Zlib - Pub Real Real English Authentic Learning Grammar Book 2

GRAMMAR
2
REAL
BOOK
ENGLISH
AUTHENTIC
LEARNING
SECOND EDITION
KAY POWELL
GRAMMAR
2
REAL
BOOK
ENGLISH
AUTHENTIC
LEARNING
KAY POWELL SECOND EDITION
Development and authoring of

online workshops and
supplementary web material
Kay Powell
Nicholas Walker
REAL, Real English Authentic Learning
REAL Grammar Book 2, Second Edition Acknowledgements
Reflecting the words of the great poet Rumi (1207–
1273) “Let the beauty we love be what we do,” I thank the
Kay Powell superb team of specialists, too numerous to mention, at
© 2014 TC Media Books Inc. Chenelière Education who worked tirelessly to make my
© 2009 Chenelière Education Inc. modest manuscript a thing of beauty.
Grammar is indeed beautiful!
Managing Editor: Melissa Repas
Editors: Susan Roy, Esmé Vlahos To all those students who have inspired me during my
Project Manager: Valérie Côté forty years as a teacher, to all those teachers who have
Researchers: Rachel Irwin, Tara Smith inspired me as a student, to my husband Zafarullah,
Copy Editor: Jeanine Floyd my children and grandchildren, my enduring gratitude.
Proofreader: Stephanie Watt I have done what I loved.
Cover and Book Designer: Micheline Roy – Kay Powell
Thank you to the many teachers who gave invaluable
Web Material Editor: Esmé Vlahos feedback and suggestions, including the team of
Web Material Project Manager: Solange Lemaitre-Provost reviewers:
Carol Broderick
Caroline Joll, Cégep de Sainte-Foy
Laura McGee, Collège de Maisonneuve
Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec and
And to those who participated in the developmental
Library and Archives Canada cataloguing in publication
research for this second edition:
Powell, Kay, 1947- Jany Couture, Cégep Marie-Victorin
Charles Lapointe, Cégep de Sainte-Foy
REAL: Real English Authentic Learning. Grammar Book 2 Marie-Josée Martineau, Cégep Édouard-Montpetit
Jacinthe Paillé Landry, Collège André-Grasset
Second Edition Lucie Riopel, Cégep de Sainte-Foy
Includes index.
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Table of Contents
UNIT 1 Simple Present and Practise.................................................. 20
Present Progressive Communicate........................................ 24
Function and Form ............................... 1 Review ................................................... 25
Simple Present and Present Progressive
• Simple Present: Simple Present of the
Verb Be • There with the Verb Be • Useful
UNIT 3 Pronouns
Expressions with the Verb Be • Simple Present Function and Form ............................... 27
of Other Verbs • Spelling of the Third-Person Singular Subject and Object Pronouns • Possessive
• Pronunciation of Third-Person Endings -s Determiners and Possessive Pronouns
and -es • Information Questions with the • Reexive Pronouns • Indenite Pronouns
Auxiliary Do • Information Questions Without • Reciprocal Pronouns • Demonstrative Pronouns
the Auxiliary Do • Present Progressive: • Relative and Interrogative Pronouns
Afrmative and Negative • Spelling • Questions
• Verbs Rarely Used in the Present Progressive Practise.................................................. 31
Practise.................................................. 7 Communicate........................................ 34
Communicate........................................ 12 Review ................................................... 35
Review ................................................... 13
UNIT 4 Simple Past and
UNIT 2 Nouns and Determiners Past Progressive
Function and Form ............................... 37
Simple Past and Past Progressive • Simple
Nouns: Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Past: Simple Past of Regular Verbs • Spelling
• Categories of Uncountable Nouns • Spelling
of Regular Verbs • Pronunciation of -ed • Simple
of Regular Plural Countable Nouns • Irregular Plural
Past of Irregular Verbs • Information Questions
Nouns • Possessive Form • Determiners:
with Regular and Irregular Verbs • Simple Past
Articles • Possessive and Demonstrative
of the Verb Be • Past Progressive: Afrmative
Determiners • Quantifying Determiners
and Negative Statements • Questions
Practise.................................................. 41
98 Communicate........................................ 48
Review ................................................... 49
UNIT 5 Future
Will and Be Going To • Future with Will :
Afrmative and Negative Statements • Questions
• Future with Be Going To : Afrmative and
Negative Statements • Questions • Other Future
Forms: Present Tenses • Time Clauses
Practise.................................................. 55
Communicate........................................ 58
Review ................................................... 59
UNIT 6 Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives: Form and Position • Comparatives,
Superlatives, and Equality • Comparative
and Superlative Forms • Adverbs: Type,
Function, and Position • Adjectives to Adverbs
• Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.
1
Practise.................................................. 65 UNIT 10 Editing Files
Communicate........................................ 68 Parts of Speech
Review ................................................... 69 Sentences.............................................. 107
Types of Sentences • Sentence Structure:
Fragments • Sentence Structure: Run-on
UNIT 7 Present Perfect Sentences • Subject-Verb Agreement
Function and Form ............................... 71 • Punctuation • Capitalization
Present Perfect • Afrmative and Negative Edit It! .................................................... 112
Statements • Irregular Past Participles • Questions
• Keywords Since and For • Keywords Never, Words .................................................... 113
Still, and Yet • Placement of Keywords False Cognates • Homophones • Active and
• Present Perfect or Simple Past Passive Voice • Active and Passive Voice of Verbs
• Participles • Gerunds and Innitives • Common
Practise.................................................. 75
Spelling Problems
Communicate........................................ 80
Edit It! .................................................... 121
Review ................................................... 81
Final Edit It! ........................................... 122
UNIT 8 Modals Final Verb Review ........................................... 123

Simple Present, Simple Past, and
Common Modals • Afrmative and Negative
Future Forms......................................... 123
Statements • Questions • Common Modals in
the Past Simple Present and Present
Practise.................................................. 86 Progressive ........................................... 124
Communicate........................................ 92 Simple Past and Present Perfect ........ 125
Review ................................................... 93 Modals ................................................... 126

Questions .............................................. 126
UNIT 9 Conditionals Verb Review .......................................... 127
Conditional Sentences • Type 1: Possible Appendices ......................................................... 128
Conditionals in the Present and Future • Type 2: 1 Question Words................................. 128
Improbable Conditionals in the Present • Type 3:
Impossible Conditionals in the Past 2 Question Formation .......................... 129
Practise.................................................. 98 3 Prepositions ....................................... 130
Communicate........................................ 102 4 Verb Tense Overview ........................ 131
Review ................................................... 103 5 Past Perfect ........................................ 132
6 Common Phrasal Verbs .................... 133
61 7 Irregular Verbs ........................... 134–135
Credits ................................................................ 136
Index .................................................................... 137
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS
Features
In this much-anticipated second edition of REAL Grammar Book 2, you’ll nd the many features that made the rst
edition so successful, along with valuable improvements and additions. The four-step progressive approach has
been updated to suit the needs of today’s intermediate students of English as a second language.
Overall Structure
Nine theme-based units build grammatical and language skills, and an Editing Files unit provides additional grammar
elements to improve your writing and editing skills. The Final Verb Review section is a comprehensive review of verb
tenses seen at this level. Useful appendices, which act as both a reference and study tool, conclude the book.
Unit Overview
1. FUNCTION AND FORM appears on
coloured pages for easy reference. The unit
title and an example illustrate
the unit’s grammar focus.
A timeline demonstrates the verb tenses.
Notes in the
Clear grammar charts with margin highlight
explanations and examples common errors
are followed by short and provide
exercises for a quick check usage tips to help
of your comprehension. you use grammar
accurately.
2. PRACTISE offers contextualized and mixed

exercises on grammatical concepts learned in
Function and Form. Thematically-linked
to REAL Skills Book 2, they aim to reinforce
vocabulary and language structures but can
also work as stand-alone activities.
An online component offers 80 interactive
workshops, including pronunciation and
dictation activities, unit tests, Editing Files
and Final Verb Review exercises.
Varied exercises give opportunities for Cross-
independent work and collaborative learning. references
An example for each exercise provides send you
a model. to charts in
Function and
Form and the
Appendices.
3. COMMUNICATE has collaborative

Speaking and Writing activities which en-
courage peer editing.
FEATURES v
4. REVIEW proposes two pages
of exercises to evaluate your
understanding and mastery of
the grammar featured in the unit.
Edit It! allows

you to practise
your editing skills
as you nd and
correct common
errors.
Editing Files, a new unit with sentence and word skills

development, includes charts, examples, and exercises to
improve your writing and editing skills.
Final Verb Review

Five pages of comprehensive exercises review the
verb tenses covered in Function and Form.
Appendices
Seven Appendices feature charts with useful reference
material, including a verb tense overview, past perfect
charts, and lists of phrasal verbs and irregular verbs.
Clear and integrated web links indicate when to consult the interactive online activities on Chenelière’s new
platform. You’ll nd:
• An interactive eBook for teachers and students
• Additional questions on material in the book as well as new material, to be used for homework, in the lab, or for evaluation
• Interactive activities that give students automatic feedback
• Answer keys for the teacher
vi FEATURES
1
UNIT
Simple Present and

Present Progressive
Technology is now part of our everyday life.
Are you using technology more often?
Yesterday Today Tomorrow

Now
FUNCTION AND FORM
1.1 Simple Present and Present Progressive

Simple Present Present Progressive
Use for permanent situations Use for temporary situations and
in the present actions in progress Adverbs usually go
before the verb in the
Habitual actions At or around the moment of speaking simple present.
He usually works every Saturday. Right now I am playing a game.
I often sleep late.
Customs Plans for the future
Exception: Adverbs go
People often go home for the New Year. This summer she is biking in Ireland. after the verb be. He is
always tired.
Facts Changing situations
Ecotourism is a growing industry. More people are getting credit cards. In the present
progressive, adverbs
Keywords can go after the verb be.
always, every day, frequently, generally, at the moment, currently, next week, She is currently reading
never, normally, occasionally, often, now, nowadays, presently, right now, a travel guide to Italy.
rarely, seldom, usually . . . these days, this month . . .
1 Underline each verb and write SP (simple present) or PP (present progressive)

above it. Highlight the keywords. Identify the reason the verb tense is used.
SP
1. Technology is part of our life every day. Fact
PP
2. This weekend I’m working at the Apple Store. Plan for the future
SP
3. Paul rarely writes on paper. Habitual action
PP
4. Nowadays more people are using technology. Changing situation
UNIT 1 Simple Present and Present Progressive 1

Refer to appendix 1, Simple Present
page 128, for
information on
question words. 1.2 Simple Present of the Verb Be
Use the verb be in the simple present for facts and present states. The verb be has
three forms: am, is, are.
Afrmative Negative Yes / No Information

Questions Questions
Subject Verb be Subject Verb Verb be Subject Question Verb be Subject
be + not word
I am (I’m) I am not Am I? What am I?

(’m not)
He / She / It is (He’s / He / She / It is not Is he / she / it? Who is he / she / it?

She’s / It’s) (isn’t)
We / You / are (We’re / We / You / are not Are we / you / Where are we / you /
They You’re / They’re) They (aren’t) they? they?
1.3 There with the Verb Be

Use there with the verb be to indicate that something exists or happens.
There Is There Are Yes / No Questions
Do not confuse there One person or thing More than one person or Verb be + there + rest of
with their or they’re (singular) thing (plural) question
(they are). There is a famous person There are too many Is there a place to stand?
in the room. people here.
There is a protest march There are many reasons Are there many people?
outside. for the protest.
2 Complete the text with the correct forms of the verb be.
are 1
In this mall there many boutiques and lots of electronic and
is 2
technology stores. The store I like the most called Hot Spot. Look!
is 3 am not 4
There the computer I want to buy. I (negative)
are 5 Is 6
surprised there always lots of people in this store. there
are 7
an item you want to buy here? Where the gadgets you want to look at?
1.4 Useful Expressions with the Verb Be

I’m hungry / thirsty. How old are you? I’m 20 years old. They’re lucky.
He’s sleepy / afraid. How big / heavy is it? What’s the time?
It’s hot / warm / cold. Who’s right? You’re wrong.
2 UNIT 1 Simple Present and Present Progressive

1.5 Simple Present of Other Verbs Refer to chart 1.1 to
Add -s or -es to verbs in the third-person singular (he, she, it). The verb have is an review the use of the
simple present.
exception. The verb have in the third-person singular is has.
Afrmative Negative Yes / No Questions

Subject Base form Subject Do / Base form Do / Subject Base form
of verb does + of verb Does of verb
(+ -s or -es ) not
do not
I work. I Do I
(don’t)
does not
He / She / It works. He / She / It work. Does he / she / it work?
(doesn’t)
do not
We / You / They work. We / You / They Do we / you / they
(don’t)
1.6 Spelling of the Third-Person Singular

Verb Ending Rule Example
Most endings Add -s. eat eats play plays
-o, -ch, -s, -sh, -ss, -x, -zz Add -es. do does catch catches focus focuses
wash washes miss misses mix mixes
buzz buzzes
Consonant + -y Change -y to i and add -es. try tries y ies
1.7 Pronunciation of Third-Person Endings -s and -es

Final Sound Pronunciation Example
/f/, /k/, /p/, /t/ /s/ cuffs, kicks, stops, cuts The pronunciation of the -s
on a third-person-singular
/b/, /d/, /g/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /z/ robs, rids, hugs, calls, hums, warns, verb depends on the nal
/o/, /r/, /v/, /w/, /y/ goes, cheers, loves, shows, annoys
sound, not the spelling.
/ch/, /sh/, /j/, /s/, /x/, /z/ /iz/ catches, pushes, judges, kisses,
mixes, zzes
3 Write the correct form of the verb in the simple present.
1. William (download) downloads music and videos from the Internet. To give a short answer
do not have to a yes / no question,
2. They (have, negative) new smartphones.
use do / don’t or does /
3. I (take) take my laptop on vacation. doesn’t without the
main verb.
4. Does she overspend on technological gadgets? (yes / no question:
Do you have a cellphone?
she, overspend) Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
5. Do they play a lot of video games? Yes, they do . (short answer)

Refer to appendix 2, 1.8 Information Questions with the Auxiliary Do
page 129, for more
information on
Question Word Do / Does Subject Base Form of Verb
question words.
When do I arrive?
Where do you live?
What does he sing?
How many does she need?
How much does it cost?
How do we play?
Who do you think?
Why do they text?
4 Complete each question to match the information in bold.
1. When do they play golf? They play every Sunday.
2. How much time do you spend texting? I spend about an hour every day.
3. Where does she buy her music? She buys her music on the Internet.
4. What do you study on weekends? I study economics on weekends.
5. Why does he study at night? He studies at night because he works

during the day.
6. How many do you want from the store? I want two.
7. What do we like to do on Saturday night? We like to watch a

movie on Saturday night.
1.9 Information Questions Without the Auxiliary Do

Question Word Verb in the Rest of Question
Third-Person Singular
When the subject of the (-s, -es)
sentence is not known,
do not use do or does. What interests you?
Who goes to class every day?
Who plays tennis?
(We don’t know who
plays tennis.) Terry 5 Complete each question to match the information in bold.
plays tennis.
1. Who likes this song? Jonas likes this song.
2. Who goes to the movies often? Maya does.
3. What starts at 9 p.m.? The movie starts at 9 p.m.
4. What pleases you? Success pleases me.
5. Who doesn’t have her driver’s licence? Tammy doesn’t have her
driver’s licence.

Present Progressive Refer to chart 1.1 to
review the use of the
present progressive.
1.10 Afrmative and Negative
Afrmative Negative
Subject Verb be Base form of Subject Verb be + not Base form of
verb + -ing verb + -ing
I am (I’m) I am not (’m not)
He / She / It is (He’s /She’s /It’s) He / She / It is not (isn’t / ‘s not)

working. working.
are (We’re / are not
We / You / They We / You / They
You’re / They’re) (aren’t / ‘re not)
1.11 Spelling
-e Change -e to -ing. live living
-i Add -ing. ski skiing
-ie Change -ie to y and add -ing. tie tying
Consonant + short vowel + consonant Double the last consonant (except -w, hit hitting
-x, -y) and add -ing.
Two-syllable verbs when the stress falls Add -ing. open opening
on the rst syllable
Two-syllable verbs when the stress falls on Double the last consonant and add -ing. begin beginning
the second syllable
6 Complete the text with the correct afrmative and negative present progressive
forms of the verbs in parentheses.
are waiting 1
Right now we (wait) in a long line because every tourist in London wants to see
is not (isn’t) raining 2
the crown jewels. It (rain, negative) , but there are dark clouds in the sky. People
are talking 3 are not (aren’t) becoming 4
(talk) and fortunately they (become, negative)
is writing 5 am trying 6
impatient. My friend Jack (write) a postcard. I (try) to
are chatting 7
decide what to see next in London. Most people in the line (chat) or checking
are running 8
their cellphones. A couple of children (run) around. Finally the line (move)
is moving 9 is opening 10
. A guard (open) the door. Great! It’s our turn to get in.

1.12 Questions
Yes / No Questions Information Questions
Verb Subject Base form of Question Verb Subject Base form of
To give a short answer
be verb + -ing word be verb + -ing
to a yes / no question,
use the verb be without Am I What am I doing?
the main verb.
Is he / she / it working? Where is he / she / it going?
Is he working? Yes, he
is. No, he isn’t. Are we / you / they Who are we / you / they meeting?
7 Write yes / no questions in the present progressive, using the words in

parentheses. Then give a short answer.
1. Is she texting ? (she, text) Yes, she is .
2. Are you going tonight? (you, go) No, I’m not .
3. Is he lying ? (he, lie) Yes, he is .
4. Are they beginning the work soon? (they, begin) No, they’re not .
Refer to appendix 1, 8 Write information questions in the present progressive, using the words in
page 128, for help parentheses.
with question
1. What is he eating ? (he, eat)
words.
2. When is she coming ? (she, come)
3. Who are they meeting ? (they, meet)
4. Why are we waiting ? (we, wait)
1.13 Verbs Rarely Used in the Present Progressive

Use the simple present with stative verbs (verbs that do not express action or
movement).
Condition Verb Example

State of existence be He is sick today. (is being)
Mental states believe, forget, know, mean, realize, recognize, I remember my hike in the Rockies. (am
remember, suppose, think, understand remembering)
Possession belong, have, own, possess She belongs to a ski club. (is belonging)
Sense and appear, feel, hear, see, seem, smell, sound, This Indian meal tastes spicy. (is tasting)
perception taste
Feelings and appreciate, detest, dislike, hate, like, love, They want to take a cruise to
preferences need, prefer, want Alaska. (are wanting)
Other exist, cost, owe, weigh Gold costs a lot. (is costing)

PRACTISE
9 Simple Present Afrmative Charts 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6
Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs.

Complete additional
Example: Here (be) is a fashion designer that (have) has a busy exercises to practise the
and exciting life. present tenses online.
Urban Chic
are 1
There (be) many fashion designers in Montréal but my
is 2
favourite new designer (be) Ralph Leroy. He (come)
comes 3
from Haiti and settled in Montréal in 2005, seeking a
French-speaking environment after a few years living in New York. Leroy

has 4
(have) the hottest looks in town! His cutting-edge
combine 5
creations (combine) both originality and elegance.
offers 6
He (offer) many modern urban styles but he (cater)
caters 7 uses 8
to all tastes. He (use) top-of-the-line
plays 9
fabrics and (play) with colours that (express)
express 10
a dynamic and festive avour. Leroy also (create)
creates 11
an amazing range of accessories in his collections.
is 12
No wonder he (be) so popular!
10 Simple Present Negative Charts 1.2, 1.5
Complete each sentence with the negative form of the verb.
Example: Many students (buy) do not (don’t) buy electronic tablets instead of computers.
1. Smoking in public places (be) is not (isn’t) permitted.
2. Most non-smokers (like) do not (don’t) like the smell of cigarette smoke.
3. Some addictions (be) are not (aren’t) pleasant for members of the public.
4. Many people (talk) do not (don’t) talk discreetly on their cellphones.
5. My father (use) does not (doesn’t) use his cellphone.
6. People usually (like) do not (don’t) like to know the details of a stranger’s private life.
7. Many people (have) do not (don’t) have opinions about these modern technological gadgets.
8. Social networks (be) are not (aren’t) always safe places to chat.

11 Simple Present Questions Charts 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 1.9
Complete each question in the simple present to match the information in bold.
Example: When do you plan to stop smoking? I plan to stop on my birthday.
1. Does she text in class? Yes, she does.
2. Do they play violent games? No, they don’t.
3. Who wants some coffee? Nick wants some coffee.
4. Is this your tablet? No, this is not my tablet.
5. When do we have to leave? We have to leave at six o’clock.
12 Present Progressive Afrmative Charts 1.10, 1.11
Complete the dialogue with the present progressive form of the verbs in parentheses.
Underline four keywords that indicate the use of the verb tense.
Example: Don: Hi, Mike. What (you, do) are you doing ?
am organizing 1
Mike: Right now I (organize) my summer trip.
are you going 2
Don: Where (you, go) ?
am planning 3
Mike: I (plan) a trip to Costa Rica with my cousin this month.
are visiting 4
Don: That’s an exotic destination you (visit) .
are trying 5
Mike: Yes. We (try) to nd eco-friendly tourist agencies.
am checking 6
This week I (check) adventure vacation sites online.
is taking 7
Don: Great! Nowadays the Internet (take) us around the world in a
few minutes.
is shrinking 8
Mike: That’s right. The globe (shrinking) before our very eyes!
13 Present Progressive Negative Charts 1.10, 1.11
Answer the questions in the negative. Use the contracted form of the verb be.
Example: Is Dan learning to budget? No, Dan isn’t learning to budget .
1. Is Fiona posting her photos online? No, Fiona isn’t posting her photos online .
2. Are Eric and his classmate chatting? No, Eric and his classmate aren’t chatting .
3. Is surng the Net boring? No, surng the Net isn’t boring .
4. Is technology ruling our lives? No, technology isn’t ruling our lives .
5. Are their cellphones ringing? No, their cellphones aren’t ringing .

14 Present Progressive Afrmative, Negative, and Questions Charts 1.10, 1.11, 1.12
Complete the text with the correct present progressive form of the verbs in parentheses.
Example: These days sales of video games (rise) are rising all around the world.
Positive Feedback
are spending 1
1. Gamers (spend) more and more time playing games
in a make-believe world. In fact, the latest research suggests that players (seek)
are seeking 2
rewards that they do not get in real life. It is a fascinating
Why are we relying 3
phenomenon. (we, why, rely) on games to satisfy needs that
are not being 4
(be, negative) met in our lives?
are nding 5
2. College students (nd) that certain games (affect)
are affecting 6 are experiencing 7
their lives. They (experience)
is increasing 8
better self-esteem that (increase) their grades in school.
are helping 9
Do you know that some games (help) people to learn more
are encouraging 10
efciently? Musical games (encourage) people to play musical
are keeping 11
instruments. Logical games (keep) people’s brains active.
are discovering 12
3. Scientists (discover) that playing for about 21 hours a
are playing 13
week has the greatest positive impact. If you (play) for
are not beneting 14
more than that, you (benet, negative) . In fact, you (take)
are taking 15
the risk of harming your brain and your social life.
15 Mixed Negatives Charts 1.2, 1.5, 1.10
Complete the dialogue to express Shawn’s opposite point of view. Use the contracted form of the verbs.
Example: Valerie: Sara is applying to Concordia. Shawn: Sara isn’t applying to Concordia .
1. Valerie: Jen loves hot chai lattes.
Shawn: Jen doesn’t love hot chai lattes. .
2. Valerie: Our apartment is messy and we need to clean it today.
Shawn: Our apartment isn’t messy and we don’t need to clean it today. .
3. Valerie: We drink too much coffee so we are reducing our consumption.
Shawn: We don’t drink too much coffee so we aren’t reducing our consumption. .
4. Valerie: Presently Jack is spending all his spare time customizing his car.
Shawn: Presently Jack isn’t spending all his spare time customizing his car. .
5. Valerie: Jack’s old car generally works well and its new bodywork looks great.
Shawn: Jack’s old car generally doesn’t work well and its new bodywork doesn’t look great. .

16 Mixed Questions Charts 1.8, 1.9, 1.12
Write two questions about each picture—one yes / no and one information question—
using the simple present and the present progressive. Then exchange your work with
a classmate and revise your partner’s work.
Example: Y / N: Does he go to bed too late on weekdays?
INF: Why is he sleeping on his desk?
1. Y / N: Does she like to buy things?
INF: What is she buying?
2. Y / N: Does she like coffee?

1 2
INF: What is she drinking?
3. Y / N: Is he writing an email?
INF: How much time does he spend on the computer?
4. Y/ N: Does she eat fast food often?

3 4 INF: Where is she eating?
17 Simple Present or Present Progressive with Keywords Chart 1.1
Circle the correct form of the verb. Underline the six keywords.
Example: The artist often uses colours that are reecting / reect his or her
personality and state of mind.
Tools of the Trade

Of all the colours in the rainbow, she normally is preferring / prefers green to blue,
but it depends / is depending on her mood at the time. Every night during the warm
summer months, she sneaks / is sneaking out of her apartment block with the tools of
her secret trade in her hands. Through deserted streets, down dark alleys, across the
train tracks, she pays / is paying attention to her journey until she is stopping / stops in
front of a dirty brick wall. Usually she is shining / shines her ashlight to check for
inquisitive eyes. Is / Are anybody there? She doesn’t know / is not knowing but
right now I watch / am watching her from my window. At the moment she
shakes / is shaking her magical tools energetically, and she adds / is adding layers of
vibrant colours. Now the wall is glistening / glistens in the dark and at this very
moment she admires / is admiring her latest work of art. Yes, you guessed right.
She is / is being a grafti artist!

18 Keywords Chart 1.1
If the keyword is in the correct place, put a check mark under Right. If not, put a check
mark under Wrong. If the keyword is in the wrong place, draw an arrow to show where
it should go.
Statement Right Wrong
Example: Universities are giving nowadays easy exams.
1. He goes seldom to bed early.
2. She is surng endlessly the Internet for things to buy online.
3. They often are late for class.
4. He rarely texts while driving.
5. Are you organizing a reunion this year?
19 Simple Present and Present Progressive Charts 1.2, 1.5, 1,6, 1.10, 1.11
Complete the dialogue with the correct simple present and present progressive forms
of the verbs in parentheses. Use the keywords indicated.
Example: Rachel: Ryan, (you, think) are you thinking about a particular place nowadays?
The Perfect Package

am studying 1
Ryan: Yes, I (study) anthropology at this moment, so I’d like to see
indigenous people in their environment.

Are you presently considering 2
Rachel: (you, consider, presently) volunteer work?
am really looking 3
Ryan: I (look, really) at educational projects right now, where I can earn
credits for my studies and help people at the same time.

Do you have 4
Rachel: (you, have) a preference for Asia, Australia, or the Arctic?
Ryan: I prefer hot climates and the jungle.

’m currently checking 5
Rachel: Just one second . . . I (check, currently) out Papua New Guinea.
Are you 6 ’m printing 7
(you, be) interested? I (print) an
application form that describes the job and working conditions now.
sounds 8
Ryan: Yes, Papua New Guinea (sound) great!

SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
Ask a classmate questions using the simple present and present progressive
to nd out the following information. Then write his or her answer on the line.
Example: Sports I play volleyball. It’s my favourite sport.
1. Age I am 19 years old.
2. Height I am 170 centimetres tall.
3. Studies I am studying math.
4. Future career I plan to be an accountant.
5. Family I have a big / small family. There are ve people in my family.
6. Favourite movie My favourite movie is The Lord of the Rings.
7. Music I play the drums. My favourite group is Muse.
8. Technology I use a smartphone.
9. Favourite activities I like to listen to music.
10. Sports My favourite sports are soccer and basketball.
WRITING
Write a short description of your partner, using the answers above. Use the simple
present and present progressive tenses and at least two keywords in your description.
Example: Today Nicki is 19 years old. She has brown hair and she is not very tall. There
are four people in her family. She is presently studying in the social sciences program.
Nicki likes sports. She does judo every week and plays volleyball on weekends. She . . .

REVIEW
A Simple Present and Present Progressive, Afrmative / Negative

Complete the text with the correct simple present and present progressive forms of the
verbs in parentheses.
Confessions of a Cellphone Addict

like 1 am sitting 2
I (like) getting phone calls. Right now I (sit)
3
here frantically waiting for my cellphone to ring. I (care, negative) do not (don’t) care
want 4
if it’s an aggressive telemarketer. I just (want) my phone to ring!
say 5 is not 6
My friends (say) it (be, negative) healthy
are getting 7
to spend so much time with my gadgets. They (get) fed up with
8
me. I (know, negative) do not (don’t) know why. I think my friends (exaggerate)
are exaggerating 9 is ringing 10

. Hey, my cellphone (ring) ! Bye for now.
B Simple Present and Present Progressive

Circle the correct tense: simple present or present progressive. Underline the ve keywords.
Festivals Around the World

Technology hooks us up to festivals wherever they take place in the world. People
1 2
have / are having different opinions about the most colourful one: Is / Is being it Holi in
India, where on one day every year people good-naturedly chase each other in the
streets and throw brightly coloured water and powders at their victims? My new
3
smartphone delivers / is delivering amazing photos in the blink of an eye. Stand by!
4
I send / am sending you some pictures of Holi right now.
5
My Brazilian friend Paolo has /is having no hesitation naming the week-long Carnival in
Rio de Janeiro the noisiest and brightest of all festivals. Once a year non-stop dancing
6
lls/ is lling the streets of Rio. In a small town in Belgium, inhabitants throw oranges in the
7
streets during the Carnaval de Binche. In Spain, there is/are two well-known festivals: the
famous bull run in Pamplona and the tomato-throwing festival, La Tomatina, in Bunyol.

8 9
Are you wonder / Are you wondering why I am / am being so enthusiastic about
10
festivals at the moment? Next week I take / am taking a plane to Mexico to
experience the Day of the Dead. I like to take a vacation in the sun, so Mexico ts the
bill. I can also visit the breathtaking pyramids of the ancient Mayans.
Underline and correct the 10 errors in the simple present and present
Edit It! progressive. They can be spelling, form, or tense errors.
Hope for the Future

The Mayan calendar suggested that the world would end on December 12, 2012.
are
Fortunately it didn’t, but there is many people around the world who think that the nal
have
days are near. Do you has an opinion on this subject? The oral tradition of the Hopi
tells
tribes of the U.S.A. tell of the time when the gods will return to Earth from the sky. Many
legends speak of natural disasters that will happen just before the last days of our planet.
I’m
Im optimistic, so I believe that human beings will nd a way to save Earth from
refers
destruction. Nostradamus, the famous French alchemist, refer to the alignment of the
earth, the sun, and Venus around December 21, 2012.

moving
Maybe this means that the world is moveing into a new phase
writing
of enlightenment. As I am writting, I am denitely not
pessimistic about humankind and its ability to behave in a

becoming
responsible way. Are we become more caring about each
Are we
other and our planet? Do we are more conscious of the
are changing
fragility of our ecosystem? I hope we changing into people
who don’t want to harm our beautiful Earth.

2
UNIT
Nouns and
Determiners
There are many tulips. This tulip is red.
FUNCTION AND FORM
Nouns
Nouns are used to name people, places, things, and abstract concepts.
2.1 Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns
For people or things that For people or things that
can be counted cannot be counted Some nouns can be
both countable and
Have both singular and plural forms Do not have a plural form, but can be uncountable,
(regular ending -s or -es) used with a determiner to express quantity depending on the
student students library libraries She has so much homework. (homeworks) intended meaning.
She has to study a lot of information.
There are two blond
(informations)
hairs on your jacket.
Can take the third-person singular Take the third-person singular form (two units)
or plural form of the verb of the verb
My hair is black!
My mother works at the hospital. Smog pollutes the atmosphere. (a mass)
The brothers work for a bank. Pollution damages people’s health.
Can be used with an indenite Can never be used with an indenite

article in the singular article
I’m reading a captivating book. I have to do a research for my project.
Can be used with a number in the plural Can never be used with a number
We put our three suitcases in the car. We put our three luggage in the car.
1 Decide if each noun is countable or uncountable. Write C or U next to it.
1. family C 4. child C 7. bottle C 10. freedom U
2. furniture U 5. information U 8. watch C 11. water U
3. table C 6. love U 9. happiness U 12. house C
UNIT 2 Nouns and Determiners 15

2.2 Categories of Uncountable Nouns
Category Example
The words bracelet, Food and drink bread, butter, cheese, sh, our, meat, rice
necklace, ring, and coffee, milk, water
watch are countable
Natural phenomena energy, re, smog, snow, sunshine, thunder,
nouns. When you weather, wind
refer to these items
collectively, use the Languages and academic subjects Dutch, Japanese, Russian
uncountable noun education, politics, religion, statistics
jewellery.
Abstract concepts beauty, duty, fun, happiness, knowledge, love,
luck, violence
Collection of ne particles dust, earth, powder, salt, sand
Collection of individual parts furniture, information, jewellery, luggage,

money, news
2 Write three sentences: one with a countable noun, one with an uncountable noun,
and one with a noun that can be countable or uncountable depending on the
meaning. Mark the nouns with C or U.
1.
2.
3.
2.3 Spelling of Regular Plural Countable Nouns

Noun Ending Rule Example
Sometimes words Most endings Add -s. boy boys chair chairs
have two acceptable
plural forms. -f, -fe Change the -f to v and wolf wolves (except beliefs,
add -es. chiefs)
scarf scarves or Change the -fe to v and knife knives
scarfs add -es.
-o Add -s or -es. photo photos

tomato tomatoes
Consonant + -y Change -y to i and add -es. party parties
-ch, -s, -sh, -ss, -x, -zz Add -es. dish dishes bus buses
Most compound Add -s or -es to judo contest judo contests
nouns the last noun.
16 UNIT 2 Nouns and Determiners

2.4 Irregular Plural Nouns
Words from Words from Countable Nouns
Old English Other Languages with No Change
one person two
child children analysis analyses bison bison people
foot feet bacterium bacteria deer deer
goose geese crisis crises goldsh goldsh
man men criterion criteria moose moose
mouse mice hypothesis hypotheses salmon salmon
tooth teeth medium media sheep sheep
woman women phenomenon phenomena trout trout
3 Write each noun in the plural.
1. diagnosis diagnoses 4. person people 7. university universities
2. foot feet 5. kite kites 8. dwarf dwarves
3. volcano volcanoes 6. man men 9. sheep sheep
2.5 Possessive Form

Use the possessive form of nouns to show ownership or association.
Place the possessor before the thing owned.
Noun Rule Example

Singular nouns Add ’s (apostrophe + -s ). the dog’s bone
the class’s decision
French names that end with a silent -s Add ’s (apostrophe + -s ). Louis’s birthday
François’s sister
Plural nouns that do not end with -s Add ’s (apostrophe + -s ). the children’s books
the men’s chairs
Plural nouns that end with -s Add an ’ (apostrophe). my brothers’ apartment

the girls’ school
Proper nouns that end with the Add an ’ (apostrophe). Dickens’ A Christmas Carol
sound /z/ the Jones’ house
4 Write the possessive form of each noun in parentheses.
1. We read the boss’s report. (boss) 4. Patti’s email is amusing. (Patti)
2. The judges’ decision seemed fair. (judges) 5. I borrowed Nicolas’s tablet. (Nicolas)
3. The women’s washroom was closed. (women) 6. James’ ambitions are unrealistic. (James)

Determiners
Determiners are used to make a noun denite (the boy) or indenite (a boy), or to
indicate quantity (many boys).
2.6 Articles
Article Use Example
Use a before a singular I’ll have a peach for dessert.
countable noun to refer to (any peach)
a non-specic person or
thing.
Indenite a / an Use an in front of a noun It is a good idea to eat an apple

beginning with a vowel an hour before lunch.
sound or a silent h.
Exception: Use a if the a university

vowel makes a /y/ sound.
Use the with singular and Here’s the pineapple I’m going to
Denite the plural nouns to refer to slice. (this particular pineapple)
specic people or things.
For generalizations about Life is stressful.

people or things (The life is stressful.)
Students can have a lot of fun.
When speaking of (The students can have a lot
a nation, use a None of fun.)
denite article.
For names of people, titles, Dr. Jones speaks Chinese
Our new colleague is languages, and countries and lives in Spain.
Chinese. The Chinese (The Dr. Jones speaks the
are hard workers. Chinese and lives in the Spain.)
5 Complete each sentence with the correct denite article (the) or indenite
article (a or an). If no article is needed, write X.
1. Mia is renting a loft condo.
2. Do you have an eraser?
3. Is there a union ofce?
4. He had a heart attack.
5. Are X cats good companions?
6. Who speaks X Spanish?
7. Scott is the only student to get 90% on his test.
8. It was an honour to meet the invited guest.

2.7 Possessive and Demonstrative Determiners
Determiner Function Example
my / your Indicates ownership My friend Sarah left Do not confuse its with
Possessive his / her / its or association her phone at our house. it’s, your with you’re, or
our / your / their their with they’re.
this (singular) Indicates people This suitcase is practical.

these (plural) or things that are These books in the box
near you are very old.
Demonstrative Refer to unit 3,
that (singular) Indicates people or That dog across the road page 28, chart 3.2,
those (plural) things that are far is barking a lot. for more information
from you Those chairs over there on possessive
are trendy. determiners.
2.8 Quantifying Determiners

Determiner Use Example
With countable nouns
many Use many in afrmative and We have many brochures about vacations in Peru.
negative statements and questions.
We don’t have many brochures about Columbia.
How many brochures do you have?
few, a few Use few to mean not many. Few students enjoy detention.
Use a few to mean a small number. Only a few students went on the eld trip.
With uncountable nouns
much Use much in negative statements I don’t have much information about Peru.
and questions.
How much information do you have?
too much, Use too much or so much in That’s too much information!
so much afrmative statements.
I have so much information about our trip.
little, a little Use little to mean almost none. I have little our left.
Use a little to mean a small amount. I need a little our to make pancakes.
With countable and uncountable nouns
a lot of Use a lot of instead of much in Planning a trip takes a lot of time.
afrmative statements.
We want to make a lot of short trips this summer.
some Use some to mean a certain number. I need to read some guidebooks.
6 Underline the appropriate determiner in each sentence.
1. Alana is looking for her / his book. 3. There’s many / too much noise in this café.
2. Look at that / those people over there. 4. We don’t have many / much CDs.

PRACTISE
7 Countable and Uncountable Nouns: Plurals Charts 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Put a check mark to identify each noun as countable (C) or uncountable (U).
Complete additional Complete each sentence with the plural form of the noun.
exercises online,
including a pronunciation Noun C U Plural Form
activity on plurals, to Example: bear Are there bears in the woods?
practise nouns and
1. sandwich  There are sandwiches in the lunchbox.
determiners.
2. shampoo  Do we really need to take shampoo ?
3. compass  I am packing two compasses just in case.
4. wolf  There are lots of wolves in that area.
5. bread  Is there enough bread for two weeks?
6. baseball cap  We are taking only two baseball caps .
7. water  Where is the water ?
8. bus  Are there buses that go near the campsite?
9. equipment  Why are you packing all the equipment ?
10. match  Where are the matches to light the re?
8 Mixed Plurals Charts 2.3, 2.4
Complete the text by writing the plural form of each noun in parentheses.
Example: Bears have sharp claws and (tooth) teeth .
Canadian Wildlife
Canada’s seas, valleys, and mountains are rich in wildlife. There are whales, seals,
sea lions, and strange-looking (walrus) walruses 1

. Noisy ocks of Canada
(goose) geese 2
ll the sky. Cats like (cougar) cougars 3
and lynx roam
the mountains. The impressive curled (horn) horns 4

of the Bighorn (sheep)
sheep 5
are symbols of rank and dominance. Their (hoof) hooves 6
are hard on the outside and soft on the inside, so they are excellent climbers.
Grizzly bears feast on (salmon) salmon 7

in the icy rivers. Canada’s (fox)
foxes 8
are beautiful, especially the white-haired Arctic fox and the red fox.
Some Canadian mammals live closer to people. Many (moose) moose 9
walk onto busy highways and (person) people 10

have to be careful driving
at night because (deer) deer 11

are attracted by the lights of cars.
(Skunk) Skunks 12
, raccoons, and bears roam the outskirts of

Canadian (city) cities 13
looking for (food) food 14
. Each year millions of
monarch (buttery) butteries 15

travel to Mexico to avoid the extreme cold of the
Canadian winter.
9 Mixed Countable and Uncountable Nouns Chart 2.2
Complete each sentence with the uncountable noun in the word box that matches the
set of countable nouns.
Example: Snacks, fruits, and sandwiches are food .
equipment
1. Knives, saucepans, and measuring cups are kitchen equipment . food
2. Sunshine, rain, and snow are weather . furniture

jewellery
3. Dimes, dollars, and quarters are money .
luggage
4. Bracelets, earrings, and necklaces are jewellery . money
furniture weather
5. Beds, chairs, and sofas are .
6. Suitcases, bags, and backpacks are luggage .
10 Plural Nouns Charts 2.3, 2.4
Write each sentence with the correct plural form of the underlined noun(s). Change the
verbs and pronouns where necessary.
Example: The celebrity is smiling at us. The celebrities are smiling at us.
1. His character analysis is very accurate. His character analyses are very accurate.
2. Her child is hyperactive. Her children are hyperactive.
3. Which tooth is loose? Which teeth are loose?
4. Did you nish your assignment? Did you nish your assignments?
5. The woman is waving to her friend. The women are waving to their friends.
6. Ouch! My foot hurts. Ouch! My feet hurt.
11 Possessive Form Chart 2.5
Write the possessive form of nouns using the apostrophe +s (’s).
Example: The car of Sami is bright red. Sami’s car is bright red.
1. Here are the photos of the vacation of Ms. Jones. Here are the photos of Ms. Jones’ vacation.
2. I’m excited about the visit of my sisters. I’m excited about my sisters’ visit.
3. She’s planning the birthday party of her son. She’s planning her son’s birthday party.
4. Look at the villa of my boss in Spain. Look at my boss’s villa in Spain.
5. Do you know the parents of my friends? Do you know my friends’ parents?

12 Indenite Articles Chart 2.6
Complete the following paragraph with the correct indenite articles (a or an).
Example: I’d love a sports car, but that’s unrealistic.
Car Dilemma
I usually ride a 1
bicycle but I’m thinking of buying a 2
used car. At rst, I wanted to buy
a 3
minivan but I read that they are gas-guzzlers. Then, the car dealer suggested a 4
hybrid car.
They are more fuel efcient and eco-friendly. I am meeting my dad in

an 5
hour to try an 6
electric car. It seems to be a 7
smart choice. It has an 8

electric motor and a 9
rechargeable
battery. Although electric cars have many ecological benets, they are
more expensive. I’m also worried about the lack of public rechargeable
service areas. Buying a 10

car is so complicated!
13 Mixed Articles Chart 2.6
Complete each sentence with the correct denite article (the) or indenite article (a or an).
If no article is needed, write X.
Example: I’m not taking X English this semester.
1. I am looking for X information. Can you help me?
2. That’s the best idea I ever heard!
3. I like to live in an apartment but my boyfriend wants to rent a house.
4. That’s a great suggestion for his birthday party.
5. Where’s the screwdriver? It’s not in the toolbox.
6. She’s studying X chemistry.
7. She’s enrolling at the college next to her house.
14 Possessive Determiners Chart 2.7
Complete each sentence with the correct possessive determiner (my, your, his, her, its, our, their ).
Example: He feeds only organic food to his cat.
1. Tammy carpools with three of her friends.
2. The university has its own compost site.
3. Mr. Gamache encourages his students to protect the environment.
4. We’re studying enviromental law, but our department doesn’t even recycle paper!
5. Many schools now have their own policies to promote sustainability.

15 Demonstrative Determiners Chart 2.7
Complete the following dialogue with the correct demonstrative determiners (this, these, that, and those).
Example: Morgan: Where is all the dirty laundry? Jenny: It’s in that pile down the hall.
Morgan: Jen, where’s the laundry basket?
Jenny: It’s in that 1

closet over there.
Morgan: Where did you put the laundry detergent?
Jenny: It’s in this 2

plastic box right here under our noses.
Morgan: Where’s the garbage bag with the dirty laundry in it?
Jenny: Oh, Morgan! I don’t know. It must be in these 3
garbage bags under our feet!
Morgan: I’m sorry. I was looking in those 4

bags in the room
down the hall.
Jenny: That 5
room down the hall is our bedroom!
Morgan: I still can’t believe this 6

condo is ours!
16 Quantifying Determiners Chart 2.8
Complete each sentence with many, much, or a lot of. If two forms are possible, write both.
Example: How can you travel with so much luggage?
Oh, Matt! You have too many 1

clothes. You have many / a lot of 2
shoes and
sneakers. How many 3

pairs of pants do you have? You have so much 4
travel information, too! How much 5

luggage can you take?
17 Quantifying Determiners Chart 2.8
Underline the nouns and circle the correct determiner in each sentence. Then decide
if each noun is countable or uncountable and write C or U above it.
C
Example: A little / A few children are playing outside.
C
1. A little / Some people stopped talking when she walked in.
C U
2. The refugees have few / little food to eat.
C C
3. Few / Little students graduated from the new course.
U C C
4. He cut my hair. There are still few / some hairs on my shirt.
U
5. They have a little / a few money.

SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
Does your mood change with the weather? First, think about the
following questions. Then discuss them with a partner. Pay
attention to your use of singular and plural nouns as you speak.
1. Which is your favourite season?

2. Why do you like it?
3. What is your mood during your favourite season? Describe it.
4. How does your mood change when the weather changes?
5. Which season do you like the least? Explain your answer.
Example: My favourite season is fall. I like it because the weather

is cooler and the trees are full of colours. In fall I feel relaxed and
energetic. When winter starts, the cold weather makes me tired
and lazy. Summer is my least favourite season because of the
hot weather. I don’t like high temperatures and too much sun.
They make me irritable.
WRITING
Write a short description of the activities you do during your favourite

season. Make sure you include singular and plural nouns and different
determiners.
Example: My favourite season is spring. In spring the snow melts and I go

for a lot of walks. I hear the birds sing and I smell the fresh green leaves
on the trees. I put my plants on the balcony. I also start training because
I run a marathon in the summer. I run a few days after my classes and on
weekends.

REVIEW
A Plurals / Spelling
Circle the correct plural form of each noun in the following text.
Then decide if the noun is countable or uncountable and
write C or U above it.
Marine Paradise
C
1
Turkey is one of the country / countries we will visit this summer. Many
C
2
persons / people have told us it’s an exciting place. Our scuba club is
organizing a trip to the Mediterranean. The turquoise water is clear and

U
3
it is a paradise for lovers of marine lives / life .
C
4
One of our favourite activitys / activities is wreck diving. There are many
C
5
wrecks / wreckes at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. We are going to
U
6
rent diving equipments / equipment when we get there.
C
7
About 20 members / membres of our club are going on the trip.
We are all young people, so we will stay in youth hostels and buy
U U
8 9
food / foods at the local supermarket. We will have a lot of funs / fun and
C
10
eat our sandwiches / sandwichs on the beach. We will also try yachting
and sailing.
Turkey, here we come!
B Possessive Nouns
Write the correct possessive form of each noun.
1. Molly’s boutique (Molly) 6. their dog’s bone (dog)
2. an elephant’s trunk (elephant) 7. Lucas’s friend (Lucas)
3. my boss’s husband (boss) 8. the horses’ tails (horses)
4. his children’s toys (children) 9. the reghters’ equipment (reghters)
5. your classmates’ opinion (classmates) 10. those women’s clothes (women)

C Determiners
Complete each sentence with the correct determiner from the word box. You may use
each determiner more than once.
1. Why do you like that car over there? a
an an
2. The invitation is such honour.
many
3. Lara is learning to ride a horse. much
4. This condo is nicer than the one opposite. that

the
5. There is so much clutter in this room!
these
6. Where is the remote control? this
the / those those

7. Look at birds in the sky!
8. There are many ways to cook chicken.
9. These earrings are prettier than those.
10. We need a vacation soon.
Edit It! Underline and correct the 15 errors in the following text.
Tips for Healthy Living

people a
Nowadays more and more persons are nding it difcult to lead an healthy life. It’s hard
the Many
to balance the work, family life, and leisure. Much people work long hours away from
libraries Schoolchildren
home. College and university librarys stay open late so that students can study. Schoolchilds
stay in school until 6:00 p.m.

sister’s
I have two sisters, an elder and a younger one. My elder sisters’ three boys
much
are in daycare for 35 hours a week. They don’t spend many time with their
nephew’s
mother. My youngest nephews’ educator knows him better than my sister does.
lives These many
Stress can ruin our lifes. This days much modern families are struggling
a women
to live an balanced life. Men, woman, and children must learn to relax in
this
these stressful modern environment.

3
UNIT
Pronouns
Be proud of yourself for assisting

people who need help.
FUNCTION AND FORM
3.1 Subject and Object Pronouns

Use a pronoun to replace a noun and to avoid repetition.
Pronoun Function Example

I Replaces a noun that is Richard is my best friend. Do not use an object
you the subject of a sentence He
Richard is really funny. pronoun followed by
Subject he / she / it Always write the a subject pronoun.
I like his jokes. (i like his
we / you / they rst-person subject
jokes.) I am a student.
pronoun with a capital
letter. (Me, I am a student.)
me Replaces a noun that is him

the object of a sentence I call Richard when I need
you
Object to laugh.
him / her / it Object pronouns are
not capitalized. He makes me smile.
us / you / them
1 Complete the text with the correct subject and object pronouns. Then underline
other pronouns you nd in the text.
it 1
Travel broadens the mind. That’s why I love . The countries I love the
them 2
most are Italy and Japan. Why do I love so much? Italy has ancient
monuments, amazing art museums, and great food. Italians love to go out at
They 3
night. eat late and then go out for a walk. Most Japanese people are
very formal and reserved. They have different customs, and they bow when
He 4 me 5
they greet someone. My neighbour, Ken, is Japanese. told
about Japanese customs before I went there. I’m glad he did!
UNIT 3 Pronouns 27
3.2 Possessive Determiners and Possessive Pronouns
Form Function Example
Do not confuse they’re / my Replaces a noun to This is Méline’s backpack.

there / their, you’re / your, your show ownership or This is her backpack.
he’s / his, and it’s / its. Possessive association
determiner his / her / its
The word its cannot be Is always followed by Today is David’s birthday.
our / your /
a noun Today is his birthday.
used as a possessive their
pronoun.
That is the cat’s toy. mine Replaces a possessive Is this your backpack?
yours determiner and noun Is it yours?
That is its toy. Possessive combination
(That’s its.) pronoun his / hers
Is not followed by It’s not my backpack.
ours /yours /
a noun It’s not mine.
theirs
2 Complete the text with the correct possessive pronouns and possessive determiners.
Refer to unit 2,
chart 2.7, page 19, My uncle Don is an engineer and his 1
new hobby is robotics. I ask Uncle
for more information
on possessive Don, “Is this yours 2
?” “Of course it’s mine 3
. Meet Robby the
determiners. 4
robot,” he replies. “Do these wires belong to its legs?” I ask, glaring
at the metallic gure. Just then, Uncle Don’s two brothers walk in, carrying
their 5 ours 6
tool boxes. “This project is , too!” exclaims Uncle Ray.
my 7
We all laugh. They look at the expression on face as I watch them
my 8
put the robot together. I’m proud of uncles, but I’m happy the new
theirs 9 mine 10
hobby is and not !
3.3 Reexive Pronouns

Pronoun Use Example
Note the spelling myself When the I am proud of myself!

change from -self yourself subject of the Take care of yourself, Jamie.
(singular) to -selves verb is the
himself / herself / itself Matthew is pleased with himself.
(plural). same as the
ourselves / yourselves / themselves object They pamper themselves.
3 Complete each sentence with the correct reexive pronoun.
1. Jay is putting himself through a rigorous training program right now.
2. Medical students Kim and Jon are exhausting themselves studying all night.
3. Emily is a model and is always admiring herself in the mirror.
4. On the weekend my friends and I get together and enjoy ourselves .
5. I am spoiling myself with a spa treatment this weekend.
28 UNIT 3 Pronouns
3.4 Indenite Pronouns
Use the pronoun endings -one and -body to refer to people and -thing to refer to
things. Use indenite pronouns when you want to refer to people or things, but you
do not know who they are or their identity is not important.

everyone/everybody Refers to a complete group of people All the people are here. Everyone is here.
or things
everything All the things are in the bag. Everything is
in the bag.
someone / somebody Refers to an unknown person or thing A girl in the class is absent.
Someone is absent.
something
An unknown thing is making a noise outside.
There is something making a noise outside.
anyone /anybody Refers to people or things in It doesn’t matter who comes to my house.
general in an afrmative statement Anybody can come to my house.
anything
• Cannot be the subject of a negative Anybody can’t come to my house.
statement
• Can be the subject of a negative or Does anyone agree with me?
afrmative question
• Can be the object of a question or Did you meet anybody there?
negative statement I won’t say anything.
no one /nobody Always used with the afrmative and There are no students in the classroom.
singular form of the verb, but it has a There is no one in the classroom.
nothing
negative meaning
Nobody is in the classroom.
Is there nothing I can do?
3.5 Reciprocal Pronouns

each other Refers to two or more people or Nadia and Dan respect each other. (Nadia respects
animals that share the same Dan and Dan respects Nadia.)
one another
actions, states, or feelings
Nadia, Dan, and Matt trust one another. (They all trust
each other.)
4 Underline the appropriate indenite and reciprocal pronouns.

1
Jordan and Justin are identical twins. They love each other / someone very
2
much and enjoy doing activities together. Everybody / Somebody who knows An indenite pronoun
is singular and always
the twins smiles when they are working out at the gym. Even if they are twins, takes a singular verb.
3
they don’t do anything / nothing the same. But they are patient with Everybody is welcome to
4 5
attend.
something / each other and everything / nothing annoys them.
UNIT 3 Pronouns 29
3.6 Demonstrative Pronouns
Use demonstrative pronouns to identify specic people or things that are near or far.
Pronoun Use Example
This, that, these, and Near Far

those are both pronouns
this that Use this or that for the This is the schedule for next
and determiners. When singular. week.
used as determiners,
The verb is always in its That goes over there.
they are followed by a
singular form.
noun. When used as
pronouns, they stand these those Use these or those for the These are the photos from our
alone. plural. vacation to Ireland.
The verb is always in its Those go in our album over there.
plural form.
5 Complete each sentence with the correct demonstrative pronoun.

Refer to unit 2,
chart 2.7, page 19, 1. Look at the birds! Look at those over there. They are Canada geese.
for more
2. Do you see the cottage in the valley down there? That is the one I’ve rented.
information about
demonstrative these
3. Here, take . They are the designs for the new hospital.
determiners.
3.7 Relative and Interrogative Pronouns

who identies a specic Joins a dependent clause The man who is here is her
person or specic people and an independent clause cousin.
which or that identies a to give more information This is the map that led us to
Relative specic thing Dependent clause: the car.
who is here
whose refers to possession Independent clause: The athletes whose game was
by a person The man is her cousin. cancelled went home.
who refers to a person Refers to the specic Who lives there? Tom does.
what refers to a thing information the speaker What is this? It’s the
wants when asking a Stanley Cup.
question
Interrogative which refers to one among a Which song are they singing?
number of things They’re singing a hymn.
whose refers to possession Whose cellphone is ringing?
by a person Melissa’s cellphone is ringing.
6 Underline the appropriate interrogative and relative pronouns.
1. Did you know that power drinks are loaded with caffeine what / which can be harmful?
2. Doctors are worried about addictions that / who are growing among young people
which / who are doing intensive sports training.
30 UNIT 3 Pronouns
PRACTISE
7 Subject and Object Pronouns Chart 3.1
Write the correct subject or object pronoun above each underlined noun and
Complete additional
noun phrase (with more than one noun).
He it exercises online to
Example: David loves antique Canadian hockey equipment. practise pronouns.
1. People collect all sorts of things, like bottle caps, baseball caps, and
She 1
comics—anything, in fact! My sister Victoria collects old vinyl records. Vicky loves
playing them on her ancient record player. Her boyfriend, Jake, a musician, collects
He 2 him 3
guitars. Jake plays the saxophone, but his collection of guitars really inspires Jake .
They 4
The guitars are hanging on the walls of his bedroom.
we
5
2. My friend Ashley and I love making jewellery, and Ashley and I sell the
them 6
necklaces in our boutique. Ashley sorts out the beads and polishes the beads
every day before she strings them together. Many of our friends and family want
us 7
We 8
Ashley and me to make jewellery for them. Ashley and I hope to sell our
jewellery on the Internet next year.
8 Subject and Object Pronouns Chart 3.1
Replace the underlined words in each sentence with a subject or object pronoun.
Example: Susie sent the email to her brother. She sent it to him.
1. Alex sent a text message to Emma. He sent it to her.
2. The supermarket delivered groceries to my grandmother. It delivered them to her.
3. Connor collected the registered letter from the post ofce. He collected it from the post ofce.
4. Aaron and I always give money to local charities. We always give it to them.
5. Naomi shipped her piano to her brother in New York. She shipped it to him in New York.
9 Possessives Chart 3.2
Replace the underlined words in each sentence with a possessive pronoun.

Then underline the pronouns.
Example: The taxi driver drives his car rather than the customers’ car.
The taxi driver drives his rather than theirs.
1. Is this your textbook or my textbook? Is this yours or mine?
2. The waitress got my mom’s order all wrong! The waitress got hers all wrong!
3. Ruby ironed her clothes and Hunter ironed his clothes. Ruby ironed hers and Hunter ironed his.
4. Their cat is a Siamese and our cat is a tabby. Theirs is a Siamese and ours is a tabby.
5. Amber’s car was in an accident and Ben’s car was stolen. Hers was in an accident and his was stolen.
UNIT 3 Pronouns 31
10 Reexive Pronouns Chart 3.3
Complete each sentence with the correct pronoun from the word box. Then underline
the subject of each verb.
Example: Carrie is admiring herself in the mirror. myself

1. Duncan has great condence in himself . himself
herself
2. They are enjoying themselves on their vacation.
itself
3. It’s difcult, but I’m determined to x my computer by myself . ourselves
4. We’re forcing ourselves to get in shape. themselves
5. The cat is always cleaning itself .
11 Mixed Pronouns and Possessive Determiners Charts 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Complete the texts with the appropriate pronouns and possessive determiners.
Example: Guy Laeur scored many goals when he played for the Canadiens.
He 1
1. Antonio Gaudi was an amazing architect. designed unusual looking
houses that had strange shapes. The stunning cathedral in Barcelona, the Sagrada
his 2 his 3
Família, is masterpiece. The idea for its design was entirely .
him 4 his 5
I admire for passion for bold architecture.
They 6
2. Did you know that the rst roller coasters were made of ice and wood?
were built in the seventeenth century and were about 24 metres high. Why do some
them 7
people love ? My friend Abby is crazy about roller coasters. She
herself 8 them 9
even goes to amusement parks by . I don’t like .
me 10 they 11
They scare because I am afraid of heights and go so fast.
In my city there is an amusement park on an island with a roller coaster. Most big cities
yours 12
have one. Do you have one in ?
12 Indenite and Reciprocal Pronouns Charts 3.4, 3.5

something
Complete the text with the correct pronouns from the word box.
everyone
Example: Nowadays everyone has to be careful about giving out personal someone
information over the Internet.
nobody
one another 1
Identity theft is a growing problem. Sadly, we must be more suspicious of . one another
That friendly telemarketer could be a crook. From time to time I have the feeling that
something 2 someone 3
is wrong, particularly if tells me I have won a trip to
Nobody 4
the Caribbean! wants to be the victim of fraud, so we have to be careful.
32 UNIT 3 Pronouns
13 Demonstrative Pronouns Chart 3.6
Underline the correct demonstrative pronoun in each sentence.
Example: This / These is our rst experience renting an apartment.
1. This / These sounds like the silliest thing I ever heard.
2. I have what you were looking for. Is this / that your photo album?
3. Look over there. Those / These are the shells I collected from the beach in Barbados.
4. What do you think of these / those new sandals I’m wearing? They were half-price!
14 Relative Pronouns Chart 3.7
Write a sentence using parts a and b and the correct relative pronoun (that, which,
who, or whose). If two answers are possible, give both.
Example: a. The safari trip was a great success. b. we went on

The safari trip that / which we went on was a great success.
1. a. The elegant man is a fashion guru. b. is walking toward us

The elegant man who is walking toward us is a fashion guru.
2. a. The new craze is extreme snowboarding. b. we tried

The new craze that / which we tried is extreme snowboarding.
3. a. The aquarium is really impressive. b. he set up

The aquarium that / which he set up is really impressive.
4. a. The woman is not happy. b. dress is dirty

The woman whose dress is dirty is not happy.
15 Interrogative Pronouns Chart 3.7
Complete the text with the correct interrogative pronouns (what, which, who, and whose).
Example: Which jacket do you like the most?
Non-Stop Questions
Nicole and I went downtown today to go window-shopping. It was very tiring because she kept asking questions.
Which 1 Who 2 Whose 3
brand name is better? is your favourite designer? designs do you like the
What 4
most? She was quiet for a while, but then she started asking more questions! is the best way to pay?
Which 5
credit card should I use: Visa or MasterCard?
UNIT 3 Pronouns 33
SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
Look at the photos carefully. Then describe what you see to a classmate using as many
of the pronouns as you can. As you listen to your partner, cross out the pronouns as she
or he uses them.
Student A
he, it, no one, these, they, everything, theirs, each other, hers, it, she,
which themselves, they, who whose
Student B
everyone, herself, she, everything, he, him, his, it, he, her, hers, them, these,
them, they, who that, whose what
WRITING
Think of a place where you have many memories. Write a short text about it.
Use as many pronouns and possessive determiners as you can.
Example: I remember my grandparents’ cottage. It was red and white and it had a
big porch. It was my favourite place. My grandfather and I went shing on the lake.
I loved going shing with him. He always took good care of me. I also enjoyed myself
swimming in the lake. Everything was just perfect!
34 UNIT 3 Pronouns
REVIEW
A Mixed Pronouns and Possessive Determiners

Complete the text with the correct pronouns and possessive
determiners.
A Life of Luxury
himself 1
Giulio books into the hotel directly on the beach and walks into a luxurious room
he 2
on the top oor of the building. Is it true? Has really won the contest? Yes, he has!
his 3
It was a week ago that ticket won a trip for four. Now he is stretched out on the huge,
him 4
comfortable bed in a hotel in Acapulco. Luxury surrounds . He remembers buying the
his 5
ticket at the convenience store. It is still hard to believe the trip is actually . “I guess
it 6 His 7
is!” he thinks as he looks around his room. girlfriend and his
They 8
parents enter the room wearing big, colourful Mexican hats.
themselves 9
admire in the mirror. “Giulio, do you think you can
us 10
be a millionaire without ?” laughs his girlfriend as
she 11 herself 12
looks at in the mirror. They all
13
smile at each other / one another . “Of course not,” jokes Giulio, as he hugs
them 14 our 15
all. “Let’s start life of luxury
right now!”
B Mixed Pronouns
Underline the correct pronouns (subject, object, possessive, reexive, demonstrative,
relative, interrogative, or indenite).
You Are What You Eat!

1
There are many people which / who refuse to eat meat. Some people refuse to eat
2
it for religious reasons. Some even wear a face covering so that them / they do
not swallow an insect by mistake. Vegetarianism is a way of life in many cultures.

3 4
In mine / my , we can eat whatever us / we like. In fact, the majority of people in
my culture are meat-lovers. Studies say that eating a lot of meat may cause health
5
problems. It is certainly not the only factor who / that causes health issues.
UNIT 3 Pronouns 35
6
Today obesity is a serious health concern everywhere and it / its appears in people
of every age. Even elementary school children are diagnosed with diabetes because
7
they / them eat unhealthy food and drink sugary beverages that make them obese.
8
Do you know that we are poisoning us / ourselves every day with high levels of sugar
9
and salt in packaged foods? These / This are health hazards! I have a fteen-year-old
10
cousin, James, which / who has a heart condition from overeating as a child.
11 12
Who’s / Whose fault is it? Well, his parents didn’t enjoy cooking and they / them
13 14
let him / he eat whatever he wanted. Everything / Everyone thought it was all right
15
because he grew tall and strong. No one worried about his / he weight gain. Now
Jamie eats a healthy diet and has become a vegetable junkie. He keeps his weight
down and exercises every day.
Edit It! Underline and correct the 10 pronoun and possessive determiner
errors in the text.
he
After my son Hunter was accepted at the University of British Columbia, she decided to
take a year off to travel and do community work. He heard that many students did this in
its
England. It is called a gap year and his purpose is to give young people real-life working
their
experience in a different environment. Some people work in poor countries where theirs
living conditions are very simple, but Hunter started by working in a senior citizens’
which / that his
home who was in a poor area in Vancouver. He learned to develop her listening skills.
he
During his gap year him became more patient. Then he went to work in the slums of Rio.
himself
He was so proud of themself for accomplishing his goal. Hunter became a ne young
who
man which decided to devote his energy to social justice. He believes that people must
each other / one another
help each others. Now he is at university studying politics and he wants to work in
mine
Africa. Well done, my son! It was a good decision and it was your decision, not my!
36 UNIT 3 Pronouns
4
UNIT
Simple Past and

Past Progressive
While I was researching my origins last
week, I discovered that there were many
interesting people in my family.
Last year Last Last Yesterday Today Tomorrow

2013 month week
FUNCTION AND FORM
4.1 Simple Past and Past Progressive

Simple Past Past Progressive
Use for a completed action in the past. Use for an action in progress at a specic moment in
Last Saturday we danced for three hours. the past.
Late last night Amy was downloading music.
Use for a completed chain of events in the past. Use for two or more simultaneous actions in
First, jazz was popular in the forties. Then, rock progress in the past.
and roll became the craze in the fties. Finally, Tom was sleeping while Amy was listening to music.
the Beatles arrived on the music scene in the Use for an action in progress in the past when it
sixties. was interrupted by another action.
I was dancing when you called me.
Keywords
a week ago, last month, in 2010, on May 10, as, just as, at the time, at that time, when, while . . .
when I was a child, yesterday . . .
1 Write SP (simple past) or PP (past progressive) above each verb. Then give the reason the verb tense is used.
PP PP
1. While I was working, my sister was studying at medical school.
Use the past progressive for two or more simultaneous actions in progress in the past.
SP
2. My family vacationed in Portugal last summer.
Use the simple past for a completed action in the past.
PP SP
3. His sister was talking to him on the phone when the line died.
Use the past progressive for an action in progress in the past when it was interrupted by another action.
UNIT 4 Simple Past and Past Progressive 37

Simple Past
4.2 Simple Past of Regular Verbs
Afrmative Negative Yes / No Questions
Subject Base form of Subject Did + not Base form Did Subject Base form
verb + -ed of verb of verb
I / He / She / It I / He / She / It I / he / she / it

did not
worked. work. Did work?
We / You / They We / You / They (didn’t) we / you / they
4.3 Spelling of Regular Verbs

Most endings Add -ed. play played To give a short answer
-e or -ie Add -d. love loved use did or didn’t
Consonant + -y Change the -y to i worry worried without the main verb.
and add -ed. Did he travel by bus?
Yes, he did. / No, he
Consonant + short vowel sound + consonant Double the nal drum drummed
consonant didn’t.
Two-syllable verbs when stress falls on the (except -w, -x, -y) refer referred
second syllable and add -ed.
2 Write the afrmative sentence in the negative, and the negative sentence in the afrmative.
Then write a yes / no question for each sentence and answer it with a short answer.
1. My classmates danced all night long. My classmates didn’t dance all night long.
Question: Did they dance all night long? Yes, they did.
2. The graduation party didn’t end at 6:00 a.m. The graduation party ended at 6:00 a.m.
Question: Did the party end at 6:00 a.m.? No, it didn’t.
4.4 Pronunciation of -ed

Final Sound Pronunciation Example
/ch/, /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/ watched, stuffed, kicked, stopped, kissed, Use the nal sound of
/s/, /sh/, /x/ washed, xed the base verb, not the
spelling, to decide
/d/, /t/ /id/ concluded, invited how to pronounce -ed.
The -gh in laugh is
all other sounds /d/ breathed, changed, zzed, hugged, moved, played,
pronounced / f /.
pulled, robbed, shared, turned, welcomed
38 UNIT 4 Simple Past and Past Progressive

4.5 Simple Past of Irregular Verbs Refer to appendix 7,
pages 134–135, for
Form afrmative and negative statements and yes / no questions with irregular verbs a list of irregular
the same way as with regular verbs. Here are a few examples of irregular verbs. verbs.
bring brought eat ate know knew see saw
drink drank have had spend spent say said
3 Complete each sentence with the correct form of the simple past.
1. Yesterday I (see) saw the results of the survey.
2. They (think) thought technology was useful.
3. He (think, negative) did not (didn’t) think he was hooked on social media.
4.6 Information Questions with Regular

and Irregular Verbs
With Did Without Did
Question Did Subject Base form Question Past form Rest of
word of verb word of verb question
When I work? What slowed down?

did
How she go? Who wore boots? When the subject of the
sentence is not known,
do not use did.
4 Write a question in the simple past to match the information in bold.
What made that noise?
1. Who invited you to the party? Matt invited me to the party. (We don’t know what
made the noise.) A cat
2. Where did it take place? It took place in a club in Danville. made it.
3. What did the partygoers enjoy? The partygoers enjoyed the music.
4.7 Simple Past of the Verb Be

Do not use did with the verb be in the negative and question forms.
Afrmative Negative Yes / No Information

Questions Questions
Subject Verb Subject Verb be + Verb Subject Question Verb Subject
be not be word be
I / He / She / It was. I / He / She / It was not Was I / he / she / it? Who was I / he / she / it?
(wasn’t).
We / You / They were. We / You / They were not Were we / you / they? Where were they?
(weren’t).

Past Progressive Refer to unit 1, chart 1.11,
page 5, for the spelling
rules for the -ing form.
4.8 Afrmative and Negative Statements
Subject Verb be Base form of Subject Verb be + not Base form of
verb + -ing verb + -ing
I / He / She / It was I / He / She / It was not (wasn’t)

waiting. waiting.
We / You / They were We / You / They were not (weren’t)
5 Complete each sentence with the correct form of the past progressive.
1. My phone rang while I (cut, carefully) was carefully cutting the vegetables.
2. Ryan (sleep, negative) wasn’t sleeping when you called.
3. When you phoned, we (prepare, negative) weren’t preparing supper.
4. The lights went out while we (cook) were cooking .
4.9 Questions
Verb be Subject Base form of Question Verb Subject Base form of
verb + -ing word be verb + -ing
Was I / he / she / it When was I / he / she / it leaving?

working?
Were we / you / they Where were we / you / they staying?
6 Write a question to match the information in bold.
1. Was he talking about moving? Yes, he was talking about moving.
2. Were he and his wife looking for a condo? No, he and his wife were not looking for a condo.
3. What was his wife hoping to nd? His wife was hoping to nd a house.
4. Where were they staying? They were staying in an apartment.
5. Why were they moving? They were moving because they were expecting a baby.
6. Who was helping them look for a house? Their family was helping them look for a house.
7. When were they hoping to move? They were hoping to move in July.
8. Where were they looking for a house? They were looking for a house in the suburbs.
9. Were they visiting new houses? Yes, they were visiting new houses.
10. Was he getting tired of the house hunt? No, he wasn’t getting tired of the house hunt.

PRACTISE
7 Afrmative of Regular Verbs Charts 4.2, 4.3
Write the verbs in the simple past. Check your spelling. Complete additional
cried exercises online to
Example: The twins (cry) a lot.
practise the simple past
and past progressive.
Twins
1. Geneticists (study) studied 1
a group of identical twins for many years.
Even if adopted twins (live) lived 2

in different families, they played the same
sports and (enjoy) enjoyed 3

the same food. Scientists (try) tried 4
to nd differences between identical twins. They (listen) listened 5

to
many accounts from twins and (conclude) concluded 6

that they (remain)
remained 7
surprisingly similar even if they did not grow up together.
2. Two Canadian couples (adopt) adopted 8

two young Chinese girls. They
thought that they looked like sisters, but the orphanage said that the girls were not
related. A strange thing (happen) happened 9

. The couples kept in touch and
(discover) discovered 10
over time that the girls had many similarities and must
be twins. The families (start) started 11

to visit each other so that the
girls (become) became 12

good friends.
8 Pronunciation of -ed Chart 4.4
Write the following regular verbs in the simple past. Then write t, d, or id to describe the
pronunciation of the -ed. Practise saying the verbs.
Example: apply applied d 1. drop dropped t 2. open opened d
3. hunt hunted id 4. need needed id 5. wish wished t
9 Used To
Complete the sentence with used to and the verbs from the word box.
Example: People used to grow their own food.
buy grow keep save visit Use used to + the base

form of the verb to talk
1. People used to keep animals like chickens, pigs, and geese in their gardens. about past habits.
2. They used to buy fabric to make clothes for their family. I used to practise piano
every day when I was a
3. They used to visit special shops like the butcher’s and greengrocer’s. child. (I don’t practise
piano every day now.)
4. They didn’t have bank accounts; people used to save their money in a tin box.

10 Afrmative of Irregular Verbs Charts 4.5, 4.7, appendix 7
Complete the text with the correct afrmative form of the simple past.
Example: Brunelle (take) took photos of look-alikes.
Look-Alikes
Montréal photographer François Brunelle, who (begin) began 1
his career in 1968 at the age of
18, (have) had 2

a great idea. He (undertake) undertook 3
a study of look-alikes. He (seek)
sought 4
people who looked alike but (be) were 5
not related
for his project I’m Not a Look-Alike! His aim (be) was 6
to collect 200
photos from people around the world. There (be) were 7

look-alikes
who were complete strangers and his project (bring) brought 8

them
together. Some people (nd) found 9

each other on social networks
or through friends who (think) thought 10

they looked like somebody
else the friend (know) knew 11

. It (be) was 12
also really
fascinating to discover that look-alikes often (have) had 13

the
same personality traits. They (eat) ate 14

the same food, (wear)
wore 15
similar clothes, (keep) kept 16
the same pets, and
sometimes even (give) gave 17

their pets the same names. I wonder
if François (meet) met 18

someone who looked like him!
11 Negative of Regular and Irregular Verbs Charts 4.2, 4.7
Write each underlined verb in the negative. Use the contracted form.
Example: Heredity played a big role in her life. didn’t play
1. My older sister and I had a great relationship when we were young. didn’t have
2. We spent a lot of time playing in the backyard. didn’t spend
3. My brother talked a lot. didn’t talk
4. Our parents were very understanding. weren’t
5. Playing sports made me aggressive toward my siblings. didn’t make
6. I fought with my younger siblings. didn’t ght
7. Birth order shaped our personalities. didn’t shape
8. There were many children in the neighbourhood. weren’t

12 Yes / No Questions with Regular and Irregular Verbs Charts 4.2, 4.7
Change each sentence to a yes / no question.
Example: Karen loved growing up in a stable family.

Did Karen love growing up in a stable family?
1. Milos hated his life in a dysfunctional family when he was young.
Did Milos hate his life in a dysfunctional family when he was young?
2. His parents immigrated to Canada.
Did his parents immigrate to Canada?
3. He acknowledged that he had a bad relationship with them in his youth.
Did he acknowledge that he had a bad relationship with them in his youth?
4. His home environment affected his personality.
Did his home environment affect his personality?
5. Milos was the most introverted child in his family.
Was Milos the most introverted child in his family?
6. There were studies conrming that birth order denes a child’s personality.
Were there studies conrming that birth order denes a child’s personality?
13 Information Questions with Regular and Irregular Verbs Charts 4.6, 4.7
Write an information question to match the information in bold.
Example: My mother showed me her family tree. Who showed you her family tree?
1. I asked my grandmother to explain our family tree.
Who did you ask to explain your family tree?
2. My mother’s side of the family came from Germany.
Where did your mother’s side of the family come from?
3. My father’s great-grandparents escaped the potato famine in Ireland.
Who escaped the potato famine in Ireland?
4. My family wanted to come to Canada to have a better life.
Why did your family want to come to Canada?
5. The cold weather was difcult for us.
What was difcult for you?
6. It took me a few years to learn French.
How long did it take you to learn French?

14 Mixed Simple Past Charts 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7
Read the text and underline all the verbs in the simple past. Then write the questions or
answers below in the simple past, using information from the text.
Example: The term southpaw originally came from the American sport of baseball.
Southpaws
The term southpaw originally came from the American sport of baseball. It was
the name coaches gave to a left-handed pitcher. Sandy Koufax was one of the best
known. His fans called him “the left hand of God.” Many famous people in other
elds were also left-handed.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was a left-handed genius who drew, painted,
sculpted, wrote music and poetry, dissected cadavers, and still found time to
design underwater diving suits and invent futuristic machines. Albert Einstein
(1879–1955) revolutionized the way scientists used to view the cosmos.
Da Vinci led a amboyant life; Einstein was more solitary. A sixteenth-century
biographer described da Vinci as a “sparkling conversationalist.” Einstein, on the
other hand, was very shy. As a child he didn’t even communicate with his parents.
Although they had such different personalities, the two men shared a passion:
they loved to watch owing water. Did this fascination with the varying moods
of water inuence their natural creative abilities? Was water a source of creative
energy for them? Da Vinci became obsessed with ood waters; Einstein saw the
fabric of the universe in the calm waters of a lake. These southpaws enriched our
lives with their passion for the natural world.
Question Answer
1. Where did the name southpaw come from? It came from the American sport of baseball.
2. Who did coaches call a southpaw? Coaches called a left-handed pitcher a southpaw.
3. Was da Vinci’s life quiet like Einstein’s? No, it wasn’t quiet like Einstein’s. Da Vinci’s life was
amboyant.
4. What did the two men have in common? They loved to watch water.
5. Who became obsessed with ood waters? Da Vinci became obsessed with ood waters.

15 Past Progressive Afrmative and Negative Chart 4.8
Complete the text with the past progressive form of the verbs in parentheses.
Example: I (concentrate, negative) was not (wasn’t) concentrating in class.
Nature or Nurture
I admit that I (pay, negative) was not (wasn’t) paying 1
attention when
my teacher (try) was trying 2

to explain the connection
between genetics and personality. Most of my classmates (write, furiously)

were furiously writing 3
notes on their tablets. Imagine my horror
when the teacher announced that we had to write a six-page report about it!
While I (surf) was surng 4

the Internet in class, I (behave,
negative) was not (wasn’t) behaving 5

like a smart student. Other students
(plan, already) were already planning 6

their reports while I (nish)
was nishing 7
my post on Facebook. My friends (laugh)
were laughing 8
at me because I had a look of panic on my face.
They (joke) were joking 9

about it and because they (make)
were making 10
so much noise, the teacher started to walk toward
me. As he (get) was getting 11

close, I began to feel embarrassed.
Slowly my face (turn) was turning 12

an uncomfortable shade of
red. Needless to say, my report on nature or nurture didn’t get a good grade!
16 Questions in the Past Progressive Chart 4.9

Refer to unit 1,
Write three yes / no and three information questions in the past progressive, using the chart 1.13, page 6,
text “Nature or Nurture.” to review the list
of verbs rarely
Example: Were you paying attention? When weren’t you paying attention? used in the present
progressive.
Yes / No Questions Answers will vary.
1.
2.
3.
Information Questions
4.
5.
6.

17 Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive Chart 4.1
Complete each sentence with the correct past form of the verbs.
Example: As I (walk) was walking to the metro, the snow (start) started to fall.
1. I (swim) was swimming while Nathan (lift) was lifting weights in the gym.
2. When I (be) was a child, I (like, negative) didn’t like to eat vegetables.
3. As we (get off) were getting off the bus, it (start) started to rain.
4. In 2011 we (travel) travelled around Europe.
5. A year ago some students (take) took their spring-break vacation in Greece.
6. At 6:00 a.m. I (sleep) was sleeping . I (prepare, negative) wasn’t preparing my breakfast.
7. (you, be) Were you at the concert last Monday or (stay, you) did you stay home?
8. (what, you, do) What were you doing at 7:30 p.m. while Patti (write) was writing her term paper?
9. (they, see) Did they see Man of Steel last month?
10. (have, you) Did you have enough money for your tuition last year?
18 Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive Questions Charts 4.2, 4.6, 4.7, 4.9
Complete the conversation by writing questions to match the information in bold.
Example: Interviewer: Where did you see our ad?

Nick: I saw your ad on the company’s website.
Interviewer: Good morning, Mr. Carter. Welcome to Dynamic Deals. Can I call you Nick?
Nick: Sure, no problem. Thanks for seeing me. I hope I t the bill for the manager’s job.
Interviewer: Nick, I’m curious. Why did you choose to dress casually for this interview?
Nick: I chose to dress casually for this interview because it was appropriate to the company’s orientation.
Interviewer: Did you think that a T-shirt and jeans seemed dynamic?
Nick: Yes, I thought that a T-shirt and jeans seemed dynamic. I was ironing my shirt when
I thought about it.
Interviewer: So, you were ironing your shirt? Were you planning to wear a suit and tie for the interview?
Nick: Yes, rst I was planning to wear a suit and tie for the interview. Then I changed my mind.
Interviewer: Why did you want to dress formally?
Nick: I wanted to dress formally because I was applying for a job as a manager. Do not confuse the past
participle -ed ending with
Interviewer: What changed your mind?
the simple past. Past
Nick: The picture in the ad changed my mind; it showed casually-dressed condent participles are often
young people. used as adjectives.
I handed her the cup. She
Interviewer: I guess the T-shirt does reect your condent personality. That’s the type of
is left-handed.
manager we are looking for. Welcome to Dynamic Deals, Nick!

19 Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive Spelling Charts 1.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7, appendix 7
Underline the correct spelling of each verb.
Example: The twins possesed / possessed different personalities.
1
1. I recently read / red an article stating that identical twins, who share the same genetic
code, are inuenced by more than their genes and their environment. The author was
2 3
puting / putting forward the idea that other factors were playing/ playying a role
between nature and nurture. Researchers found that identical twins didn’t always have
identical personalities, behaviour, or IQs.

4
2. Often, even when twins were shareing / sharing the same home and living under the
5
same conditions, researchers founded / found differences in character: one twin was
shy and the other was outgoing, or one was aggressive and the other calm. In many
6
cases, the twins didn’t always enjoie / enjoy the same pastimes. In their report, the
7
researchers conclueded / concluded that many identical twins were not really identical.
3. Although identical twins have the same eye and hair colour, other traits vary. Researchers
8
saw cases where one twin was developing / developping faster than the other at puberty;
9
one was tall and the other short. The twins’ hormones were / where acting differently
10
and the children weren’t / were’nt maturing with identical physical traits. It is clear
that other factors affect twins’ development—something other than nature (genes) and
nurture (environment). Researchers are still trying to discover what these factors are.
20 Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive Chart 4.1
Write three sentences with the simple past and the past progressive, using the information below. Use the
keywords as, while, and when to describe what two people were doing at the same time.
Example: While Todd was reading a book in the living room, Naomi was texting her boss.
Dan Todd Naomi and Jack Ashley and Karl Eric
spin type study for revise for try on
on a cycle a term paper a math quiz an English exam jeans and shoes
at the gym in his room in the library in the coffee shop at the mall
1. Answers will vary.
2.
3.

SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
Read the categories of things that may have entertained you and your classmates when you
were younger. Write different types of questions in the simple past and past progressive to
ask a classmate about each category. Then ask a classmate the questions.
Category Question
Example: Playing cards Did you play cards when you were young?
1. Cartoons
2. TV shows
3. Comic movies
4. Favourite comedian
5. Funny things that happened to you
6. Activities you did
7. Embarrassing situations
8. Funny stories about your family
WRITING
Write a short text that describes what entertained you and your family when you were younger.
Use the appropriate past tense and keywords.
Example: When I was young, my family went to the beach in the summer. We played
ball in the water and we made sandcastles. One day I was making a sandcastle on the
beach when a big wave washed it away. I began to cry and I shouted at the waves. My family
thought it was very funny.

REVIEW
A Simple Past
Complete the text with the verbs in the simple past.
Laughter Is the Best Medicine

was 1
In the mid-1800s Mark Twain, the author of Huckleberry Finn, (is)
wrote 2
the funniest man in the world. Twain (writes) books and (travel)
travelled 3
all over the United States making people laugh. With the arrival of
was 4
black-and-white silent movies, it (is) the turn of Charlie Chaplin to bring
laughter to the crowds. In the 1950s, with television in most people’s homes, comedy
became 5
shows (become) popular. More recently, Russell Peters from Toronto,
Samir Khullar (Sugar Sammy) from Montréal, and Shaun Majumder from
brought 6
Newfoundland and Labrador all (bring) the immigrant experience to
Canadian audiences. Their tales of life as the children of immigrants (open) opened 7
channels of communication in multicultural Canada. The differences between their
Indian background and their lives as Canadian children (lead) led 8

to hilarious
made 9 shared 10
situations. They (make) many people laugh as they (share)
their funny personal stories with other Canadians.
B Past Progressive
Look at last weekend’s schedule and use the past progressive to describe what was happening for each time slot.
College Talent Contest Answer
9:00 p.m. Jake sings. 1. Jake was singing.
9:15 p.m. Claudia and Jose perform a Latino 2. Claudia and Jose were performing a Latino dance
dance routine. routine.
9:30 p.m. Shawn and Cheryl lead a Caribbean 3. Shawn and Cheryl were leading a Caribbean samba
samba troupe. troupe.
9:45 p.m. Mario juggles and does magic tricks. 4. Mario was juggling and doing magic tricks.
10:00 p.m. Sammy Soulman raps. 5. Sammy Soulman was rapping.

C Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive
Complete the text with the simple past or past progressive.
Irish Roots
The Saint Patrick’s Day parade takes place every March in Montréal. I knew that the parade (be) was 1
very popular with Québec people, but I (realize, negative) didn’t realize 2
why. (know, you, yes / no
question) Did you know 3

that over 40% of Quebeckers have Irish roots? As I (get) was getting 4
ready for the important day, I (decide) decided 5

to go on the Internet to do some research.
An old Irish proverb says that Laughter is brightest where food is best. Unfortunately, the Irish (be able to,
negative) were not able to laugh with no food in their bellies. The Irish famine (start) started
6 7
in the mid-1840s. Many peasants (leave) left 8

for North America by boat with the hope of
a better life. People (die) died 9

on the difcult journey, leaving many children orphans. Québec
families adopted these orphans and some (tell) told 10

them that they could keep their Irish
family names. As I read, I understood why March 17 is a special day for Quebeckers. If your family name is
Kennedy, Mulcair, or Mulroney, your Irish eyes are smiling!
Edit It! Underline the verb error in each sentence. Write the word or words correctly.
1. As I was getting off the bus, I was dropping my cellphone. dropped
2. Just as she was leaving, she was hearing her dog bark. heard
3. While Amy was shoping, someone stole her purse. shopping
4. He wasn’t paid attention while I was speaking. paying
5. They were recording the interview when he suddenly was collapsing. collapsed
6. Kyle met Cassie while he was worked in New York. working
7. As we driving along the shore, we saw the boat. were driving
8. I was riding my bike when I hit a bump and was falling off. fell
9. While I was studing, Vanessa phoned me about the assignment. studying
10. At 10:00 p.m. last night we were partying and have fun. having

5
UNIT
Future
Next year I will travel the world. I am

going to visit places I can currently only
dream about.
Last year Yesterday Today Tomorrow Next year
FUNCTION AND FORM
5.1 Will and Be Going To

Form Use Example
Will and For a denite fact in the future The sun will / is going to set later this evening.
Be going to For a prediction It will probably rain. It is probably going to rain.
Will For a spontaneous decision at the I’m going that way so I will give you a ride.
moment of speaking
For a promise or an offer to do He will help you to pack for your trip.
something in the future
Be going to For an action that is planned I am going to take the bus to visit my friends tomorrow.
for the future
Keywords
soon, later, tomorrow, in two days, next week . . .
1 Underline the future form in the sentences and circle the keywords. Give the
reason the verb form is used.
To introduce your
1. We are going to explore the jungle next year. assumptions or guesses
about the future, use a
It expresses an action that is planned for the future.
main verb like believe,
2. It’s time for my diving lesson. I will get my equipment ready right away. suppose, think, expect,
hope, and know in the
It expresses a spontaneous decision at the moment of speaking. simple present. Put the
verb in the rest of the
3. It will snow tomorrow, so our snowshoe hike will be fun.
sentence in the future.
It expresses a prediction.
I think (that) I will /
4. I will take you to the airport next week if you want. am going to work this
summer.
It expresses an offer to do something in the future.
UNIT 5 Future 51
Future with Will
Do not use to with the Subject Will Base form Subject Will + not Base form
base verb. of verb of verb
He will to meet me I / He / She / It I / He / She / It will not

will
tomorrow. wait. wait.
We / You / They (’ll) (won’t)
We / You / They
2 Write the correct afrmative or negative form of the future with will.
1. On this eco-adventure we (get) will (’ll) get closer to nature.
2. No, I (take, negative) will not (won’t) take too many risks scuba diving.
3. I (climb) will (’ll) climb to the top of Machu Picchu with you.
4. We (dig, negative) will not (won’t) dig ditches in an African village.
5. Later I (spend) will (’ll) spend some time sunbathing on the beach.
5.3 Questions
Will Subject Base form Question Will Subject Base form
of verb word of verb
I When he arrive?
Will he / she / it wait? What will they do?
we / you / they How you pay?
3 Complete each question with will and the words in parentheses. Then answer
the yes / no questions with a short answer.
To give a short answer
to a yes / no question, 1. Will you buy equipment for your trip? (you, buy)
use will or won’t without
No, I won’t .
the main verb.
Will she travel by plane? 2. Will Maya like swimming with sharks? (Maya, like)
Yes, she will. / No, she
won’t. Yes, she will .
3. When (we, take) will we take our vacation?
4. How will he reduce his travel costs? (how, he, reduce)
52 UNIT 5 Future
Future with Be Going To
Subject Verb Going to Base form Subject Verb be + not Going to Base form
be of verb of verb
I am am not
I
(’m) (’m not)
He / She / It is is not
going to change. He / She / It going to change.
(’s) (’s not / isn’t)
We / You / They are are not

We / You / They
(’re) (’re not / aren’t)
4 Write the correct afrmative or negative form of the future with be going to.
1. Next year my school (offer) is going to offer a trip to Senegal. Never use gonna in formal
2. No, they (paraglide) are not going to paraglide in Nepal. It is too risky. writing and speech.
Always use going to.
3. Adventure travel (change) is going to change her life.
I’m going to take my
4. No, I (push) am not going to push myself to the limits. iPod. (I’m gonna take
my iPod.)
5. I’m sure the volunteers (make) are going to make a difference.
5.5 Questions
Verb be Subject Going Base form Question Verb be Subject Going Base form
to of verb word to of verb
Am I When am I arrive?
going going
Is he / she / it wait? What is he/she/it do?
to to
Are we / you / they Where are we/you/they stay?
5 Complete each question with be going to and the words in parentheses. Then
answer the yes / no questions with a short answer.
1. Are you going to take it easy this summer? (take, you)
Yes, I am . To give a short answer
Is she going to travel to a yes / no question,
2. light this time? (travel, she)
use the verb be.
No, she isn’t . Is she going to travel by
3. Where (stay, he) is he going to stay next month? plane ? Yes, she is. / No,
she isn’t.
4. Why (volunteer, they) are they going to volunteer in Haiti?
UNIT 5 Future 53
Other Future Forms
5.6 Present Tenses
Use the present tense to indicate events in the near future.
Verb Form Use Example

Simple Use with a time marker for a denite future The fundraiser starts at eight this evening.
present event or arrangement (arrivals, departures, The plane leaves at 3:00 p.m.
opening hours, schedules)
The store opens at 10 a.m.
Present For denite plans in the near future She is leaving for South Africa tonight.
progressive I am starting my vacation tomorrow.
6 Complete each sentence with the appropriate present tense of the verb in
Refer to unit 1 to parentheses to indicate the future.
review the question
form in the present 1. We (go) are going for a swim this afternoon.
tenses.
2. The cruise ship (leave) leaves at 2:00 p.m.
3. Are you starting to pack for your trip tonight? (you, start)
4. What time (begin) does the movie begin ?
5.7 Time Clauses

Use the simple present tense in time clauses in sentences that indicate the future.
With Will With Be Going To
A clause is a group of As soon as I arrive, I will unpack my Before she calls the hotel, she is going
words that adds suitcase. to check her plane ticket.
information to a I will nd a job once I return from my Tara is going to go to the tourist ofce
sentence and trip. when she gets news from you.
includes a verb.
Keywords
as, as soon as, before, no sooner than, once, until, when . . .
7 Underline the keyword in each sentence. Write the verbs in the correct tense.
1. As soon as I (reach) reach my destination, I (start) will start
to look for a hotel.
2. When I (start) start to travel, I (give) will give you a call!
3. Once I (nish) nish my research, I (make) will make a list of

must-see attractions.
4. I (check) am going to check my bank account before I (surf) surf

the Net for travel deals.
54 UNIT 5 Future
PRACTISE
8 Afrmative / Negative with Will Chart 5.2
Write the afrmative or negative form of the future with will.

Complete additional
Example: The Curiosity Rover (take) will take black-and-white and colour photographs. exercises online to
practise the future forms.
1. NASA (try) will try to land a specially designed airplane on Mars.
2. NASA’s Mars Exploration Program (design) will design a plane to

go to Mars.
3. The airplane (have, negative) will not / won’t have human pilots.
4. The Curiosity Rover (remain) will remain our robotic photographer on

the Martian surface.
5. It (stop, negative) will not / won’t stop taking photos because it has 17 cameras.
9 Questions with Will Chart 5.3
Write a yes / no question or an information question to match the information in bold.
Example: Yes, Nina will get a good job. Will Nina get a good job ?
1. Yes, she will relocate if the job is great. Will she relocate if the job is great ?
2. She will do research work. What (work) will she do ?
3. Nina will live in an apartment. Where will Nina live ?
4. Of course she will expect a high salary. Will she expect a high salary ?
5. She’ll get a good job because she’s smart. Why will she get a good job ?
10 Afrmative / Negative with Be Going To Chart 5.4
Write sentences for each prompt with be going to in the afrmative and negative forms.
Example: When I travel, I am going to nd a place to live. I am not going to sleep in youth hostels.
1. When I nish CEGEP, Answers will vary.
2. When I get a good job,
3. When I go on vacation,
4. When I pack my suitcase,
UNIT 5 Future 55
11 Questions with Be Going To Chart 5.5
Read about three cities. Write ve questions with be going to to ask a tourist agent about the destinations.
New York Hong Kong London
New York, the city that never Spend your time in Hong Kong Some people say that London is
sleeps, is probably the busiest city visiting the city’s attractions. View more romantic than Paris with
in North America. There are many the spectacular harbour from its thousand-year-old Tower of
must-see sites to visit by bus, bike, the Avenue of Stars. Walk on the London and vast beautiful parks.
boat, or on foot in this beautiful waterfront, go to one of the many In the very heart of the city, lovers
city. Sail past the Statue of Liberty, themed amusement parks, or stroll can row a boat on the Serpentine
cycle in the city and Central Park, through the Ladies’ Market for in Hyde Park, stroll among the
or enjoy a private shopping tour a special souvenir. Discover the pigeons in Trafalgar Square, take
of Manhattan. Also known as the people and places that made this a boat ride on the River Thames,
Big Apple, New York is a hub of city what it is today. Hike mountain or visit a world-class museum.
activity 24 hours a day. If you’re trails, take a guided tour, or walk Admire the sparkling Crown
tired of walking, the best way to by yourself though the historical Jewels in the Tower of London
get around is by bus, subway, or streets of this fabulous city. or discover the unusual modern
one of the famous yellow taxis. buildings of this energetic city.
Example: New York: How am I going to leave the airport? Am I going to take a yellow taxi?
1. Answers will vary.
2.
3.
4.
5.
12 Will and Be Going To Chart 5.1
Change the future form from will to be going to, or from be going to to will.
Will Be Going To
Example: I will see her tomorrow morning. I am (I’m) going to see her tomorrow morning.
1. The shuttle bus will take us to the airport. The shuttle bus is going to take us to the airport.
2. It will be hot and humid tomorrow. It is going to be hot and humid tomorrow.
3. They’ll take a cookery course in India. They are going to take a cookery course in India.
4. The tourists will arrive at the hotel tonight. The tourists are going to arrive at the hotel tonight.
5. It will take a long time to repair the bridge. It is going to take a long time to repair the bridge.
56 UNIT 5 Future
13 Future Using the Present Tenses Chart 5.6
Complete the paragraph with the correct simple present or present progressive form of the verbs.
Example: Susie (leave) is leaving this evening for Korea.
Korean Cuisine
takes off 1 wants 2
Her plane (take off) at 9:40 p.m. She (want)
to get a taxi at 6:00 p.m. There’s a shuttle service from downtown, but it (stop)
stops 3 am meeting 4
at several places on the way. I (meet) her at
lands 5
the airport. It’s a long journey to Korea and her plane (land) at
is spending 6
11:45 p.m. Korean time. She (spending) four months in Korea
is learning 7
because she (learn) to cook Korean food. When she (get back)
gets back 8 hopes 9
, she (hope) to open an Asian restaurant in
am looking 10
her hometown. I (look) forward to tasting her delicious kim chi.
14 Mixed Verbs in the Future Charts 5.1, 5.6
Complete the conversation with the appropriate form to express the future: will, be going to, the simple
present, or the present progressive. Use contractions where appropriate. Write the reason you chose the form.
Example: Jon: What (do, you) are you going to do this weekend?
Reason: Use be going to for an action that is planned for the future.
Amélie: I (see) ’m going to see a movie premiere. I visited the set in Los Angeles last summer.
Reason: Use be going to for an action that is planned for the future.
Jon: Right. You mean that new movie everyone is talking about? I think it (be) ‘ll be / ‘s going to be fascinating.
Reason: Use will or be going to for predictions.
Amélie: Are you coming with me? (come, you)
Reason: Use the present progressive for an action in the near future.
Jon: I (check) ’ll check my agenda. It sounds interesting.
Reason: Use will for a spontaneous decision at the moment of speaking.
Jon: What time (start) does it start ?
Reason: Use the simple present for a scheduled event in the future.
Amélie: It (start) starts at 7:00 p.m.
Reason: Use the simple present for a scheduled event in the future.
Amélie: I (pick) ‘ll pick you up at 6:30 p.m.
Reason: Use will for a promise or offer to do something in the future.
UNIT 5 Future 57
SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
Read about the two package deals proposed by a travel agent. With a classmate,
discuss which one you will choose. Give your reasons. Use the future forms as
much as you can.
Destination 1: Easter Island Destination 2: Seychelles
More than 3 000 kilometres from the coast of Chile These islands in the Indian Ocean are waiting to
in the Pacic Ocean, Easter Island has many natural welcome you to the vacation of a lifetime. On your
wonders. On your rst day you will visit the small but rst day you will sail out into the ocean for a day of
interesting anthropological museum that introduces shing and snorkelling. The next morning you will
you to the geology and wildlife of the island. Here explore one of the world’s top scuba-diving sites
you will also learn about the culture that built the with professional guides. During your third day
moai. Later, as you look up at these 1 500-year-old you will have plenty of time to relax and soak up
volcanic statues, you will be fascinated to learn about the sun on one of the many beaches. The natural
the mysteries of Rapa Nui island. The next day you beauty of the Seychelles will leave you with vivid
will visit Poike volcano and share tasty local food memories of a tropical paradise.
with your fellow travellers.
WRITING
You want to take a gap year. What will you do? Where will you go? Write about two possible
activities: for example, community work and travel. Explain how you will nd information
about what you want to do. Use future verb forms and appropriate keywords.
Example: I will take a gap year before starting to work full time next year. First, I am
going to visit Thailand. Then I will go to Cambodia and work in schools to help
children learn English. This weekend I will see a travel agent to help me plan my trip.
58 UNIT 5 Future
REVIEW
A Mixed Verbs
Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses to express the
future. Then answer the questions below.
Wingsuit Woman
Soon my friend Alison (try, will) will try 1
her rst jump in
a wingsuit. Although she is an accomplished skydiver, she must have 200 jumps
before she can jump in a wingsuit. She (be able to, will, negative contracted form)
won’t be able to 2
jump until she can prove that she is ready. As soon as
nishes 3
Alison (nish, simple present) training next month, she
will attempt 4
(attempt, will) her rst jump. She looks like a superhero
because the wingsuit has extra fabric under the arms and between the legs and
will certainly be 5
is brightly coloured and shiny. She (be, certainly, will) a
Superwoman look-alike when she jumps!
has 6
When she (have, simple present) more experience,
is going to plan 7
she (plan, be going to) a trip to jump over the Nazca Lines
is starting 8
in Peru. Next month she (start, present progressive) a
demanding tness course. Travel and wingsuit ying are expensive pastimes, so
will not have 9

she (have, negative, will) a lot of money to pay for
accommodation. She and her friend Kim (be going to, leave)
are going to leave 10

the comfort zone of their Canadian student lifestyle and
live in a poor Peruvian village to help local people build a new school.
1. How many jumps will Alison need before jumping in a wingsuit?

She will need 200 jumps before jumping in a wingsuit.
2. When will she try her rst jump?

She will try her rst jump next month.
3. Where is she planning to jump when she has more experience?

She is planning to jump over the Nazca Lines in Peru.
UNIT 5 Future 59
B Questions with Will and Be Going To
Write a question to match the information in bold.
Answer Question
1. No, I am not going to take risks. Are you going to take risks?
2. Yes, he will require access to email. Will he require access to email?
3. They are going to stay in a small village. Where are they going to stay?
4. Sam is going to sleep in a tent in the wild. Who is going to sleep in a tent in the wild?
5. No, I won’t rent a car. Will you rent a car?
6. They are leaving on June 30. When are they leaving?
7. Yes, Vicky will travel alone. Will Vicky travel alone?
8. I’m taking my mp3 player with me. What are you taking with you?
9. Yes, I will sleep on someone’s sofa. Will you sleep on someone’s sofa?
10. I am going to hit the hay. What are you going to do?
Edit It! Find and correct the 10 verb, spelling, and word-order
errors.
Smooth Sailing
We are standing in the airport lobby ready to leave on our trip of a
leaves
lifetime. According to the schedule, the plane leave at 10:00 p.m. It
will be
be a rewarding experience for all of us. More and more Canadians
volunteering to push
like us are volunteer around the world. We’re going push
the boundaries and face many challenges. My friends and I are going to
realize are going
realized our travel dreams. I hope we going to be in good hands when
will be
we get to Ecuador. I hope our guide will really knowledgeable and help
won’t
us to get to know the people. I hope we wont be homesick while we’re
cross
overseas. As I told my friends, we will crossed that bridge when we
be
come to it! I am condent that everything will to be smooth sailing.
60 UNIT 5 Future
6
UNIT
Adjectives and
Adverbs
Someone’s first impression of you is
almost impossible to change.
FUNCTION AND FORM
Adjectives
Adjectives are used to give extra information about nouns and pronouns.
6.1 Form and Position

Adjective Rule Example
Form • Always singular, even if the noun is plural Jason creates beautifuls beautiful sculptures.
• Has the same form for masculine and He / She is patient.
feminine pronouns
Position • Usually placed before nouns but He sculpts amazing statues.

follows verbs like appear, be, become, feel, His sculptures are impressive.
get, look, and seem
Type and Order

When we use two or more types of adjectives, they follow a specic order.
Quantity Size Quality Age Shape Colour Origin Material

a lot of large beautiful antique diagonal blue Chinese brick
many small interesting old at dark red Italian marble
two tall ugly young round yellow Québécois wooden
1 Write the sentence correctly.
1. Stereotypes are harmfuls. Stereotypes are harmful.

Adjectives formed using
2. She has a face beautiful. She has a beautiful face. the present (-ing ) and
past (-ed) participles
3. Tina loves her little two cats. Tina loves her two little cats. have different
meanings.
4. Women prefer good-looking tall men. Women prefer tall, good-looking men.
UNIT 6 Adjectives and Adverbs 61

6.2 Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality
Form Function Example
Comparative Compares two people, groups, A tiger is stronger than a cheetah
or things and weaker than an elephant.
A tiger is more powerful than a
lion and less agile than a cheetah.
Superlative Compares more than two Tigers are the largest and the
people, groups, or things least friendly of all the cats.
Tigers have the most beautiful fur.
Equality Shows equal or similar status A Siberian tiger can be as large

between two people, groups, or as a Bengal tiger.
things
6.3 Comparative and Superlative Forms

Spelling Rule Adjective Comparative Superlative
One-syllable adjectives Add -er or -est. tall taller than the tallest
One-syllable adjectives ending with -e Add -r or -st. large larger than the largest
One-syllable adjectives ending Double the nal big bigger than the biggest
with a short vowel and a consonant and
consonant add -er or -est.
Two-syllable adjectives ending Change the -y to i funny funnier than the funniest
with a consonant + -y and add -er or -est.
Other adjectives with two or Add more / less exciting more exciting than the most exciting
more syllables or most / least less exciting than the least exciting
before the adjective.
Irregular adjectives bad worse than the worst

far farther / further than the farthest/furthest
fun more fun than the most fun
good better than the best
little less than the least
2 Complete each sentence with the correct form of the adjectives in parentheses
in the same order.
1. She is the tallest and funniest of the three sisters and is as

pretty as the other two. (tall, funny, pretty)
2. Sarah is tter than Leah and neater than Rachel, but she is
Use than to compare, the least organized. (t, neat, less)

not then. Use then to
mean next, before, or at 3. Her lifestyle is healthier and her nutrition is better than
that time.
her sisters’. (healthy, good)
62 UNIT 6 Adjectives and Adverbs

Adverbs
Adverbs add information about a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
6.4 Type, Function, and Position

Type Function Position Example
Degree Describes how Usually comes before the main almost, completely,
much / little verb but after the verb be extremely, really, too, very
something Martha completely ignored me.
happens
The water is very cold.
Usually comes before the
adjective or adverb
Teenagers sleep too late.
Frequency Describes how Usually comes before the main verb always, never, often,
often something He rarely arrives on time. once, recently, rarely,
happens sometimes, usually
He will rarely lie.
Manner Describes how Usually comes after the main verb badly, carefully, effectively,
something is He communicates effectively. fast, neatly, quickly, quietly,
done seriously, slowly, well
She speaks English slowly.
Time Describes when Usually comes at the beginning or nally, later, now, soon,
something end of the sentence today, tomorrow, tonight,
happens Yesterday I slept late. next / last week, next / last
month, yesterday
I’ll get up early tomorrow.
3 Write each sentence using the adverb in parentheses.
1. Janis is sensitive. (extremely) Adverbs ending in -ly

Janis is extremely sensitive. can come before the
main verb or after the
2. We are shooting a movie. (today) object.
John quickly ate his
Today we are shooting a movie. / We are shooting a movie today.
sandwich. John ate his
sandwich quickly.
3. Those teenagers speak. (loudly)
Those teenagers speak loudly.
4. I will judge a book by its cover. (never)

Never put an adverb
I will never judge a book by its cover. between a verb and the
direct object.
5. They want cute waitresses. (always) He answered always
They always want cute waitresses. the questions. He
always answered the
questions.

6.5 Adjectives to Adverbs
Change most adjectives to adverbs by adding -ly. A few adverbs never end in -ly.
Spelling Rule Adjective Adverb

Most adjectives Add -ly. nice nicely
beautiful beautifully
Adjectives ending Change the nal happy happily

with -y -y to i and add -ly. noisy noisily
Adjectives ending Change the nal gentle gently

with -le -le to -ly. understandable understandably
Adjectives ending Add -ally. domestic domestically

with -ic erratic erratically
Exceptions early, far, fast, early, far, fast, late, long,

late, long, good well
4 Complete each sentence with an adverb formed from the adjective

in parentheses.
1. The amateur dancer moved majestically across the stage. (majestic)
2. She smiled happily as she danced. (happy)
3. Her performance was simply magical. (simple)
4. The audience applauded enthusiastically . (enthusiastic)
5. She danced as gracefully as a professional dancer. (graceful)
6.6 Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality

Form of Adverb Formation Example Irregular Adverbs
Comparative For one-syllable adverbs: A turtle walks faster worse than

Add -er + than. than a snail. farther/further than
For adverbs with two or more syllables: more/less than
Add more / less + adverb + than. A turtle walks more better than
(Exception: early earlier) slowly than a duck.
Superlative For one-syllable adverbs: The sloth is the the worst

Add the + adverb + -est. slowest of all the farthest/furthest
animals. the most/least
For adverbs with two or more syllables: A horse moves the the best
Add the most / least + adverb. most gracefully of all.
Equality Use as + adverb + as. Turtles may walk as badly as

as calmly as as far as
porcupines. as much as
as well as

PRACTISE
5 Adjective Form and Position Chart 6.1
Write each sentence correctly.

Complete additional
Example: Josephine loves whites mice. Josephine loves white mice. exercises online to
1. He tired gets fast. He gets tired fast. practise adjectives and

adverbs.
2. I admire beautifuls paintings. I admire beautiful paintings.
3. Megan likes cats black. Megan likes black cats.
4. Ricky tired is today. Ricky is tired today.
5. Noah sings fantastics songs. Noah sings fantastic songs.
6 Order of Adjectives Chart 6.1
Write the sentence with the highlighted adjectives in the correct order. Add punctuation
where necessary.
Example: Mice are amusing / small pets. Mice are small amusing pets.
1. Chin Li seems to be an Asian / young / introverted student.
Chin Li seems to be an introverted, young Asian student.
2. Mark has young / huge / two / brown / aggressive dogs.

Mark has two huge, aggressive, young brown dogs.
3. Many large / international / well-known companies gave money.

Many large, well-known international companies gave money.
4. There are many / adventurous risk-takers.
There are many adventurous risk-takers.
7 Comparative, Superlative, and Equality Adjectives Charts 6.2, 6.3
Complete each sentence with the correct comparative, superlative, or equality form.
Example: Reading a book is (exciting) as exciting as watching a movie.
1. Getting to know someone slowly is the (sure) surest way to nd a

good partner.
2. Making a snap judgment is (bad) as bad as judging a book by its cover.
3. Parrots are supposed to be the (intelligent) most intelligent birds.
4. Crows are clever, too, but they’re not (interesting) as interesting as parrots
because they can’t talk.
5. Parrots are also (beautiful) more beautiful than crows.

8 Mixed Adjectives Chart 6.3
Underline the correct form of the adjectives. Look for clues in the sentences.
Example: Was Pinocchio the big / bigger / biggest liar of all time?
Fairy Tales
1. Do we have to believe everything we hear in fairy tales? Did Pinocchio really
1 2
grow a long / longer / longest , thin / thinner / thinnest nose when he told a lie? Is it possible
that a girl named Snow White lived with seven dwarves and was fooled by the
3
wicked / more wicked / most wicked stepmother in history? Was Little Red Riding Hood
4 5
smart / smarter / smartest and observant / more observant / most observant than a wolf
dressed up as her grandmother?

6
2. In less technological / least technological times than ours, people listened to folk tales
that warned them about the dangers of bad behaviour. Tales published in 1697 by Charles
7
Perrault in France served a much big / bigger / biggest purpose for society; they all ended
with a moral lesson. Little Red Riding Hood was a very disobedient / more disobedient / most
8
disobedient child and so deserved to be eaten by a wolf. The moral of the story was that
9
it is good / better / best to listen to good advice than to be independent / more independent /
10
most independent than other people and make a fatal decision.
9 Types of Adverbs and Adverb Position Chart 6.4
Underline the adverb in each sentence. Then write the sentences correctly.
Example: We will tomorrow pass a law on gay adoption.

Tomorrow we will pass a law on gay adoption. / We will pass a law on gay adoption tomorrow.
1. Lots of women in Western societies dress in pants usually to work.

Lots of women in Western societies usually dress in pants to work.
2. In some cultures men wear skirts traditionally or robes.
In some cultures men traditionally wear skirts or robes.
3. Clothes play generally an important role in forming a rst impression.
Clothes generally play an important role in forming a rst impression.
4. In the business world, dark-coloured clothes are a sign of stability often and trust.
In the business world, dark-coloured clothes are often a sign of stability and trust.
5. Gender discrimination in the workplace always is a problem.

Gender discrimination in the workplace is always a problem.

10 Comparative, Superlative, and Equality Adverbs Chart 6.6
Complete the text with the correct comparative, superlative, or equality form.
Example: Speak (soft) as softly as possible to children.
Communicating Effectively
It is a good idea to make eye contact with the people you are talking with, but don’t stare. People will
more comfortably 1
respond (comfortable) than usual if you look at everyone briey, rather than look at
more slowly 2
one person all the time. When someone has difculty understanding you, talk (slow)
more effectively 3
and use your hands (effective) than you normally do. When there are many
as clearly 4
people around you, remember to speak (clear) as possible. Listen (careful)
more carefully 5
than you usually do when in a crowd. Don’t make rapid gestures, but use hand
naturally 6
signals (natural) as as possible to convey a message. Following a few simple rules
will help us all communicate more effectively.
11 Adjective or Adverb Charts 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6
Complete the paragraph with adjectives (adj.) and adverbs (adv.).
Example: Comic books are (incredible, adv.) incredibly popular.
Every year lovers of comic books and science ction ock to the Comic-Con International convention in
huge 1
California to celebrate these genres. Canada has its own (huge, adj.) fan conventions.
biggest 2 ashiest 3
The (big, adj.) and (ashy, adj.) Canadian convention, Fan
Expo Canada, takes place in Toronto every year for four days before Labour Day. It is the (well-known, adj.)
most well-known 4
Canadian meeting place for lovers of science ction, a place where visitors (frequent,
frequently 5 wildly 6
adv.) arrive dressed in (wild, adv.)
spectacular outts to honour their favourite characters. Of course, Québec has its own
equally 7
(equal, adv.) famous three-day Montreal Comiccon every
September. In 2012 guests included Montréal pop icon William Shatner, Captain Kirk of
immensely 8
the (immense, adv.) celebrated Star Trek series. There is another
unfortunately 9
Canadian captain who is (unfortunate, adv.) not as (famous, adj.)
famous 10
as Captain Kirk. Comic hero Captain Canuck made his debut
strong 11
appearance in 1975. Captain Canuck is as (strong, adj.) as
faster 12
Superman and ies even (fast, adj.) than he does.

SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
Look at the photos below. With a classmate, discuss the following ideas. Use as many
adjectives and adverbs as possible. The verb prompts will help you get started.
I think . . .
• your rst impression of these people
I agree / disagree . . .
• what the photos tell you about their characters
I believe . . .
• what stereotypes you can nd in the photos It seems . . .
1 2 3 4 5
WRITING
Read the following statements and choose one. Decide if it conveys a stereotype or not
and justify your opinion. Write a short text, using at least ve adjectives and ve adverbs.
 Women are better bosses than men.  Men work harder than women.
 Life is easier as a man than as a woman.  There are jobs that are more suitable for men
than for women.
 As parents, men are as patient as women.
Example: Female nurses are better than male nurses.

I think that men are capable of being nurses and can do the job as well as women.
Traditionally, only women were nurses because of their caring status as wives and
mothers. Modern society is changing rapidly. For example, men are often more
involved with raising their children than they used to be. Male nurses are denitely
as good as female nurses.

REVIEW
A Adjectives
Write the correct comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives in parentheses.
Smart Impressions
How do you feel about owning a smartphone? Was your rst impression (favourable)
more favourable 1
than it is today? Smartphone users’ rst reaction to the
latest 2
(late) version on the mobile market was very positive. The
easier 3
instant access to the Internet makes it (easy) than with
earlier versions to get rst-hand information for school, work, and other areas of life.
thinner 4
A smartphone is (thin) and (light)
lighter 5
than previous mobile devices and has a cool variety of apps
for all your needs. The quality of photos from the full HD display camera is (good)
better 6
than from an older phone. Because users’ attitudes are
more positive 7
(positive) to this phone than to any other type, they don’t
more negative 8
focus on the (negative) aspects. Even though a
trendier 9
smartphone is expensive, users enjoy its (trendy) look and
handier 10
vote it (handy) than the original cellphones.
B Adverbs
Write the comparative, superlative, or equality form of the adverb formed from each
adjective in parentheses.
Attitude or Ability?
most highly 1
In the past the (high) qualied person for the job used
most impressively 2
to be the one with the (impressive) long list of academic
diplomas. Nowadays many employers are looking for the candidate who expresses
more positively 3
himself or herself (positive) than someone who may have
more skilfully 4
a better brain. A person who presents arguments (skilful)

well 5
than someone who speaks less (good) will usually get the
more highly 6
job. Interestingly, ability is not always (high) prized than
attitude. Signs of anger or depression are among the (common)
most commonly 7
mentioned reasons a candidate did not get a job. Behaving
naturally 8 positively 9
as (natural) and as (positive)
best 10
as you can is the (good) possible way to make that rst
impression!
C Adjectives and Adverbs

Underline the correct adjective or adverb form.
1. Good grooming is usually / usually is the key to creating a good rst impression.
2. It is true that employers are looking for neats / neat candidates who look smart.
3. I suggest that you always look / look always as carefully groomed as possible.
4. Hair clean / Clean hair gives a healthy impression.
5. Clean and manicure your nails as meticulous / as meticulously as possible.
Edit It! Underline and correct the 12 adjective and adverb errors.
Beauty Is Only Skin Deep

prettier better
My best friend has a prettyer face than mine, so everybody thinks her character must be gooder
more relaxed laziest
than mine. I know that she has a relaxeder time at school than the rest of us. She is the lazyest
student in our group but everybody wants to help her with her assignments. Her attractive face
social always gets
gives her many socials advantages. She gets always invitations to parties. She sits back and lets
easiest
others do the hard work for her so she has the easyest ride! I spend hours studying and she gets
higher endlessly
more high grades than me. I stay in my room to study while she parties endless. She has a
highly
part-time job. Her co-workers think she is the most high intelligent member of staff, so they
bigger denitely rewarding
listen to what she has to say. She gets biger tips, too. Pretty faces are rewarding denitely!

7
UNIT
Present Perfect
We have been friends since kindergarten.
Past Now Future
FUNCTION AND FORM
7.1 Present Perfect

Use Example
For actions that started in the past and I have loved her since the rst time we met.
continue in the present
For actions that happened recently or They have just nished making their nal wedding plans.
at an unspecied time in the past We have chosen a catering rm for our wedding reception.
(The time is not mentioned.)
For actions that happened at least once in He has phoned me twice this week.
the past and could happen again in a time
period that is not yet completed
Keywords
already, ever, for, just, lately, never, often, recently, several times, since, so far, still, yet . . .
1 Underline each verb in the present perfect. Then write the reason it is used.
1. She has texted 20 times today and it’s only 3:00 p.m.!
The action happened at least once and could happen again in a time period that is not yet completed.
2. He has admired her since he read her prole on Facebook.

The action started in the past and continues in the present.
3. She has just bought her wedding dress.

The action happened recently in the past.
4. I have tweeted every day for the past month.

The action started in the past and continues in the present.
UNIT 7 Present Perfect 71

The past participle of Subject Verb Past Subject Verb have Past
regular verbs has the have participle + not participle
same form and spelling
I have (’ve) I have not
as the simple past: liked,
(haven’t)
transferred, tried, worked.
He / She / It has (’s) He / She / It has not
arrived. arrived.
(hasn’t)
Refer to unit 4,
We / You / They have (’ve) We / You / They have not
chart 4.3, page 38 for
(haven’t)
the spelling rules
for the -ed ending of
regular verbs.
7.3 Irregular Past Participles
Past participles of irregular verbs vary.
Base Form Simple Past Past Participle

be was, were been
do did done
give gave given
go went gone
have had had
see saw seen

Refer to appendix 7,
pages 134–135, for take took taken
a list of irregular
think thought thought
past participles.
write wrote written
2 Complete each sentence with the afrmative or negative form of the present
perfect. Underline the keyword.
1. I (be) ’ve / have been in love three times in my life so far.
2. Ariana (go) ’s / has gone on two blind dates this week already.
3. They (end, negative) haven’t / have not ended their relationship yet.
4. Scott (give in) ’s / has just given in
his name for a speed-dating session.
5. Mia (see, negative) hasn’t / has not seen a suitable guy on the dating
site since she started to look.
72 UNIT 7 Present Perfect

7.4 Questions
Verb Subject Past Question Verb Subject Past You can answer a
have participle word have participle yes / no question with a
short or long answer.
Have I What have I forgotten?
Has she painted the
Has he / she / it arrived? Where has he / she / it been? room this week?
Have we / you / they What have we / you / they done? Short answer: Yes, she
has. No, she hasn’t.
3 Complete each question. Answer each yes/no question with a short answer. Long answer: Yes, she
has painted the room
1. Has she (send) sent him her prole yet? this week. No, she
she hasn’t hasn’t painted the room
No, .
this week.
2. Have you (speak) spoken to him today? Yes, I have .
3. What have they never (tell) told each other?
4. Why has he already (end) ended the relationship?
7.5 Keywords Since and For

Use the keywords since and for when an action begins in the past and continues to
the present.
Since For
Since is used with a specic point in time. For is used with a period of time.
I’ve worked part-time since May. I’ve worked on campus for three months.
We’ve been married since 2007. We’ve been married for several years.
He’s been here since one o’clock. He’s been here for four hours.
4 Complete each sentence with the keyword since or for.
1. We haven’t texted each other since two o’clock. 3. He has been online for an hour.
2. I haven’t spoken to him since Wednesday. 4. She has dated him for six months.
7.6 Keywords Never, Still, and Yet

Use the keywords never, still, and yet to express negative actions in the present perfect.
Keyword Use Example

Never Use with the afrmative form. I have never fallen in love.
Never + afrmative replaces the negative form. (I have not fallen in love ever.)
Still Use to show that the action continues. He still hasn’t found his soulmate but he hasn’t
stopped looking.
Yet Use to express “up to the time of speaking.” We haven’t met yet. (We haven’t met at this
point in time.)

7.7 Placement of Keywords
Questions Afrmative Negative
Statements Statements
Ever means at any time and
is usually used in yes / no Have you sent that card yet? I’ve already sent it. I have not sent it yet.
questions. It can also take I still have not sent it.
the negative form.
Have they left already? They have left already. They still have not left.
Have you ever fallen in
Have they already left? They have already left.
love? Yes, I have. / No,
I never have. / No, I Has he ever written a love He has just written one for He has never written a love
haven’t ever fallen in love. letter? Valentine’s Day. letter.
7.8 Present Perfect or Simple Past

Present Perfect Simple Past
Use for actions that started in the past and Use for actions that started in the past and are nished
continue in the present. now.
I have lived in Asbestos for 20 years. I lived in Asbestos for 20 years.
(It is not nished. I still live in Asbestos.) (It is nished. I don’t live in Asbestos now. I live in Toronto.)
Use for actions that happened at least once Use for actions that happened at least once in the past
in the past and could happen again in a time and will not happen again in a time period that is
period that is not yet completed. completed.
He has missed classes three times this month. He missed classes three times this month.
(The month is not nished. It is September 24.) (The month is nished. It is September 30.)
5 Identify the tense of each underlined verb (PP or SP) and explain why it is used.
1. Dan and Cindy met via Facebook. They started to go out but they split up
after a month. Tense: SP
The actions happened in the past and are nished now.
2. Dan and Cindy have not been together for six months. Tense: PP
The action started in the past and continues in the present. (They are still
not together.)
3. Cindy has already seen other guys twice this month. Tense: PP
The actions happened at least once in the past and could happen again in a
time period that is not yet completed.
4. Dan lived in Alberta and Cindy lived in Manitoba in the 1990s. Tense: SP
The action started in the past and is nished now. (They don’t live there anymore.)

PRACTISE
6 Past Participles Chart 7.3, appendix 7
Complete the chart with the past participle of the verbs.

Complete additional
Base Form Past Participle Base Form Past Participle exercises online to
of Verb of Verb practise the present
perfect tense.
Example: call called 11. go gone
1. ask asked 12. help helped
2. be been 13. like liked
3. buy bought 14. sleep slept
4. come come 15. speak spoken
5. do done 16. spend spent
6. drink drunk 17. take taken
7. eat eaten 18. tell told
8. forget forgotten 19. transfer transferred
9. get got, gotten 20. try tried
10. give given 21. write written
7 Afrmative and Negative Charts 7.2, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6
Complete the text with the present perfect of the verbs. Then underline the keyword(s).
Example: I (know) have known my boyfriend for two years.
Déjà Vu
have already sensed 1 have seen 2
Maybe you (sense, already) that you (see)
someone before, even though you are meeting that person for the rst time. So far I (experience)
have experienced 3
the strange phenomenon of déjà vu only once in my life. I (treasure,
always) have always treasured 4

the day that I met my boyfriend. I still (forget,
negative) have not/haven’t forgotten 5

the details of that rst meeting. As he was
walking past my classroom, he looked at me through the door. We immediately had the same
amazing thought: “I (meet, already) have already met 6

this person!” We
have loved 7
(love) each other since that moment. I (encounter,
have never encountered 8
never) such a kind and gentle person. We (be)
have been 9
together for two wonderful years. I (think, not)
have not/haven’t thought 10
about another guy yet.

8 Questions and Answers Chart 7.3, 7.4
Complete each sentence with the present perfect. Then write a yes/no question about the information given.
Example: Many couples (discover) have discovered the chemistry of love.

Have many couples discovered the chemistry of love?
1. Love across cultures (become) has become a reality in modern times.

Has love across cultures become a reality in modern times?
2. Most relationships across cultures (bring) have brought couples a lot of happiness.
Have most relationships across cultures brought couples a lot of happiness?
3. Arranged marriages (make) have made some couples unhappy.

Have arranged marriages made some couples unhappy?
4. Researchers (show) have shown that happily married couples experience less stress.
Have researchers shown that happily married couples experience less stress?
5. Researchers (see, also) have also seen many benets of being single.
Have researchers also seen many benets of being single?
9 Answering Questions Chart 7.4
Use the photos to answer the questions in the present perfect.
Example 1 2 3 4 5
Question Answer
Example: Where has she been? She has been to the park to do yoga.
1. What has he bought so far? He has bought some perfume so far.
2. Where has she been all afternoon? She has been at the spa all afternoon.
3. Where has he been this morning? He has been at the gym this morning.
4. Who has she just texted? She has just texted her boyfriend.
5. How have they paid for their order? They have paid for their order by credit card.

10 Writing Questions Charts 7.3, 7.4
Write three questions to ask each person using the present perfect.
Example: Have you ever worked in an unusual place?

How many times have you been to Europe?
1. Martin 2. Eva
Age: 26 Age: 25
Height: 173 cm Height: 175 cm
Profession: personal trainer in a gym Profession: dental hygienist
Likes: running marathons, rock Likes: extreme winter sports,

climbing, cross-country reading, dressmaking,
skiing, jazz Asian food
Dislikes: cats, noisy environments, Dislikes: clutter, pets, loud music,

classical music, hot jazz, hot weather
weather
1.
2.
3.
11 Keywords Since and For Chart 7. 5
Underline each verb in the present perfect and complete the sentence with the
keywords since and for. Then write the words that give you the clue.
Sentence Clue
Example: Attitudes have changed since the beginning of the century. the beginning of
the century
1. Homosexuals have suffered discrimination for centuries. centuries
2. Attitudes towards homosexual people have changed in Canada since

the year 2000
the year 2000.
3. Same-sex marriage has been legal in Canada since July 2005. July 2005
4. The Montréal Pride Parade has brought tourists to the city since 2007. 2007
5. Since 2005, some gay people have felt that the government has
2005
heard their voice.

12 Keywords Since, For, Ever, Never, Still, Yet, and Just Charts 7.5, 7.6, 7.7
Underline the correct keyword.
Example: I have dated her since/for December.

1
We have known each other for / since we were in high school. That means that we have
2 3
been with each other since / for six years! We have yet / just found out that we have
4
won a cruise to Jamaica. We have never / ever felt so excited. We haven’t decided
5
still / yet whether to go on the cruise during the spring break. We haven’t nished
6 7 8
school still / yet . We ever / still have to nish our winter semester. We have never / ever
9
been so impatient to take a holiday. Neither of us has ever / never been on a cruise
10
before. We have just / still checked out Jamaica online and it looks amazing.
13 Position of Keywords Charts 7.5, 7.6, 7.7
Karl and Matt have indicated the chores they have done (✓) and those they haven’t
done (X). Write what each of them has done using the keyword in parentheses.
Chore Karl Matt Sentence
Example: Wash the dishes (already) ✓ Karl has already washed the dishes.
1. Wash the windows (just) ✓ Matt has just washed the windows.
2. Mop the kitchen oor (yet) X Matt hasn’t mopped the kitchen oor yet.
3. Vacuum the apartment (recently) X Karl hasn’t vacuumed the apartment recently.
4. Finish the ironing (still) X Karl still hasn’t nished the ironing.
5. Feed the cat (yet) X Karl hasn’t fed the cat yet.
14 Keywords with Questions Charts 7.4, 7.7
Write a yes/no question and an information question for each statement in exercise 13.
Use the keywords.
Yes/No Question Information Question
Example: Has Karl already washed the dishes? Who has already washed the dishes?
1. Has Matt just washed the windows? What has Matt just washed?
2. Has Matt mopped the kitchen oor yet? Who hasn’t mopped the kitchen oor yet?
3. Has Karl vacuumed the apartment recently? What hasn’t Karl vacuumed recently?
4. Has Karl still not nished the ironing? Who still hasn’t nished the ironing?
5. Has Karl fed the cat yet? What hasn’t Karl fed yet?

15 Present Perfect or Simple Past Charts 7.1, 7.3, 7.8
Complete each set of sentences with the present perfect or the simple past.
Example: On our rst date a year ago we went for a pizza and then saw a movie. (go, see)
Actions that started in the past and are nished now

1. After our rst date Sam and I began to see more of each other. (begin)
2. Finally we realized that we were in love. (realize)
3. We announced our engagement this morning! (announce)
Actions that started in the past and continue in the present

4. Shawna has known Todd for three years. (know)
5. Todd and Shawna have been good friends since then. (be)
6. They have developed a strong relationship. (develop)
Actions that happened recently or at an unspecied time in the past

7. Eva has just ordered an amazing cake for her engagement party. (order, just)
8. She has chosen a ring with two small diamonds to place on the cake. (choose)
9. I have seen the cake and it is very pretty. (see)
Actions that happened at least once in the past and could happen again in a time
period that is not yet completed
10. Naomi has called me about the exam three times tonight. (call)
11. She has cut classes four times this month. (cut)
12. Naomi has failed two exams this semester. (fail)
16 Simple Past or Present Perfect Charts 7.1, 7.8
Complete each sentence with the simple past or the present perfect using the words
in parentheses.
Example: Riley has dreamed of being a chef for a long time . (Riley, dream, for a long time)
1. Riley has just opened a restaurant in Laval. (Riley, just, open)
2. He started to work as a chef ve years ago . (he, start,

ve years ago)
3. He worked in a big hotel in Las Vegas before he returned

to Québec. (he, work, return)
4. He has created many exciting new dishes since

he came back. (he, create, since)
5. We have already lled the car with gas and are on our way to dinner! (we, already, ll)

SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
Ask a classmate questions in the present perfect using information from the chart
below. Use appropriate keywords.
Example: Student A: How long have you been single?
Student B: I have been single for nearly a year.
Student B: Have you ever been in an unhappy relationship?
Student A: Yes, I have been in an unhappy relationship and I ended it.
Student A Student B
Be single In an unhappy relationship
Be disappointed with a partner Feel lonely
Eat exotic food Travel to an exotic destination
Learn another language Win a competition or prize
Take risks Do an extreme or unusual sport
Cope with a serious crisis Work at a job you hate
WRITING
Choose a person from the following list or add someone that you would like to interview.
Write ve yes/no and ve information questions in the present perfect to ask the person.
Use appropriate keywords.
 a politician or political candidate  a star athlete

 a person holding a job you like  other
 a person on a dating site
Example: Why have you decided to run in this campaign?

REVIEW
A Afrmative and Negative Statements, Questions, and Keywords

Complete the text with the correct afrmative, negative or question forms of the
present perfect. Use the words in parentheses.
Famous Couples
Many famous couples have been written about over the years. (read, ever, you)
Have you ever read 1

the tragic story of Tristan and Isolde? Tristan fell in love
with his uncle’s wife, Isolde, after she gave him a love potion to drink. Another
you have never read 2

tragedy that perhaps (read, never, you) is the story of
Sir Lancelot and Queen Guinevere, the wife of King Arthur of Britain. Many books and
have immortalized 3
movies (immortalize) their scandalous love story.
4
(hear, most people) Most people have heard of the story of Romeo and
5
Juliet. If (see, negative, you) you have not/haven’t seen Shakespeare’s play,
Romeo kills himself because he mistakenly thinks that his lover, Juliet, (die)
has died 6
. When Juliet wakes up from a drugged sleep, she sees
that Romeo is dead and kills herself. Another person who fakes her own death is
Queen Cleopatra, who wants to punish her lover, Mark Anthony. When Mark
has lost 7
Anthony hears that she (lose) her life, he also
commits suicide.
If you (have, ever) have ever had 8

an x-ray, you (benet)
have beneted 9
from the work of the most famous couple in science,
Pierre and Marie Curie. Until Pierre’s death, this brilliant pair worked together on the
has won 10
discovery of polonium and radium. Marie Curie (win)
lasting fame as the rst woman to win a Nobel prize and the rst person to win two
Nobel prizes.

B Present Perfect or Simple Past
Cross out the incorrect verbs. Then answer the question below.
1
Last year I went / have gone on a trip to Niger in Africa. I discovered many
interesting rituals and customs related to matchmaking. For example, have you ever
2 3
saw / seen men with painted faces? One day I watched / have watched as a group
4
of young men with painted faces danced / have danced in front of the young
unmarried women. These young men were making themselves look attractive in
5 6
order to nd a wife. I thought / have thought that they have looked / looked scary, but
7
the young women haven’t shared / didn’t share my point of view. They were laughing
8 9
and watching the men as they have danced / danced . It was / has been a wonderful
10
sight. All the young men have found / found wives that day!
Which verb tense is used the most, and why?
The simple past is used the most because this story happened last year and is nished now.
The actions were completed in the past and have no connection to the present.
Edit It! Underline and correct the 10 errors in the present perfect verbs.
met
I think I have just meet the partner of my dreams online! We chatted and found out that
has dated
we have a lot of things in common. He have worked overseas and he has datted women
had given
from various countries. I have also has close relationships that have give me an open
developed
attitude to people from different countries and cultures. I have develop a taste for hot
Caribbean and Mexican food, which Cory shares. Both of us have travelled to unusual
swum felt
destinations and have even swimmed with dolphins. We have also both feeled the pain of
has
rejection and betrayal. Cory haves decided that he wants to take our relationship slowly,
have
step by step. I am cautious, too, but I am agreed to meet him in person next month.

8
UNIT
Modals
Can money make you happy?
FUNCTION AND FORM
Do not use two modals

8.1 Common Modals with the same main verb.
A modal gives extra information about the meaning of the verb that follows it. She may can nd
Modals come before the base form of the main verb and most do not change form. happiness.
Modal Meaning Example

can ability I can skate very well now.
possibility We can ask for a loan today.
informal request Can I have twenty dollars?
could past ability I could skate well when I was young.

possibility We could ask for a loan if you want.
formal request Could you lend me twenty dollars, please?
may possibility We may get a loan.

formal request May I borrow twenty dollars, please?
might possibility I might get a loan if I nd a job.
must / have to obligation You must / have to renew your passport.

mustn’t prohibition You mustn’t smile for your passport picture.
should advice / suggestion You should meet with a nancial advisor.
would wish (+ like / love) I would love to speak English uently.

preference I would prefer to study English in Ontario.
conditional (main clause) If I had enough money, I would travel to the U.S.A.
offer Would you like some information?
formal request Would you send me information on your tours?
UNIT 8 Modals 83
1 Underline the modal in each sentence and write its meaning.
1. She may nd happiness in her new relationship. possibility
2. We have to focus on managing our nances. obligation
3. Would you ask her to call the bank manager? polite request
4. They can buy a condo now that they have a down payment. possibility
5. You should save money for unexpected expenses. advice

The innitive (to + base form of verb) is not used with most modals.
Have to acts like a modal Subject Modal Base form Subject Modal + not Base form
in meaning, but the form of verb (contraction) of verb
follows the pattern of
the verb have.
can cannot (can’t)
could could not (couldn’t)
Does she have to work?
may may not
Yes, she has to work. /
No, she doesn’t have to might might not
work. must must not (mustn’t)
I / He / She / It I / He / She / It
go. go.
We / You / They should We / You / They should not
(shouldn’t)
would would not (wouldn’t)
have to / do not (don’t)

has to have to / does not
(doesn’t) have to
2 Write the negative form of the modal, using contractions where applicable.
1. We may not have enough money for a vacation this year. (may)
Adverbs ending with -ly
come after the modal. doesn’t have to
2. He be such a big spender! (have to)
We could easily save
3. Money can’t really buy happiness. (can, really)
money for a vacation.
4. You mustn’t drive without a licence. (must)
8.3 Questions
Modal Subject Base form Question Modal Subject Base form
of verb word of verb
I / he / she / it I / he / she / it
Can go? What could do?
we / you / they we / you / they
84 UNIT 8 Modals
3 Complete each question using the words in parentheses. Answer the yes / no
questions with a short answer.
1. Can money sometimes lead to unhappiness? (can, lead, money,
sometimes) Yes, it can .
2. Do we have to give to charity? (have to, give, we)
No, we don’t have to . To give a short answer

3. Would you offer me a better interest rate? (would, offer, you) use the modal without
I wouldn’t the main verb.
No, .
Could you give me
4. What could I do to save more? (could, do, I) advice? Yes, I could. /
No, I couldn’t.
5. How much must I save for a down payment on a condo?
(must, save, I)
8.4 Common Modals in the Past For a list of past

participles, refer to
Use most modals with the verb have + past participle to form the past tense.
appendix 7,
pages 134–135.
Present Past Past Negative
I could / might make more I could / might have made could not (couldn’t)
money. (possibility) more money. (past have made
possibility) might not have made
She should nd She should have found should not (shouldn’t)
a well-paying job. a well-paying job. have found
(suggestion) (the event did not happen)
They would like to buy a They would have liked would not (wouldn’t)
new house. (intention) to buy a new house. have liked
(unfullled intention)
He had to plan his budget. He had to plan his budget. did not (didn’t) have
(obligation) (past obligation) to plan
She must leave the She must have left must not (mustn’t)
building. (obligation) the building. (logical have left
deduction)
4 Write the past form of the modal in each sentence.

In spoken English, could,
1. You could have asked my opinion. (could, ask) should, and would +
should not have spent have often sound like
2. We so much money. (should, spend, negative)
could of / coulda, would
3. It would have been better to save for the future. (would, be) of / woulda, and should
of / shoulda. Be careful
4. We had to make a hasty decision. (have to, make) not to write these as
they sound.
5. He did not have to spend his bonus. (have to, spend, negative)
UNIT 8 Modals 85
PRACTISE
5 Ability: Can or Could Charts 8.1, 8.4
Write if you could or could not do the activity 10 years ago. Add one more activity.
Complete additional Then write what you can or can’t do now.
exercises online to
Ten Years Ago Now
practise modals.
Could Couldn’t Can Can’t
Example: I couldn’t speak Now I can speak

Speak English English. English.
1. Drive a car I couldn’t drive a I can drive. I can’t drive.

car.
2. Get a credit card I couldn’t get a I can get a credit I can’t get a credit
credit card. card. card.
3. Vote I couldn’t vote. I can vote.
4. Other:
6 Possibility Charts 8.1, 8.3
Circle the correct modal to express possibility.
Example: I may / would review your assignment.
1. He should / could help me with my homework.
2. She must / may ask you a few questions.
3. Do you think they might / have to be at the library?
4. Could / Should this wallet be Jack’s?
5. Would / Can we come to an agreement?
7 Obligation and Advice: Must, Have To, and Should Chart 8.1
Match each sentence with its reply. Write the correct letter in the middle column
of the chart.
Example: They should take a vacation. a a. Yes, they really should.
1. He must get into nancial shape. d b. I suppose they always should.
2. She really has to see her advisor at the bank. e c. Yes, I really must.
3. You must be more responsible with your money. c d. Yes, he must.
4. Students should always follow a monthly budget. b e. I guess she has to.
86 UNIT 8 Modals
8 Requests: Can, Could, May, and Would Charts 8.1, 8.3
Using all the above modals, write a formal or informal question about each photo.
Example 1 2 3 4 5
Example: Can we run with you?
1. Could / Can / May I join your study group?
2. Would you like to try that pair? / May / Can / Could I try this pair?
3. May / Can / Could I suggest this plan for you?
4. Can you stretch a little more? / Can you touch your toes?
5. Could / May / Can I try on that green necklace?
9 Advice / Suggestion: Should Charts 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Underline the modals in Ben’s letter. Give him advice using Suzie’s notes.
Example: Suzie’s Notes—start budget: You should start a monthly budget.
In Love but Broke Suzie’s Notes Your Advice

Can anybody help me? I’m 19 and • reduce working Ben,
hours
studying full time. I have to keep my
part-time job to pay for my studies • start budget
and my rent. I can’t work more hours • sell car
because I am in a demanding program • drop courses

at school. I am broke. I have very little • get nancial aid
money for food or for my car. Maybe my from school
friend Mike could share the apartment • nd another

roommate
with me, but he doesn’t have much
money either. I must get better grades
or I will unk my semester. What should
I do?
Ben
UNIT 8 Modals 87
10 Could and Should Charts 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Write the correct modal, could or should.
Example: Customer: Could you please show me where the ATM is?
should 1
Bank employee: Sure. It’s over there in the corner. You hide your PIN when you make
could 2
your transaction because somebody be watching you.
should 3
Customer: Yes. I’ve heard that you change your PIN every three months. You (negative)
shouldn’t 4
use numbers like your birthday or the address of your house.
couldn’t 5
Bank employee: Yes, that’s right. The other day I (negative) remember my latest
password because I change it so often!

could 6
Customer: It’s great to shop or bank online, but you have serious problems if someone
has access to your personal information.

should 7 should 8
Bank employee: You also be careful of all your paper documents. You
shred bank statements, bills, and credit card receipts.

shouldn’t 9
Customer: Thanks for your help. I (negative) be a victim of identity theft now. Oh, there’s
Could 10
a line-up at the ATM now. you please cash this cheque?
11 Mixed Modals Charts 8.2, 8.3
Write the sentences as negative statements and yes / no questions.
Example: We have to practise more often.

We don’t have to practise more often. Do we have to practise more often?
1. They could win the hip hop competition.

They could not / couldn’t win the hip hop competition.
Could they win the hip hop competition?
2. They have to pay their bills on time.

They do not / don’t have to pay their bills on time.
Do they have to pay their bills on time?
3. My dream might come true tonight.

My dream might not come true tonight.
Might my dream come true tonight?
4. She has to save a lot of money to go to university.

She does not / doesn’t have to save a lot of money to go to university.
Does she have to save a lot of money to go to university?
88 UNIT 8 Modals
12 Past Modals: Could and Should Chart 8.4
Rebecca and Sandy’s roommates have told them that they must move out of the
apartment. Read the complaints and write what Rebecca and Sandy could or should
have done to create a better environment.
Rebecca Sandy
Example: She always left the lights on at night. She didn’t pay the bills on time.
She could have turned off the lights. She should have paid the bills on time.
1. Rebecca and her boyfriend watched too much TV. 5. She never vacuumed the apartment.
They could have watched less TV. She should have vacuumed the apartment.
2. Rebecca didn’t do the dishes very often. 6. She spent hours in the bathroom.
She should have done the dishes more often. She could have spent less time in the bathroom.
3. She never cleaned the kitchen. 7. We didn’t spend enough time together.
She should have cleaned the kitchen. They could have spent more time together.
4. She always left dirty dishes in the living room. 8. She didn’t respect our rules.
She could have taken the dishes to the kitchen. She should have respected their rules.
13 Past Modals: Would, Should, Could, and Must Chart 8.4, appendix 7
Read the sentences in the rst column. Write them in the past in the second column.
Present Past
Example: Thinking positively would help. Thinking positively would have helped.
1. Miyuki should be in a good mood. Miyuki should have been in a good mood.
2. Clark could be kinder. Clark could have been kinder.
3. He must work harder. (logical deduction) He must have worked harder.

4. I could give to that charity. I could have given to that charity.
5. Briony would listen to her peers. Briony would have listened to her peers.
6. He could change his lifestyle. He could have changed his lifestyle.
7. Murray must look on the bright side. Murray must have looked on the bright side.
8. I should laugh more often. I should have laughed more often.
9. He could take life more seriously. He could have taken life more seriously.
10. You have to do your report for Monday. You had to do your report for Monday.
UNIT 8 Modals 89
14 Meaning of Mixed Modals Charts 8.1, 8.4
Circle the sentence that most closely matches the meaning of the statement.
Example: I get up early to do yoga before I start my day.

a. I should make time to do yoga.
b. I can do yoga every day.
c. I might do yoga every day if I have time.
1. My young brother is so funny!

a. He might be a stand-up comedian.
b. He must be a stand-up comedian.
c. He should be a stand-up comedian.
2. They would like to nd a new apartment after the wedding.

a. They may have already moved.
b. They have to look for an apartment.
c. They may have already found an apartment.
3. We are happy with our lifestyle.

a. We wouldn’t change our lifestyle.
b. We must change our lifestyle.
c. We might change our lifestyle.
4. Brent failed his driving exam and he needs a licence for his new job.
a. He might take the exam again to get his driver’s licence.
b. He could take the exam again to get his driver’s licence.
c. He must take the exam again to get his driver’s licence.
5. Kirstie is going to visit the exotic rain forests of Costa Rica.

a. She could check out her vaccination needs.
b. She doesn’t have to check if she needs shots.
c. She must get the necessary shots.
6. Alana and I are enjoying the new exercise class.

a. We should start the exercise class soon.
b. We must have started the exercise class.
c. We may start the exercise class soon.
7. Charles was sleeping when the phone rang.

a. He couldn’t have heard the phone ring.
b. He would have answered the phone.
c. He must have heard the phone ring.
8. She should have told her teacher about her problem.

a. She had to tell her teacher about her problem.
b. She must have told her teacher about her problem.
c. She must not have told her teacher about her problem.
90 UNIT 8 Modals
15 Mixed Modals: Afrmative, Negative, and Questions Charts 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Complete the text using the information in parentheses. Then answer

the three questions below the text.
Example: (should, see, you, past) You should have seen what I saw.
Reality Check
This afternoon I went to the public swimming pool. (could, ignore, I, negative)
I could not / couldn’t ignore 1
the fact that everyone who was not
swimming was busy with a cellphone. To my left (could, see, I)

I could see 2
a woman sitting next to a man.
A boy in the water kept waving to them—(must, be, he, past)

he must have been 3
their son. He wanted to show them
how well he swam. (could, take, the man, negative)

The man could not / couldn’t take 4
his eyes off of his cell screen. (would,
You would not / wouldn’t have believed 5
believe, you, negative, past) it!
The woman tried to talk to him. She pointed at their son, who was waving, but
he would not / wouldn’t stop 6
(would, stop, he, negative) looking at
Can you imagine 7
his cellphone. (can, imagine, you) ?
You can sit 8
(can, sit, you) next to someone who (could, be)
could be 9
in a deep conversation with someone far away. To my right
was a mother sitting with her son. They were both occupied with their cellphones. (could, be, they, past)
They could have been 10
complete strangers.
What do you think?
1. What should the man have done?

The man should have waved to his son. He should have listened to his wife.
2. What could the woman have said to the man?

She could have told him to wave to their son. She could have asked him to stop looking at his phone.
3. What might the son have thought about his father?

He might have thought that his father’s phone conversation was more important than him.
UNIT 8 Modals 91
SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
Form a group of three students. Each student chooses one of the problems below and
reads it aloud to the group. Then the other students in the group use a variety of modals
to offer solutions.
Example: I would like to stop smoking, but I can’t. Even the gross pictures on cigarette
packages can’t convince me to quit. I’m worried, but all my friends smoke and I have to
be part of the group. What can I do? Cynthia
You have to keep busy. Maybe you could nd other friends who don’t smoke.
You should join a gym to improve your health. Can you speak to a doctor about an
anti- smoking program? A doctor might help you.
1. What should I do? I’m in a 2. Help! I’m not a good student. 3. Recently I started a
really tough program at college I just can’t get my life organized. relationship with a great guy.
and I can’t manage my time. I start one piece of work, but I can’t concentrate on my
I know that I should make time then I can’t nish it because I schoolwork. I shouldn’t spend
for my social life. If I spend time have to start something else. so much time thinking about
partying, however, I won’t have I’m late for every assignment. him. I mustn’t keep texting him.
enough time to study. I must I couldn’t feel more stressed I’m obsessed. What can I do to
study every day to keep my about school. How can I get my calm down? I can’t chase him
grades up. Gina act together? Jason away by being so anxious. Chris
WRITING
Imagine that you have just won $5 000. Financial experts have some important advice
for prize winners, such as the Rule of Three: pay your debts, save, and spend wisely.
Use ve different modals to explain how you would spend the prize money.
Rule 1: Pay Debts Rule 2: Save Rule 3: Spend

Example: I would pay off my I must put money into my I could buy a smart TV on sale.
credit card debt. savings account.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
92 UNIT 8 Modals
REVIEW
A Mixed Modals
Read the text and underline the 15 modals and the corresponding
main verbs. Then answer the questions below the text.
Spending for Happiness

Money can buy happiness. How can that be? Of course, if you had money, you could buy expensive
things and have wonderful vacations. You wouldn’t have to wash another dish or have to struggle
to pay another bill. Yet, according to research done by the University of British Columbia and the
Harvard Business School, money can bring you happiness if you spend it on others.
Giving money to charity can make people happy. Apparently, generosity to strangers may bring the
same amount of pleasure as giving gifts to family and friends. Could you honestly say that it doesn’t
feel good when you give to a homeless person? Would you refuse to make a donation to a good cause?
It doesn’t matter how much we can give. The important thing is to give something. For example, you
may prefer to feed hungry children in Canada rather than in a faraway country. Perhaps you would rather
support research than buy owers to put on a grave. In some way, you might feel that you are helping to beat
the disease. Even small amounts of money spent on others can have a positive impact on your happiness.
1. How can money buy happiness?

Money can bring you happiness if you spend it on others.
2. What may give you more pleasure: donating to strangers or to friends?

Generosity to strangers may bring the same pleasure as giving to friends.
3. Why might you prefer to support research into a life-threatening disease?

You might feel that you are helping to beat the disease.
4. What can affect your happiness positively?

Small amounts of money spent on others can have a positive impact on your happiness.
UNIT 8 Modals 93
B Present and Past Modals
Circle the correct modals.
A Worthy Cause
1
Is money really the root of all evil? After all, it can’t / can be used to make a difference
2
in the world. If you suddenly had a lot of money, and could / must do something for
3 4
humanity, how can / would you react? May / Would you donate money to charity?
5
I should not / couldn’t imagine doing the work done by Doctors Without Borders. I think
6
we should / mustn’t use our money to support organizations like that.
7
Even if we aren’t rich, we should / would all do something to help other people.
8
I would / could have loved to have met Mother Teresa, for example, who devoted her
9
life to the poor and sick in India. I know that I shouldn’t / couldn’t have lived like her in a
10
slum—I wouldn’t / shouldn’t have survived in such a difcult environment.
Edit It! Underline the error in each sentence. Write the correction on the line.
1. I should of stopped overspending. have
2. Soon they must to borrow money. must
3. Must I to ll out this form for a loan? ll
4. She should rents a smaller apartment. rent
5. He can learn really to save money. really learn
6. We mayn’t go bankrupt. may not
7. She haves to learn to be thrifty. has
8. Do I must sign here? Must I
9. You could a hired an accountant to do your tax returns. could have
10. She shouldn’t spends a fortune on trips. spend
94 UNIT 8 Modals
9
UNIT
Conditionals
If we had more friends on Facebook, we

would be even happier.
FUNCTION AND FORM
9.1 Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences have two parts: the if-clause, which describes the condition,
and the main clause, which describes the result or consequence.
Type of Situation If-Clause Main Clause

Type 1
Real situations at any If you exercise, you lose weight.
time in the present (the result of exercising)
Possible situations in If she wins a prize, she will be delighted.

the future (She might win a prize.) (the result of winning a prize)
Type 2
Improbable or unreal If someone gave me a I would buy a yacht.
situations in the present million dollars,
Type 3
Impossible situations in If they had planned the they would have been
the past (the action in advertising better, more successful.
the if-clause never (In fact, they didn’t plan the (the result of planning well)
happened) advertising well.)
Keywords if, wish, would

When the verb be is used
1 Write if the situation is possible, improbable, or impossible. in an if-clause, use the form
were with all subjects in
1. If Jack were less shy, he would ask Emma for a date. improbable formal language.
impossible If I were you, I would

2. If I had bought a car, I would have travelled more.
change careers.
3. They will drive to Florida if they can’t y. possible In informal speaking, you
may hear: If I was you, . . .
4. If we had realized she was ill, we could have helped her. impossible
UNIT 9 Conditionals 95
9.2 Type 1: Possible Conditionals in the
Use the correct form of Present and Future
the verb for the if-clause Use these conditionals when the situation in the present is real or the future
and main clause. situation is possible.
calls
If he will call me tonight,
I will be delighted. If-Clause Main Clause
For a real situation
Simple present + simple present

If I do yoga, I feel less stress.
(I do it every day.)
For a possible situation in the future

Simple present + future with will
If I do yoga, I will be more relaxed.
(I will register for a yoga class.)
The if-clause can be
used to begin or end a
sentence. 2 Complete each sentence with a real situation in the present or a possible
situation in the future.
When it begins a
sentence, use a comma
1. If I study marketing, I will get a great job. (possible: study, get)
at the end of it.
If I work too hard, I will 2. If I go to bed early, I get a good night’s sleep. (real: go, get)
get sick.
3. If Russell takes his time, he does his work better. (real: take, do)
When it ends a
sentence, do not use a 4. Laura will call us if she gets a message from Rob. (possible:
comma. call, get)
I will get sick if I work
5. If you do extensive research, you will understand the market.
too hard.
(possible: do, understand)
9.3 Type 2: Improbable Conditionals in the Present

Use these conditionals when the situation in the present is improbable or unreal.
Use would or could in the main clause to indicate a probable or possible
consequence.
If-Clause Main Clause

For a probable consequence
Simple past + would + base form of verb

If she had more money, she would rent a bigger apartment.
(She doesn’t have more money.) (It is probable that she will rent a bigger apartment.)
For a possible consequence

Simple past + could + base form of verb
If she had more money, she could buy a house.
(She doesn’t have more money.) (It is possible for her to buy a house.)
96 UNIT 9 Conditionals
3 Complete the conditional sentence. Use would or could in the main clause.
1. If you (stop) stopped smoking, you (probability: feel) would feel a lot better.
2. If tobacco companies (be) were honest, they (probability: admit) would admit
that smoking is harmful.
3. Cleo (possibility: get) could get into shape if she (go) went to the gym
more often.
4. Smokers (possibility: reduce) could reduce their risk of heart disease if they (exercise)
exercised every day.
9.4 Type 3: Impossible Conditionals in the Past Refer to appendix 5,

Use these conditionals for impossible situations in the past where the action in the page 132, for the past
perfect tense.
if-clause never happened.
If-Clause Main Clause

For a probable consequence
Past perfect + would have + past participle

If I had nished my degree, I would have started my own business.
(I didn’t nish my degree.) (Starting my own business was a probability.)
For a possible consequence

Past perfect + could have + past participle
If I had started my own business, I could have made lots of money.
(I didn’t start my own business.) (Making lots of money was a possibility.)
4 Complete each sentence to describe a situation that never happened in the past.
1. If Leonardo da Vinci (go, negative) had not gone to Florence, Form the negative by
placing not between the
he (probability: develop, negative) would not have developed his talent modal and have.
to its full potential. I would not have seen it
if you had not told me.
2. Matt (probability: be) would have been successful if he (work)
had worked more.
3. I (possibility: be) could have been healthier if I (smoke, negative)

had not smoked for so long.
4. If we (see) had seen it, we (probability: believe)

would have believed it.
5. If you (study) had studied harder, you (possibility: be)

could have been an engineer.
PRACTISE
5 Conditionals Chart 9.1
Write the reason for the type of conditional sentence.

Complete additional
exercises online to Example: If you like designer labels, you will like their new collection.
practise conditionals. It describes a possible situation in the future.
1. If Simon dances, he feels relaxed.

It describes a real situation at any time in the present.
2. If Janie had common sense, she would go on a diet.

It describes an improbable situation in the present.
3. If we had listened to our teacher, we would have gotten better grades.

It describes an impossible situation in the past.
4. If you stop smoking, you will feel the benets immediately.

It describes a possible situation in the future.
6 Type 1: Real Conditionals in the Present Chart 9.2
Complete the if-clause with the correct form of the verb.
Example: If your target users (be) are health-conscious, you show that
you care about health issues.
1. If your company (want) wants to market to teens, you communicate via

social media.
2. If advertisers (need) need to get teens involved, they show how the
company supports issues teens care about.
3. If your female target (like) likes pop culture, you appeal to her needs.
4. If your male target (have) has opinions, you ask him to ll out a survey.
7 Type 1: Possible Conditionals in the Future Chart 9.2
Complete the main clause with the correct form of the verb.
Example: If a young adult likes your company ethics, he or she (want) will want
to buy your product.
1. If a teen wants to be heard, he or she (give) will give you valuable feedback.
2. You (create) will create a relationship with teens if you pay attention to their
needs and desires.
3. Teens (be) will be happy to buy your product if they think you care about
their issues.
4. If you want to keep teens interested, you (need) will need to update your
website regularly.
8 Type 2: Improbable or Unreal Conditionals in the Present Chart 9.3
Match a main clause and an if-clause. Write the complete sentences using would or could.
Example: Fred would choose a condo if he had enough money.
Main Clause If-Clause
Example: Fred (choose) a condo (probable) she (develop) a more positive attitude.
1. You (feel) job satisfaction (probable) he (have) enough money.
2. Tina (be) happier (possible) I (be) rich.
3. Mark (buy) a motorbike (probable) she (think) the company cared.
4. Sophia (give) feedback (probable) if he (save) enough money.
5. I (travel) around the world (possible) she (exercise) often.
6. Dalia (be) in good shape (possible) you (have) the right job.
7. We (see) each other tomorrow (improbable) you (be, negative) sick.
8. Mira (get) better grades (possible) she (study) longer.
1. You would feel job satisfaction if you had the right job.
2. Tina could be happier if she developed a more positive attitude.
3. Mark would buy a motorbike if he saved enough money.
4. Sophia would give feedback if she thought the company cared.
5. I could travel around the world if I were rich.
6. Dalia could be in good shape if she exercised often.
7. We would see each other tomorrow if you weren’t sick.
8. Mira could get better grades if she studied longer.
9 Type 3: Impossible Conditionals in the Past with Would Chart 9.4, appendices 5 and 7
Complete each sentence with the past perfect of the verb in the if-clause, and
would have + past participle in the main clause.
Example: If I (be) had been rich and famous, I (be) would have been happy.
1. If I (have) had had the time and money, I (travel) would have travelled around the world.
2. She (live) would have lived on her own tropical island if she (win) had won the lottery.
3. If he (tell) had told the truth, he (save) would have saved his career.
4. If we (nd) had found true happiness, we (write) would have written a bestselling book.
5. They (be) would have been happy if they (nd) had found their dream home.
10 Type 3: Impossible Conditionals
in the Past with Could Chart 9.4, appendices 5 and 7
Write complete sentences using the past perfect in the if-clause and could have + past
participle in the main clause.
Example: I, have enough money/go on a world cruise
If I had had enough money, I could have gone on a world cruise.
1. I, get good grades in school/be a teacher

If I had got/gotten good grades in school, I could have been a teacher.
2. They, buy a house/choose a modern design

If they had bought a house, they could have chosen a modern design.
3. He, train as a pilot/become an astronaut

If he had trained as a pilot, he could have become an astronaut.
4. Bethany, have the winning ticket/win a sports car

If Bethany had had the winning ticket, she could have won a sports car.
5. She, practise more/start her own dance studio

If she had practised more, she could have started her own dance studio.
11 Type 3: Mixed Impossible Conditionals

in the Past in the Negative Chart 9.4, appendices 5 and 7
Complete the sentences in the negative form using contractions.

Example: If Jane Austen (write) hadn’t written Pride and Prejudice,
Elizabeth (would, meet) wouldn’t have met Darcy.
1. If Romeo (meet) hadn’t met Juliet, he (would, kill)

wouldn’t have killed himself.
2. If Newton (sit) hadn’t sat under an apple tree, he (could, discover)

couldn’t have discovered gravity.
3. If Einstein (observe) hadn’t observed moving water, he (would, think)

wouldn’t have thought of the theory of relativity.
4. If Columbus (sail) hadn’t sailed to the Americas in 1492, Americans
(would, celebrate) wouldn’t have celebrated Columbus Day each year.
5. If Dante (see) hadn’t seen Beatrice Portinari, he (could, nd)

couldn’t have found the inspiration to write the Divine Comedy.

12 Mixed Present and Past Conditionals Charts 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, appendices 5 and 7
Complete the texts with the verbs in parentheses.
Example: If you (phone) had phoned us when you had the accident,
we could have driven to the hospital.
had read 1
1. If you (read) David Aaker’s book Brand Relevance:
Making Competitors Irrelevant, you would have understood the importance of
the brand. If you had looked at the concept of a brand as a person, you (see)
would have seen 2
that marketers create a personality for a product.
2. If you understand the concept of brand personality, you (realize)

will realize 3
that marketers try to establish a relationship between
visit 4
the brand and the customer. If you (visit) social media
sites, you will see how companies try to get customers interested in their products.
3. If I had realized how marketers manipulate the public, I (pay)

would have paid 5
more attention to advertising that encouraged me to
would not have bought 6
buy products I didn’t really need. I (buy, negative)
unnecessary items if I had not been convinced that they were attractive and useful.
13 Meaning Charts 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
Circle the letter of the sentence that is the nearest in meaning to each statement.
Example: If I had known she was in debt, I would never have sold her my car.
a. I thought she could afford to buy it. b. It’s not a good idea to sell things to friends.
1. If she didn’t like it, she could have sent it back.
a. She hasn’t sent it back. b. She has sent it back.
2. If he were sociable, he would make new friends.
a. He’s made new friends and is sociable. b. He hasn’t made new friends and isn’t sociable.
3. If I’m careful with my posts, I will stay safe online.
a. I will post personal details for all my friends to read. b. I won’t post personal details for everyone to read.
4. If we study our options, we will make a wise decision.
a. We haven’t made a decision yet. b. We have already made a decision.
5. If they had really tried, they could have been happy together.
a. They tried hard to be a happy couple. b. They decided to split up; they weren’t happy
together.

SPEAKING
COMMUNICATE
With a classmate, decide who will be student A and who will be student B.
Read the situation and ask your classmate what he or she will do in each situation.
Use a conditional sentence. Switch roles.
Example: An aggressive telemarketer wants to sell you something you don’t want.
If an aggressive telemarketer wants to sell me something I don’t want, I will hang up.
Student A Student B
1. You spend a lot of money by shopping online 1. You order a book at a bookstore. When it
and exceed your credit card limit by $200. arrives, the clerk says you can look at it
You forget to make the minimum payment on before you buy it. After an hour taking
time. You get a phone call from your bank. notes, you decide you don’t want to buy it.
2. You answer a telephone survey and the 2. A telemarketer tells you that you have won
interviewer is very friendly. You give him a prize. She says that you must pay an
your social insurance number. As soon as he administrative fee with your credit card
has your number, he ends the call. before you can get the prize.
3. You receive some shoes that you bought 3. A telemarketer asks you to answer a survey
online. The package is not strong and the that will take ve minutes. After ten minutes,
shoes are damaged. When you phone, the you are getting frustrated, but the
store denies the shoes were badly packaged. telemarketer keeps asking more questions.
WRITING
Choose two of the following questions and answer them. Explain your answer.
Use conditional sentences.
1. If you had the chance to be someone else, who would you be, and why?
2. If you had the possibility to change one thing in your life, what would it be?
3. If you had the chance to take a pill that would let you achieve your dream
in life, but would shorten your life by ve years, would you still take it?
Example: If you had the opportunity to live in another country, which one would it be, and why?
If I had the opportunity to live in another country, I would choose Japan. I’m interested in
Japanese culture. I would take language classes and lessons in Japanese art if I had time.

REVIEW
A Mixed Conditionals
Complete the if-clause in each sentence.
1. If we (know) had known that you were sick, we could have helped you.
2. We will come around to clean if you (feel) feel that you need help.
3. We could have put the garbage out if you (ask) had asked us.
4. If you (have) had an accident, we would come immediately.
5. If you (sit) sit in the sun too long, your skin burns.
B Mixed Conditionals
Underline the verbs in the if-clauses and the main clauses. Then complete the text with
the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses.
Cristal Community
If you stroll through the Vieux-Port Market in the city of Québec or the Jean-Talon
will lead 1
Market in Montréal, your feet (future, lead) you to their
homemade vinaigrettes and jellies. Augustine nuns have been in Canada since 1639
and the Dolbeau community in Mistassini started its Cristal project in 2008. The nuns
realized that if they wanted to help mentally challenged residents of their region,
would have to 2
they (would, have to) come up with an interesting plan.
They initiated the Cristal project: Centre de rétablissement et d’intégration en santé
felt 3
mentale. If patients (feel) the need to take part in society,
needed 4
they could work in a sheltered environment. If they (need)
somewhere to live, permanently or part time, they would nd a welcoming and
supportive environment in the Cristal community.
want 5
If you (want) to nd out more about this organization, go
to the Cristal website and learn all about the community of nuns who are bringing
hope and happiness to local residents with mental health problems.

C Mixed Conditionals
Match each if-clause with a main clause to make a conditional sentence. Write the correct letter in
the middle column of the chart. Complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb.
1. If she (had) had won a lot of money, h a. we will celebrate in Las Vegas!
2. If we (win) win the lottery, a b. it would make us feel happy.
3. I (could, be) could have been happier d c. you are more optimistic!
4. If I (research) had researched the product f d. if I had chosen job satisfaction over
better, money.
5. If I (have) had $10 000 to spend on travel, e e. I would go to Italy for three months.
6. If you (order) ordered something online, g f. I wouldn’t have bought it.
7. Research conrms that if you (be) are g. you could track it to see where it is.
i
very materialistic,
8. If you (think) think positively, c h. she would have travelled to exotic places.
9. If I (go) went to New York, j i. you will be less happy than other people.
10. Marketers say that if we (buy) bought their j. I would visit the Museum of Modern Art.
b
product,
Edit It! Underline and correct the 10 errors in these conditional sentences.
had
1. If I would have listened to my peers, I would not have become addicted
to cigarettes.
think
2. If I were happier, I could thought positively.
will have
3. If I win lots of money, I have a comfortable life with no stress.
have
4. He would of won a prize if he had bought a lottery ticket.
had
5. Nancy could have got an A+ if she would made an effort.
could be
6. If telemarketers wanted to make sales, they be less aggressive.
get
7. If I ski in the cold too long, I have got frostbite.
had known
8. If I known he was depressed, I would have tried to cheer him up.
had
9. They would have been happier if they would have been less materialistic.
would
10. He will have had more friends if he had written a better prole.

10
UNIT
Editing Files
“Words create sentences; sentences create

paragraphs; sometimes paragraphs
quicken and begin to breathe.”
Stephen King, On Writing
10.1 Parts of Speech

Part of Speech Function Example
Noun (n.) Names people and things My parents have lots of albums and videos of
our trip.
he it
Pronoun (p.) Replaces a noun In this photo, Max is sitting in a Turkish bath.
Determiner (d.) Identies a noun That vacation was the most relaxing experience
we have ever had.
Verb (v.) Describes and gives information The clouds are moving closer and it is going to
about an action or event rain soon.
Adjective (adj.) Gives information about a noun The sunset was spectacular. It was an amazing
or a pronoun sight.
Adverb (adv.) Gives extra meaning to an The sky was extremely colourful as the sun sank
adjective or verb slowly in the west.
Describes time, frequency, Yesterday we watched the sun go down over
manner, or degree the mountains and then strolled leisurely along
the beach.
Preposition (prep.) Describes place, time, or We were sitting in the tour bus at eight o’clock.
direction Are you going to the museum now?
Conjunction (c.) Joins: verbs The teenagers splashed or swam in the sea.
adjectives They were wet but happy.
adverbs They shouted loudly and excitedly.
nouns All the girls and boys were laughing.
clauses They had fun and exercised at the same time.
UNIT 10 Editing Files 105

1 Identify the part of speech of each word.
1. the determiner 5. spectacular adjective 9. rarely adverb
2. we pronoun 6. swims verb 10. on preposition
3. writer noun 7. and conjunction 11. soon adverb
4. incredible adjective 8. alphabet noun 12. but conjunction
2 Complete the sentences with the words from the word box. Write the part of and
speech over each word, using the abbreviations in chart 10.1.
adj. beautiful
beautiful 1
Lebanon is a country in the Middle East. The site carefully
prep. v. in
of 2 is 3
the present city of Byblos more than 10 000
n. d. is
years 4 the 5
old. The Greeks called city Byblos (meaning it
p.
it 6 of
papyrus) because was the centre of the papyrus trade
prep. adv. the
in 7 carefully 8
the region. The scribes of Byblos carved the rst them
c. p.
alphabet on stone and 9
we must thank them 10
for it now! years
Edit It!
3 Change the highlighted nouns to pronouns to avoid repetition. Circle the verbs in the
sentences and underline the adjectives.
Steve: Do you know the story of Maxime Durand?

he
Tom: No. What did Maxime Durand do?
he
Steve: Maxime Durand followed his passion, so Maxime did a degree in history at the
Université de Montréal. Many history graduates enter careers as teachers, but Maxime
it
took a totally different route. He applied his degree to launch his unusual career. He used
his love and knowledge of history to help Ubisoft with their extremely popular Assassin’s
them
Creed series of video games. Have you heard of the Assassin’s Creed games?
them
Tom: Of course I have. I saw the games at the video store.
they
Steve: Well, those video games are historically correct because of Maxime’s extensive
He
knowledge. Maxime checks that all the details are perfect. The most recent game in the
it
Assassin’s Creed series is no exception. Are you going to try Assassin’s Creed now?
Tom: I am. I will certainly think of Maxime Durand from now on.
106 UNIT 10 Editing Files

SENTENCES
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a thought. It begins with a capital

letter and ends with a period, a question mark, or an exclamation mark.
Travel can be an enriching experience. Why do you like to travel? I like adventure!
10.2 Types of Sentences

Type of Description Example
Sentence
Simple Is an independent clause Brianna worked in Africa.
that expresses a complete thought
Compound Has two independent clauses She loved her job but it was hard work.
joined by a conjunction Brianna worked hard; she also worked long hours in
or a semicolon difcult conditions.
Complex Has two or more clauses: I admire the organization Doctors Without Borders
an independent clause (independent clause) because the doctors work
and a dependent clause selessly in difcult conditions (dependent clause).
Edit It! Refer to chart 10.6, page 110, for

information on punctuation.
4 Underline the ve errors in sentence structure. Then write the
email correctly.
Hi,
I was really busy at work this week. On Monday I met with Angelika Brunel, who is the
co-author of REAL. She is an ESL teacher: she also writes books. She likes writing
textbooks. Because she is interested in pedagogy. Angelika is a creative person. And
she is an enthusiastic musician. But she only plays for fun. Angelika also loves
animals: she sometimes fosters abandoned dogs. She’s taking care of three dogs right now.
I was really busy at work this week. On Monday I met with Angelika Brunel, who is the
co-author of REAL. She is an ESL teacher;/and she also writes books. She likes writing
textbooks because she is interested in pedagogy. Angelika is a creative person and she
is an enthusiastic musician, but she only plays for fun. Angelika also loves animals; she
sometimes fosters abandoned dogs. She’s taking care of three dogs right now.

10.3 Sentence Structure: Fragments
A fragment is an incomplete sentence. A complete sentence must have a subject
and a verb.
Fragment Problem Solution Correction

Is a nervous student. There is no subject. Add a subject. Jon is a nervous student.
Jon unhappy with There is no verb. Add a verb. Jon is unhappy with his results.
his results.
If he fails another A conditional clause Add a main clause. If he fails another test, he must
test. is not a complete Use a comma after the quit the program.
sentence. conditional clause.
Because he’s addicted A dependent clause Add an independent His grades are bad because he’s
to video gaming. is not a complete clause. addicted to video gaming.
sentence.
When I saw him. A time clause is not a Add an independent When I saw him, he looked very
complete sentence. clause. stressed.
Who was talking to A relative clause is Add an independent The man who was talking to him
him. not a complete clause. Put the subject was his counsellor.
sentence. before the relative
clause.
10.4 Sentence Structure: Run-on Sentences

A run-on sentence occurs when two sentences are not joined correctly.
Run-on Sentence Solution Correction

Addiction problems Make two sentences. Addiction problems are serious issues. They ruin many lives.
are serious issues,
they ruin many lives. Use a semicolon. Addiction problems are serious issues; they ruin many lives.
Use a conjunction. Addiction problems are serious issues and they ruin many
lives.
Addiction problems are serious issues because they ruin
many lives.
Edit It!
5 Write each sentence correctly using a different solution from charts 10.3 and 10.4.
Write the solution.
1. I often send text messages in class, my teacher isn’t happy with me.
Solution: Make two sentences.
I often send text messages in class. My teacher isn’t happy with me.

2. We’re playing a video game we should be doing our assignments.
Solution: Use a semicolon.
We’re playing a video game; we should be doing our assignments.
3. My tablet a bigger screen than my phone.
Solution: Add a verb.
My tablet has a bigger screen than my phone.
10.5 Subject-Verb Agreement

In a sentence, the subject and the verb must always be in agreement.
Subject and Verb Example

Verb be: Use the correct form of the verb with the subject. I am a trainee chef. Zack is already a chef.
Verb have: Use the correct form of the verb with I have a wok and Zack has a steamer.
the subject. We have great kitchen gadgets.
Simple present: Use the -s or -es form for the third-person Zack cooks delicious meals.
singular afrmative. He goes on the Internet to get new recipes.
Use do / does not (don’t / doesn’t) for the negative. He doesn’t cook Asian food.
Present progressive and past progressive: Use the correct We are working in the same restaurant.
form of the verb be. We were training together in New York.
Edit It!
6 Cross out the subject-verb agreement errors and write the correction above the error.
spends
1. Liam spend a lot of time downloading music.
does
2. He do his homework listening to music.
am
3. When I are doing my homework I need a quiet space.
has
4. Liam have a high tolerance for noise.
doesn’t
5. He don‘t notice that his music is really loud.
replies
6. Liam reply to every email immediately.
doesn’t
7. He don’t concentrate on his homework.
don’t
8. I doesn’t understand how he manages to do it.

10.6 Punctuation
Use punctuation to organize and structure your ideas when writing.
Punctuation Use Example
Period . To nish a sentence My grandparents emigrated from Poland

in 1959.
To show abbreviations They arrived in Montréal at 3:00 p.m. on

Dec. 19, 1959.
Exclamation To express surprise I couldn’t believe that they knew the

mark ! exact time!
Question mark ? To ask a question Do you know the time you were born?
Comma , To join two independent clauses connected I asked my mother, but she couldn’t
by a conjunction remember the time I was born.
To separate consecutive adjectives, nouns, Now I am researching family history,

and verbs sorting photos, and reading old
documents.
Colon : To introduce a list of items Things I must buy: a bus pass, a birthday
present for Amy, and a sweater.
Semicolon ; To separate two independent clauses Dina failed the exam; Lucy passed.
Apostrophe ’ To indicate possession in nouns (before or Frank’s old car is rusty. (singular noun)
after -s) The girls’ living room is trendy.
(plural noun)
To show contractions Ivan’s pleased because he’ll travel a lot.
Parentheses ( ) To separate words or sentences that add I work at the store (weekdays only)
extra information from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Quotation To repeat what someone said or wrote Oscar Wilde said, “Anybody can make
marks “ “ Add a comma before you write the opening history; only a great man can write it.”
quotation mark. “Oscar Wilde was a genius,” replied the
Use a comma before the closing quotation teacher.
mark if the quote starts the sentence.

10.7 Capitalization
Rule Example
First word of a sentence Tomorrow I will start my new job.
First-person subject pronoun I am happy because I have nished my report.
First names, family names, titles Emily Carr, Mr. Bean, Doctor Who
Titles of books, magazines, newspapers, plays, Pride and Prejudice, Vogue, The Gazette / The Globe
paintings (except conjunctions, prepositions, articles) and Mail, Othello, the Mona Lisa
Days, months, holidays Saturday, July, Thanksgiving
Languages, nationalities, tribes, religions Dutch, Japanese, Zulus, Buddhism
Continents, countries, cities, provinces, states, rivers, Asia, Spain, Madrid, Ontario, Maine, the Mississippi,
mountains, planets the Rockies, Mars
Organizations, institutions, monuments the United Nations, Greenpeace, the Eiffel Tower
Addresses 52 Crabtree Cottage, Moxton, England
Acronyms UNICEF, DNA
Edit It!
7 Edit the text for punctuation and capitalization errors. Add the correct punctuation
and write the correct capitalization over the word.
My Brad can’t Advertisers

my friend brad cant resist a cigarette. advertisers use powerful ways to convince people
However, Canada In
to buy a product. however cigarette advertising is prohibited in canada. in fact, marketing
Canadian Did
strategies are used to discourage canadian teenagers from smoking. did you see the
Unfortunately
horrible graphic pictures of health issues on cigarette packets? unfortunately, young people
are more inuenced by their peers than advertisements and start a lifelong habit of using
The Health Canada
tobacco. the habit is hard to break, according to health canada, because nicotine in tobacco
It’s
is addictive . its better never to start smoking.

Edit It!
8 Identify the type of error(s) in each sentence and write the sentence correctly.
Problem Type of Error(s) Correction
1. Rosanne went to bed early. Fragment Rosanne went to bed early because
Because she was tired.
she was tired.
2. Patti and Marsha are Run-on sentence Patti and Marsha are roommates;
roommates, they share an
apartment. they share an apartment.
3. Phil and his sister is

Subject-verb agreement Phil and his sister are coming to
coming to the prom.
the prom.
4. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow
Fragment (missing If it doesn’t rain tomorrow morning,
morning.
main clause) I will go for a long jog.
5. Nancy is very moody
Run-on sentence Nancy is very moody. She’s difcult
she’s difcult to live with.
to live with.
6. She don’t like cleaning
Subject-verb agreement She doesn’t like cleaning up the
up the clutter.
clutter.
7. He was born on Jan 15

Punctuation He was born on Jan. 15, 1995.
1995.
8. Is a nice guy.
Fragment (missing subject) He is a nice guy.
9. Who was shouting.

Fragment (missing The man who was shouting was
independent clause) my coach.
10. Sonny unhappy with his
Fragment (missing verb) Sonny is/was/will be unhappy
paycheque.
with his paycheque.
11. I do tai chi and my brother

Subject-verb agreement I do tai chi and my brother does
do karate.
karate.
12. I am going to the library
Punctuation and “I am going to the library,” said
said matt.
capitalization Matt.

WORDS
“A word is a sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or

printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning.” thefreedictionary.com/words
10.8 False Cognates

True cognates are words that are spelled the same or similarly in French and
English and that have the same meaning in the two languages. False cognates
(faux amis) are words that are spelled the same or similarly in French and English
but that have different meanings. Both true and false cognates are not always
pronounced the same way in English and French.
False Cognates: Same Spelling Different Meaning
False cognate Meaning in French Meaning in English English equivalent
sensible easily touched responsible, practical

by emotions She found a sensible solution Lara is a quiet, sensitive young
or ideas to the problem. woman.
experience a test (in a something that happens to

scientic context) you; knowledge or skill
The birth of their baby was a We carried out a psychology
wonderful experience. experiment.
False Cognates: Similar Spelling Different Meaning
French/English Meaning in French Meaning in English English equivalent
actuellement/ presently, now in fact

actually Actually, I prefer this colour. I’m presently studying psychology.
assister/assist participate, attend help

She assisted the vet when I attended the seminar yesterday.
her dog was sick.
librairie/library bookstore place to borrow books

He took out books from the I bought the course book at the
library for his project. bookstore.
quitter/quit leave stop doing something

She quit her job when she We had to leave at 6:00 p.m.
didn’t get a promotion.
vacances/ vacation a room or job that is available

vacancy I applied for the job when I’m not taking a vacation this year.
there was a vacancy.

Edit It!
9 Choose the correct word(s) from the word box to replace the underlined word(s).
Use a dictionary to help you.
1. Adam has just nished his formation. training

amazing
2. I need chance to win the competition. luck an internship
luck
3. My program includes a stage. an internship robe
training
4. The discovery of this fossil is formidable. amazing
5. A graduate wears a black dress. robe
10.9 Homophones
Sometimes two English words are pronounced exactly the same way, but have
different spellings and meanings. These words are called homophones.
be bee cell sell hair hare I eye sole soul
blew blue cent sent hoarse horse pair pear son sun
buy by ower our hole whole sight site write right
Edit It!
10 Underline and correct the the eight homophone errors. Write the correction above
each error. Use a dictionary to help you.
Jude: What are you making? It looks delicious.

whole hare pear
Alex: This is a hole hair cooked in red wine and for dessert I made a pair compote.
buy
Jude: You’re lucky to live on a farm. You don’t have to by produce.
Alex: Yes, it’s one of the advantages of keeping animals and growing your own food.
son,
Jude: I guess since you’re a farmer’s sun, you learned to grow food as a child.
bee
Alex: Of course. I learned to care for the be hives and collect the honey. We grow wheat
our
and grind our ower in the old mill by the stream. It’s a great life.
I
Jude: Eye was born in a city, but I love the country.

10.10 Active and Passive Voice
Use Example
Use the active voice when the subject is the Taylor wrote the report.
doer of the action. (Taylor is the subject and is the doer of the action.)
Use the passive voice when the subject is not The report was written by Taylor.
the doer of the action or when the doer is (The report is the subject and does not do the action.)
not identied. The report was read aloud.
(The doer is not identied.)
• For sentences where the subject is not The pie has been eaten.
known or not important (We don’t know who ate the pie.)
• For sentences where the focus is on the The rst antibiotic was discovered in 1928.
action and not the subject (often used in (It is the discovery of antibiotics that is important,
scientic and academic writing) not who discovered the rst antibiotic.)
• To make a text more interesting by avoiding The students grew plants in sandy soil. The students
repetition of the subject watered them regularly.
The plants were grown in a sandy soil and the
students watered them regularly.
10.11 Active and Passive Voice of Verbs

The verb be is used as an auxiliary verb to transform active sentences into passive
sentences. Note that the subject and the object change places.
Verb Form Active Voice Passive Voice
Subject Verb Object Subject Verb be + past Object

participle
Simple Many use acrylic paint. Acrylic paint is used by many

present artists artists.
Present My is reading his messages. The messages are being read by my

progressive brother brother.
Simple The suggested ideas for the Ideas for the were by the
past teacher essay. essay suggested teacher.
Past Ellen was writing her report. The report was being by Ellen.
progressive written
Present Steven has eaten all the fruit. All the fruit has been by Steven.
perfect eaten
Future The teens will / are the tickets. The tickets will / are going by the
going to to be bought teens.
buy
Modals The travel may give excellent Excellent may be given by the
agent advice. advice travel agent.

Edit It!
11 Correct the underlined errors in the passive verbs. Write the correction
above the error.
Shakespeare’s Inspiration
1. The Roman philosopher and playwright Seneca (4 BCE to 65 CE) left us
these words of wisdom: Travel and change of place impart new vigour to the mind.
was born was sent
Seneca travelled all his life. He was borned in Spain, and then he was send to
Rome as a boy. He lived in Egypt and Corsica and died in Rome. Emperor Nero’s
were written was inuenced
speeches wrote by Seneca. Shakespeare was inuence by his plays, which are full
of tragedy and drama.
have been moved am inspired

2. People all over the world has been moved by the tragic story of Romeo and Juliet. I am inspire by
Shakespeare’s ability to involve the audience in the drama of a situation. Often the people in
have been told are drawn
the audience have been telled of a twist in the plot, and they are draw into the secret. On the other
is complicated
hand, some of the protagonists don’t know of the twist and the conict is complicate by their
will be inuenced
lack of knowledge. Many audiences will inuenced by Shakespeare’s magic for centuries to come.
12 Complete the text with passive verbs in the tense in parentheses.
On October 29, 2013, the Marmaray Tunnel, the world’s rst submerged railway connection
between Europe and Asia, (simple past: open) was opened 1

in Istanbul, Turkey. The rst
ever underground train service in the world (simple past: build) was built 2
in London in
1863; the second one (simple past; construct) was constructed 3

in Istanbul in 1874. In record
books, it (simple present: enter) is entered 4

as the shortest metro line in the world—with
only one stop! The project for the Marmaray Tunnel (simple past: delay) was delayed 5
were discovered 6
for four years because important archaeological relics (simple past: discover)
were found 7
on the excavation site. The remains of wooden ships (simple past: nd) lying
in the mud at the bottom of the ancient port of the city of Constantinople, the old name for Istanbul.
were buried 8
Maybe they (simple past: bury) when Istanbul experienced one of its major
earthquakes thousands of years ago.

10.12 Participles
Use present and past participle adjectives to make your writing more interesting.
Verb Present Participle Past Participle
Base form of verb Ends with -ing Ends with -ed Adjectives formed
using the present and
amaze amazing amazed past participles have
different meanings.
bore boring bored
Katy is boring. (Katy
charm charming charmed is not an interesting
person.)
confuse confusing confused
Katy is bored. (Katy
depress depressing depressed has nothing interesting
to do.)
embarrass embarrassing embarrassed
excite exciting excited
interest interesting interested
please pleasing pleased
relax relaxing relaxed
satisfy satisfying satised
shock shocking shocked
tire tiring tired
Edit It!
13 Read the conversation. Underline and correct the 10 errors in

-ing and -ed adjectives.
interesting
Karen: I loved the physics lesson this morning. It was very interested.
boring interested
Eva: Really? I thought it was bored. I was more interesting in the
charming annoyed
charmed guy next to me. I felt annoying because he didn’t seem to
excited
notice me. He was more exciting by the lesson! How could he nd
exciting annoying
physics more excited than me? That was very annoyed. He was
charmed
charming by physics and not by me!
bored
Karen: If you were boring by the physics lesson, maybe you and he
aren’t compatible!

10.13 Gerunds and Innitives
Gerunds and innitives are verb forms that can function as nouns.
A gerund is formed by using Smoking is a bad habit.

the present participle (base form
Never write for in front of the verb + -ing).
of an innitive.
Always take the third-person Smoking causes many health
I went for to see my singular of the verb problems.
teacher.
Smoking doesn’t help your
Gerund health.
(-ing noun)
Can be the subject or the Smoking (subject) is addictive.
object in a sentence Teenagers start smoking (object)
with their friends.
Can follow a verb or a Sara stopped smoking.

preposition She was happy about stopping
the habit.
The innitive is formed using It isn’t a good idea to smoke.

to + the base form of the verb.
Innitive Usually follows verbs Sara wants to stop this bad habit.
Can follow adjectives and I was happy to hear that she’s
nouns stopped smoking.
Common Verbs Followed by a Gerund

acknowledge discuss go miss recommend
admit dislike imagine postpone regret
appreciate enjoy include practise remember
avoid escape keep prevent report
consider nish mention quit suggest
Common Verbs Followed by an Innitive

agree demand hope offer seem
appear deserve intend plan tend
arrange expect learn pretend threaten
consent fail manage promise try
decide happen need refuse wait

Common Adjectives + Prepositions Followed by a Gerund
accustomed to aware of disappointed interested in sorry about
about
addicted to bad at famous for opposed to tired of
afraid of capable of fond of pleased about upset about
amazed at clever at good at proud of used to
angry about concerned about hesitant about sick of worried about
Edit It!
14 Underline the gerund or the innitive in each sentence. Write the correction on the line.
1. We enjoy to play golf. playing
2. I dislike to learn languages. learning
3. Do you agree accepting these conditions? to accept
4. He refuses leaving. to leave
5. Matt is concerned about to fail his test. failing
6. I’m used to work at night. to working
7. I’m proud winning a prize. to win/of winning
8. Troy is worried about to do his oral presentation. doing
9. She expects getting a promotion. to get
10. I avoid talking about to cheat. cheating
15 Underline the 10 errors. Write the correction above the error.

give
Francine used to giving me a ride to school, but now she’s doing an internship. This
stop giving
probably means that she’ll have to stopping to give me a ride. This could be a good
to get jogging
thing because I need getting more exercise. I’ve thought of jog for a long time.
Jogging
To jog is great cardiovascular exercise. It increases the heart rate and improves blood
running
circulation. I think I’ll plan on run to school next week. However, winter will be here
doing Buying
soon, and the snow may prevent me from to do that every day. To buy a bus pass
Running
might be a good idea. To run seems a better idea in the spring!

10.14 Common Spelling Problems
hour We’ll eat in about an hour.
our We have our picnic basket.
it’s It’s a short drive to the car rally.

its Its point of departure is just outside the city.
their Their car is the blue one.

there My friends are over there.
they’re They’re coming with us.
wear I am happy I decided to wear a warm coat today.

were The details on the website were unclear.
where Where do we register for the rally?
which (wich) Which car is yours?

with (whit) Did you bring a packed lunch with you?
Edit It!
16 Underline the 12 misspelled words. Write the correction over the word.
Where
Julie: Were are you going?
hour
Dan: I’m in a hurry. I was due to start work an our ago.
It’s there
Julie: Do you want me to drive you? Its only a ve-minute drive their.
where
Dan: That would be great. Parking is difcult wear I work. The restaurant is on a corner.
its it’s
The lack of parking spaces is it’s greatest problem. Otherwise, its very popular.
wear
Julie: I notice you’re dressed in your chef’s clothes. Do you were a tall chef’s hat
to work?
with
Dan: Of course. The customers see me whit my hat because I cook in front of them.
Their
There reactions are interesting.
Which
Julie: Witch dish is your favourite? What do you like cooking the most?
They’re
Dan: I love to make sh dishes. Their so delicious.
Julie: Well, here we are. Have a great day!

Edit It!
17 Underline the errors in each sentence. Use the charts to help you. Write the
appropriate code above each error. Then write the sentence correctly.
Code Type of Error Chart Reference Code Type of Chart Reference

Number Error Number
FC False cognate Chart 10.8 P Participles Chart 10.12
H/S Homophone and spelling Charts 10.9 and 10.14 G Gerund Chart 10.13
A/P Active and passive voice Charts 10.10 and 10.11 I Innitive Chart 10.13
H/S
1. Its complicated for me. It’s complicated for me.
A/P
2. The term paper was writing by Kerry.
The term paper was written by Kerry.
G
3. To learn English is difcult for me. Learning English is difcult for me.
H/S
4. I don’t know wich tense to use. I don’t know which tense to use.
H/S
5. Hour teacher doesn’t have much patience.
Our teacher doesn’t have much patience.
P
6. The concert was very bored. The concert was very boring.
H/S
7. Their are so many words that I cannot say.
There are so many words that I cannot say.
FC
8. I need intensive formation in this language.
I need intensive training in this language.
P
9. She is very exciting about the trip. She is very excited about the trip.
I
10. I would like spending a whole year in the USA.
I would like to spend a whole year in the USA.
FC
11. I’m a sensitive student who makes logical decisions.
I’m a sensible student who makes logical decisions.
A/P
12. The errors may be correct by the teacher.
The errors may be corrected by the teacher.

Final Edit It!
18 Underline and correct the 15 errors in the text.

Austen said, .”
Jane austen once said “There is nothing like staying at home for real comfort”. Many
young people would agree with her.

leave
In many cultures, adult children only quit home when they marry. In Canada,
to study
though, it was usual for young people to leave home at 18 studying or work. Nowadays
staying are
even 20-year-olds are to stay at home. They is studying longer and entering the
workplace later.
Working expensive and an
to work and studying at the same time is difcult. Rent is expensive, an apartment is
Driving mom’s Adult
almost a luxury. To drive your moms’ car is cheaper than paying for your own car. adult
where
children enjoy the comfort of home, wear they have home-cooked meals and laundry
are supportive. Home
facilities. Fortunately, the parents of millennials is usually very supportive, home is a
place of security and warmth.
19 Read Louis’s letter and correct the underlined errors.
Hi Mom and Dad,

me! I
I hope you are both well. No doubt you’ll be surprised to get a letter from I! i thought
to because
it was better to write at you than to tell you my news by phone. Because it’s a serious
There
decision. Their are many reasons why I have decided to drop my health science
quick decision
program. This isn’t a decision quick; I have taken a long time to think about it.
myself
While I was doing a philosophy course in college, I started to ask me questions
future interesting, but qualities
about my futur. Medicine is interested. But I realize now that I haven’t got the qualitys
to more irritable On
required for be a good doctor. I need to be most patient and less irritabler. In the
cooking
other hand, to cook is my passion and I will ofcially ask for a change of program next
best
week. I will become the better possible chef I can.
still living with Its
I am living still at the student residence whit my roommate, Steve. It’s easy access
to the culinary school is a great advantage.

always supported
You have supported always me and I hope that you will understand my decision.
Louis

FinalFinal
Verb Revie
Final Verb Review
Verb Review
Final Verb Review
Final Verb Review
Final Ve
Final Verb Re
Simple Present, Simple Past, and Future Forms
A Answer the questions.
1. How do you form the simple present of a verb?
You use the base form. You add -s or -es to form the third-person singular.
2. Which two verbs do not follow these rules?
The verbs be and have do not follow these rules.
3. What are two keywords you can use with the simple present and the
simple past?
Simple present: always every month
Simple past: last month in 2010
4. How do you form the simple past of a regular verb? You add -ed or -d.
5. How do you form the future? Explain the two forms and give an
example of each.
You can use will and be going to for the future.
For be going to, you use the appropriate form of the verb be + going to + the base form of the
main verb. I am going to study history.
For will, you use will + the base form of the verb. I will graduate when I am 23.
B Cross out the error in each sentence and write the correction above it.
Then write the rule that explains the error.
drinks
1. Naomi drank a lot of milk every day. Use the present tense with every day.
Add -s to form the third-person singular of the verb.
cried
2. Her baby cries all last night. Use the past tense with last night. Change
the -y to i and add -ed to form the simple past.

am
3. I be going to learn to ski. The subject and verb must agree.
is going to take
4. He taking his nal exam to be a lawyer next year. Use the future form with next year. Use be
going to and the base form of the verb for an action that is planned for the future.
came
5. Last night I come home at eleven o’clock after a long day at school. Use the past tense with
last night.
FINAL VERB REVIEW 123

Simple Present and Present Progressive
1. How do you form the present progressive?
You use the appropriate form of the verb be in the simple present +
the base form of the main verb + -ing.
2. What are two keywords you can use with the present progressive?
right now at the moment
3. When do you use the simple present and when do you use the present
progressive?
Simple Present: You use the simple present for habitual actions, customs,
and facts.
Present Progressive: You use the present progressive for temporary situations,
actions in progress at the moment of speaking, plans for the future, and
changing situations.
4. Write a yes / no question to match each answer.
a. Simple present: Yes, Karen drives her car to school every day.
Does Karen drive her car to school every day?
b. Present progressive: Yes, David is working tonight.

Is David working tonight?
B Complete the text with the simple present or the present progressive of
the verbs.
are worrying 1
Nowadays scientists (worry) about bee populations around the
are dying 2 are 3

world. Right now bees (die) . They (be)
have 4
usually the victims of pesticides. Bees (have) a few predators,
are studying 5
such as birds and dragonies. This month we (study)
insects in biology class. Our teacher explained that presently some insects
are increasing 6
(increase) in number. Ants, for example, (infest, now)
are now infesting 7

public places and dry areas. In cold weather they
go 8
generally (go) underground or crawl into the walls of houses.
are observing 9
In class we (observe) a colony of ants for a month. Every day
study 10
we (study) their behaviour and write down our observations.
124 FINAL VERB REVIEW

Simple Past and Present Perfect
1. When do you use the present perfect? Give two explanations.

You use it for actions that started in the past and continue in the present, actions
that happened recently or at an unspecied time in the past, and actions that
happened at least once in the past and could happen again in a time period that
is not yet completed.
2. Which tense do you use to describe a completed action in the past?
You use the simple past.
3. What are two keywords you can use with the present perfect?
already since
4. How do you form the present perfect?
You use the appropriate form of the verb have + the past participle of the
main verb.
5. When do you use since and for with the present perfect?
Since: You use since to indicate a specic point in time.
For: You use for to indicate a period of time.
B Choose the simple past or the present perfect. Use the keywords to help you.
Underline your choice and explain it.
1. Jen has been sick / was sick since last week.

It describes an action that started in the past and continues in the present.
2. I called / have called her last night, but she was out.
It describes a completed action in the past.
3. A year ago I have graduated / graduated from my program.

4. Brad got / has got the news on Monday.

5. I have forgotten / forgot my car keys twice this month and it’s only the 21st!
It describes an action that happened at least once in the past and could
happen again in a time period that is not yet completed.

Modals
Answer the questions.
1. Which modals express obligation? have to must
2. Which modals express ability and past ability? can could
3. Which modal can you use to give advice? should
4. Which modals express a possible option? Underline the answers.
can could may might must should
5. Which modal expresses an informal request? Underline the answer.
can could may
6. Are the following statements true or false?
a. Modals do not change form. T F
b. Modals come before the base form of the main verb. T F
c. You can use two modals with a single main verb. T F
d. We often use the negative contraction mayn’t for may not. T F
e. Use had to in place of must to express an obligation

in the past. T F
f. To use a modal with a verb in the past, use the

modal + have + past participle. T F
Questions
Write a yes / no question with the verb form in parentheses and the words given.
Add appropriate keywords.
1. (present progressive) you / learn / Italian
Are you learning Italian at the moment?
2. (simple past) they / save / money Did they save money last month?
3. (past progressive) he / watch / TV / doing his assignment
Was he watching TV while doing his assignment?
4. (present perfect) Bella / receive / her results
Has Bella already received her results?
5. (future with will) Connor / drive / to the airport
Will Connor drive to the airport tomorrow?
126 FINAL VERB REVIEW

Verb Review
A Complete the text with the appropriate forms of the verbs. Use the keywords to
help you.
Have you ever (be) been 1

to Florida? When I was eight years old, I (go) went 2
there with my family. We (start) started 3

at Disney World. It (become) has become 4
a popular vacation destination since it rst opened its doors on October 1, 1971. Now it
(have) has 5
over 50 million visitors every year. We (meet) met 6
Mickey
and Minnie and many other characters there.
At Gatorland we (feed) fed 7

alligators and at the Everglades National Park we
(ride) rode 8
on an airboat and saw more alligators as well as manatees and dolphins.
We also (take) took 9

a tour of NASA’s Kennedy Space Center near Cape Canaveral.
American astronauts (leave) have left 10

from that site to journey into space since
Alan Shepard (become) became 11

the rst American in space on May 5, 1961.
Now that I (be) am 12

an adult, I want to return to Florida. This time
I (y) will y 13
through the air on a zipline, and ride in a hot-air balloon to watch the sun
rise over Orlando. The other thing that I (be going to, denitely, do) am denitely going to do 14
is to take a virtual tour of the moon at the Kennedy Space Center so that I (ability: see) can see 15
for myself what it is like to be an astronaut.
B Complete each question with the correct form of the verb. Use the information in
parentheses to help you.
1. Did you see the falling stars last night? (simple past: see)
2. Has he bought a car yet? (present perfect: buy)
3. Should we wait until he arrives? (modal: suggestion, wait)
4. What did they decide yesterday? (simple past: decide)
5. When is the parcel coming ? (present progressive: come)
6. How can I x this? (modal: ability, x)
7. Why have they left already? (present perfect: leave)
8. What was he looking for yesterday evening? (past progressive: look)

Appendix 1
Question Words
Information Question Word Example Answer
Needed
Thing or event What What is this paper? It’s a travel brochure.
Place Where Where is he from? He’s from India.
Time or date When When are you leaving? I’m leaving at 6:00 p.m.
When is your appointment? It’s on June 26 at 10:00 a.m.
Person / People Who Who is that girl over there? She’s my cousin.
Reason Why Why are you studying? I’m studying because I have a
test tomorrow.
Feeling How How are you? I’m in good shape.

Manner How do you make spaghetti? You place it in boiling water for
15 minutes.
Means How can I help? You can wash the dishes.
Quantity How many (countable How many days are there to Graduation is in 10 days.
nouns) graduation?
How much (uncountable How much time do you I have 30 minutes.
nouns) have?
Size How big / tall / high How tall are you? I’m 167 cm.
Duration / Length How long How long is your vacation? I have two weeks vacation.
Frequency How often How often do you practise? I practise three times a week.
Complete each sentence with an appropriate question word to match the information
in bold.
1. Where did I put my dictionary? It’s on the table.
2. How much does this bag cost? It’s $60.
3. Who is that guy? He’s my roommate.
4. How often do you go to the gym? I go three times a week.
5. When is the bus coming? It’s coming in ve minutes.
6. Why was Oliver late for his job? He missed his bus.
7. How many hours do you work a week? I work 25 hours a week.
8. What do you like to do on weekends? I like to go shopping.
9. How does your sister feel? She feels ne now.
10. How long is your essay? It’s two full pages.
128 APPENDIX 1
Appendix 2
Question Formation
Verb Be
Verb Tense Information Questions Yes / No Questions
Question Rest of question Verb + subject Rest of question
word
Simple present Where are you? Am I late?
When is his appointment? Is he at his meeting?
Who are they? Are they his parents?
Simple past What was that noise? Was it noisy?

How much were the computers? Were the computers very expensive?
Future Why will he be late? Will Pierre be late?
Other Verbs
Verb Tense Information Questions Yes / No Questions
Question Rest of question Verb + subject Rest of question
word
Simple present Why does Monica like him? Does Monica like him?
How much do they pay a month? Do they pay $350 a month?
Simple past What did you see? Did you see a whale?
How many T-shirts did they buy? Did they buy two T-shirts?
Present What are you studying? Am I taking the right course?

progressive Who is Noah talking to? Is Noah talking to his teacher?
How long are we going for? Are we going all summer?
Past progressive Where were you staying? Were you staying with your father?
Why was she laughing? Was she laughing at the joke?
How often were they working? Were they working for ten hours?
Future with will What will you do today? Will you work today?
How late will the concert nish? Will it nish before midnight?
Future with be Why are you going to quit Am I going to quit school?
going to school?
When is he going to take a Is he going to take a gap year?
gap year?
Present perfect Why has she taken that job? Has she taken that job for the experience?
Who have they contacted? Have they contacted the school?
Modals What would you like? Would you like a cup of coffee?
When can he phone you? Can he phone you now?
How soon should you reserve a Should you reserve a seat today?
seat?
APPENDIX 2 129
Appendix 3
Prepositions
Place and Position Direction and Movement Time, Date, and Duration
above / on top of / over the shelf across the eld after eight o’clock
at the house, at 62 Ash Street along the canal at night
behind the chair around the corner before Wednesday
beside / next to / near the door by the shopping centre by midnight
between the desk and the chair down the street during the holidays
for two kilometres from north to south in the morning
in Thailand into the pool for a month
inside the drawer past the house from June to August
in front of the class through the window on April 22
on the table, on Ash Street to work to 6:00 p.m.
under the table towards the school until next week
A. Write the correct preposition of time and place: in, on, or at.
Brittany was born on 1

June 10, 1995, in 2
Laval in 3
the province of Québec. Her friend
Kathryn was born in 4

Windsor, Ontario, on 5
September 3, 1996. They met on 6
a trip to
Niagara Falls. They studied the same program at 7

a college in 8
Montréal.
Brittany’s friend Mary Ann lives in 9

Victoriaville. In 10
the winter they enjoy cross-country
skiing; they stay in 11

a cottage in 12
the Laurentians. Brittany, Kathryn, and Mary Ann go out
together on weekends. They like to spend their evenings in 13

restaurants and at 14
midnight
they party in 15
clubs.
B. Complete the sentences with prepositions of place, position, time, date, and duration.
Brittany’s friends Kathryn and Mary Ann are coming at 1

6:00 p.m. They are
leaving in 2
the morning for a trip to Europe. During 3
their vacation they
will visit six countries. From 4

4:15 p.m. to 5
6:00 p.m. Brittany will be
very busy. She hasn’t sorted out her things for 6

a month, so there’s a lot to do.
Just look at the mess in her room! The hairdryer is on 7

the bed, between 8
a turquoise towel and a turquoise sweater. In front of 9

Brittany is a huge pile of
makeup. There is a blue hat behind 10

her on 11
the headboard.
Next to 12
her elbow is a green pillow. There are so many things on 13
the
oor, I don’t know if she will be able to clean up before 14

her friends arrive.
130 APPENDIX 3
Appendix 4
Verb Tense Overview
Tense Afrmative Negative
Verb Be
Simple I am (’m) interested in math. I am not (’m not) interested in math.
present He is (’s) good at art. He is not (’s not / isn’t) good at art.
We are (’re) in the same class. We are not (’re not/ aren’t) in the same class.
Simple I was pleased with my grades. I was not (wasn’t) pleased with my grades.
past She was disappointed with hers. She was not (wasn’t) disappointed with hers.
They were in the library this afternoon. They were not (weren’t) in the library this afternoon.
Future I will (’ll) be at the hospital. I will not (won’t) be at the hospital.
He will (’ll) be in a private room. He will not (won’t) be in a private room.
You will (’ll) be with him. You will not (won’t) be with him.
Other Verbs
Simple I study health sciences. I do not (don’t) study health sciences.
present She studies social sciences. She does not (doesn’t) study social sciences.
We often study together. We do not (don’t) often study together.
Simple past I walked home yesterday. I did not (didn’t) walk home yesterday.
(regular and He came with me. He did not (didn’t) come with me.
irregular)
They arrived together. They did not (didn’t) arrive together.
Present I am (’m) learning about sustainability. I am not (’m not) learning about sustainability.
progressive She is (’s) talking about global warming. She is not (’s not/isn’t) talking about global warming.
You are (’re) joining Greenpeace. You are not (’re not/aren’t) joining Greenpeace.
Past I was laughing at his joke. I was not (wasn’t) laughing at his joke.
progressive He was telling old jokes. He was not (wasn’t) telling old jokes.
We were smiling, too. We were not (weren’t) smiling.
Future with I will (’ll) stay up late tonight. I will not (won’t) stay up late tonight.
will It will (’ll) arrive late. It will not (won’t) arrive late.
They will (’ll) go to bed at midnight. They will not (won’t) go to bed at midnight.
Future with I am (’m) going to revise for my exam. I am not (’m not) going to revise for my exam.
be going to He is (’s) going to help me. He is not (’s not / isn’t) going to help me.
We are (’re) going to support each other. We are not (’re not / aren’t) going to support
each other.
Present I have (’ve) contacted them. I have not (haven’t) contacted them.
perfect She has (’s) emailed me. She has not (hasn’t) emailed me.
They have (’ve) agreed to meet with me. They have not (haven’t) agreed to meet with me.
Modals I would (’d) like to pay off my student debt. I would not (wouldn’t) like to pay off my student debt.
It can accumulate interest. It cannot (can’t) accumulate interest.
You should pay off the debt this year. You should not (shouldn’t) pay off the debt this year.
APPENDIX 4 131
Appendix 5
Past Perfect
Use Example
To refer to an event that happened in the past When Natalie arrived at the store, Emma had
before another event happened already left.
(Emma left the store before Natalie arrived.)
To refer to an impossible situation in the past in a conditional If I had tried harder, I would have won the
sentence (the action in the if-clause never happened) competition.
To report what someone said They told me that they hadn’t seen the movie.
Form
Subject Verb have Past participle Subject Verb have in the Past participle
in the past past + not
I learned. I learned.
He / She / It had arrived. He / She / It had not (hadn’t) arrived.
We / You / They left. We / You / They left.
Questions
Verb have Subject Past participle Question word Verb have Subject Past participle
in the past in the past
I What I learned?
Had he / she / it learned? When had she arrived?
we / you / they Why they left?
Complete each sentence with the past perfect form of the verb in parentheses.
1. If Sam had played better, we would have won the game. (play)
You can answer a
yes / no question with a had
2. When we arrived at school, the class already
short answer.
Had she painted the begun . (begin)
chair yesterday?
3. Hilary told us that she had not forgotten to send her application. (forget, negative)
Yes, she had.
No, she hadn’t. had spoken
4. If Marta to me in Spanish, I would have answered her. (speak)
5. When I spoke to Grace, she said that she had decided to quit her job. (decide)
6. When Charlie arrived home, Vanessa had not left . (leave, negative)
7. Had they taken the photos when you got there? (take)
8. I would have given her advice if she had asked me. (ask)
132 APPENDIX 5
Appendix 6
Common Phrasal Verbs
A phrasal verb combines a verb with a preposition or adverb. A phrasal verb can have a
different meaning from the original verb.
Base Phrasal Verb Meaning Base Phrasal Verb Meaning

Form Form
ask for request grow out of become too big or old for
ask grow
ask out invite on a date grow up become an adult
back off move away hand in give to someone
back back out withdraw hand hand out distribute
back up reverse / support hand over surrender
break in enter a building by force keep on continue
break keep
break up end a relationship keep up persevere
call back return a call look after take care of
call off cancel look for try to nd
call look
call on ask for / visit look into investigate
call up phone look over review
come across nd make up mend a broken relationship /
come invent
come from originate make
make over change look
cut down reduce
cut cut in interrupt pass away die
pass
cut off remove pass out lose consciousness
drop in visit informally put down insult
drop drop off deliver put off delay
put
drop out quit put on dress up / apply
ll in complete / replace put together assemble
ll ll out complete run away escape
ll up make completely full run run into meet by accident
get along have a good relationship run out of have no more
get away escape
stay away not come
get back return / retrieve
stay in remain inside
get get in enter
stay stay out remain out
get on / off embark / disembark
stay over sleep overnight
get together meet
get up stand stay up remain awake
give away distribute take away / out remove

give give back return take take back retrieve
give up stop trying take off leave
go ahead start turn on / off start / stop
go go on proceed turn turn to get help
go out (with) date turn up / down increase / decrease
APPENDIX 6 133
Appendix 7
Irregular Verbs
Base Form Simple Past Past Participle Base Form Simple Past Past Participle
be was / were been ght fought fought
beat beat beaten nd found found
become became become y ew own
begin began begun forbid forbade forbidden
bite bit bitten forget forgot forgotten
bleed bled bled forgive forgave forgiven
blow blew blown freeze froze frozen
break broke broken get got got / gotten
bring brought brought give gave given
build built built go went gone
burst burst burst grind ground ground
buy bought bought grow grew grown
catch caught caught hang hung hung
choose chose chosen have had had
come came come hear heard heard
cost cost cost hide hid hidden
cut cut cut hit hit hit
deal dealt dealt hold held held
do did done hurt hurt hurt
draw drew drawn keep kept kept
drink drank drunk know knew known
drive drove driven lay laid laid
eat ate eaten lead led led
fall fell fallen leave left left
feed fed fed lend lent lent
feel felt felt let let let
134 APPENDIX 7
Base Form Simple Past Past Participle Base Form Simple Past Past Participle
lie lay lain speak spoke spoken
light lit lit speed sped sped
lose lost lost spend spent spent
make made made spit spat spat
mean meant meant split split split
meet met met spread spread spread
mistake mistook mistaken spring sprang sprung
pay paid paid stand stood stood
put put put steal stole stolen
quit quit quit stick stuck stuck
read read read sting stung stung
ride rode ridden strike struck struck
ring rang rung swear swore sworn
rise rose risen sweep swept swept
run ran run swim swam swum
say said said swing swung swung
see saw seen take took taken
sell sold sold teach taught taught
send sent sent tear tore torn
set set set tell told told
shake shook shaken think thought thought
shine shone shone throw threw thrown
shoot shot shot understand understood understood
shrink shrank shrunk upset upset upset
shut shut shut wake woke woken
sing sang sung wear wore worn
sit sat sat win won won
sleep slept slept wind wound wound
slide slid slid write wrote written
APPENDIX 7 135
Credits
p. 1: George Rudy/Thinkstock; p. 7: © Ralph Leroy; p. 8: meunierd/Shutterstock; p. 9: dgmata/Shutterstock; p. 10 (1): Sabphoto/
Shutterstock, (2): Andresr/Shutterstock, (3): beginwithaspin/Shutterstock, (4): Mila Supinskaya/Shutterstock, (5): Kzenon/Shutterstock,
(6): Warren Goldswain/Shutterstock; p. 13 (1): Syda Productions/Shutterstock, (2): Pecold/Shutterstock; p. 14: Charlie4mav/
iStockphoto; p. 15: Ysbrand Cosijn/Shutterstock; p. 20: yuqun/Shutterstock; p. 22: andrea lehmkuhl/Shutterstock; p. 23: StockLite/
Shutterstock; p. 24 (1): Kristina Afanasyeva/Dreamstime, (2): Isaac Koval/iStockphoto; p. 25: Stas Moroz/Shutterstock; p. 26: Conny
Sjostrom/Shutterstock; p. 27: melis/Shutterstock; p. 31: Steve Bower/Shutterstock; p. 32: Veniamin Kraskov/Shutterstock; p. 34 (1):
Pecold/Shutterstock, (2): Sergey Ryzhov/Shutterstock, (3): Gladskikh Tatiana/Shutterstock, (4): oliveromg/Shutterstock, (5): Elisabeth
Hammerschmid/Shutterstock, (6): Wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock; p. 35: Kurhan/Shutterstock; p. 36: Luiz Rocha/Shutterstock; p. 37:
LiliGraphie/Shutterstock; p. 41: sf2301420max/Shutterstock; p. 42: Photo: François Brunelle; p. 44 (1): Photograph by Oren Jack Turner,
Princeton, N.J.; (2): Wikimedia Commons; p. 45: monkeybusinessimages/iStockphoto, p. 47: Felix Mizioznikov/Shutterstock; p. 49:
Wikimedia Commons; p. 51: gpointstudio/Shutterstock; p. 55: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems; p. 56 (1): Songquan
Deng/Shutterstock, (2): claudio zaccherini/Shutterstock, (3): Luna Vandoorne/Shutterstock; p. 57: Alexandre Gibo/iStockphoto; p. 58 (1):
niall dunne/Shutterstock, (2): Hansueli Krapf/Wikimedia Commons; p. 59: Evgeniya Moroz/Shutterstock; p. 60: Ammit/iStockphoto;
p. 61: Samuel Borges Photography/Shutterstock; p. 66: Pinocchio by Enrico Mazzanti (1852-1910), the rst illustrator of “Le avventure
di Pinocchio. Storia di un burattino” colored by Daniel Donna; p. 67: rook76/Shutterstock; p. 68 (1): imagesolutions/Shutterstock,
(2): Andrey Arkusha/Shutterstock, (3): imagedb/Shutterstock, (4): damato/Shutterstock, (5): gyn9037/Shutterstock; p. 69: StockLite/
Shutterstock; p. 70: racorn/Shutterstock; p. 71: William Perugini/Shutterstock; p. 75: tetmc/iStockphoto; p. 76 (1): Yellowj/Shutterstock,
(2): Leah-Anne Thompson/Shutterstock, (3): Valua Vitaly/Shutterstock, (4): holbox/Shutterstock, (5): lightwavemedia/Shutterstock;
(6): Rido/Shutterstock; p. 77 (1) et (2): ollyy/Shutterstock; p. 78: Kjersti Joergensen/Shutterstock; p. 81: Wikimedia Commons; p. 82:
Dan Lundberg/Flickr; p. 83: Peter Bernik/Shutterstock; p. 87 (1): Dudarev Mikhail/Shutterstock, (2): Rido/Shutterstock, (3): michaeljung/
Shutterstock, (4): Deklofenak/Shutterstock, (5): Anna Furman/Shutterstock, (6): format35/Shutterstock; p. 88 (1): Pavel L Photo and
Video/Shutterstock, (2): baranq/Shutterstock; p. 90 (1): wollertz/Fotolia, (2): kikkerdirk/Fotolia; p. 91: Jörg Hackemann/Fotolia; p. 94:
DFID - UK Department for International Development; p. 95: vinzstudio/Shutterstock; p. 98: R. Gino Santa Maria/Shutterstock; p. 100 (1):
Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com, (2): Charlie Brewer, (3): Kosarev Alexander/ Shutterstock.com; p. 102: Reggeaman; p. 103:
Courtesy of Le Cristal; p. 105: Minerva Studio/Shutterstock; p. 110: Jonathan Joseph Bondhus; p. 116: The Plays of William Shakespeare
in Ten Volumes (1787) Steevens, George; Johnson, Sam; Reed, Isaac, eds. Frontispiece from 2nd ed.; p. 117: michaeljung/Shutterstock;
p. 119: Maridav/Shutterstock; p. 130: Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.
136 Credits Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Index
A possible _ in the future, 96
possible _ in the I modals, practise, 91
past progressive, 40
Active voice, 115–116 present, 96 Indenite articles, 18 past progressive,
Adjectives, 61 Conjunctions, 105 Indenite pronouns, 29 practise, 45
to adverbs, 64 Contractions, 110 Innitive, 118 present perfect, 72
formed from Could, 83 Interrogative present perfect,
present and past impossible conditionals statements. see practise, 75
participles, 117 in the past with, 100 Questions present progressive, 5
order, 65 Countable nouns, 15 words (appendix 1), 128 present progressive,
as parts of spelling of plural, 16 pronouns, 30 practise, 8–9
speech, 105 Irregular simple past, 38
placement in the adjectives, 62 simple past, practise, 42
sentence, 61
spelling, 62
D adverbs, 64
plural nouns, 17
simple present, 3
Denite articles, 18 simple present,
Adverbs, 63 Demonstrative verbs (appendix 7), practise, 7, 9
irregular, 64 determiners, 19 134–135 will, 52
as parts of pronouns, 30 verbs (past will, practise, 55
speech, 105 Determiners, 18 participles), 72 Never, still and yet, 73
placement in the articles, 18 verbs (simple past), 39 keywords exercises, 78
sentence, 1, 53, 63, 74 demonstrative, 19 No one / nobody, 29
type, 63 as parts of
Anyone / anybody, 29 speech, 105 K Nothing, 29
Nouns, 15
Anything, 29 possessive, 19 Keywords compound, 16
Apostrophe, 110 quantifying, 19 conditional, 95 countable. see Countable
Articles, 18 future, 51 nouns
past progressive, 37 countable vs
B E present perfect, 71
present progressive, 1
uncountable, 15
Each other, 29 as parts of
Be, 2 Everyone / everybody, 29 simple past, 37 speech, 105
expressions with, 2 Exclamation mark, 110 simple present, 1 plural form of. see
simple past, 39 time clauses, 54 Plural nouns
simple present, 2
possessive form of. see
Be going to, 53 F
vs gonna, 53 False cognates, 113 L Possessive nouns
uncountable. see
placement of adverbs, 53 Few, 19 Little, 19
Uncountable nouns
questions, 53 Fragment, 108
time clauses with, 54 Future, 51
vs will, 51 with be going to, 53 M O
conditionals, 96 Many, 19 Object pronouns, 27
keywords, 51, 54 May, 83 One another, 29
C time clauses with, 54 Might, 83
Can, 83 using the present Modals, 83
Capitalization, 111 tenses, 54 in the past. see Past P
Cognates, 113 with will, 52 modals Parentheses , 110
Colon, 110 questions, 84–85 Participles, 117
Comma, 110 Much, 19 past. see Past
Complex sentence, 107 G Must / have to, 83 participles
Compound sentence, 107 Gerund, 118 present. see Present
Conditionals, 95 some adjectives and participles
impossible _ in the past, 97 prepositions followed N Parts of speech, 105–106
impossible _ in the past by the, 119 Near future, 54 Passive voice, 115–116
with could, 100 some verbs followed Negative Past, simple. see Simple
impossible _ in the past by the, 118 be going to, 53 past
with would, 99 be going to, practise, 55 Past conditionals, 97
improbable _ in the conditionals, Past modals, 85
present, 96–97, 99 H practise, 100 Past participles, 117
keywords, 95 Homophones, 114 modals, 84–85 irregular verbs, 72
INDEX 137
Past perfect as parts of Relative pronouns, 30 Stative verbs, 6
(appendix 5), 132 speech, 105 Run-on sentence, 108 Subject pronouns, 27
Past progressive, 37 possessive, 28 Subject-verb agreement, 109
questions, 40 reciprocal, 29
vs Simple past, 37 reexive, 28 S
Period, 110 relative, 30 Semicolon, 110 T
Phrasal verbs subject, 27 Sentence(s), 107 There /here + be, 2
(appendix 6), 133 Pronunciation structure, 108 Time clauses
Placement in the sentence -ed (simple past), 38, 41 type of, 107 with be going to, 54
adjectives, 61 -s and -es (third-person Should, 83 with will, 54
adverbs, 63 ending of simple Simple past, 37
adverbs (with be present), 3 be, 39
going to), 53 Punctuation, 110 irregular verbs, 39 U
adverbs (with present keywords, 37 Uncountable nouns, 15–16
perfect), 74 vs past progressive, 37 Used to, 41
adverbs (with present Q vs present perfect,
progressive), 1 Quantifying 74, 79
adverbs (with simple determiners, 19 questions, 38–39 V
present), 1 Question mark, 110 regular verbs, 38 Verbs
Plural nouns Questions spelling, 38 nal review exercises,
compound, 16 be going to, 53 Simple present, 1 123–127
irregular, 17 be going to, be, 2 followed by the
spelling, 16 practise, 56, 60 keywords, 1 gerund, 118
Possessive with do, 4, 39 vs present progressive, 1 followed by the
determiners, 19, 28 formation pronunciation of third- innitive, 118
nouns, 17 (appendix 2), 129 person endings, 3 irregular (appendix 7),
pronouns, 28 modals, 84–85 questions, 3–4 134–135
Prepositions modals, practise, 91 spelling (third-person as parts of
(appendix 3), 130 past perfect, 132 singular), 3 speech, 105
as parts of past progressive, 40 use with stative verbs, 6 phrasal (appendix 6), 133
speech, 105 past progressive, Simple sentence, 107 stative, 6
Present, simple. see practise, 45–46, 126 Since and for, 73 tenses (appendix 4), 131
Simple present present perfect, 73 keywords exercises, Voice
Present conditionals, 95–96 present perfect, 77–78 active. see Active voice
Present participles, 117 practise, 76–78, 126 Since and for, 73 passive. see Passive
Present perfect, 71 present progressive, 6 Some, 19 voice
keywords, 71, 73–74 present progressive, Someone / somebody, 29
never, still and yet, 73 practise, 9–10, 126 Something, 29
placement of simple past, 38–39 Speech, parts of, 105–106 W
keywords, 74 simple past, practise, Spelling Will, 51–52
vs simple past, 74, 79 43–44, 126 adjectives to adverbs, 64 vs be going to, 51
since and for, 73 simple present, 3–4 common problems, 120 time clauses with, 54
Present progressive, 1, 5 simple present, comparative form of Words, 113
keywords exercices, practise, 8, 10 adjectives, 62 Would, 83
10–11 will, 52 plural countable in conditional sentences,
placement of adverbs, 1 will, practise, 55, 60, 126 nouns, 16 95–97
questions, 6 without do, 4, 39 present progressive, 5
vs simple present, 1 words (appendix 1), 128 problems, 120
spelling, 5 Quotation marks, 110 simple past (regular
Pronouns, 27 verbs), 38
demonstrative, 30 simple present (third-
indenite, 29 R person singular), 3
interrogative, 30 Reciprocal pronouns, 29 superlative form of
object, 27 Reexive pronouns, 28 adjectives, 62
138 INDEX
Life Issues
English Success
This much-anticipated second edition of

Grammar Book 2 offers a fresh take on the four-step
progressive approach and the features that made it
so successful. Designed to sensitize intermediate
students of English as a second language to
grammatical structures, the new and improved Eighty interactive workshops and over 700 questions
elements keep the material comprehensive, with automatic feedback offer additional grammar
current, and engaging. exercises, including pronunciation and dictation
User-friendly and concise grammar charts in practice, unit tests, and Editing Files and Final Verb
Function and Form contain clear explanations Review exercises.
illustrated with detailed examples. Notes highlight Students get automatic feedback and scoring while
common errors and provide usage tips to help teachers are able to annotate the eBook, electronically
prepare students for the targeted comprehension follow students’ progress, and create their own online
exercises that follow. interactive activities.
A large variety of contextualized and mixed This powerful digital tool sets a new standard for
concept exercises in the Practice section check ESL teaching and learning.
and reinforce students’ understanding of
important grammar points.
Communicate develops students’ speaking and K ay Powell holds a degree in Modern Languages (French,
German, and Italian) from London University, UK, and
a Masters in Applied Linguistics from Concordia University.
writing skills, and encourages peer editing. She has taught ESL in Europe, Africa and North America.
The popular Review is expanded with mixed She also worked for the Ministère du Revenu du Québec.
She taught at Collège Ahuntsic for 17 years. Kay works
practice and error-correction exercises. on course development for Cégep à distance and for the
Centre collégial de développement de matériel didactique,
Edit It! enables students to hone their editing and writes novels.
skills as they find and correct common errors.
Editing Files have students focus on their writing
and vocabulary choice, with charts and Edit It!
exercises on sentences and words.
A Final Verb Review of mixed tenses can easily
be used for evaluation.
Appendices include a verb tense overview, past
perfect charts, and lists of phrasal verbs and
irregular verbs.
REAL Skills Book 2, Second Edition,

complements the Grammar Book.
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GRAMMAR

KAY POWELL SECOND EDITION

Development and authoring of

All characters and scenarios presented in this work are

Chenelière Education and the authors shall not be held

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The complementary material published on our website

Legal deposit: 2nd trimester 2014

Communicate........................................ 12 Review ................................................... 35

UNIT 6 Adjectives and Adverbs

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

UNIT 8 Modals Final Verb Review ........................................... 123

Communicate........................................ 92 Simple Past and Present Perfect ........ 125

Review ................................................... 93 Modals ................................................... 126

61 7 Irregular Verbs ........................... 134–135

Credits ................................................................ 136

Index .................................................................... 137

2. PRACTISE offers contextualized and mixed

3. COMMUNICATE has collaborative

Edit It! allows

Editing Files, a new unit with sentence and word skills

Final Verb Review

Simple Present and

Yesterday Today Tomorrow

FUNCTION AND FORM

1.1 Simple Present and Present Progressive

1 Underline each verb and write SP (simple present) or PP (present progressive)

UNIT 1 Simple Present and Present Progressive 1

Afrmative Negative Yes / No Information

I am (I’m) I am not Am I? What am I?

He / She / It is (He’s / He / She / It is not Is he / she / it? Who is he / she / it?

1.3 There with the Verb Be

There Is There Are Yes / No Questions

1.4 Useful Expressions with the Verb Be

2 UNIT 1 Simple Present and Present Progressive

Afrmative Negative Yes / No Questions

1.6 Spelling of the Third-Person Singular

Consonant + -y Change -y to i and add -es. try tries y ies

1.7 Pronunciation of Third-Person Endings -s and -es

3 Write the correct form of the verb in the simple present.

UNIT 1 Simple Present and Present Progressive 3

4 Complete each question to match the information in bold.

1. When do they play golf? They play every Sunday.

4. What do you study on weekends? I study economics on weekends.

5. Why does he study at night? He studies at night because he works

6. How many do you want from the store? I want two.

7. What do we like to do on Saturday night? We like to watch a

1.9 Information Questions Without the Auxiliary Do

2. Who goes to the movies often? Maya does.

3. What starts at 9 p.m.? The movie starts at 9 p.m.

4. What pleases you? Success pleases me.

4 UNIT 1 Simple Present and Present Progressive

I am (I’m) I am not (’m not)

He / She / It is (He’s /She’s /It’s) He / She / It is not (isn’t / ‘s not)

-i Add -ing. ski skiing

-ie Change -ie to y and add -ing. tie tying

UNIT 1 Simple Present and Present Progressive 5

7 Write yes / no questions in the present progressive, using the words in

1. Is she texting ? (she, text) Yes, she is .