Q.1. Explain the evolution of English Language.

Ans: The English language of today which we speak is the language that
has originated from a particular form of language which is peculiar to a
specific region spoken by the Germanic tribes.
English belongs to Indo European family from the Low –West Germanic
branch. It also shares certain type characteristics common to all Germanic
languages.
In England Celtic was the first Indo- European language to be spoken.
From Fifth century onwards there was a massive migration of Celts and
Gales to this particular Island, later it was mostly invaded by Romans. The
local of Britain spoke a Celtic language at the time of Roman invasions.

The Roman invasion give rise to the use of Latin in Britain, but at the same
time many people in the country places continued to speak Celtic.
Celtic Survive in England mainly in certain places such as ‘Dover’ and river
names such as ‘Avon’ and ‘Ouse’.
Today also in parts of Wales and the Highland of Scotland Celtic language
have survived.

The Utes, Saxons and Angles this three Germanic tribes, were looking for
new lands to conquer, and crossed over from the North Sea.

When ancestors of Anglo-Saxon came first to devastate Britain, in the end

they had settled there. Then slowly their language came to be popular in
English society.

Old English or Anglo-Saxon language was belonging to Teutonic family of

speech, which is was separated into three main families East Germanic,
Scandinavian or Old Norse, and West Germanic. From the West Germanic
the two great branches derived that is High and Low German.
Further Low German divide into different languages such as Frisian, Dutch,
and Flemish. English belongs to the last of these groups.
The word ‘English’ is taken from the names Angles (Old English ‘Engle).
Likewise, the land and its people were called Angle Cynin (race of the
Angles).
In the 1000th year the word English begins to take its place. English
language historians distinguish three main stages or periods in its
development. First stage is the Old English or the Anglo- Saxon period,
extending from 600- 1100 A D, followed by second stage the Middle
English Period from 1100 – 1500 and finally the third stage the period of
Modern English from 1500 onwards.
Old English Period
Before the Norman conquest the form of English in use is sometimes called
“Anglo-Saxon”. It is also known as “Early English”. There are confusions
about the exact period in which the Old English period started. According to
FT Wood, it is from AD 600 to 100 and according AC Baugh in his book
says that Old English begins with the period from 450 to 1150.

The Middle English Period

The period of Middle English begins with the Norman Conquest of 1066, an
important turning point in the history of English language and ends with
intermediate period towards the close of the Middle Ages. It starts about
A.D. 1100 to about 1450.

Modern English
The period of Modern English roughly starts from about 1500 which marked
the close of the Middle Ages and the revival of the Renaissance to the
present day. Renaissance scholarship influences, reformation translation
of Bible, pronunciation of vowel changes, printing press introduction, new
land discoveries there was tremendous growth of vocabulary and semantic
changes are the important contributory factors to the development of the
Modern Period.
Q.2. Discuss various types of sentences with usage.
Ans: There are various types of sentences. Sentences are essentially of
following types:
1. Positive
2. Negative
3. Statement
4. Interrogative
5. Exclamatory

Positive Sentences
A Positive Sentence tells you about that something is so, in straight forward
way. Positive sentence is also called Affirmative sentences.
Examples:
I have lost my Pencil
The young man finished his work
In Positive Sentence we use “has” when the subject is singular (he, she, it,
etc.) and we use “have” when the subject is plural (they, boys, flowers, etc.)
Example:
1. He has a bike
2. The bees have collected the honey.

In Present Tense the word order of Affirmative Sentence is subject +

verb form or subject + auxiliary verb + verb form

Example:
1. He dance every night.
2. He is dancing nicely.
3. He has danced on a beautiful song.
4. He has been dancing for his concert tomorrow.
In Future Tense the word order for affirmative sentences (will case) is
subject + will + verb form.
Example:
1. He will dance every night.
2. He will be dancing nicely.
3. He will have danced on a beautiful song.
4. He will have been dancing for his concert tomorrow.

In Past Tense the word order for affirmative sentences is subject+ verb
form or subject + auxiliary verb + verb form.
Example:
1. He danced every night.
2. He was dancing nicely.
3. He had danced on a beautiful song.
4. He had been dancing for his concert tomorrow.

Negative Sentence
In negative sentence It says that says something is false. We create
negative sentences by adding the word like 'not' after the auxiliary, or
helping, verb. Negative sentence is opposite of affirmative sentence.
We are not going to see that movie.
Sarah does not walk to school everyday
In Negative sentence we use “has not” when the subject is singular (he,
she, it, etc.) and we use “have not” when the subject is plural (they, boys,
flowers, etc.)
Example:
1. He has not paid the fine.
2. They have not got the chocolates.
In Present Tense the word order of Negative Sentence is subject +
auxiliary verb (with “not”) + verb form
Example:
1. He does not dance every night.
2. He is not dancing nicely.
3. He has not danced on a beautiful song.
4. He has not been dancing for his concert tomorrow.

In Future Tense the word order for affirmative sentences is (will

case) is subject + auxiliary + not + verb form.
Example:
1. He will not dance every night.
2. He will not be dancing nicely.
3. He will not have danced on a beautiful song.
4. He will not have been dancing for his concert tomorrow.

In Past Tense the word order for affirmative sentences is subject +

auxiliary verb + not + verb form.
Example:
1. He did not dance every night.
2. He was not dancing nicely.
3. He had not danced on a beautiful song.
4. He had not been dancing for his concert tomorrow.

Statement Sentence
A fact is described in these types of sentences, an idea or argument
without any reply or action from the reader. Command or request are not
given here nor does it ask question. A “Statement Sentence” is also known
as a Declarative sentence.
There are two categories in this
1. Unconditional statement
2. Conditional statement

Let see and understand both

1. Unconditional Statement: In this type of statement there is no conditions
in them.
Example,
(a) Mary plays the doll.
(b) I think you will fail.
(c) I have forgotten his name.
(d) She asked which drink I preferred.

2. Conditional Statement: In this type the statement are with conditions in a

clause go with by the main clause which shows the action.
There are three types conditional statements:
(a) Open conditional statement.
(b) Hypothetical conditional statement.
(c) Unfulfilled hypothetical statement.

Interrogative Sentence
In this type, An Interrogative sentence asks a question, and the sentence
ends with a question mark (?). In Interrogative type sentence it asks you
the information or denial of a statement. This type of sentence begins with
a word like What, How, Where etc.
Examples:
Where is my pen?
Are you catholic?
Where do you live?
Where do you live?
There are three main types of question fall under interrogative sentence-
Yes/No question: the answer for this kind of question is to be given with
“yes or no", for example:
Do you want dinner?
Answer is (Yes, Please.)

In this type Question word (WH) is used in question: the answer to this type
of question is for asking some "information", for example:
Where do you go?
Answer is (In Park.)

Choice question: In this type of question the answer to the question is “in
the question”, for example:
Do you want tea or coffee? \
Answer is (Tea please.)

Exclamatory Sentence
In Exclamatory Sentence it expresses sudden and strong feelings, like
surprise, wonder, pity, sympathy, happiness, or gratitude are called
Exclamatory sentences. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an
exclamation mark (!).
An exclamatory sentence is type of sentence that conveys strong emotion
or excitement.
For example:
“I got the cinema tickets!” ... No big deal,
But it can also come in a different kind of emotion, like anger or frustration.
What a shame!
Boy, am I tired!
Q.3. What do you mean by direct-indirect speech? Explain various
concepts of vocabulary building.
Ans: Direct Speech: In the direct speech, the actual words of the speaker
(without any change) are quoted. The actual word (or the exact) of the
speaker are enclosed in Inverted commas or Quotation marks.
Indirect Speech: In the Indirect speech the speaker’s actual words are
slightly changed. The reason for this change in actual words of the speaker
is that the actual words have been spoken in past, consequently narrating it
in the present will require a change in the tense of the actual word.

Various Concepts of Vocabulary Building

How to learn and build a better vocabulary can be an enjoyable and good
investment of both our time and effort. We should give at least ten to fifteen
minutes daily of dedicated study on a regular basis can bring a great
change in our vocabulary, which will increase our capacity to communicate
better by writing, in conversation and making speeches. Getting a large
vocabulary can benefit us in school, at work, and socially. It will make us to
understand others ideas better and getting our thoughts and ideas across
more effectively.
We already know many words and we will continue to learn more words by
learning it or not. Many of the words we simply learn by our reading, in
conversion and in watching English movies. But to increase the speed of
our learning requires a dedication and consistent approach.
Basic steps to a good vocabulary
1. We should be Aware of Words
When we read any article or novel we have a strong desire to understand
the article or story of the novel. While reading when we come across any
unfamiliar or less known words we skip it, by skipping these words it will
become difficult to understand what we are reading. If we are totally
unknown to the word, we have to be aware of such word instead of
skipping. These words we should take a closer look and try to guess the
words meaning from its context or if we have a dictionary on hand find the
meaning immediately. By doing this we might slow down our reading but
we will improve our understanding of new word.
2. Read
Now when we have become more aware of new words, reading is our next
important step to get more knowledge of words. In reading we will find most
of the words to get learn. It is also the good way to check yourself on words
we have learned. While reading if we come across a word which we have
recently learned and we understand it, that shows you have learned its
meaning.
We should always read of our interests. If we like sports, read the sports
article or the sports page of the newspaper. If you interested in Interior
decorating, read the magazine related to it.
Many people with low vocabulary did not enjoy reading because they didn’t
understand the meaning of the words. If we feel like this try to read easier
things. Newspaper uses easy words which can be easily understand. The
main agenda is to find things to read we can enjoy and to learn new words.

3. Use of Dictionary
We know how to use dictionary and find the meaning of unknown word.
Here we will discuss some points as a part of vocabulary learning program.
Have our own dictionary and keep it where we usually do our reading at
home or at work. Circle the word of which we don’t know the meaning and
try to get and understand the meaning immediately from the dictionary.
4. Study and Review Regularly
Once we started looking up words and we know which word is to study,
vocabulary learning is nothing but a reviewing the words daily until we get
them in our memory. We have to take out a specific time daily to study
vocabulary. During that time, we have to look up for the new words that we
have noted and also review the old words.
We can do this effectively by writing new words in the index card because
the words can be written in alphabetical order and easy to find them
anywhere.