NAME:- ANKITA VIRENDRANATH YADAV

ROLL NO:- 31
CLASS:- FYBLS
DIVISION:- B
SUBJECT:- HISTORY
TOPICS:- PARTITION OF INDIA
SUBMITTED TO:- MRS MOONAM KHARAT

TABLE OF CONTENT
SR.N TOPICS
O
1. What is the Partition of India?

2. The British East India Company

3. East India Company gains power
4. Impact of British rule in India
5. The Indian Rebellion of 1857
6. British government takes direct control over India
7. Nationalism surfaces in India
8. Leading upto the partition:1920-1932
9. Leading upto the partition:1932-1937
10. Leading upto the partition:1937-1946
11. Mohandas Gandhi
12. The Partition
13. Impact and Aftermath of Partition
14. Bibliography

1. What is the Partition of India?

The partition of India is the separation of India on Aug. 14, 1947 and Aug. 15, 1947 into the states
of the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India, respectively. India was separated on the day
of gaining independence from British, due to tensions between the Hindus and the Muslims living
in the country. India gained independence after 350 years of British presence in the country.
 2. The British East India Company
The British East India Company also known as The Honorable East India Company. Britain
becomes interested in India for economic reasons in the 1600s.

The British East India company is formed after a charter is issued by Elizabeth I for favorable
trading privileges between India and England.

It began originally as a joint venture with the Dutch East India Company.

Trading posts are set up in Bombay (1638), Madras (1639), and Calcutta (1690) by the company.

Because India was ruled by the Mughal empire, at first, European trading in the country was
limited. The company eventually transformed itself from a commercial trade venture to a group
that basically ruled India.

3. East India Company Gains Power

East India Company Gains Powerbeginning over 100 years of British rule of India.

 In 1617, The company is given trade rights in India by Mughal emperor Jahangir.

 By 1707, Dozens of small Indian states begin breaking away from Mughal rule. This sets the
perfect time for the British to take over.

 In 1717, the British are given clear trading advantage when Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar
gives tax and duty free trading to the company in Bengal.

 Finally in 1757, the East India Company makes their move. Led by Robert Clive, East India
company troops win an authoritative victory at the Battle of Plassey, defeating Indian troops
allied with the French.

 From 1757 to 1858, the East India Company is the leading power in India.

4. Impact of British Rule in India

Policies and Regulation
At first the East India Company ruled with little interference from the British government until the
19th century. The company employed its own army and even had an internal government
structure. The British used India for the gain of Britain’s Economy, and set up restrictions that
didn’t allow India to operate on its own.
Positive Effects
A huge railroad system was placed in India by the British, making trade much more efficient and
brought together regions. The British modernized India by creating telegraph, telephone, bridges,
modern roads, canals and improving public health. Schools and colleges are founded. They also
helped put an end to local warfare.

Negative Effects
The British held almost all political and economic power and set restrictions on Indian owned
industries. Many villagers lost self-sufficiency due to the British enforcing cash crops. Most
British carried racist attitudes towards the Indians in the country, and adopted policies which did
not abide by many religious practices in India. Traditional Indian life was threatened due to
British superiority.

5. The Indian Rebellion of 1857

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 also The Sepoy Mutiny

In the 1800s, some Indians begin thinking more modern and want a greater role in governing
themselves.

Economic problems began arising for the Indians due to British restrictions.

In 1857, news spread to the sepoys (Indian soldiers employed by British) that their rifle
cartridges were greased with beef and pork. Hindus and Muslims both resented having to bite
off the cartridge ends to use the rifle because religious rules stated that Hindus considered the
cow sacred, and Muslims didn’t eat pork.

Almost 90 sepoys refused to accept the cartridges. The sepoys were jailed.

The next day on May 10, 1857, the sepoys rebelled. Fighting took place across the country
both sides trying to slaughter each other’s armies. The British government sent troops to aid
the East India Company. It took over a year for them to regain power and control.

6. British Government Takes Direct Control

of India in 1858
After the Sepoy Mutiny, in 1858 the British government took direct command of India, from
the East India Company.

Raj was the term used to describe any part of India under British rule, from 1757 to 1947.

Britain promised to respect treaties made to citizens by the East India Company, and promised
all Indian states would remain free and independent. However, Britain gained more and more
control
 7. Nationalism Surfaces in India
The Indian National Congress and Muslim League form.

Nationalist feelings began arising in the country due to modernization and the taking up of
western ideas. It wasn’t long before the groups wanting to self govern themselves. Two Major
Nationalist Groups formed:

The Indian National Congress

In 1885, the Indian National Government formed- comprised mainly of Hindus wanting to
break free from British rule.

The Muslim League

In 1906, the Muslim League formed- another nationalist group which focused on specific
concerns for the Muslim minority living in India.

8. Leading up to Partition: 1920-1932

Not only were Indians struggling to break away from British rule, but they were also struggling
internally due to tensions between Hindus and Muslims.

The formation of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League defined a fine line
between the two major religions and their views.

The first to propose separate states was writer & philosopher Allama Iqbal in 1930. An excerpt
from his conversation with the Muslim League in 1930 appears on the right.

Allama Iqbal’s 1930 Address to Mulsim Leage:

“The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs
and literature… To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical
minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction
of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state.”

9. Leading up to Partition: 1932-1937

Not only were the Muslims pushing for separation, but so were the Hindus.

Many Hindus despised the Muslims due to the Muslims formerly ruling India for 300 years under the
Mogul Empire.

Hindu organizations such as the Hindu Mahasabha pushed for the division of the country and
insisted the chasm between Muslims and Hindus was too great and was in need of separate states.

In 1937, Veer Savarkar in his Presidential Address to the Hindu Mahasabha:

“India cannot be assumed today to be Unitarian and homogeneous nation, but on the contrary
there are two nations in the main — the Hindus and the Muslims.”

10. Leading up to Partition: 1937-1946

Although many groups called for the separation of India based on religion, the majority of
Congress members were secular and opposed to dividing the country solely based on religion.

By the late 1930s, Muslims begin exiting congress and forming separate groups that were
pushing the formation of a new Muslim state: Pakistan.

At this time Britain did not directly rule India, but just oversaw the whole country. Local and
Regional governments comprised of full Indian rule.

In 1943, The Muslim League proposes a quick plan to divide and gain independence; also known
as “Divide and Quit.”

Soon India was ready to be partitioned. Muslims and Hindus were constantly in quarrels, and a
plan was proposed to the British.

11. Mohandas Gandhi

Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) was one of the major spiritual and political figures in the
move for Indian independence

For years, Gandhi struggled to keep the Muslims active in Congress so India would not have
to suffer the consequence of separation and losing unity.

Not only did Gandhi use non-violent and non-cooperative methods, but he also ceased much
of the radical hate ideas on both the sides of Hindus and Muslims.

"Leave India to God. If that is too much,

then leave her to anarchy."

--Gandhi, May 1942

 12. The Partition
After Britain handed over self governance to India on August 14, 1947, the plan for the
partition was put into action.

The Mountbatten Plan is what India was divided according to. The plan was written by Cyril
Radcliffe, who wrote it based on a British commissioned report on India. The plan was
finalized on July 18, 1947 and was put into action a month later.

India was formed out of the mostly Hindu regions and Pakistan was formed out of the mainly
Muslim regions. Pakistan was formed in two dominions- East Pakistan and West Pakistan,
which were separated geographically by India.

13. Impact and Aftermath of Partition

The partition of India left both India and Pakistan devastated. Riots erupted, and looting broke out
widespread. Women were raped and battered by both the Hindus and Muslims, and trains full of
battered women and children would arrive between the borders of India and Pakistan daily.

Over 15 million refugees were forced into regions completely new to them. Even though they shared
the same religion of thier new home, they still had not lost the bond to the region their family and
ancestors grew up in. The provinces of Bengal and Punjab were divided causing outrage in many
Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs alike.

Even after almost six decades after the partition, India and Pakistan have still not healed from the
wounds left by the partition. India and Pakistan have been to war twice since the partition, and
Pakistan suffered the bloody war of the breaking away of East Pakistan into Bangladesh. The two
countries are still arguing over the landlocked region of Kashmir. Many believe the partition not only
broke the unity of India, but also took away the sense of belonging to many people who were tore
apart from their native regions.

14. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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https://www.henhudschools.org/cms/lib/NY01813707/Centricity/Domain/213/Indian%20Independence
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https://www.birdvilleschools.net/cms/lib/TX01000797/Centricity/Domain/6027/Indian%20Independence
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https://www.gcsnc.com/cms/lib/NC01910393/Centricity/Domain/5457/The%20Partition%20of%20India
%20PowerPoint.ppt

https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/independence-and-partition-1947

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fblogs%2Fpost-why-pakistan-
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