Q.1.

Mintzberg provided a categorization scheme for defining what

managers do based on the managerial roles they use at work. Discuss

In1990 Mintzberg in his book “Inside our Strange World of Organisation”

Mintzberg has define ten roles which he had further categorized in three groups.

The ten roles are:

1. Figurehead.
2. Leader.
3. Liaison.
4. Monitor.
5. Disseminator.
6. Spokesperson.
7. Entrepreneur.
8. Disturbance Handler.
9. Resource Allocator.
10. Negotiator.
Above 10 roles are further group and categorized

Category Roles
Interpersonal Figurehead
Leader
Liaison
Informational Monitor
Disseminator
Spokesperson
Decisional Entrepreneur
Disturbance Handler
Resource Allocator
Negotiator
INTERPERSONAL ROLES
Managers have to interact with number of people during a workweek. They host
parties in hotels, take clients and customers to dinner, meet with business
prospects and partners, conduct interviews and form alliances, friendships, and
personal relationships with many others.
The managerial roles during this category involves providing information and
concepts.
1. Figurehead – As a manager, you have got social, public events and legal
responsibilities. You're expected to be a source of inspiration. People search to
you as an individual authoritatively, and as a figurehead.
2. Leader – This is often where you provide leadership for your team, your
department or perhaps your entire organization and it's where you manage the
performance and responsibilities of everyone within the group.
3. Liaison – Managers should have to communicate with all the internal and
external contacts. you would like to be ready to network effectively on behalf of
your organisation.

INFORMATIONAL CATEGORY
In this category managers have to gather, collect and combine, analyze, store,
and spread many kinds of information. By doing this, they become information
resource centers, by storing lot amounts of information, moving quickly from the
role of gatherer to the role of disseminator in fraction.
The managerial roles during this category involve processing information.
Monitor – During this role, you often hunt down information associated with your
organisation and industry, trying to find relevant changes within the environment.
You furthermore may monitor your team, in terms of both their productivity, and
their well-being.
Disseminator – This is often where you communicate potentially useful
information to your colleagues and your team.
Spokesperson – Managers represent and represent their organisation. During
this role, you're liable for transmitting information about your organisation and its
goals to the people outside it.
DECISIONAL CATEGORY
Finally, in the end managers are authorized with the responsibility of making
decisions on behalf of both the organisation and the stakeholders with an interest
in it. The other two managerial roles Interpersonal and Informational will guide
you in taking decisions in which outcomes are often conflicting and not clear.
The managerial roles during this category involve using information.
Entrepreneur – As a manager, you innovate new ideas and control change within
the organisation. It means innovations for solving problems, generating new
ideas, and implementing them.
Disturbance Handler – When a corporation or team hits an unexpected
roadblock, it is the manager who must take hold. You also got to help mediate
disputes within it.
Resource Allocator – You'll also got to determine where organisational resources
are best applied. This involves fund arrangements, also as assigning staff and
other organisational resources.
Negotiator – you'll be needed to require part in, and direct, important negotiations
within your team, department, or organisation.
Q.2. What is transactional analysis? Describe three ego states and various
types of transactions under TA. Support your answers with relevant
examples.
Ans. When people transact and exchange ideas and knowledge , they're
either comfortable or uncomfortable communicating with one another.
Transactional analysis may be a technique which helps to know the behavior of
other person in order that communication becomes effective. Making out one’s
behavior helps to motivate, guide and direct that persons.
Transactional Analysis (TA), thus, facilitates communication. Transactional
Analysis studies is about transactions amongst people and understands their
interpersonal behavior. It had been developed by Eric Berne, a psychotherapist.
He observed there are several ‘people’ inside everyone who interact with people
in several ways.
EGO STATE
Ego State is a study of a person’s way of thinking, feeling and how he/she
behave. Ego State is categorized in 3 categories present in everyone, it is child,
parent and adult. they're associated with behavior of an individual and not his
age. However, they're present in every one in varying degrees. When two
persons communicate with one another, communication is suffering from their
ego states.
These are
Child Ego
Child behavior reflects a person’s response to speak within the sort of joy,
sorrow, frustration or curiosity. These are the natural feelings that folks learn as
children. It reflects immediate action and immediate satisfaction. It shows
childhood experience of a person taken generally till the age of five years. A child
can be Natural Child, Adaptive Child or Rebellious Child.
Parent Ego
Parent behavior is taken through many situations. As young children, their
parents’ behavior remains permanently in their minds which is reflected as
parental ego once they get older. it always reflects protection, displeasure,
regard to rules and dealing on the idea of past experience. Parent Ego can be a
Nurturing Parent ego and Negative or Critical Parent Ego
Adult Ego
Adult behavior shows the power to understand things and take logical decisions
accordingly. He overcomes the emotional feelings and takes decisions supported
facts and figures. This state is predicated upon reasoning, thinking, experience,
rationality and discussion supported facts.
Adult ego is updates of Parental ego and Child ego.

VARIOUS TYPES OF TRANSACTION UNDER TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

When two persons interact or communicate with each other, there is a
transaction of one’s behavior between them. While communication, both of them
are at different ego states.
According to the ego states, two types of transactions can take place:
(a) Complementary and
(b) Crossed
Complementary Transaction
In complementary transactions, person A of information gets an expected
response from the person B.
One gets expected response from each other because both are in the expected
ego states. Both are agreed on same term and satisfied and therefore
communication is complete. In complementary transactions, ego states of two
persons are in same state. Example: Workers in the factory agreed with the
management on some issues.
Cross Transaction
In crossed transactions, Person A sender gets unexpected response from the
Person B receiver which hold the process of communication. In this transaction
both sender and receiver are not parallel. Rather, they cross each other. The
person who started the transaction or creates a stimulus gets a negative
response which he does not expect.
Example: If manager acts logical as an adult but the employee responses
illogical as child, the communication process will get blocked. Either the manager
will come down to its level of adult and agreed to the employee to the level of
child or try to agree on the situation and make them behave as an adult so that
communication is resumed.
Q.3. Define emotions. Describe the importance of emotions.
Emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.
Emotion may be a complex sharing our feelings or experience of an individual’s
state of mind as interacting with biochemical (internal) and environmental
(external) influences. Emotion is related to mood, temperament, personality,
disposition, and motivation.
Importance of Emotions
Expressing emotions publicly could also damage our social status. Emotions are
critical to take rational decision. Emotions help us understand the planet around
us.
Darwin argued that emotions assist in survival problem-solving. There are variety
of emotions, Research has identified six universal emotions.
Anger, Fear, Sadness, Happiness, Disgust and Surprise
Some people have severe problem of expressing their emotions and
understanding the emotions of others. Psychologists call this problem
alexithymia. People who are suffering from alexithymia rarely cry and others
looks them as uninteresting and cold.
Emotional Labor
A related term that is gaining importance in organisational behavior is emotional
labor. Every employee put his physical and mental labor when they put their
bodies and intellectual capabilities into their jobs, but most jobs are also requiring
emotional labor. The idea of emotional labor was originally developed in relation
to service jobs category.
External Constraints on Individual Emotion
1. Organisational Emotion 2. Cultural Emotions

Felt V/s. Displayed Emotions

Individual’s actual emotions are called Felt Emotions.
Those emotions that are organisationally required and considered appropriately
in a given job. They are not natural; they are artificial/learned are called
Displayed Emotions.
Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence refers to a collection of non-intellectual skills, capabilities,
and competencies that influence a person’s ability to succeed in coping with
required environmental demands and pressures.
It’s composed of five dimensions:
Self-awareness
Self-management
Self-motivation
Empathy
Social skills

Self-awareness: Able to be aware of things going around what you are feeling.
Self-management: Ability to manage our own emotions and impulses.
Self-motivation: Ability to acknowledge our setbacks and failures.
Empathy: Empathy means the ability to sense how others are feeling.
Social skills: Able to handle the emotions of others.

Organisational Behavior Application of Emotions

Selection: Emotion should be a hiring factor especially for selection of a social
jobs.
Decision Making: Positive thinking/emotions can lead to do better decisions.
Creativity: One’s positive mood/emotion increases flexibility, openness, and
creativity.
Motivation: Positive mood/emotion affects expectations of success, responses
amplifies this effect.
Leadership: Emotions are important to accept the decision, messages from
organisational leaders.
Emotions Related Issues within Organisations
Emotions in the work place result in a series of problems that is to be face by
managers with in their workplace.
Personal issues: In organisation many times employees react to one another
because of personal traits that they either like or dislike their colleagues and this
can cause serious problems in the smooth execution of work.
Workplace Antics: Making gang in office environments are as real as the
grapevine.
Management must be aware of this type peer pressures and groups that are form
based on interests and other circumstances.
Employee Orientation: In organisation newly recruited employees can face a
tough battle to be accepted by existing employees and this can lead to difficulty
since the new recruited employee has been taken to execute a special specific
role within the organisation and it takes long time the candidate to be accepted,
this causes great losses by the company and the more the inefficiency.
Gender Harassment: In organisation particularly towards women is a common
where both men and women is on the same workplace and regulations govern
any such harassment very stringently. However, a lot of cases don’t get reported
simply because the harassed women are doesn’t know about what defines
harassment.
Stress: Stress is one of the most discussed topic that affects that influence the
emotional wellbeing of individuals in every sphere of their lives.