
Dominique, professional snowboarder Tristan, student, salesperson
Q: How will you improve your performance? Q: What will make you a good salesperson?
Strong competition (inspire, always) will always Success (encourage, denitely) will denitely
inspire 1
me to do my best. When I encourage 5
me to work harder. Praise from my
will do 2 6
compete against a top athlete, I (do) boss (motivate) will motivate me and I will be
everything to perform better. I (give up, negative) proud to show my bonuses to my co-workers.
I will not / won’t give up3. Self-discipline and hard I hope they (be, negative) will not / won’t be 7
4 will take 8
training (help, undoubtedly) will undoubtedly help jealous. Success (take) me to the top
me win. of the ladder!
7 Questions with Will Chart 10.3
Read Jessica’s biography. Then write ve questions to ask her.
Jessica Cox: The First Pilot Without Arms

Although she was born without arms, the inspiring American Jessica Cox lives her
life with a lot of determination. Her achievements so far include an undergraduate
degree in psychology, a no-restrictions driving licence, and a pilot’s licence. She is
a former hip hop dancer and has a double black belt in taekwondo. Jessica types
25 words a minute, drives a car, plays piano, and talks on her phone—all by using
her feet. Jessica’s plane is specially designed and she uses her feet to control it.
Jessica is an inspiration to us all.
Example: Will you try to y a helicopter?
1. Will you do a master’s degree in psychology?
2. What will you do next to fulll your dreams?

Will you try another sport apart from taekwondo?
3.
4. What advice will you give to people with disabilities?
5. How will you continue to inspire other people?
92 UNIT 10 Future
8 Afrmative and Negative: Will or Be Going To Charts 10.1, 10.2
Read each step of the dialogue to see what is happening. Write S if the sentence
describes a spontaneous decision at the moment of speaking. Write P if it describes an
action planned for the future. Then complete the sentence with will or be going to.
Example: Jude: Dan, you forgot to post my letter.

S
Dan: Oops! Sorry. I ’ll / will post it now.
1. Jude: Hey, Dan, you didn’t text me back.

S
Dan: Sorry. I ’ll / will read your message right now.
2. Jude: Did you plan your schedule for next semester?

P
Dan: No, I ’m / am going to do it in the next few days.
3. Jude: Does Vicky want to meet up tonight?

S
Dan: Wait a minute. I ’ll / will text her.
4. Jude: Did you decide what to do about your job?

P
Dan: Yes, I did. I ’m / am going to ask for a promotion.
5. Jude: Solid career goals are really important.

P
Dan: You’re right. I ’m / am going to set my goals carefully.
9 Will and Be Going To Charts 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5
Correct the error underlined in each sentence. Write the correction on the line.
Example: Will she going to be there? Is
1. Melanie willn’t graduate if she doesn’t study hard. won’t
2. You will compete in the next Olympic games? Will you
3. You look tired. Sit down. I pour you a coffee. will pour
4. She will to work as a video-game designer. is going
5. Melissa will donates her old clothes. donate
6. Next week I am phone the volunteer agency. am going to
7. I think it will to rains tomorrow. rain
8. She predicts that he be going to win an award. is
9. Where you will work after you leave school? will you
10. When you are going to move to your apartment? are you
UNIT 10 Future 93
10 Afrmative and Negative with Be Going To Chart 10.4
Write sentences for each goal with be going to in the afrmative and negative forms.
Use contractions for the negative form.
Goal Afrmative Negative
Example: Be more disciplined I am going to be more disciplined I’m not going to be more disciplined
in my daily routine in my daily routine. in my daily routine.
1. Set goals for the future I am going to set goals for the I’m not going to set goals for the
future. future.
2. Stay focused on my I am going to stay focused on my I’m not going to stay focused on my
dreams dreams. dreams.
3. Have a positive attitude I am going to have a positive I’m not going to have a positive
attitude. attitude.
4. Contribute to a good I am going to contribute to a good I’m not going to contribute to a good
cause cause. cause.
5. Exercise every day I am going to exercise every day. I’m not going to exercise every day.
11 Questions with Be Going To Chart 10.5
Write each question with be going to instead of will. Then write it as an information
question using the words given. Change the main verb if necessary.
Yes / No Question Yes / No Question Information Question

with Will with Be Going To with Be Going To
Example: Will Marina start her Is Marina going to start her own What is Marina going to start?
own business? business?
1. Will Max design a new Is Max going to design a new green What is Max going to design?
green ofce? ofce?
2. Will you retrain to get the Are you going to retrain to get What are you going to do to get
job? the job? the job?
3. Will Kirstie get a promotion? Is Kirstie going to get a Who is going to get a
promotion? promotion?
4. Will they relocate the ofce Are they going to relocate the Where are they going to relocate
downtown? ofce downtown? the ofce?
5. Will the company hire Is the company going to hire recent Why is the company going to hire
recent graduates? graduates? recent graduates?
94 UNIT 10 Future
12 Information Questions with Will Chart 10.3
Go to appendix 2,
Write a question to match the information in bold. page 131, for help
with question words.
Example: The conference will start at 10 a.m. When will the conference start?
1. John will speak rst. Who will speak rst?
2. He will talk about activism. What will he talk about?
3. He will nish his presentation at 11 a.m. When will he nish his presentation?
4. I will go see him because he’s inspiring. Why will you go see him?
5. The talk will take place downtown. Where will the talk take place?
13 Information Questions with Be Going To Chart 10.5
Example: They’re happy because they are leaving soon. Why are they happy?
1. They are going to travel around the world. Where are they going to travel?
2. They are going to visit world heritage sites. What are they going to visit?
3. They are going to plan the trip next week. When are they going to plan the trip?
4. Bob is going to choose their rst destination. Who is going to choose their rst
destination?
5. The trip is going to take a year. How long is the trip going to take?
14 Mixed Questions Charts 10.3, 10.5
Example: Patrick: When are you going to apply for the new job?
Serena: I’m going to apply this week.
1. Patrick: Will you relocate for this job?
Serena: Yes, I will relocate for this job.
2. Patrick: Where are you going to work?
Serena: I’m going to work in an ofce downtown.
3. Patrick: Are you going to work in sales?
Serena: No, I’m not going to work in sales. I’m going to work in marketing.
4. Patrick: Will you get an interview?
Serena: Yes, I will denitely get an interview.
5. Patrick: Who will be contacting you?
Serena: The Director of Human Resources will be contacting me.
UNIT 10 Future 95
SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
Find a partner. Ask each other yes / no and information questions about the
following topics. Use will or be going to.
Example: Go to university
Where will you go to university? Are you going to stay in Montréal?
Student A Student B
1. Get married 5. Work from home 1. Have children 5. Have your own business
2. Have a career 6. Live on a farm 2. Travel 6. Learn another language
3. Live in another 7. Inspire other 3. Retire at age 70 7. Live in another country
province people
4. Find a partner 8. Do volunteer work
4. Save money 8. Keep in good health
WRITING
Read “Workplace of the Future.” Then use ideas from the text to describe
future workplace trends in the chart below. Use be going to.
Workplace of the Future

People will soon enjoy environmentally friendly workplaces where
everything is designed for their physical and mental well-being. The
new green trend—using plants, bamboo oors, and natural lighting, for
example—will ensure pleasant and healthy environments where
workers will feel comfortable. This kind of environment will help them
deal with the stress of their daily routine.
As baby boomers retire, there will be a lack of experienced workers.
Companies will have to train more young people. All employees will need
new skills for the rapidly changing workplace. Innovation will dene the
workplace of the future.
Example: The workplace The workplace is going to make workers feel comfortable.
1. Environment Plants, bamboo oors, and natural lighting are going to make the
workplace pleasant and healthy.
2. Stress Environmentally friendly workplaces are going to help workers cope
with stress.
3. Training New young workers are going to need training. / All employees are going
to need new skills for the changing workplace.
4. Innovation Innovation is going to dene the workplace.
96 UNIT 10 Future
REVIEW
A Afrmative and Negative of Will

Complete the text with the afrmative and negative forms of will.
Use contractions where possible.
Farming for the Future

Every Friday a delicious basket of local fruit and vegetables
will arrive 1
(arrive) at a pickup location
near my home. In 2011 Lufa Farms built the rst commercial green-
house on a rooftop in downtown Montréal. For a weekly order, you
pay a xed price, but you can remove things you (need, negative)
won’t need 2
and add others that you (enjoy)
‘ll enjoy 3
more. In this week’s basket, I
won’t eat 4
notice that there are red chili peppers. I (eat, negative) them, so I (check out)
’ll check out 5
the website for another vegetable at the same price. Growing food close to
where people live is an inspiring idea.
B Afrmative and Negative with Be Going To

Complete the dialogue with the correct afrmative and negative forms of be going to.
’m / am going to be 1
Amelie: I don’t know how I (be) ready for the new
are going to move 2
school year. My brother and I (move) my things to
the residence hall next week.

is going to take 3
Kara: Packing (take) a long time because
you have a lot of things!

’m / am going to pack 4
Amelie: You’re right. That’s why I (pack) some used
clothes to take to a women’s shelter this weekend.

’m / am not going to keep 5
Kara: That’s a great idea! I (keep, negative) my old
clothes either. Let’s start the semester with a fresh approach.
UNIT 10 Future 97
C Mixed Questions
Complete each question with the words in parentheses.
Sources of Inspiration
1. Are you going to laugh at me if I tell you that a movie can be a source of
inspiration? (you, laugh, going to)
2. Will you disagree that reading a blog can be a powerful motivator? (disagree, you, will)
3. Who will say that online activism is ineffective? (who, say, will)
4. Where are you going to get your inspiration? (where, you, get, going to)
5. Are you going to look on social networks? (look, you, going to)
6. Will a book inspire you to do great things? (inspire, a book, will)
7. Where are you going to nd the motivation to change society? (where, you, nd, going to)
8. Will it be in a song or a poem? (be, it, will)
9. What will inspire you to ght for a cause? (what, you, inspire, will)
10. Who will be your source of inspiration? (who, be, will)
Edit It! Underline the 10 errors related to future forms. Write the correction above the error.
Wheels in Motion
are going to
Later today we going to attend a meeting about a nonprot organization that gives
carefully explain
wheelchairs to people in need. Richard, the coordinator, will explain carefully the
certainly going to going to
charity’s goals. We are going certainly work hard to raise money. It is gonna be a
won’t are going to
challenge but we wont waste time. This charity is new, so we are going need a lot of
will not / won’t will meet
publicity. People don’t will give money if they’re not aware of the cause. We meet a
professional to discuss publicity strategies tomorrow. We all believe that the campaign
will be aren’t
be successful. We arent going to give up until we meet our nancial target.
98 UNIT 10 Future
11
UNIT
Modals
Cities must plan for a major increase in

population by 2030. Basic services and
affordable housing should be available
to everyone.
FUNCTION AND FORM
11.1 Common Modals

A modal gives extra information about the meaning of the verb that follows it.
Modals come before the base form of the main verb and most do not change form.
Modal Meaning Example

can ability He can speak Spanish uently.
possibility We can work in a green ofce if we want. Adverbs ending with -ly
informal request Can I see the schedule? come after the modal.
We can easily walk to
could past ability I could rollerblade well when I was a child.
the city centre.
possibility We could plant a rooftop garden.
formal request Could I borrow your dictionary?
may possibility He may design a new housing complex.

formal request May I have information about the condo?
might possibility They might build a new highway.

Do not use two modals
must/ obligation She must / has to live in harmony with nature. with the same main
have to verb in a sentence.
You mustn’t enter the emergency room.
mustn’t prohibition She should live downtown.
(She should can live
should advice / suggestion You should denitely look for a downtown.)
people-friendly city.
would wish (+ like / love) I would really like to live near the sea.
preference I would prefer to live in a big city.
formal request or offer Would you like to see the loft?
UNIT 11 Modals 99
1 Underline the modal in each sentence. Then write its meaning on the line.
1. Could you take me to the cooperative housing? formal request
2. You must stop building concrete jungles. obligation
3. They should plan more green spaces. advice / suggestion

The innitive is not used
4. I would love to move to a rural environment. wish
with most modals.
They can speak Hindi.
(They can to speak 11.2 Afrmative and Negative Statements
Hindi.)
Modals do not take a nal -s in the third-person singular.
Subject Modal Base form Subject Modal + not Base form
of verb (contraction) of verb
can cannot (can’t)

could could not (couldn’t)
may may not
I / He / She / It I / He / She / It
might might not
We / You / They We / You / They
must must not (mustn’t)
leave. leave.
should should not (shouldn’t)
would would not (wouldn’t)
I / We / You / They have to I / We / You / They do not (don’t) have to
He / She / It has to He / She / It does not (doesn’t) have to
11.3 Questions
To ask a question with have to, use the appropriate form of do. Do you have to drive
to Québec? When does she have to leave?

Modal Subject Base form Question Modal Subject Base form
of verb word of verb
I / he / she / it I / he / she / it
Can go? What should we / you / they do?
we / you / they
2 Complete the sentence with the words in parentheses. Use the negative
or question form where indicated.
To give a short answer
to a yes / no question, 1. You should study more. (study, should)
use the modal without
the main verb. 2. Does she have to exercise at the gym? (exercise, have to, she, question)
Yes, I could. / No, I could 3. Kelly cannot / can’t skate . (skate, can, negative)
not (couldn’t).
4. We may go to Spain next year. (go, may)
100 UNIT 11 Modals

PRACTISE
3 Afrmative and Negative Chart 11.2
Write the afrmative sentences in the negative, and the negative sentences in the
afrmative. Use contractions for the negative form. Complete additional
exercises online to
practise modals.
Example: You should improve your living space. You shouldn’t improve your living space.
1. You can buy local produce. You can’t buy local produce.
2. We must grow peppers on our balcony. We mustn’t grow peppers on our balcony.
3. I would like to use compost. I would not like to use compost.
4. Our community should be bigger. Our community shouldn’t be bigger.
5. We could make our city prettier. We could not make our city prettier.
6. I would like a quiet neighbourhood. I wouldn’t like a quiet neighbourhood.
7. Neal can be happy alone. Neal cannot be happy alone.
8. They have to be at work at 9:00 a.m. They don’t have to be at work at 9:00 a.m.
9. We may plant owers in tubs next spring. We may not plant owers in tubs next spring.
10. Shania should worry about noise. Shania should not worry about noise.
Complete each yes / no question with the words in parentheses.
Example: Should we join a food co-op? (join, should, we)
1. Can you eat local food all year round in Québec? (eat, can, you)
2. Could you help me pick berries? (help, could, you)
3. Should we become vegans? (become, should, we)
4. Would you like to be a locavore? (like, would, you)
5. May we join your local food network? (join, may, we)
6. Might the menu change tomorrow? (change, might, the menu)
7. Must I pay in advance? (pay, must, I)
8. Could I choose my food every week? (choose, could, I)
9. Can Quebeckers support organic farms in winter? (support, can, Quebeckers)
10. Do we have to stop eating meat? (stop, have to, we)
UNIT 11 Modals 101

Write an information question to match the information in bold.
Example: Tyler should be a better neighbour. What should Tyler be?
1. People can cycle to work in our city. Where can people cycle to work?
2. Public transport could be better. What could be better?
3. You may come to my house after supper. When may I come to your house?
4. My parents might buy a condo in Florida. Who might buy a condo in Florida?
5. I would leave to nd a healthier place. Why would you leave?
6 Choice of Modals Chart 11.1
Complete each sentence with a modal that matches the meaning in parentheses. Use
the negative form where indicated. You may use each modal more than once.
Example: Sure! I could / can help you prepare for your exam. (possibility)
can
I will have to revise my notes rst. (obligation) could
I mustn’t forget to look at them tonight. (obligation, negative) have to
can’t / couldn’t may

1. No way! I possibly hold a snake. (possibility, negative)
might
It may / might / could bite me! (possibility) must
Would you please hold the snake for me? (request) should
would
2. You’re right. I should practise more often. (advice / suggestion)
I can’t win the competition if I don’t practise hard enough. (ability, negative)
May / Could I show you my latest practice video? (request)
3. What’s cooking? Would you like to taste my latest dish? (offer)
I know I should try to create something new. (advice / suggestion)
I may / might even check out an Asian recipe. (possibility)
4. We just can’t decide on a colour for our living room. (ability, negative)
We have to / must make up our minds soon. (obligation)
We would prefer a really strong colour like red or orange. (preference)
5. Are you kidding? I can’t / couldn’t cross that bridge. (possibility, negative)
I’m terried of heights. I can’t even climb a ladder! (ability, negative)

Can I leave? (informal request)
I would like to be back home right now! (wish)
102 UNIT 11 Modals

7 Ability and Possibility Charts 11.1, 11.2
Complete the text with can or its past form, could. Use the afrmative or negative
form where indicated.
can Could is also the past
Example: Now tourists visit China freely.
form of can.
If you visit Shanghai, you can 1
see two worlds: the
old and the new. For many years China was closed to the outside world.
Tourists (negative) could not / couldn’t 2

visit the country freely. As it
became more open, visitors could 3

see Chinese people
travelling everywhere by bicycle. They (negative) could not / couldn’t 4
see many cars in those days. Now, in modern Shanghai, people (negative)
cannot / can’t 5
escape the pollution caused by trafc congestion
on the busy roads. Years ago, when the people of Shanghai used bicycles
as their main mode of transport, they could 6

breathe
clean air. They (negative) couldn’t 7

see any smog.
Nowadays a thick blanket of smog covers the city and modern visitors
(negative) cannot / can’t 8

see the tops of the skyscrapers. Even
worse, dust from construction sites can 9

get into the
inhabitants’ lungs and cause serious disease. Sometimes the price of
progress can 10
be very high.
8 Advice / Suggestion, Obligation, or Possibility Chart 11.1
Complete each sentence with a modal that matches the meaning in parentheses.
Use should, must / have to, or could.
Example: You should always keep your desk tidy. (advice / suggestion)
1. You must / have to clean up your mess in the garage. (obligation)
2. You could trim the hedge. (possibility)
3. You should help in the garden. (advice / suggestion)
4. You must / have to take turns washing the dishes. (obligation)
5. You should clean up your ofce more often. (advice / suggestion)
6. You could help to pick up litter in the neighbourhood. (possibility)
7. You must / have to recycle the empty bottles. (obligation)
8. You could cut the grass today. (possibility)
UNIT 11 Modals 103

9 Advice / Suggestion, Possibility, or Wish / Preference Chart 11.2
Complete each sentence with the modal that matches the meaning in parentheses:
should, could, or would. Use the verb in parentheses and the negative form where indicated.
Example: In the 1970s you (possibility: live, negative) couldn’t live downtown.
In the 1960s and 1970s the city of Portland looked like many other American cities. The buildings
downtown were old and people (possibility: nd, negative) couldn’t nd 1
good
affordable housing. Inner city stores were closing because they (possibility: compete, negative)
couldn’t compete 2
with the shopping malls in the suburbs. But you (advice: check out)
should check out 3
Portland now! Public transit is well organized and the
downtown core is vibrant, thanks to an excellent system of streetcars. In the 60s and 70s,
not many people (possibility: say) could say 4

that they went
to work or school by cable car. Now they can! The Portland Aerial Tram takes over 3 000
commuters every day on the three-minute ride up to the Oregon Health and Science
University. I (wish: love) would love 5

to see the campus on top of
the hill. I’m sure that many people (wish: like) would like 6
to go to
school by cable car. They (preference: prefer) would prefer 7

a short
eco-friendly ride rather than hours spent in a car in trafc jams. We (advice: suggest)
should suggest 8
people-friendly streetcars to urban planners in our city.
10 Level of Formality: Questions with Can, Could, May, and Would Charts 11.1, 11.3
Write the modal that best reects the level of formality indicated in the second column.
Use can, could, may, and would. More than one answer could be possible.
Type of Level of Sentence

Communication Formality
Can, could, may, and
Example: Proposal Formal Could / May I meet with you to present would are all used to
letter our project? make requests. However,
Can can is informal and less
1. Friendly email Informal you help us design a
polite. May I / we and
poster for our Neighbourhood Watch?
Could are used to
2. Letter to advertising Formal Could / May we put your logo on the request permission.
sponsor poster? Would you and Could you
are both used to make
3. Letter about nancial Formal Could / Would you fund our project to polite requests.
support print a poster?
4. Letter of presentation Formal Could / May I count on your support

for my project?
5. Verbal request to Informal Can you send me the sketch

team member today?
104 UNIT 11 Modals

11 Ability, Possibility, or Request / Permission Chart 11.1
Read the job description. Then complete the interview below with the modals can, could,
may, might, or would in the afrmative or negative.
Administrative Assistant
Full-Time Position
We are a group of architects with dynamic cutting-edge ideas. Our head ofce
is in Montréal and we have ofces in 12 other locations across the world. The
administrative assistant must be available to travel abroad.
Qualications:
Experience in business administration. You should have excellent writing and
speaking skills in both English and French. Knowledge of Arabic or Mandarin would
be an asset. You must be exible, outgoing, and motivated. You should be prepared
to work unconventional hours.
Send your C.V. to: P.O. Box 205, Station A, Montréal, Québec.
Example: Boss: Good morning, Ms. Parent. May I call you Olivia?
Applicant: Yes, you may 1

.
Boss: Thank you. First of all, I would 2

like you to explain why you are
interested in this job.
Applicant: Well, I can 3

speak English, French, and Mandarin uently.
As a child I could 4
also speak Arabic. When my father died, I no
longer spoke it, but I’m sure I could 5

easily improve my speaking skills. I
can’t 6
read Arabic, but I could 7
go to night school to take
a course.
Boss: Do you have other qualications that may / might / could

8
be useful for this job?
Applicant: I may / might 9

nish my degree in business administration next
year. I would 10
like to take the program full time, but that isn’t possible
right now. I can’t 11

afford to study full time.
Boss: Could 12
you continue to study part time if you got this job?
Applicant: Yes, I could 13

.I would 14
be happy to work and
study at the same time. I would 15

be very motivated if I got the job!
UNIT 11 Modals 105

SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
Role-play the following scenario with a classmate. He or she has won a

million dollars in the lottery and needs to decide what to do with the money.
Give your classmate advice based on his or her interests and pastimes. Use
appropriate modals in the afrmative, negative, and question forms.
Example:
Student A: What should I do with a million dollars?
Student B: You don’t have to work or go to school anymore! You could stop
studying and go on a luxury cruise in the Caribbean.
Student A: I can’t leave school; education is important in life. I might start a
business. I could be my own boss.
Student B: Can’t you wait until you nish college? You should study
architecture and design buildings! I would love to be able to draw
like you.
Student A: I think I would prefer to study art at university. I must develop my
drawing talent rst.
WRITING
Write a short text describing the community you would design if you won
the lottery. Use as many modals as you can.
Example:
I am an environmentalist. If I won the lottery, I would design a community
where people could live in harmony with nature. Residents could contribute
to building the community and looking after it. They wouldn’t have to be
rich to live there.
106 UNIT 11 Modals

REVIEW
A May, Would, Could, and Can

Complete each sentence with a modal that matches the meaning
in parentheses.
1. May I suggest we hire someone to look into the idea before we make the plan? (formal request)
2. I would prefer to live in a walkable neighbourhood. (preference)
3. Planners should demolish neglected urban areas. (advice / suggestion)
4. We would like people to stop painting grafti on buildings. (wish)
5. Can you give me the address of the municipal inspector? (informal request)
6. Cars must / have to stop at the red light. (obligation)
7. I could play outside safely when I was a child. (past ability)
8. Perhaps we can stop vandalism with our Neighbourhood Watch. (ability)
B Information Questions with Modals

Read the text. Then write an information question to match the information in bold.
Winning Formula
Holland can teach other countries about urban planning. It is a small country with
narrow streets and canals, so it cannot permit too many cars in cities. The design of
each Dutch city must follow the concept of neighbourhoods. In each neighbourhood,
planners must include a “city centre” with a small shopping mall, bus stops, and
schools. People can go to the bank, post ofce, and food stores without using a car.
Each resident should be able to walk to the centre in less than 15 minutes. You could
compare this concept with village life in the past. In 2013 a UNICEF study concluded
that Dutch children are the happiest in the world! This must mean that the Dutch
concept of landscape is the right formula for successful urban living.
Questions Answers
1. What can Holland teach other countries? Holland can teach other countries about urban
planning.
2. Where must Dutch planners include a city centre? Dutch planners must include a city centre in each
neighbourhood.
3. How can people go to the bank, post ofce, and People can go to the bank, post ofce, and food
stores without using a car.
food stores?
UNIT 11 Modals 107

C Mixed Modals
Underline the modal that matches the meaning in parentheses.
1. Some urban planners may / must follow the Dutch housing model. (possibility)
2. You would / should circulate a petition to improve the area. (advice / suggestion)
3. Brook can / should use a computer program to design a new park. (ability)
4. Residents might / would be interested in anti-litter projects. (possibility)
5. We could / must ask city planners to create more green spaces. (obligation)
6. In the past people could / can leave their garbage on the street corner. (past ability)
7. I would / may prefer to get to work by public transit. (preference)
8. Would / Could you like to do a master’s degree in urban planning? (wish)
9. They might / should ask the citizens what they think. (advice / suggestion)
10. Can / May you help us to get permission for an organic farm? (informal request)
Edit It! With a classmate, identify the error in each sentence. Review the unit to nd the rule
which explains the error. Then write the correction and the rule on the lines.
1. Sometimes living in an apartment can to be a pleasant experience. can be
The innitive is not used with modals.
2. It cans becomes difcult when neighbours are too noisy. can become
Modals and main verbs do not take a nal -s in the third-person singular.
3. The walls between two apartments be can quite thin. can be
Modals come before the base form of the main verb.
4. Can you speak Italian? Yes, I speak. can
To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use the modal without the main verb.
5. I should put denitely an ad on the college website to nd roommates. denitely put
Adverbs ending with -ly come after the modal.
108 UNIT 11 Modals

12
UNIT
Editing Files
“A word after a word after a word

is power.”
Margaret Atwood, “Spelling”
12.1 Parts of Speech

Part of Function Example
Speech
Noun (n.) Names people and things My friends and I saw many ancient monuments and
took lots of photos.
Pronoun (p.) Replaces a noun he it

In this photo, Ross is standing in front of a Mayan temple.
Determiner (d.) Identies a noun That trip was the best vacation I ever had.
Verb (v.) Describes and gives We climbed those steps and had a great view.
information about an action I will tell you about Mayan culture.
or event
Adjective (adj.) Gives information about a The temple was spectacular. It was an amazing sight.
noun or pronoun
Adverb (adv.) Gives extra meaning to an The sky was very colourful as the sun sank slowly in
adjective or verb the west.
Describes time, frequency, After we watched the sun set, we reluctantly got into
manner, or degree the tour bus.
Preposition Describes place, time, We met behind the temple on this beautiful morning.
(prep.) or direction Then we walked to the museum.
Conjunction (c.) Joins: nouns The players and spectators enjoyed the ballgame.
verbs The players ran and kicked the ball.
adjectives The winners were tired but happy.
adverbs The team played faster and more aggressively last week.
clauses You can sign up for hockey or you can take
swimming lessons.
UNIT 12 Editing Files 109

1 Identify the part of speech of each word. Use a dictionary for help.
1. the determiner 4. spectacular adjective 7. rarely adverb 10. but conjunction
2. we pronoun 5. swims verb 8. on preposition 11. this determiner
3. writer noun 6. and conjunction 9. soon adverb 12. them pronoun
2 Complete the text with the words from the word box. Write the abbreviation for
the part of speech above each word.
a concentration in often to
but extremely it spend worried
adj. v.
Many parents are worried 1
because their children spend 2
d. adv.
A 3 extremely 4
hours texting every day. cellphone is an
c. p.
but 5 It 6
useful tool, texting also creates problems.
prep. n.
to 7 8
can lead poor concentration and poor conversational skills.
Young people are losing face-to-face social skills and bad manners are
adv. prep.
often 9 in 10
the result of communicating cyberspace.
Edit It!
3 Correct the underlined errors. Write the correction above the error.
Are an
Is you interested in archaeology? I love to work on a archaeological site. Digging is
hard it’s very rewarding broken
hardly work but its rewarding very. Last week our group found some broke pottery
We anxious were
bowls. You are anxiously to nd out when they was made. The archaeologist will study
them
the pieces before he glues it together.
110 UNIT 12 Editing Files

SENTENCES
A sentence is a group of words that express a thought. It begins with a capital

letter and ends with a period, a question mark, or an exclamation mark.
History is a fascinating subject. Why do you like history? It’s exciting!
12.2 Sentence Formation

Structure Abbreviation Example
S V
1. Subject Verb SV I run. A complement is
usually a word or
SV O
2. Subject Verb Object SVO I run marathons. group of words that
follows the verb be
S V A and completes the
3. Subject Verb Adverb SVA I run fast.
sentence.
SV O A
4. Subject Verb Object Adverb SVOA I run marathons fast.
S V C
5. Subject Verb be Complement SVC Usain Bolt is a great athlete.
4 Analyze the structure of each sentence. Write the appropriate abbreviations

over the words.
S V O S V O A
1. I broke the mug. 4. Naomi teaches judo professionally.
S V A S V C
2. The fans cheer loudly. 5. They are friendly.
S V C S V O A
3. Cyberbullies are cruel. 6. Sharon plays the piano beautifully.
Edit It!
5 Write each sentence correctly. Then write abbreviations to identify the

sentence structure.
1. Bullies unkind are. Bullies are unkind. SVC
2. Greatly this modern problem affects teenagers.
This modern problem affects teenagers greatly. SVOA
3. Bullies a teenager’s condence destroy.
Bullies destroy a teenager’s condence. SVO
4. Online messages reputations can ruin. Online messages can ruin reputations. SVO
5. Sensitive teenagers are. Teenagers are sensitive. SVC

12.3 Types of Sentences
Type of Description Example
Sentence
Simple Is an independent clause Sara is studying accounting.
that expresses a complete
thought
Compound Has two independent Every evening she studies but on the
clauses joined by a weekend she relaxes.
conjunction or semicolon She enjoys the work; the salary is
good.
Complex Has two or more clauses: Sara likes her accounting course
an independent clause and (independent clause)
a dependent clause because she likes working with
numbers (dependent clause).
6 Match the two parts of the sentence and write the correct letter in the second
column. Then identify each sentence as S (simple), CD (compound), or CX
(complex) in the nal column.
1. He started playing a a. when he was six. 1. CX
2. Ryan is a goalkeeper e b. she plays hockey. 2. CD
3. Maxime is Ryan’s sister; b c. because she loves skating. 3. CD
4. Maxime likes hockey c d. enjoy their sport. 4. CX
5. Ryan and Maxime d e. but he would prefer to be a defenceman. 5. S
Edit It!
7 Circle each error and write the correction above it. Change or strike out
incorrect punctuation.
because
I’m sitting at the bank right now. Because I need a loan. I really want to redecorate my
but when
apartment. But I don’t have enough money. I should do it. When my nances are better.
; and
My friends are right, I’m not good with my money. And maybe I should start saving
instead of spending.

12.4 Subject-Verb Agreement
In a sentence, the subject and the verb must always be in agreement.
Subject and Verb Example

Verb be: Use the correct form of the verb with I am a careful driver. Kevin is a new driver.
the subject.
Verb have: Use the correct form of the verb I have my driver’s licence. Kevin has a temporary licence.
with the subject.
Simple present: Use the form for the third- Kevin drives well.
person singular -s or -es afrmative. Justine tries to drive responsibly.
Use do not/does not (don’t/doesn’t) for the She doesn’t ignore the speed limit.
negative.
Present progressive and past progressive: Use I am planning a trip to Miami with Justine.
the correct form of the verb be. We were taking the bus to New York when I saw Eric.
8 Underline the subject of the sentence. Then circle the correct verb.
1. Bailey are / is an excellent dancer.
2. She try / tries hard to improve her steps every day.
3. We is driving / are driving to Toronto in the morning.
4. An hour ago she were performing / was performing her solo routine.
5. Bailey expects / expect to do well in the competition.
Edit It!
9 Underline the 10 subject-verb agreement errors. Write the correct verb above the error.
is vote
Dancing with the Stars are a popular TV show. Viewers votes for their favourite dance
use
performance. They uses their mobile devices to send their votes. Reality shows have
participate
huge audiences; millions of viewers participates in the voting process. Another
features
favourite, America’s Got Talent, feature singers, musicians, dancers, comedians,
was
and magicians. The other day I were watching Canadian Idol. People in the audience
were
was getting upset with the judges. They didn’t agree with their decision. Everybody
was get wants
were shouting. Viewers gets personally involved in the judging process. Everyone want
to choose the winner!

12.5 Sentence Structure: Fragments
A fragment is an incomplete sentence. A complete sentence must have a subject
and a verb.
Fragment Problem Solution Correction

Is a great athlete. There is no subject. Add a subject. Blair is a great athlete.
She happy with There is no verb. Add a verb. She is happy with her score.
her score.
Because she A dependent clause is not Add an independent clause. She succeeds because she
trains regularly. a complete sentence. trains regularly.
When I saw her. A time clause is not a Add an independent clause. When I saw her, she looked
complete sentence. very focused.
Who was talking A relative clause is not a Add an independent clause. The man who was talking to
to her. complete sentence. Put the subject before the her was her coach.
relative clause.
12.6 Sentence Structure: Run-on Sentences

A run-on sentence occurs when two sentences are not joined correctly.
Run-on Sentence Solution Correction

Make two sentences. Ashley is an artist. She also makes pottery.
Ashley is an artist, she also
Use a semicolon. Ashley is an artist; she also makes pottery.
makes pottery.
Use a conjunction. Ashley is an artist and she also makes pottery.
Answers
10 Correct each sentence using a solution from charts 12.5 and 12.6.
will vary. Refer to chart 12.7,
1. It’s good to have a role model, sometimes celebrities can inspire us. page 115, for
information on
It’s good to have a role model. Sometimes celebrities can inspire us. punctuation.
2. Unfortunately some celebrities bad inuences.

Unfortunately some celebrities are bad inuences.
3. They do stupid things, it annoys me.

They do stupid things. It annoys me.
4. They act stupidly, they think they look more interesting.

They act stupidly because they think they look more interesting.
5. When I think of a role model. I think of Mother Teresa.

When I think of a role model, I think of Mother Teresa.

Edit It!
11 Correct the errors in sentence structure and punctuation. Answers will vary.
It’s friends because
Is difcult to choose gifts for family and friends. Because you want to get them
year, she
something they will like. When I bought a gift for my sister last year. She didn’t look
happy. The dress was much too big. She thought I was telling her she was overweight!
wasn’t happy but her her that
Emma happy with me her boyfriend immediately told her. That she looked great.
and I
Then Emma smiled at me, I knew that she felt okay. When you are choosing gifts for
love, You
people you love think carefully. Because you don’t want to hurt their feelings.
12 Underline the six fragment and run-on errors. Then write the text correctly.
Complete the sentences where necessary. Answers will vary.
Suzie will to a kickboxing class tonight, it is a new challenge for her.
Her friend Karen loves this sport. Because it keeps her in good shape.
When I spoke to Suzie. She said the course was expensive. If she
tries it. I think she will like it. Who will teach the class called her
last night.
Suzie will go to a kickboxing class tonight. It is a new challenge for her. Her friend
Karen loves this sport because it keeps her in good shape. When I spoke to Suzie, she
said the course was expensive. If she tries it, I think she will like it. The instructor who
will teach the class called her last night.

12.7 Punctuation
Use punctuation to organize and structure your ideas when writing.
Punctuation Use Example

Period . To nish a sentence My twin and I have different birthdays.
To show abbreviations I was born at 11:59 p.m. on Dec. 30, 1997.
Exclamation mark ! To express surprise My twin was born at ten minutes past
midnight on January 1!
Question mark ? To ask a question Did you know I had a twin?
Comma , To join two independent clauses I have one stepsister, but my friend has two
connected by a conjunction half-brothers.
To separate consecutive In this photo you can see my stepfather,

adjectives, nouns, and verbs my birth father, my twin, and me.
Colon : To introduce a list of items Things to do: nish the report, buy snacks
and juice, and take the car to the garage.
Semicolon ; To separate two independent clauses It’s sunny today; tomorrow it will snow.
Apostrophe ’ To indicate possession in nouns Adam’s new car is red. (singular noun)
(before or after -s) The girls’ apartment is trendy. (plural noun)
To show contractions Tim’s happy because he’ll be home soon.
Parentheses ( ) To separate words or sentences that We are open from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m.
add extra information (weekdays only).
Quotation marks To repeat what someone said or Einstein said, “Imagination is more important
“ “ wrote. Add a comma before you write than knowledge.”
the opening quotation mark. Use a “Imagination is more important than
comma before the closing quotation knowledge,” said Einstein.
mark if the quote starts the sentence.
Edit It!
13 Underline the punctuation error(s) in each sentence. Write the correction

above the error.
Mario’s grades.
1. Marios not pleased with his grades
today; colder.
2. It’s cold today: tomorrow it’ll be colder
Jessica’s
3. Jessicas friends are worried about their exams.
replied, “You joking!”
4. Her friend replied You must be joking?
(weekends
5. We offer home delivery weekdays from 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. weekends from 10 a.m.
4 p.m.)
to 4 p.m.

12.8 Capitalization
Use a capital letter for the following.
Rule Example
First word of a sentence Most students don’t like philosophy.
First-person subject pronoun I am happy that I am on the swim team.
First names, family names, titles Louis Pasteur, Mr. Bean, Doctor Jekyll
Titles of books, magazines, newspapers, plays, Alice in Wonderland, Maclean’s, The Gazette /
paintings (except conjunctions, prepositions, articles) The Globe and Mail, Hamlet, The Scream
Days, months, holidays Monday, June, Thanksgiving
Languages, nationalities, tribes, religions Swedish, Portuguese, Tutsis, Buddhism
Place names, street names, cities, continents, Central Park, Main Street, New York, Europe, Mali,
countries, provinces, states, rivers, mountains, planets Alberta, Vermont, the Thames, the Rockies, Saturn
Organizations, institutions, monuments the United Nations, Greenpeace, the Eiffel Tower
Addresses 52 Browning Street, Fleetham, Ontario
Acronyms and abbreviations UNICEF, DNA
14 Capitalize the underlined words and explain the use of the capital letters.
World Health Organization
1. The world health organization (WHO) is worried about the spread of
AIDS Africa
aids in africa.
World Health Organization is the name of an organization, AIDS is an acronym, and Africa is
a continent.
Cape Town January
2. There is a meeting in cape town in january.
Cape Town is a city and January is a month.
I Monday
3. Actually, i am one of the guest speakers. On monday I will start to write
my speech.
I is the rst-person subject pronoun and Monday is a day of the week.
Edit It!
15 Underline each capitalization error. Write the correction above the error.
UNICEF G
1. What is unicef? 4. They admire the work of greenpeace activists.
G G
2. I’ve never heard of the ganges river. 5. I don’t speak german uently.
D J P
3. Do you know dr. jones? 6. I visited paris many years ago.

Edit It!
16 Identify the type of error in each sentence. Then write the sentence correctly. Answers will vary.
Problem Type of Error Correction
1. We woke up late this We woke up late this morning because we got

Fragment
morning. Because we
got home after midnight. home after midnight.
2. Some teenagers like Some teenagers like to party. They don’t get
Run-on sentence
to party, they don’t get
enough sleep. enough sleep.
3. Sleep deprivation is Sleep deprivation is common among

Fragment
common. Among
teenagers. teenagers.
4. Is important to get a
Missing subject It is important to get a good night’s sleep.
good night’s sleep.
5. A short nap during the

Missing verb A short nap during the day is benecial.
day benecial.
17 Underline and correct the 10 punctuation and capitalization errors. Write the
correction above the error.
partners;
Dating sites obviously play an important part in connecting possible partners:
however, they can also create problems. People post negative information
When
about their dates and everybody can read it. when couples split up, they often
I
write unkind comments about their ex-loves. i broke off a relationship recently
painful. Sam
and it was painful, My ex-love, sam, kept texting me and wrote something
site. It
unpleasant on the dating site, it was horrible. In addition, Sam posted
embarrassing photos on Facebook.
Another problem is that people can use search engines to nd your
That’s scary. Enjoy
personal information easily. Thats scary enjoy the positive features of the
isn’t
Internet but be careful. Finally, remember that your life isnt for public viewing.

WORDS
“Words are also actions, and actions are a kind of words.” Ralph Waldo Emerson
12.9 Cognates
True cognates are words that are spelled the same or similarly in French and
English and that have the same meaning in the two languages. False cognates (faux
amis) are words that are spelled the same or similarly in French and English but that
have different meanings. Both true and false cognates are not always pronounced
the same way in English and French.
True Cognates False Cognates Meaning in Meaning

French / English French in English
absent festival original actuellement / presently, now in fact
actually
accident fruit pardon avertissement / warning publicity

advertisement
animal general parent assister / assist participate, help

attend
brave guide pollution chance / chance luck opportunity
cause horrible problem crayon / crayon pencil coloured stick used

to draw
certain identication question envie / envy desire jealousy
correction important respect éventuellement / possibly at a later time

eventually
date juvenile responsibility gentil / gentle nice kind, mild
develop motivation routine librairie / library bookstore place to borrow books
effort muscle solution notes / notes marks information to

remember
excellent opinion science sensible / sensible touched by responsible, logical

emotions or
ideas
12.10 Homophones
Sometimes two English words are pronounced exactly the same way, but have
different spellings and meanings. These words are called homophones.
be bee buy by cent sent hair hare I eye sight site son sun
blew blue cell sell ower our hole whole pair pear sole soul write right

18 Complete each sentence with the missing homophone. Use the words in
chart 12.10.
1. Will you buy that phone? 6. Did you read the whole blog?
2. The wind blew and the old tree fell. 7. We ate an apple and a pear .
3. He’s going to sell his old books. 8. The sunset was a beautiful sight .
4. That old coin is a cent . 9. Do you know her son ?
5. Mix one cup of our and two eggs. 10. I think that was the right decision.
Edit It!
19 Circle the ve false cognates and write the correction above the error. Underline the
ve true cognates. Use a dictionary to help you.
grade/mark sensitive
Holly wasn’t happy with her note for her English assignment. She was a sensible girl
kind
and tears came quickly to her eyes. Her classmate Tatiana, a gentle and loyal friend,
luck
was an excellent and highly motivated student. She believed in hard word, not chance.
bookstore
Tatiana suggested that they go to the library to buy Holly a dictionary.
20 Underline the homophone error in each sentence. Write the correction on the line.
Use a dictionary to help you.
1. I know you have a brother. Do you have a sister to? too
2. I eight Moroccan food for the rst time today. ate
3. Drew is the best mail singer in the band. male
4. Who one the singing contest? won
5. The dog has one blue and one brown I. eye
6. The back break isn’t working well on his bicycle. brake
7. Next summer I want a vacation by the see. sea
8. It’s important to bee organized in your work. be
9. Can you here the sound of my heartbeat? hear
10. Naomi shouldn’t where yellow pants! wear

12.11 Gerunds and Innitives
Gerunds and innitives are verb forms that can function as nouns.
Form Formation Example

A gerund is formed by using the base form of the Skating is a fun activity.
verb + -ing.
Always takes the third-person singular of the Skating keeps you t.
Gerund verb
(-ing noun) Can be the subject or the object in a sentence Skating (subject) is great exercise. I go
skating (object) with my friends.
Can follow verbs and prepositions Emma stopped smoking. She was
pleased about stopping the habit.
The innitive is formed using to + the base We hope to go sailing this weekend.
form of the verb.
Innitive Usually follows verbs Danny wants to leave home.
Can follow adjectives and nouns I was happy to hear that she’s going to
come skating with us.
21 Identify each gerund as the subject (S) or

object (O) of the sentence. Write I for an innitive.
Sentence Subject, Object, Innitive
1. Curling is a great pastime. S

Do not confuse a
2. She loves to read. I gerund with the present
progressive.
3. Skiing is a lot of fun. S
Skating is fun. (gerund)
4. Do you enjoy singing? O
You are skating too fast!
5. He wants to join the gym. I (present progressive)
Edit It!
22 Strike out the 10 gerund and innitive errors. Then write the correction above each error.
smoking exercise
Jack is unt so he decided to give up to smoke. He also needs to exercising more.
sitting Exercising
He spends too much time to sit in front of a screen. Exercise for just 10 minutes
cycling
every day can make a big difference. Jogging, cycle, and walking are simple
Eating
ways to get t. To eat too much is also a problem for Jack. He nds it
diet smoking
difcult to dieting. He is worried now because he says smoke keeps him slim.
Walking changing
Walk for an hour a week and change his diet will help him. He’ll soon be in shape.

12.12 Common Spelling Problems
is This is my passport.
he’s He’s travelling with me.
his Here is his ticket.
it’s It’s a short drive to the airport.

its Its departure lounge is comfortable.
our We have our sandwiches.

hour We’ll board the plane in an hour.
there My car is over there.

they’re They’re leaving for Europe.
their Their luggage is in the car.
where Where must we check in?

were The details on the website were unclear.
wear I always wear practical clothes to travel.
which (wich) Which costume is yours?

witch I have a witch costume for the party.
with (whit) Did you bring a snack with you?
23 Underline the correct word.
1. This his / is my locker. 6. Will you please come whit / with me?
2. Alana is their / there babysitter. 7. Where / Wear are the keys?
3. Wich / Which sweater do you prefer? 8. Did you look over their / there?
4. They’re / Their my cousins. 9. Its / It’s really cold today.
5. The train leaves in an our / hour. 10. The book is about the witch / which and the goblin.
Edit It!
24 Underline the 10 spelling errors. Write the correction above the error.
it’s wear
Today its freezing. I decided to were my new winter coat when I saw the weather
There were
forecast. Their is a snowstorm warning for this afternoon. Jack and I where not sure
hour Which
what to do. It takes an our by bus to get to school. Wich was better: car or bus? If
with There
you go by car, you have to take a shovel whit you to dig out the car! They’re really
our
wasn’t another option. Public transport was best. Jack decided to leave hour car at
he’s
home and his happy with the decision.

Edit It!
25 Underline the incorrect word or spelling error in each sentence. Write the correction
on the line.
1. Hi, Jack. Did you enjoy the formation? training
2. I thought the stage sounded interesting. internship
3. Did you meat any interesting people? meet
4. I didn’t sea many new faces. see
5. I new most of the students. knew
6. Their were too many speakers. There
7. Its a lot of work for the organizers. It’s
8. We’re lucky that hour teachers are good. our
9. There dedicated to their students. They’re
10. They shared a lot of information whit us. with
26 Underline the 15 spelling errors. Write the correction above the error.
Which Country Would You Like to Visit?

would
I wood really love to visit Japan. Yesterday I watched a program about Kyoto.
It’s sea
Its an old city that’s not by the see but near beautiful Lake Biwa. When I visit Kyoto,
wear tea
I want to where a kimono and drink tee at a special Japanese ceremony. I’ll stay
buy
in a traditional guest house, a ryokan, and I’ll by a phrase book so that I can speak
some write
sum Japanese with my hosts. Japanese must be difcult to right but I think I can
see
learn to say a few words. I also want to sea how a chef prepares fugu, the sh that
ate
kills! Recently I eight in a Japanese restaurant but I was too scared to order it.
one
Another of my wishes is to watch Sumo wrestlers. Wrestling is won of my
whole
favourite sports. I love a hole range of martial arts and do kung fu. I also like
ower
the Japanese art of our arrangement. Sometimes there is just one branch or a
blue
single blew ower. One day I will try to grow a bonsai tree. It is such a
sight
beautiful site to see a miniature tree that can be a hundred years old.

Final Edit It!
27 Find and correct the 18 errors in the text.
Katsushika Hokusai
Japanese Hokusai
You probably know the japanese artist hokusai
(1760–1849) because of his famous painting

The Great Wave Kanagawa
the great wave of kanagawa. Did you know that
manga?
he was one of the rst artists to draw a manga.
owe their existence
Modern cartoon books their existence owe to this
love
great man. The modern Japanese loves comic
read
books. People of all ages reads them and they
cover many subjects from fantasy to violence.

Pokémon because
Perhaps you remember pokémon. Because you were born in the 1990s. Pikachu was the
character. He Did too?
most popular character, he was so cute. did you like him, too! Children had to collect
there there are
cards, then their were movies, and now they’re video games. Thanks to Hokusai, we
have exciting modern entertainment!
28 Read Gina’s letter and correct the underlined errors.

Gina,
Hi, gina
I’m My shape. There are
How are you? Im stressed out. my nances are in terrible shape, they’re so many
I’m on a / I need a car is at garage because don’t
bills to pay. I a budget. My car at the garage. Because something is leaking. I dont
know how much it will cost to x it.

I am / I’m don’t is too chaotic.
Am always studying. I doesn’t get enough exercise. Life too chaotic is. Next
an internship which training.
week I start a stage wich is part of my formation.
Saturday? would
Can we meet on saturday. I wood love to see you.
Laurie

FinalFinal
Verb Revie
Final Verb Review
Verb Review
Final Verb Review
Final Verb Review
Final Ve
Final Verb Re
Simple Present, Simple Past, and Future Forms
Answer the questions.
1. How do you form the simple present of a verb? Conjugate the verb talk
as an example.
You use the base form. You add -s or -es to form the third-person singular.
talk: I talk, he / she / it talks, we / you / they talk
2. When do you use an -s ending or an -es ending? Give an example of

each rule. Examples will vary.
-s: You use -s for most verbs (work works).
-es: You use -es for verbs ending with -o (goes) or with -ch, -sh, -ss, -x, and -zz (patches, shes,
misses, xes, zzes). For verbs ending with a consonant + -y, you change the -y to i and
add -es (cry cries).
3. Which two verbs do not follow these rules?

The verbs be and have do not follow these rules.
4. What are two keywords you can use with the simple present? Answers will vary.
always every month
5. What is a contraction? Give two examples. Examples will vary.

A contraction is a shortened form of two words. I am I’m, It is It’s
6. How do you form the simple past of a regular verb? You add -ed or -d.
7. What are two keywords you can use with the simple past? Answers will vary.
last month yesterday
8. Which two forms can you use for the future? Answers will vary.
You can use will and be going to for the future.
9. How do you form the future with be going to?

You use the appropriate form of the verb be + going to + the base form of the main verb.
10. How do you form the future with will?

You use will + the base form of the verb.
FINAL VERB REVIEW 125

Simple Present and Present Progressive
A Answer the questions.
1. How do you form the present progressive?

You use the appropriate form of the verb be in the simple present + the base form of
the main verb + -ing.
2. What are two keywords you can use with the present progressive? Answers will vary.
at the moment right now
3. When do you use the simple present and when do you use the present progressive?
Simple Present: You use the simple present to describe habits, customs, and facts.
Present Progressive: You use the present progressive to describe actions in progress at the
moment of speaking, and actions in progress in the present for a temporary period of time.
4. What is the difference between the following sentences?
a. Jake wears sunglasses when he drives. Jake has a habit of wearing sunglasses when
he drives.
b. Jake is wearing sunglasses right now. Jake is wearing sunglasses at the moment
of speaking.
B Choose the correct form of the simple present or the present progressive. Underline
your choice and explain it.
1. I learn / am learning Arabic.
2. Chloe often is biting / bites her nails when she is nervous.
It describes a habit.
3. Brides in India usually wear / are wearing red.
It describes a custom.
4. This week he practises / is practising for the race.
5. He is work / is working until eleven o’clock this morning.

126 FINAL VERB REVIEW

Simple Past and Past Progressive
1. When do you use the simple past and when do you use the past progressive?
Simple Past: You use the simple past to describe actions or events in the past that are
completely nished.
Past Progressive: You use the past progressive to describe an action that was in progress
at a specic time in the past, two or more actions that were in progress at the same time
in the past, or an action that was in progress in the past when another event interrupted it.
2. What are two keywords you can use with the past progressive? Answers will vary.
as while
3. Which verb has two forms in the simple past? What are they?
The verb be has two forms: was and were.
4. How do you form the past progressive?

You use the appropriate form of the verb be in the simple past + the base form of the main
verb + -ing.
5. How do you form the negative form of the simple past and the past progressive?
Give an example of each. Examples will vary.
Simple past: You use did not + the base form of the verb.
Exception: You add not after the verb be.
Example: did not (didn’t) drive were not (weren’t)
Past progressive: You add not between the verb be and the main verb with -ing.
Example: was not (wasn’t) driving
B Underline the keywords. Then choose and circle the simple past or the past progressive.
1. While I read / was reading the instructions, the lights went / were going out.
2. The ink cartridges were arriving / arrived as I was leaving / left my apartment.
3. We saw / were seeing the accident when we were jogging / jogged near the highway.
4. As we were shovelling / shovelled our driveway, a snow plough covered / was covering
us with snow.
5. A month ago I was ordering / ordered shoes online and I received / was receiving them
yesterday.

Modals
1. Which modals express obligation? have to must
2. Which modals express ability and past ability? can could
3. Which modal can you use to give advice? should
4. Which modals express a possible option?
Circle the answers. can could may might must should
5. Which modal expresses an informal request?
Circle the answer. can could may
B Underline the modal. Then write its meaning: ability, advice / suggestion,
obligation, possibility, or wish.
1. You should study more. advice/suggestion
2. He must/has to stop bullying people. obligation
3. Mira can speak German. ability
4. Shannon would like a good job. wish
5. I could teach you how to drive. possibility
Questions
Write a yes / no question with the keywords in parentheses and the other words given.
1. (every night) she / sleep / a lot

Does she sleep a lot every night?
2. (right now) you / learn / Greek

Are you learning Greek right now?
3. (yesterday evening) they / go / to the concert

Did they go to the concert yesterday evening?
4. (last night from 9:00 to midnight) he / play / video games

Was he playing video games last night from 9:00 to midnight?
5. (next month) Carmen / teach / you / Spanish

Will Carmen teach you Spanish next month?
128 FINAL VERB REVIEW

Verb Review
A Underline the 10 errors. Write the correction above the error.
nd
Welcome to the glorious world of YouTube. Young people can nds everything here.
explains
For example, listen to the rapper on Thug Notes as he explain the plot of Dante’s
Inferno in pure rap language, with the sound of classical music in the background.
show saw
Cartoon-like pictures shows the storyline. When I see this channel for the rst time,
was learned
I laughed. It were funny, but I really learn a lot that day about classical literature.
are
The diversity of YouTube is phenomenal. Even the Top Ten lists are being
like
impressive. YouTube is a one-stop place for everything young people likes. Every day
can can
they can to visit sites for information about the latest video games. They can must
check out sports results or laugh at jokes on comedy channels.
B Write a question to match the information in bold.
1. The YouTube channel called Vsauce presents science in an entertaining way.

What does Vsauce present?
2. A young man who likes science told me about Vsauce.

Who told you about Vsauce?
3. I saw Vsauce for the rst time last week.

When did you see Vsauce for the rst time?
4. Yes, I am going to tell all my friends about it.

Are you going to tell your friends about it?
5. No, I wouldn’t recommend it to people who don’t like science.

Would you recommend it to people who don’t like science?
C Underline the modal that matches the meaning in parentheses.
1. Kyle should / can take a vacation. (advice / suggestion)
2. I must / could show you how to do it. (possibility)
3. Brent can / might play the guitar. (ability)
4. Patti may / would like to join our choir. (wish)
5. She might / must practise more often. (obligation)

Appendix 1
Pronouns
Pronoun Example
Subject I I have a roommate named Rachel.
you You haven’t met her.
he / she / it She is my best friend.
we / you / they We should get together.
Object me Can you call me tonight?

you I’ll call you back.
him / her / it I’d like to meet her.
us / you / them I hope you’ll reach us.
Reexive myself I’m proud of myself.

yourself You should be proud of yourself.
himself / herself / itself I know she’s proud of herself.
ourselves / yourselves / themselves We’re all proud of ourselves.
Possessive pronoun mine Is this pen mine?

yours Where is yours?
his / hers Did he nd his?
ours / yours / theirs Are these books ours?
Possessive determiner my Is that my purse?

your It’s next to your bag.
his / her / its Look under his backpack.
our / your / their Move their boxes aside.
Complete the text with the correct pronouns.
Yesterday Justin was surng on the Net when he 1

saw something
disturbing. There was a post about his 2

sister, Melanie. It 3
was a photo of his 4

sister at a party. Unfortunately, it wasn’t a attering
picture of her 5
and the comment was cruel. It said, “Time to go on a diet.”
Cyberbullying is difcult to control. It 6

drives some teenagers to
suicide. At Justin’s school, the principal, Ms. Cook, has a strategy. She 7
invited a guest speaker, Mr. Alan Jones, to speak to the students. He 8
spoke to them 9
about bullying in school. They 10
listened
to him 11
with great interest. The next time I go on my 12
Facebook page, I 13
will share an anti-bullying message. I feel proud
of myself 14
. But it’s not only my responsibility. It’s also yours 15
.
130 APPENDIX 1
Appendix 2
Questions Words
Information Question Word Example Answer
Needed
Thing or event What What is it? It is a smart TV.
Place Where Where am I? I am in my classroom.
Time or date When When do they come home? They are usually home at 6 p.m.
When is your birthday? My birthday’s on February 10.
Person / People Who Who is he? He is my brother.
Reason Why Why did she sleep late? She was really tired.
Manner or How How does your sister cope? She is very strong.
means How can I learn to cook? You can go to cooking classes.
Age How old How old are you? I am 19 years old.
Size How big / tall / high How high will the tower be? It’ll be about 500 m high.
Quantity How many How many students are There are about 30 students.
(countable nouns) there in your class?
How much How much money have you I’ve saved $200 so far.
(uncountable nouns) saved?
Frequency How often How often do you go to your I go once a week.

Italian course?
Duration / Length How long How long does the break last? It lasts for 20 minutes.
How long is your hair? It’s shoulder length.
Complete each sentence with the correct question word(s).
1. How old is your sister ? (age)
2. Why is he looking at me? (reason)
3. Who is that student ? (person)
4. How many siblings do you have ? (quantity)
5. When will it arrive ? (time)
6. Where is my tablet ? (place)
7. How much sugar do you take in your coffee? (quantity)
8. What do you want for your birthday? (thing)
9. How do you get from school to work? (means)
10. How often do you check your messages? (frequency)
APPENDIX 2 131
Appendix 3
Question Formation
Yes / No Questions
Verb Tense Question Short Answer
Verb be Am I healthy? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Simple present Is she satised? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t / ’s not.
Are they late? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t / ’re not.
Simple past Was he brave? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.

Were they at the club? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
Simple present Do you speak Russian? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.

Does she have an allergy? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
Simple past Did they give you advice? Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.
Present progressive Am I enjoying my vacation? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.

Is he working this evening? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t / ’s not.
Are they renting an apartment? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t / ’re not.
Past progressive Was she cycling near the canal? Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.
Were you waiting for me? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.
Future Will we leave soon? Yes, we will. No, we won’t.

Is she going to join the gym? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t / ’s not.
Are they going to help us? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t / ’re not.
Modals Can she ride a bike? Yes, she can. No, she can’t.
Information Questions
Verb Tense Question Short Answer
Verb be Where am I? I’m in my class.
Simple present What is it? It’s a pedometer.
Who are we? We’re students.
Simple past What was that sound? That was my cat.

Where were they? They were in the library.
Simple present What does it want? It wants some food.

What do you prefer? I prefer coffee.
Simple past What did he write? He wrote a blog.
Present progressive What am I studying? You’re studying English.

What is she organizing? She’s organizing a workshop.
Where are we going? We’re going to the auditorium.
Past progressive Why was he crying? He hurt himself.

Who were they calling? They were calling their sister.
Future When will you start? I’ll start on Monday.
Modals What should they bring? They should bring a snack.
132 APPENDIX 3
Appendix 4
Verb Tense Overview
Verbs Be and Have
Verb and Tense Afrmative Negative
Simple present of be I am (’m) I am not (’m not)
He / She / It is (’s) He / She / It is not (isn’t / ’s not)
We / You / They are (’re) We / You / They are not (aren’t / ’re not)
Simple past of be I was I was not (wasn’t)

He / She / It was He / She / It was not (wasn’t)
We / You / They were We / You / They were not (weren’t)
Simple present of have I have (’ve) I do not (don’t) have

He / She / It has He / She / It does not (doesn’t) have
We / You / They have (’ve) We / You / They do not (don’t) have
Simple past of have I / He / She / It / We / You / They had (’d) I / He / She / It / We / You / They did not
(didn’t) have
All Other Verbs

Verb Tense Afrmative Negative
Simple present I work. I do not (don’t) work.
He / She / It works. He / She / It does not (doesn’t) work.
We / You / They work. We / You / They do not (don’t) work.
Simple past I / He / She / It / We / You / They worked. I / He / She / It / We / You / They did not (didn’t)
work.
Future with will I / He / She / It / We / You / They will (’ll) I / He / She / It / We / You / They
work. will not (won’t) work.
Future with be I am (’m) going to work. I am (’m) not going to work.

going to He / She / It is (’s) going to work. He / She / It is not (isn’t / ’s not) going to work.
We / You / They are (’re) going to work. We / You / They are not (aren’t / ’re not)
going to work.
Present progressive I am (’m) working. I am (’m) not working.

He / She / It is (’s) working. He / She / It is not (isn’t / ’s not) working.
We / You / They are (’re) working. We / You / They are not (aren’t/ ’re not) working.
Past progressive He / She / It was working. I / He / She / It was not (wasn’t) working.
We / You / They were working. We / You / They were not (weren’t) working.
Modals I / He / She / It / We / You / They can / may / I / He / She / It / We / You / They

could / should / would work. cannot; may / could / should / would not
(can’t; couldn’t / shouldn’t / wouldn’t) work.
APPENDIX 4 133
Appendix 5
Irregular Verbs
Base Form Simple Past Past Participle Base Form Simple Past Past Participle
be was / were been forbid forbade forbidden
beat beat beaten forget forgot forgotten
become became become forgive forgave forgiven
begin began begun freeze froze frozen
bite bit bitten get got got / gotten
bleed bled bled give gave given
blow blew blown go went gone
break broke broken grind ground ground
bring brought brought grow grew grown
build built built hang hung hung
burst burst burst have had had
buy bought bought hear heard heard
catch caught caught hide hid hidden
choose chose chosen hit hit hit
come came come hold held held
cost cost cost hurt hurt hurt
cut cut cut keep kept kept
deal dealt dealt know knew known
do did done lay laid laid
draw drew drawn lead led led
drink drank drunk leave left left
drive drove driven lend lent lent
eat ate eaten let let let
fall fell fallen lie lay lain
feed fed fed light lit lit
feel felt felt lose lost lost
ght fought fought make made made
nd found found mean meant meant
y ew own meet met met
134 APPENDIX 5
Base Form Simple Past Past Participle Base Form Simple Past Past Participle
mistake mistook mistaken spit spat spat
pay paid paid split split split
put put put spread spread spread
quit quit quit spring sprang sprung
read read read stand stood stood
ride rode ridden steal stole stolen
ring rang rung stick stuck stuck
rise rose risen sting stung stung
run ran run strike struck struck
say said said swear swore sworn
see saw seen sweep swept swept
sell sold sold swim swam swum
send sent sent swing swung swung
set set set take took taken
shake shook shaken teach taught taught
shine shone shone tear tore torn
shoot shot shot tell told told
shrink shrank shrunk think thought thought
shut shut shut throw threw thrown
sing sang sung understand understood understood
sit sat sat upset upset upset
sleep slept slept wake woke woken
slide slid slid wear wore worn
speak spoke spoken win won won
speed sped sped wind wound wound
spend spent spent write wrote written
Complete the text with the appropriate forms of the verbs.
Rachel (pack) is packing 1

her suitcase right now. Her plane (leave) leaves 2
at 6 a.m.
tomorrow morning. Two months ago she (book) booked 3

a vacation in Mexico. While she
(nish) was nishing 4

her college diploma, she (decide) decided 5
to take a break before
she (go) went 6

to university. She (know) knows 7
that when university starts she
(be) will be 8
busy all the time. She (close) can close 9
her suitcase now because it (be)
is 10
full.
APPENDIX 5 135
Credits
p. 1: Dudarev Mikhail/Shutterstock; p. 6: Luciano Mortula/Shutterstock; p. 7 (1): Samot/Shutterstock, (2): mary416/Shutterstock,
(3): Lledo/Shutterstock; p. 8 (1): sheff/Shutterstock, (2): XiXinXing/Shutterstock, (3): wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock; p. 9:
Theodore Mattas/Shutterstock; p. 11 (1): Pablo Hidalgo/Shutterstock, (2): International Space Station Imagery/NASA; p. 12:
Stefano Ember/Shutterstock; p. 13: Christopher Futcher/iStockphoto; p. 16: Wolfgan Rattay/Reuters/Landov; p. 17 (1): Sam
Chadwick/Shutterstock; (2): auremar/Shutterstock, (3): Andresr/Shutterstock, (4): Dirima/Shutterstock, (5): justasc/Shutterstock,
(6): Terry Alexander/Shutterstock, (7): Kzenon/Shutterstock, (8): JonMilnes/Shutterstock, (9): klohka/iStockphoto, (10):
Germanskydiver/Shutterstock, (11): Luke Wein/Shutterstock; p. 18: Fanny Schertzer; p. 19: Christopher Futcher/iStockphoto;
p. 20: Paul Bordeleau; p. 21: Tony Tremblay/iStockphoto; p. 23: MaraZe/Shutterstock; p. 26: Leonard Zhukovsky/Shutterstock;
p. 28: TonyV3112/Shutterstock; p. 29: MJTH/Shutterstock; p. 31 (1): sarsmis/Shutterstock, (2): hxdbzxy/Shutterstock; p. 32 (1):
lucarista/Shutterstock, (2): Jeffrey M. Frank/Shutterstock; p. 33 (1): Room27/Shutterstock, (2): Room27/Shutterstock; p. 34:
racorn/Shutterstock; p. 35: Ron Haviv/VII/Corbis; p. 37: Andy Lidstone/Shutterstock; p. 38: Blazej Lyjak/Shutterstock; p. 39:
Lurii Osadchi/Shutterstock; p. 40: oliveromg/Shutterstock; p. 41: racorn/Shutterstock; p. 42: Fotoluminate LLC/Shutterstock;
p. 43: Olgysha/Shutterstock; p. 45: Justin Lewis/Getty images; p. 48: cinemafestival/Shutterstock; p. 51: McGill University
Archives, PR000632; p. 52: Sergey Nivens/Shutterstock; p. 54: Library of Congress, Illustration for Os Lusíadas by Luís de
Camões, edition of 1880; p. 55 (1): Laurin Rinder/Shutterstock, (2): wcpmedia/Shutterstock; p. 56 (1): Thaiview/Shutterstock, (2):
Taelove7/Shutterstock, (3): Yulia Nikulyasha Nikitina/Shutterstock; p. 57: Hitdelight/Shutterstock; p. 58: salajean/Shutterstock;
p. 59: Willyam Bradberry/Shutterstock; p. 62: Champiofoto/Shutterstock; p. 63: helenecanada/iStockphoto; p. 65: City Escapes
Nature Photo/Shutterstock; p. 66: Andres Rodriguez/Thinkstock; p. 67: cynthia skaar/Fotolia; p. 68 (1): KairosPhotos/Images
by Paul Jeffrey, (2): Natursports/Shutterstock; p. 69: wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock; p. 71: BradBeattie at en.wikipedia; p. 72:
WireImage/Getty images; p. 73: Mila Supinskaya/Shutterstock; p. 74: wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock; p. 75: Wikimedia Commons;
p. 76 (1): Francis Bourgouin, http://www.ickr/photos/84641606@N00/7298339322, (2): InSapphoWeTrust from Los Angeles,
California, USA, (3): Alan Hilditch, (4): Quinn Dombrowski from Berkeley, USA; p. 79: Steve Debenport/iStockphoto; p. 83:
PhotographyPerspectives/iStockphoto;p. 84: Dm_Cherry/Shutterstock; p. 85: Alain Lauga/Shutterstock; p. 86:Wikimedia Commons;
p. 87: Martial Genest/Dreamstime; p. 88: Ricardo Canino/Shutterstock; p. 89: WavebreakMediaMicro/Fotolia; p. 92: Splash News/
Newscom; p. 93: Goodluz/Shutterstock; p. 96: c12/Shutterstock; p. 97: Lufa Farms; p. 98: Tyler Olson/Shutterstock; p. 99: 06photo/
iStockphoto; p. 101: kcline/iStockphoto; p. 102: markgoddard/iStockphoto; p. 103 (1): chungking/Shutterstock, (2): chungking/
Shutterstock; p. 104: Rigucci/Shutterstock; p. 105: sturti/iStockphoto; p. 106 (1): Minerva Studio/Shutterstock, (2): bikeriderlondon/
Shutterstock; p. 107: Ra/Wikipedia; p. 109: Minerva Studio/Shutterstock; p. 110 (1): michaeljung/Shutterstock, (2): thalkritt/
Shutterstock; p. 112: mike_webber/IStockphoto; p. 115: Kzenon/Shutterstock; p. 118: GAPS Fotograe/IStockphoto; p. 123: IS_
ImageSource/iStockphoto; p. 124: Library of Congress.
136 Credits Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Index
A denition, 2
of will, 90
Homophones,
119–120 P
Adjectives, 79 simple past of the Parentheses, 116
as parts of speech, 109 verb be, 47 Participles
formed from present and
past participles, 83
simple past of the I past, 83
past (appendix 5),
verb do, 46 In or on? 60
irregular, 80 simple present of the Indenite articles, 23, 29 134–135
placement in the verb be, 2 Innitive, 121 present, 14, 83
sentence, 79, 83 simple present of the Interrogative Parts of speech, 109
possessive. see verb do, 4 statements. see Past participles
possessive Could, 99 Questions (appendix 5), 134–135
determiners Countable nouns, 23 words (appendix 2), 131 as adjectives, 83
spelling, 80 spelling of plural, 24 Irregular Past progressive, 69
to adverbs, 82, 84 adjectives, 80 keywords, 69
Adverbs, 81 plural nouns, 24, 28 questions, 70
adjectives to, 82, 84
as parts of speech, 109
D verbs (appendix 5), vs simple past, 70
Past, simple. see
Denite articles, 29 134–135
formation, 82 Determiners, 29 It’s / its (spelling simple past
placement in the articles, 29 problems), 122 Period, 116
sentence, 1, 13, 81, as parts of speech, 109 Placement in the sentence
90–91 demonstrative, 30 of adjectives, 79, 83
spelling, 82, 84
types, 81
possessive, 30 K of adverbs, 1, 81,
90–91, 99
quantifying, 30 Keywords
Apostrophe, 116 During or for, 61 future, 89 of modals, 99
Articles, 29 past progressive, 69 of prepositions, 59
At or to, 60 present progressive, 13 Plural nouns, 24
E simple past, 45 spelling, 24
Possessive determiners, 30
Equality form simple present, 1
B of adjectives, 80, 85 vs possessive
Be, 2 of adverbs, 82, 85, 87 pronouns, 36
contractions, 2, 47
expressions with, 2
Exclamation mark, 116 M Possessive nouns, 24
May / might, 99 Possessive pronouns, 36
past progressive use, 70 Modals, 99 Prepositions, 59
present progressive
use, 14
F common, 99 as parts of speech, 109
False cognates, 119 placement of adverbs of direction and
questions with, 3 For or during, 61 ending with -ly, 99 movement, 59
simple past, 47 Fragments, 114 questions, 100 of place, 62, 67
simple present, 2 From ... to, 60 Must / have to, 99 of place and position, 59
Be going to, 89, 91 Future, 83 of time, date and
placement of adverbs, 91 keywords, 89 duration, 59, 67–68
questions, 90 N placement, 59
with be going to, 89, 91 Nouns, 23 Present participles, 14
C with will, 89–90 as parts of speech, 109 as adjectives, 83
Can, 99 compound, 24 Present progressive, 13
Capitalization, 117 countable vs adverb placement, 13
Cognates, 119
Colon, 116
G uncountable, 23 and gerund, 121
Gender, 30 plural form, 24 keywords, 13
Comma, 116 Gerund, 121 possessive, 24 questions, 15
Comparative form and present pronunciation of nal spelling, 14
of adjectives, 80, 83, 85, progressive -s and -es, 24 verbs rarely used in, 15
87–88 (confusion), 121 vs simple present,
of adverbs, 82, 85, 87–88 15, 19, 22
Complement, 111 O Present, simple. see
Complex sentences, 112 H Object, 111 simple present
Compound sentences, 112 Have to / must, 99 Object pronouns, 35 Pronouns, 35
Conjunctions, 109 He’s / his (spelling Of and off, 61 (appendix 1), 130
Contractions, 116 problems), 122 On or in? 60 as parts of speech, 109
INDEX 137
possessive, 36
reexive, 36 R vs present progressive,
15, 19, 22 U
subject or object, 35 Reexive pronouns, 36 Simple sentences, 112 Uncountable nouns, 35
Pronunciation Run-on sentences, 114 Spelling
contracted forms of adjectives, 80
V
will, 90
countable noun
S adverbs, 82
common errors, 122
Verbs
Semicolon, 116 as parts of speech, 109
plurals, 24 plural nouns, 24
Sentence(s), 111 nal review, 125–129
nal -ed (simple past), 46 present progressive, 14
problems, 114 future with will / be
nal third-person -s problems, 122
structure, 111–113 going to, 89–91
and -es, 4 simple past, 46
types of, 112 modals, 99–100
Punctuation, 116 simple present, 4
Should, 99 irregular (appendix 5),
third-person singular
Simple past, 45 134–135
(simple present), 4
Q be, 47
irregular forms, 47
will / be going to, 93
past progressive,
69–70
Quantifying determiners, 30 Subject, 111
Question mark, 116 keywords, 45 present progressive,
Subject pronouns, 35
Questions pronunciation of nal 13–15
Subject-verb
formation (appendix 3), -ed, 46 simple past, 45–47
agreement, 113
132 questions, 47 simple present, 1–5
Superlative form
modals, 100 spelling of regular tenses (appendix 4), 133
of adjectives, 80, 83,
past progressive, 70 verbs, 46
85, 87
vs past progressive, 70
present progressive, 15
simple past, 47 Simple present, 1
of adverbs, 82, 85
W
keywords, 1 Was / were. see be
simple present, 5
with be, 3 placement of
adverbs, 1
T Will, 89
contracted forms, 90
with do, 5, 47 Than or then, 80
pronunciation, 4 Words, 119
with will / be going to, There / their (spelling
questions, 3, 5 Would, 99
90–91 problems), 122
without do, 5 spelling, 4 There / here + be, 2
words (appendix 2), 131 third-person To and from … to, 60
Quotation mark, 116 singular, 4, 11 To or at, 60
138 INDEX
Life Issues
English Success
This much-anticipated second edition of

Grammar Book 1 offers a fresh take on the four-step
progressive approach and the features that made it
so successful. Designed to sensitize high-beginner
to low-intermediate students of English as a second
language to grammatical structures, the new and Eighty interactive workshops and over 700 questions
improved elements keep the material comprehensive, with automatic feedback offer additional grammar
current, and engaging. exercises, including pronunciation and dictation
User-friendly and concise grammar charts in practice, unit tests, and Editing Files and Final Verb
Function and Form contain clear explanations Review exercises.
illustrated with detailed examples. Notes highlight Students get automatic feedback and scoring while
common errors and provide usage tips to help teachers are able to annotate the eBook, electronically
prepare students for the targeted comprehension follow students’ progress, and create their own online
exercises that follow. interactive activities.
A large variety of contextualized and mixed This powerful digital tool sets a new standard for
concept exercises in the Practice section check ESL teaching and learning.
and reinforce students’ understanding of important
grammar points.
Communicate develops students’ speaking and K ay Powell holds a degree in Modern Languages (French,
German, and Italian) from London University, UK, and
a Masters in Applied Linguistics from Concordia University.
writing skills, and encourages peer editing. She has taught ESL in Europe, Africa and North America.
The popular Review is expanded with mixed She also worked for the Ministère du Revenu du Québec.
She taught at Collège Ahuntsic for 17 years. Kay works
practice and error-correction exercises. on course development for Cégep à distance and for the
Edit It! enables students to hone their editing Centre collégial de développement de matériel didactique,
and writes novels.
skills as they find and correct common errors.
Editing Files have students focus on their writing
and vocabulary choice, with charts and Edit It!
exercises on sentences and words.
A Final Verb Review of mixed tenses can easily
be used for evaluation.
Appendices include a verb tense overview and
a list of irregular verbs.
REAL Skills Book 1, Second Edition,

complements the Grammar Book.
ISBN 978-2-7650-4518-2
www.cheneliere.ca/real

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GRAMMAR

KAY POWELL SECOND EDITION

Development and authoring of

PE1128.P68 2014 428.2’4 C2014-940538-3

Chenelière Education and the authors shall not be held

29 UNIT 6 Simple Past

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

Review ................................................... 97 Simple Past and Past

41 Questions .............................................. 128

Credits ................................................................... 136

Index ....................................................................... 137

3. COMMUNICATE has collaborative

Editing Files, a new unit with sentence and word skills

Final Verb Review

Different travel options take

Yesterday Today Tomorrow

FUNCTION AND FORM

1.1 Simple Present

1. Every year millions of Muslims go on a pilgrimage to Mecca. A custom

3. Usually people walk around the Kaaba seven times. A custom

4. It is always extremely hot in Saudi Arabia. A fact

5. People often shop in luxurious air-conditioned shopping malls. A habit

UNIT 1 Simple Present 1

We / You / We’re / You’re / We / You / We / You / They’re not

1.3 Expressions with the Verb Be

Age How old are you? I’m 20 years old.

Size and colour How tall are you? I’m 1.67 m.

Price and time How much is it? It’s $10.

1.4 There with the Verb Be

There Is There Are

3. I am Japanese. 6. There is not / isn’t a party tonight. (negative)

2 UNIT 1 Simple Present

1. Chris Hadeld is on the space station.

2. Julie Payette and Roberta Bondar are Canadian astronauts.

3. I am not interested in space travel.

1.6 Information Questions with the Verb Be

When are you at home? I’m at home around noon.

Who is she? She’s my cousin.

Why am I here? I’m here to choose a tour.

How are you? I’m in good shape.

UNIT 1 Simple Present 3

I work/go. I do not (don’t)

He / She / It works / goes. He / She / It does not (doesn't) work / go.

We / You / They work/go. We / You / They do not (don't)

1.8 Spelling of the Third-Person Singular

Consonant + -y Change the -y to i and add -es. cry cries

-o, -ch, -sh, -s, -ss, do does, watch watches,

1.9 Pronunciation of Third-Person Endings -s and -es

/ b /, / d /, / g /, / l /, / m /, / n /, / r /, sobs, hides, wags, tells, welcomes, returns, goes,

/ ch /, / sh /, / j /, / s /, / x /, / z / / iz / watches, washes, changes, caresses, waxes, buzzes

1. The plane usually (y) ies directly from Montréal to France.

4 UNIT 1 Simple Present

6 Write the missing yes / no question or short answer.

2. Do they enjoy shopping in New York? (afrmative) Yes, they do.

1.11 Information Questions with Other Verbs

1.12 Information Questions Without the Auxiliary Do

Question Word Verb in Third- Rest of Short Answer

What stops a migraine? Sleep does.