English For Dietetics, Part 1 (2020)

qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty
uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasd
fghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx
cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq
ENGLISH FOR DIETETICS I
wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui
OLA WYSOCKA
opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg
[Wybierz datę]
2020 / 2021
hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc
vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq
hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc
vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq
hjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn
mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwert
yuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK.................................................................................. 4
STUDYING DIETETICS ABROAD ...................................................................................... 10
SPECIALIZATIONS IN DIETETICS ................................................................................ 15
HOSPITALS, CLINICS AND SPECIALISTS ................................................................. 20
HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN POLAND................................................................................. 26
FIRST AID ..................................................................................................................................... 31
BODY, ANATOMY, APPEARANCE....................................................................................... 39
HEALTH & ILLNESS .................................................................................................................. 47
HEALTHY EATING, HEALTHY LIFESTYLE ................................................................... 57
DOCTORS, HOSPITALS, VACCINATIONS - REVISION ..................................... 62
SPORT & FITNESS .................................................................................................................... 68
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ................................................................................................................ 75
DIGESTIVE DISORDERS ........................................................................................................ 83
FOOD PYRAMID ........................................................................................................................... 89
VITAMINS & MINERALS ....................................................................................................... 94
HEALTHY COOKING .................................................................................................................. 98
COOKING & FOOD PROCESSING .....................................................................................104
RUNNING A BUSINESS .......................................................................................................110

2
FOOD AND ADVERTISING .................................................................................................115
OBESITY – THE PLAGUE OF THE XXI CENTURY ..................................................121
OBESITY – DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT..............................................................127
COMMUNICATION WITH THE PATIENT ..................................................................133
HEALTHY DIET & BMI – SUMMARY ..............................................................................139
LISTENING EXERCISES .......................................................................................................143
GRAMMAR EXERCISES ..........................................................................................................160
EXTRA SPEAKING PRACTICE .............................................................................................170
3
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK
EXERCISE 1. WARM UP – DISCUSS:
ENGLISH GEOGRAPHY PSYCHOLOGY
OTHER FOREIGN LANGUAGE BIOLOGY PHILOSOPHY
YOUR OWN LANGUAGE CHEMISTRY ASTRONOMY
LATIN LAW SOCIOLOGY
HOME ECONOMICS LITERATURE HISTORY
PHYSICAL EDUCATION HISTORY OF ART MUSIC
PHYSICS POLITICS ECONOMICS
COMPUTERS MATHEMATICS ARTS AND CRAFTS
RELIGION ETHICS
WHICH OF THE SUBJECTS IS THE:
- easiest
- most difficult
- most interesting
- most boring
- most useful
- most needed in the future
- least needed in the future
- one that you’d like to study / have studied but didn’t/don’t like
EXERCISE 2: READ THE TEXT, FILL IN THE GAPS (PREPOSITIONS ONLY) AND
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW.
The Medical University of Gdańsk is one of the leading Polish medical centres with (1)…………………
60 years of academic experience (founded in 1945) and great potential (2)…………………
development. It is now one of the largest medical universities (3)………………… he southern coast of
4
the Baltic Sea and is one of the most modern institutions of this kind (4)………………… Poland. The
University continues a several-centuries-long tradition of the natural and medical sciences of
Gdańsk Gymnasium (Gymnasium Gedanense, set (5)………………… in 1558).
Today the Medical University of Gdańsk provides education (6)………………… over 3400
students (full-time, extramural, Ph.D.) in four Faculties: the Faculty of Medicine ( Department
of Medicine, Division of Dentistry, English Division), the Faculty of Pharmacy ( Department of
Pharmacy, Division of Laboratory Medicine), the Faculty of Health Sciences (Departments of:
Public Health, Electroradiology, Physiotherapy, Emergency Medicine, Dietetics, Nursing,
Midwivery, Community Health, Health Psychology), and the Intercollegiate Faculty of
Biotechnology. The length of studies at the Medical University of Gdańsk varies (7)………………… six
years for students of medicine and five years for those of biotechnology or pharmacy
(8)………………… three years for students of Bachelor’s Degree courses.
The basic teaching (9)………………… the Medical University of Gdańsk is carried (10)………………… by
over 900 academic teachers, over 120 of them being professors. Academic facilities of the
University are located (11)………………… the region of Dębinki Street (Faculty of Medicine), and in
Hallera Street (Faculty of Pharmacy). Teaching and research are mainly based (12)………………… co-
operation with 3 State Teaching Hospitals affiliated (13)………………… the University.
Among the University buildings, the one erected (14)………………… 1975 and housing the Basic
Sciences Departments (Collegium Biomedicum) is noteworthy (15)………………… its three lecture
halls and twelve organizational units, that are well-equipped with modern instruments for
teaching and research.
The biggest Teaching Hospital (No 1) of the Medical University of Gdańsk (Academic Clinical
Centre) is situated in in several buildings in the region of Dębinki Street and Smoluchowskiego
Street. Built (16)………………… 1908 and 1927, the buildings originally housed a town hospital, and
later the School of Practical Medicine. (17)………………… present, Teaching Hospital No 1 has 27
clinics.
Today, the Medical University of Gdańsk encompasses 32 clinics, each clinic not only being
involved (18)………………… teaching activities for undergraduate and graduate students, specialistic
professional training of young physicians, but also providing highly specialised diagnostic and
therapeutic services for the citizens of Gdańsk and neighbouring towns. (19)………………… fact, the
whole population of the country's central northern region benefits (20)………………… the University
services, which include, for example, open heart surgery (over 1000 operations per year) and
bone marrow and kidney transplantation or sex reassignment surgery. (21)………………… the same
5
time the Medical University of Gdańsk conducts scientific research (22)………………… clinical and
biomedical fields. The results are presented in several hundred research papers published yearly
in professional journals. Every year our academic teachers participate (23)………………… hundreds
of international congresses and conferences.
The authorities of the Medical University of Gdańsk are: the Rector, Vice-Rector (24)…………………
charge of research, Vice-Rector in charge of didactics, Vice-Rector in charge of clinical affairs,
Deans and Vice-Deans of specific faculties.
1. How far does the tradition of medical sciences in Gdańsk go back into the past?
2. What’s the basic structure of the University?
3. How long do the students usually study there?
4. What is Collegium Biomedicum known for?
5. What is the role of Teaching Hospitals?
6. In what way does the population of Gdańsk region benefit from the University?
EXERCISE 3. MATCH THE SYNONYMS:
1. found A. include
2. leading B. outstanding; remarkable
3. encompass C. finish school
4. vary D. establish; set up
5. carry out E. doctor
6. noteworthy F. conduct; perform
7. participate G. treatment
8. physician H. famous; prominent
9. graduate I. take part (in)
10. therapy J. differ
EXERCISE 4. USEFUL ACADEMIC VOCABULARY – GIVE ENGLISH DEFINITIONS.
6
Foreign Languages Department a dormitory, a students’ house
Head of a semester break
entrance exam a year’s supervisor
a repeat, a retake Rector’s Office
exam session Dean’s Office
repeat exam session Dean’s leave
Rules and Regulations
a lecture University Senate
a class Faculty Council
a seminar
clinical practice a Chair
an elective, elective classes, facultative a Clinic
classes a Department
a Laboratory
duty hours, consulting hours
a credit (full) professor
a student’s book, index book associate professor
a timetable assistant professor
a syllabus Ph. D.
a curriculum assistant
an academic year senior lecturer
a semester, a term lecturer
M.A. / M.Sc.
B.A. / B.Sc.
EXERCISE 5: COMPLETE THE SENTENCES BELOW WITH THE CORRECT WORDS

CONNECTED WITH EDUCATION. SOMETIMES THE FIRST LETTERS ARE GIVEN TO
HELP YOU.
1. Music, English and Chemistry are different sorts of s…………………. .
2. The person in charge of a school is called the h…………………….. .
3. The academic year begins in October and is divided into two …………………… .
4. Most secondary schools in Poland are c……………………… - girls and boys study together.
7
5. If you want to know which day or time you have a particular lesson, you can always look at the
…………………… .
6. The ……………………… is everything that is taught in a school, while the ………………… is a plan of what
is taught in a particular subject.
7. In Britain education is c…………………….. from 5 to 16 years of age.
8. …………….. schools and universities are maintained by the government.
9. When students g………………. from a university, they receive their d……………….. .
10 During session students t……………….. or s………………. exams on various subjects.
11. An u…………………… is someone who is still at university studying for their first degree, whereas
someone who has completed their first degree is called a g……………………. .
12. A ……………………….. is a person with the highest academic position at a university.
13. A university teacher is commonly called a …………………….. .
14. ………………… is a prepared talk to number of students.
 Why did you choose this kind of studies? Why this university?
 What are your impressions after the first few days? Are you glad with your choice or do
you regret it?
 Is the university a lot different from the secondary school? How?
 Do you miss school?
 What are you interested in? Any hobbies, favourite pastimes?
 What are your future plans?
EXERCISE 6. Choose the correct form:
1. When I was young, I was sent to …………… school by my parents.
A sleeping B boarding C staying D residential
2. In Britain, it is …………… to go to school between the ages of five and sixteen.
A voluntary B compulsory C legal D required
3. Schools which are funded by the government are called schools.
A national B government C public D state
4. Most schools in Britain are called …………… schools, which means they have students with mixed
abilities.
8
A comprehension B comprehend C comprehensive D completion
5. Many children below the age of five go to …………… school.
A nursery B nursing C baby D kindergarten
6. Children between the ages of eleven and sixteen go to …………… school.
A second B secondary C secondly D secretary
7. At school children learn a lot of……………, such as maths and history.
A objects B subjects C topics D lessons
8. At the age of eighteen, some people …………… university.
A enter B do C graduate D study
9. I got a good grade in my history exam, but unfortunately I …………… my maths.
A passed B took C failed D lost
10. How many times did you …………… your FCE exam?
A study B make C pass D take
11. Unfortunately, Emma didn't …………… her exams.
A succeed B win C gain D pass
12. There wasn't an Italian class at her school, so she …………… herself to speak it.
A learned B studied C made D taught
13. At school, the teacher …………… us about the dangers of drugs.
A learned B raised C brought up D educated
14. I'm …………… German so I can get a job in Munich.
A acquiring B teaching C educating D learning
9
STUDYING DIETETICS ABROAD
WARM-UP DISCUSSION. Can you please finish the sentences below?
 I’m really afraid of…
 I’m very fond of…
 I’m not so keen on…
 I think I may be addicted to…
 I’m looking forward to…
 I suppose I should get rid of…
 I’m thinking of…
EXERCISE 1. EDUCATIONAL CAREER – PUT THE STORY IN ORDER:
A. Her research is in molecular biology.
B. When she was at playschool, Brenda played with Barbie dolls and had a whole lot of fun.
C. After finishing her BA, she took a year off/took a gap year and decided to travel.
D. In her primary school, she began learning how to read and write. She was a little child
prodigy.
E. She got into high school and did extremely well in all subjects.
F. When she was at junior high school, she loved history and science.
G. She got a place at university to do law and at the same time she decided to pick up
political science.
H. She graduated with a first-class degree.
I. She decided to do postgraduate work.
J. In the sixth form she studied A-levels to get into university.
EXERCISE 2. Studying Dietetics at King’s College. Fill in the text with 1 word and then
answer the questions below:
INTRODUCTION: (1) ……………………… the Department of Nutritional Sciences there is a Faculty
of Dietetics. Nutrition (2) ……………………… the study of the influence of food intake on health and
wellbeing. Dietetics is the application of nutritional knowledge particularly suited (3)
……………………… individual needs. The practice of dietetics is mainly situated (4) ………………………
hospitals, where it focuses (5) ……………………… the use of diet in the treatment of disease.
However, dietitians also play a (6) ……………………… in nutritional education in the community.
10
THE STAFF & STUDENTS: The Department at King’s College currently comprises seventeen
full time academic staff with a wide (7) ……………………… of research interests, supported by part
time lecturers, research workers, seven technical and secretarial staff, and approximately 160
undergraduate and 50 postgraduate students.
DURATION, DEGREE & COURSE OF STUDY: This 3-year course leads to a BSc Honours
degree in Nutrition and qualifies students for a wide variety (8) ……………………… careers. The
programme is normally studied full-time over three years, though provision exists for part-time
study during one of the years. It is a broad degree, allowing nutrition (9) ……………………… be
studied in the context of other biological sciences. Specialist modules in nutrition make up
approximately half the programme, spread over all three years to allow the student to (10)
……………………… knowledge in the depth of study. In both year 2 and year 3 students are allowed
sufficient choice to develop a coherent programme of study in a variety of related disciplines.
This enables the graduate to work in a number of nutrition-related fields, and recognises the
fact that nutritional science develops by the interaction of nutrition (11) ……………………… other
biological sciences.
THE CURRICULUM: On the first year, there are subjects (12) ……………………… as Introduction to
Nutrition, Social and Psychological Studies, Introduction to Food Science and Technology, Basic
Biochemistry, Physiological Systems, Molecular and Cellular Genetics. On the second year,
student learn Nutrition and Health, Food Habits Research Methods for Health Sciences plus up
to four optional subjects, (13) ……………………… must include physiology and biochemistry, and may
also include immunology, microbiology, genetics. Finally, on the third year, the subject studied
are Applied Nutrition, Public Nutrition Project, Specialised Topics in Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition
plus two optional subjects, chosen (14) ……………………… final year courses within the School (e.g.
Nutrition and Genetics).
ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS: A Level: Grades: BBB, which must include: A level Chemistry, A
level Biology or Human Biology, A level in one other subject (not including General Studies or
Critical Thinking).
11
FIND SYNONYMS IN THE TEXT FOR:
ENOUGH CONSUMPTION INCLUDE A NUMBER OF SOCIETY HELP(ED BY)
 Now, work in pairs – make a list of similarities and differences between Polish
universities and British universities.
 Is any system in any way better? Why?
 Would you like to go study abroad? Why/why not?
 Would you like to go abroad on a students’ exchange programme, just for a year? Or do
students’ practice in a foreign country? Why?
EXERCISE 3. WORDBUILDING:
When I get my bachelor’s degree, I intend to continue my (EDUCATE) …………………………… and get
my master’s!
This professor is a (LEAD) …………………………… expert on brain cancer. So, he is a (RESEARCH)
…………………………… who works in the lab with rats, trying to figure out some new methods?
Do like science? Are you interested in (SCIENCE) …………………………… subjects?
Fruit and vegetables are (BENEFIT) …………………………… for our digestive system.
We mostly use vitamin C for (THERAPY) …………………………… purposes when sick with a cold or flu.
Are the laboratories well-(EQUIP) ……………………………? Unfortunately, the (EQUIP)
…………………………… we use during seminars is pretty old now and needs to be replaced.
Breastfeeding is highly recommended for babies as it promotes healthy (DEVELOP)
…………………………….
That baby died a few days after birth because he was born with many (DEVELOP)
…………………………… defects.
What is wrong with this patient? Has a (DIAGNOSE) …………………………… been made already?
Some (DIAGNOSE) …………………………… tests and procedures can be very expensive.
How long will it take? The (LONG) …………………………… of the treatment depends on the patient’s
overall health.
EXERCISE 4. ACADEMIC VOCABULARY REVISION. Fill in the sentences with a word/phrase

from the box:
12
GRADUATE A-LEVELS = ADVANCED LEVELS THESIS/DISSERTATION
UNDERGRADUATE BACHELOR MASTER FAIL PASS
RETAKE/RESIT PHD = DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY LECTURES
CLASSES/PRACTICALS
The first degree you get – it involves more or less 3 years of full-time study – is called
…………………………………………
The second degree you may get if you like (involves two additional years of study) is called
…………………………………………
If your test result is below 60% it means you have ………………………………………… and you are going to
have a …………………………………………
Yay! I got 61% in my anatomy final! I …………………………………………
At the end of secondary school students who want to enter university need to sit a special exam,
called …………………………………………
A regular student who is in the process of getting his/her first degree is called
…………………………………………
In order to get you bachelor/master’s degree you need to do some research and write a good
…………………………………………
The highest academic qualification you may obtain in the US or the UK is …………………………………………
You don’t have to be present at a ………………………………………… - it’s just a professor giving a prepared
talk to students – but presence at a ………………………………………… and active participation are
obligatory!
A person who has finished university with a degree is called …………………………………………
EXERCISE 5. PUT ONE OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS IN EACH SPACE IN THE

SENTENCES BELOW.
UP TO OF AT BY FROM IN INTO
BACK
(a) Which school do you go ……………………, Louis?

(b) He left school ……………………. the age …………………… 18, and decided to study …............ a local
university.
(c) The summer term ends ……………………. July.
13
(d) Sorry, Mary's not at home now, she's ……………………. school.
(e) She goes ……………………. Sussex University.
(f) Professor's lecture was divided ……………………. four parts.
(g) School breaks ……………………. in June and we come …........ in September.
(h) Yipee! I finally succeeded ………… passing my driving licence exam! It was my third attempt.
(i) Mark is ……………………. the same class as his brother.
(j) Unprivileged students usually receive a grant ……………………. the state.
(k) They're given a grant ……………………. the state.
EXERCISE 6. WORDBUILDING. Change the words in brackets:

HAVE YOU HEARD OF KING’S COLLEGE?
King’s College London is one of England’s oldest and most (1) (PRESTIGE) ………………………
university institutions: a multi-faculty research-led university college based in the heart of
London with over 19,700 students, of whom more than 6,200 are postgraduates. It is ranked as
one of the world’s top 25 universities.
The College offers an intellectually (2) (RIGOUR) ……………………… environment supported by (3)
(WELCOME) ……………………… and (3) (CARE) ……………………… traditions. King’s has played a major role
in many of the advances that have shaped modern life, such as the (4) (DISCOVER)
……………………… of the structure of DNA, and it is now the (5) (LARGE) ……………………… centre for
the (6) (EDUCATE) ……………………… of doctors, dentists and other (7) (HEALTH) ……………………… (8)
(PROFESSION) ……………………… in Europe and home to six (9) (MEDICINE) ……………………… Research
Council centres. It’s (10) (LOCATE) ……………………… in the heart of London and its (11) (STRONG)
……………………… in law, (12) (HUMANE) ……………………… and the social sciences make it a major (13)
(PLAY) ……………………… in forging links between the arts, culture and universities, and in the (14)
(DEVELOP) ……………………… of public policy at (15) (NATION) ……………………… level. Its very broad
range of subjects, including also physical sciences and (16) (ENGINEER) ………………………, are (17)
(INCREASE) ……………………… inter-related.
14
SPECIALIZATIONS IN DIETETICS
WARM-UP ACTIVITY:
Write down two jobs which:
 can be done by robots or a machine, without human supervision
 no longer exist or will soon disappear
 require zero intelligence
 have low salaries but high social prestige
 require very long and demanding training
 will be in high demand in the future
 are highly overpaid
 young boys/girls typically want to do
 can be done from home (so called teleworking)
 you would really hate to do
EXERCISE 1. Read the text and answer the questions below:
In the US nutrition professionals include the registered dietitian (RD) and the dietetic
technician, registered (DTR). These terms, as well as simply dietitian, are legally protected
terms regulated by the American Dietetic Association (ADA). Some RDs or DTRs call themselves
nutritionists (however, the term nutritionist is not regulated!). Why registered? Well, the
dietitians register with the Commission on Dietetic Registration – specific educational criteria
must be met and there is a national exam.
There are a few different academic routes to becoming a fully qualified registrable dietitian:
- A professional bachelor degree in Dietetics which requires four years of studies
- A bachelor of science degree and a postgraduate diploma in Dietetics
- A bachelor of science degree and a master's degree in Dietetics
A dietitian's education in health science involves knowledge in anatomy, chemistry, biochemistry,
biology, physiology, nutrition, medical science. Besides academic education, registered dietitians
must complete up to a year long dietetic internship of at least 900 hours through an accredited
program before they can sit for the registration examination. The dietetic internship requires
the intern to complete several areas of competency including practice in clinical and community
care nutrition as well as food service, public health and a variety of other worksites.
15
 What is the difference between a dietitian and nutritionist?
 What is internship? Please explain.
 How can you become a dietitian in the US?
MAKE NOUNS:
INTERN EDUCATE
ASSOCIATE VARIOUS
NUTRITION COMPETENT
REGISTER QUALIFY
KNOW PROFESSION
EXERCISE 2. DIETARY SPECIALTIES. Please the descriptions of main experts in dietetics
and match them with the specialists:
FOODSERVICE DIETITIANS CONSULTANT DIETITIANS GERONTOLOGICAL
DIETITIANS RESEARCH DIETITIANS CLINICAL DIETITIANS
COMMUNITY DIETITIANS BUSINESS DIETITIANS
 ………… review medical charts and talk with patients' families; they usually work in hospitals
and other health care facilities to provide medical nutrition therapy to patients according to
the disease processes, provide individual dietary consultations to patients and their family
members and also conduct group educations for other health workers, patients and the public.
They work as a team with the physicians, physical therapists, occupational therapists,
pharmacists, speech therapists, social workers and nurses to provide care to the patients.
 ………… work with wellness programs and international health organizations. They apply
knowledge about food and nutrition to specific life-styles and geographic areas. They
coordinate nutritional programs in public health agencies, daycare centers, health clubs, and
recreational camps and resorts. Some of these dietitians visit patients who are too physically
ill to leave home.
 ………… or managers are responsible for large-scale food planning and service. They coordinate,
16
assess and plan meals in health care centres, schools, prisons, cafeterias and restaurants.
They manage kitchen and delivery.
 ………… are specialist in nutrition and aging. They work as consultants in nursing homes.
 ………… are mostly involved with academic research into nutrition in diseases and health
prevention, many of them examine the biochemical aspects of nutrient interaction within the
body.
 ………… often work for the media. Their expertise in nutrition is often taped for TV, radio, and
newspapers – e.g. as an expert opinion, or regular columnist, some of them host television or
radio programmes, write books, appear on television cooking channels.
 ………… work under private practice, usually in their own surgery where they provide nutrition
services and educational programs to individuals.
EXERCISE 3. WORDBUILDING - CAREER OF A DIETETICIAN. Change the word in
brackets:
(A) Here is what a famous American dietician, Gloria Stables, says about her career:
I chose to become a (1) (DIET) ………………………… because I’ve always been (2) (INTEREST)
………………………… in food and nutrition, (3) (SPECIAL) ………………………… in hospital settings. The
undergraduate (4) (TRAIN) ………………………… provides (5) (DEVELOP) ………………………… of knowledge
and interpersonal skills, that are crucial in being (6) (SUCCESS) ………………………… in a variety of
careers. There are many (7) (DIFFER) ………………………… potential career paths. After graduating
from university, I passed the (8) (CERTIFICATE) ………………………… exam to become a registered
dietitian. First, I worked as a research dietitian and did (9) (CLINIC) ………………………… work and
counseling for patients in the hospital. After that, I held (10) (VARY) ………………………… positions in
research, and (11) (MANAGE) …………………………. Eventually I became the (12) (DIRECT)
………………………… of the national program called “A Day for Better Health”.
(B) Gillian McKeith is the (1) (NATIONAL) ………………………… acclaimed Holistic Nutritionist and
(2) (PRESENT) ………………………… of You Are What You Eat hit Channel 4 series that took the
nation by storm. Gillian McKeith is the author of the number one best (3) (SELL) …………………………
book based on the series You Are What You Eat.

17
Gillian McKeith's mission is to 'Empower people to (4) (PROVE) ………………………… their lives
through (5) (INFORM) …………………………, food and lifestyle'. She also writes columns in health
journals, popular consumer magazines, and (6) (WEEK) ………………………… columns in the national
newspaper The Daily Mirror.
Raised in Scotland, Gillian now travels (7) (EXTEND) ………………………… giving lectures and seminars
to packed audiences. Her lifelong mission is to share her information and make the world a
healthier place.
After graduating from the University of Edinburgh with a Bachelors Degree, Gillian McKeith
received a Masters Degree from the Ivy-League University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. After
Gillian experienced a severe bout of personal ill health and (8) (RECOVER) …………………………
through (9) (NUTRITION) ………………………… medicine, Gillian embarked upon a new path which
would change her life forever. Gillian then spent several years re-training for a Masters and (10)
(DOCTOR) ………………………… (PhD) in Holistic Nutrition from the American Holistic College of
Nutrition (USA).
For most of her adult life , Gillian has been (11) (CONTINUE) ………………………… educating herself
with (12) (GO) ………………………… study in the field of Nutrition. For example: after two years of
study and exams, Gillian McKeith recently achieved a Master (13) (HERB) …………………………
Diploma (Honors) from The American College of Healthcare Sciences, (14) (SUCCEED)
………………………… completing all (15) (REQUIRE) ………………………… and (16) (EXAM) ………………………….
Gillian is a Postgraduate Member of The Centre for Nutrition Education England and is a member
of health (17) (ORGANIZE) …………………………, including the National Association of Nutrition (18)
(PROFESSION) ………………………… in the USA.
EXERCISE 4. VIDEOS.
(A) DAY IN THE LIFE OF A DIETICIAN – fill in the gaps:
She gets to her office around ………………………… and first she checks her ………………………………. She
usually sees her clients from about ……………………………… to ……………………………… throughout the day.
The sessions (consultations) usually last ……………………………… minutes but she arranges 45-60
minutes for ……………………………………………………. At the beginning of each visit, she needs to go
through the patient’s medical and dietary ………………………………. She prepares a food plan and the
clients need to keep a food ……………………………… (they write down everything they eat). She also
does some ……………………………… work for other companies, for instance, helps in the developing or
marketing a new product, writes articles for ……………………………….
18
(B) OCCUPATION: DIETICIAN – true or false?
1. Dieticians work only in hospital or food service.
2. You need to have a bachelor degree in any science.
3. When you complete your degree, you need to do internship.
4. You take a licensing exam before you do the internship.
5. Dieticians can also be involved in research.
6. One of the most important personal qualities in this job is strong communication ability.
7. You don’t need to be flexible because you work according to a fixed schedule.
8. Dietetics is a rapidly changing field.
(C) YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT:

 What is the main idea of the show?
 What are the contestants going to do?
 Who qualifies for the show?
 What food are they going to eat?
 How much exercise are they going to get?
(1) ……………………… million of the British population are obese. Sirka Roberts weighs (2)
……………………… stone and her biggest weakness is (3) ………………………, she’s considering a bariatric
(4) ……………………… . Gregor is only (5) ……………………… years old and he’s also a biscuit addict; he’s (6)
……………………… stone overweight (he has man (7) ………………………, which can be a sign of illness, like
an overactive thyroid). His main problem is that he has a sweet (8) ………………………. Theresa and
Paul from Birmingham weigh nearly (9) ……………………… stone together and are both morbidly obese;
their weight is caused by unhealthy convenience meals (freezer is full of them) Helen, a
beautician, has (10) ……………………… children, their diet – fizzy drinks and fatty meals. Her
favourite food is (11) ……………………… (can damage her liver and arteries). When the 2 contestants
arrive, Gillian offers them a drink – fennel (12) ……………………… with gentiana (very bitter).
19
HOSPITALS, CLINICS AND SPECIALISTS
WARM-UP DISCUSSION:
 Have you ever been in hospital as a patient? What was the problem and how long did you
have to stay?
 If you haven’t, perhaps you’ve been to hospital as a visitor – what were your impressions?
 What do people go to hospitals for? What services do hospitals provide?
 What problems do hospitals face nowadays? Why do people complain about hospitals so
often?
 How to deal with these problems?
EXERCISE 1. READING COMPREHENSION. Read the text, change the words in brackets
and mark the statement below as true/false.
A modern hospital is a complex institution (RESPOND) ……………………… for providing healthcare to
the sick and injured. There are many different types of them. (ECONOMY) ………………………, they
are classified into profit/private hospitals (usually owned by some corporation) and public or non-
profit hospitals. A patient admitted to a private hospital is required to pay for the (TREAT)
……………………… and laboratory tests whereas public hospitals are usually funded by the state,
health organizations (for profit or non-profit), by health insurances or by charities and by
(DONATE) ……………………….
Some patients in a hospital come just for diagnosis and/or therapy and then leave
('outpatients'); while others are 'admitted' and stay overnight or for several weeks or months
('inpatients'). Hospitals are usually distinguished from other types of medical facilities by their
(ABLE) ……………………… to admit and care for inpatients.
In a general hospital all patients with various types of (ORDER) ……………………… can be treated.
Specialized hospitals provide a specific type of medical service – they include trauma centers,
children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical
needs such as mental problems – for instance, a (PSYCHIATRY) ……………………… hospital, certain
disease categories, maternity hospitals which are concerned with (PREGNANT) ……………………… and
childbirth, and so on and so forth. Every kind of hospital is nowadays staffed by professional
physicians, surgeons and nurses, together with the rest of medical team.
A hospital may be a single building or a campus. Some hospitals are affiliated with universities
for medical research and the training of medical personnel. Within the United States, the
(MAJOR) ……………………… of hospitals are for-profit, while elsewhere in the world most are non-
profit.
20
A medical facility smaller than a hospital is called a clinic, and is often run by a government
agency for health services or a private (PARTNER) ……………………… of physicians (in nations where
private practice is allowed). Clinics generally provide only outpatient services.
Each modern hospital has a number of departments and rooms designed for special purposes.
Here are examples of some of them:
 The Emergency Department is where people who have had an accident and have been
injured or wounded are taken.
 The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or Intensive Therapy Unit (ITU) provide intensive care
to seriously ill patients, e.g. after heart infarct or those who need special postoperative
care, e.g. after heart or chest (OPERATE) ……………………….
 The Out-Patient Department is where patients are treated by specialists without
staying in hospital. Out-patient services include (CONSULT) ………………………, X-rays,
laboratory tests and physiotherapy.
 The Dispensary is the store-room for all the drugs used in the hospital and the place
where they are issued to patients or medical staff.
 The Wards are rooms where in-patients live while they are in hospital.
 The Operating Theatre or the Operating Room (OR) is where operations are performed.
 The Recovery Room is where patients recover from an operation.
 The X-ray Department provides X-ray photographs of patients.
 The Pathology Laboratory (Path Lab) is where blood and urine tests are made.
 The Blood Bank is the place where blood needed for transfusions is stored.
 Medical Records is where information is kept about everyone who comes to the hospital.
The information is usually stored in computers.
1. Nowadays, in many countries the healthcare is fully commercialized.

2. You won’t stay overnight at a clinic.
3. The Dispensary is a kind of a hospital pharmacy, you can also buy some pills there if you need
them.
4. After the operation, you’ll be wheeled into the recovery room as we need to monitor your
condition closely, sir.
5. Casualties are usually taken to the Emergency Department.
6. Tropical Diseases Hospital in Gdynia is an example of a specialized hospital.
7. You will find a lot of expectant women in the ICU.
8. Midwives are vital at the maternity hospital – they’re the most important members of the
staff.
9. In EU, you don’t really need to have an insurance as the healthcare is funded by the state.
10. Blood and other samples are stored at the lab.
21
EXERCISE 2. Complete the following sentences with the names of appropriate hospitals or
wards.
1. Mrs. Brown expects her baby soon. She must be taken to ……………………………… hospital.
2. Jack Brown, who is 8 years old, has measles complications. He must be taken to
……………………………… hospital.
3. Mr. Black has got hepatitis. He must be taken to ……………………………… hospital.
4. Mrs. Turner, who is 78 years old, has got pneumonia. She must be taken to ………………………………
hospital.
5. Mrs. Johnson has got depression. She must be taken to ……………………………… hospital.
6. Mr. Jackson has broken his leg. He has been taken to ……………………………… ward.
7. Mrs. Finley has got a rash. She must be admitted to ……………………………… ward.
8. Mr. Green is going to have a cataract operation. He has been admitted to ………………………………
ward.
9. Mr. Bowell has had a lung operation and is still in a serious condition. He lies in
……………………………… ward.
10. This boy fell and injured his leg. He has been taken to ……………………………… department.
EXERCISE 3. WORBUILDING. Change the words in brackets so that they complete the
gaps correctly:
1. Public hospitals are (FINANCE) ……………………………… by various levels of government.
2. (ECONOMICS) ………………………………, the hospitals are divided into 2 groups: pri-
vate/commercial and public/state-funded facilities.
3. Outpatients only arrive for a (CONSULT) ………………………………, they receive their (DIAG-
NOSE) ……………………………… and (TREAT) ………………………………, and then they leave home.
4. The cost of the patient's (HOSPITALIZE) ……………………………… is made up from gifts, dona-
tions and insurance policy.
5. (SPECIAL) ……………………………… hospitals perform a specific type of medical service.
6. The (DISPENSE) ……………………………… is the place where the drugs are distributed to the
patients.
7. Patients with a highly contagious virus, like Ebola, needs to be kept in (ISOLATE)
……………………………… ward.
8. Some illnesses, like mono for example, require a longer period of (RECOVER)
………………………………
9. (OPERATE) ……………………………… theatre is where major surgeries are conducted.
10. The Path Lab is where blood and urine (INVESTIGATE) ……………………………… are made.
22
11. The Blood Bank is the place where blood needed for (TRANSFUSE) ……………………………… is
kept.
12. If you donate blood, you become a blood (DONATE) ………………………………
13. The doctor who treats mental disorders is called a (PSYCHIATRY) ………………………………
14. And a doctor who specializes in the treatment of the diseases of the elderly is called a
(GERIATRIC) ………………………………
EXERCISE 4. Put the words back into correct gaps:

ADMIT DISCHARGE NEEDLE SPECIMEN REFERRAL WARD ROUND
WHEELCHAIR MIDWIFE BEDPAN SYRINGE
1. Having an advanced form of diabetes, John had his legs amputated and was able to move
using …………………………… only.
2. GP is just an ordinary doctor, he treats general diseases. If you have a more serious
health problem and you need the help of a specialist, you will have to ask for a
……………………………
3. The patient was …………………………… to the hospital on Monday morning, and the procedure
was performed that day. His recovery was quick and he was …………………………… one week
later.
4. We need to give an injection to the patient as soon as possible, he’s in great pain. Please,
fetch me …………………………… and ……………………………
5. We’re not really sure what is causing your problems, sir. But we’ll find out as soon as your
blood …………………………… is analysed.
6. Patients who are bedridden are unable to use the toilet, they need a ……………………………
7. In most EU countries a pregnant woman doesn’t need a doctor, that is an obstetrician. A
……………………………, who is a highly qualified member of the medical staff, supervises the
development of pregnancy.
8. Every morning and evening, the …………………………………… takes place when the doctors check
the patients’ conditions.
EXERCISE 5. Where would you find the following in a hospital? Fill in the missing letters.
1. all medical files, letters, and reports _EDICA_ _ECORD_
2. women having babies _ABOU_ _AR_
3. someone having an operation _HEATR_
4. specimens being analysed _ABORATOR_
5. patients who have just finished undergoing surgery _ECOVER_ R__M
6. people moving between rooms and departments _ORRIDO_
23
7. staff and visitors eating _ANTEE_
8. people that have recently died _ORTUAR_ / _ ORGU_
9. seriously ill people receiving specialist nursing _NTENSIV_ _AR_
10. patients from accidents and disasters _CCIDENT _ & _MERGENC_
11. drugs being stored and issued _ISPENSAR_
12. stored blood _LOO_ _AN_
13. patients being moved between floors _IF_ / _ LEVATO_
14. elderly patients _ERIATRI_ _AR_
EXERCISE 6. PEOPLE IN HOSPITAL. Match up the person with the correct definition:
1. They assist patients who have speech difficulties, for instance after a stroke.
2. They move patients on beds, trolleys and wheelchairs.
3. They look after people's feet, ankles and lower leg problems.
4. They work out special diets and give people advice on how to lose weight.
5. They are responsible for, prepare and give out/sell medicine.
6. These doctors treat children.
7. Senior medical people who give expert advice and are responsible for final decision
making. They’re usually in charge of the department.
8. They give massage and exercise to restore specific bodily functions, using electricity,
hydrotherapy, lasers.
9. They operate on patients to repair skin damage or improve a patient's appearance.
10. Their work is rehabilitation and assistance of people recovering from or suffering from
illness.
11. They operate equipment in the X-ray department, perform CT scans or ultrasound.
12. They work in the departments which are responsible for specimens and analyze them.
13. That is the most important nurse in the ward who organizes and supervises the job of
other nurses working there.
14. They work together with medical personnel in hospital and try to deal with a patient's
problems at home.
15. They clean and organize bed linen.
16. These doctors may refer their patients to hospital to see a specialist or to receive
specialist care – your primary care physicians.
a) consultants i) physiotherapists
b) ward sisters/charge nurses j) plastic surgeons
c) speech therapists k) chiropodists/podiatrists
d) social workers l) lab technician
e) radiographers m) dieticians
24
f) porters n) pharmacists
g) laundry staff o) general practitioners
h) paediatricians p) occupational therapists
EXERCISE 7. VIDEOS.
(A) THE KNICK (placenta previa patient) True or false?
1. Mrs. Warren is 9 months pregnant.

2. She had given birth to 3 children previously without any complications.
3. The doctors tried to delay the delivery so that the baby could survive.
4. They need to get the fetus out quickly and be careful not to make the bleeding worse.
5. The mother’s pulse is becoming irregular.
6. The baby is losing a lot of blood.
7. The woman dies but the baby survives.
8. Hopefully, the doctors and the students can learn a lot from this experience.
Why is the operating room called THEATRE?
(B) OT or PT?
- bathing - strength of the trunk and legs
- being able do well at work or school - being able to do daily activities
- walking - being independent;
- crawling in children - dressing
- hygiene and grooming - mobility skills (=moving)
- working on sensory integration - using the toilet
- grasping - reaching
 PT is more focused on ……………………………………
 OT is more focused on ……………………………………
25
HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN POLAND
EXERCISE 1: INSERT THE MISSING PARTS OF THE TEXT INTO THE GAPS.
HOW TO GET TREATMENT IN POLAND?

The healthcare system in Poland is public, financed mainly from health insurance
contributions 1)………. There are numerous hospitals, outpatient clinics, diagnostic labs and
nursing homes run on the basis of contracts with the NFZ. 2)……….. A sick person can consult a
general practitioner or a specialist in an outpatient clinic, receive hospital treatment and dental
treatment, use ambulance and medical transport services. Patients need a referral 3)………..,
except for gynecologists, dermatologists, oncologists, ophthalmologists, psychiatrists and dental
surgeons. Also other EU citizens who stay in Poland temporarily have the right to use these
services. Such people are entitled to free health care on the basis of a European Health
Insurance Card (EHIC) or a replacement certificate issued in his country. A holder of one of
these documents receives free services at health care providers 4)……….. . In case of lack of
these documents a patient is obliged to cover costs of a treatment by himself.
However, the public health service is constantly facing the shortage of funds—apart
from health service establishments with ultramodern equipment, 5)………. . As a result, patients
who have money and do not want to wait for treatment commonly choose private healthcare
services, 6)…………. they obligatory pay for health insurance because private health funds still do
not exist in Poland. Private medical services paid for exclusively by patients are rapidly
developing. Physicians see patients in their own clinics, where a consultation is very expensive.
Besides, in Poland there are numerous medical centers 7)………. . Polish dentists’ offices, most of
them private, are equipped with modern equipment. There is strong competition among dentists.
A) Poland has poorly equipped clinics filled with poor (mostly retired) patients waiting in long
queues to see a doctor.
B) if they want to receive hospital treatment or see a specialist
C) which use innovative methods, most modern treatment techniques and latest medical
developments.
D) despite the fact that they do not use the contribution
E) who have concluded a relevant contract with the NFZ.
F) They provide free services to insured people.
G) collected by the National Health Fund (NFZ) and from the national budget.
EXERCISE 2: DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING POINTS IN PAIRS OR SMALL GROUPS.
26
When did you go to the doctor last time? What was the reason? Were you satisfied with
the service?
Have you ever been hospitalized? What happened? What’s you hospital experience?
On the basis of your own experience say what are the advantages and disadvantages of
the healthcare system in Poland?
What changes in Polish healthcare system are necessary in your opinion?
What are career prospects for medical universities’ graduates in Poland? Is it easy to
get a job after medical studies? What conditions are offered to young graduates?
Why do so many medical workers emigrate? Where do they most frequently go? Would
you like to work abroad?
EXERCISE 3: WORDBUILDING. COMPLETE THE GAPS WITH THE CORRECT WORDS.
POLISH HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
Persons (1) (COVER) ………………… by the general health insurance (on the (2) (COMPEL) …………………
or voluntary basis) are entitled to free health services in the territory of Poland. Rules of the
general health insurance are provided in the Law of 23 January 2003 on the General Insurance in
the National Health Fund.
An (3) (INSURE) ………………… person and members of his/her family are entitled to free health
services in case they receive these services at health care (3) (PROVIDE) ………………… who have
concluded contracts on providing health services with the (4) (REGION) ………………… branch of
the National Health Fund (NFZ).
The contract on providing health services (5) (SPECIFIC) ………………… the kind and the scope of
the services (6) (7) (CONTRACT) ………………… by the given health provider with the National
Health Fund. Health care providers who have a contract on providing health services can be
identified by a board with NFZ logo situated (8) (SIDE) ………………… the building in the (9)
(NOTICE) ………………… place.
The information on the health care providers who have concluded contracts with NFZ is available
in the (10) (COMPETENCE) ………………… regional branch office of NFZ.
Besides, every health care provider who practices within the general health insurance system is
obliged to impart (11) (INFORM) ………………… on the other health providers who provide services
on the (12) (BASE) ………………… of the contracts concluded with the regional branch of the NFZ.
EXERCISE 4: GAP FILLING. COMPLETE THE GAPS WITH THE CORRECT PREPOSITIONS.
27
NATIONAL HEALTH FUND
The National Health Fund is the institution, which is responsible (1) ……… assuring health
services (2) ……… insured persons and members (3) ……… their families. The Fund finances health
services and assures refund (4) ……… medicines within assigned financial means. The National
Health Fund is composed (5) ………: 1. Head office of NFZ 2. 16 regional branches of NFZ
established (6) ……… accordance (7) ……… the territorial division of the country. Public and non-
public health care providers who have concluded contracts 8………… the competent regional
branch of the National Health Fund are obliged 9…………. provide services within the general
health insurance system. Health care providers are above all: doctors who practise 10……….. the
health care system (doctors, dentists), public and non-public health units (hospitals, first aid
stations, dispensaries, health centres), out-patient clinics (individual, individual specialist, group).
EXERCISE 6. MEDICAL SPECIALTIES

Fill in each word with a suitable definition describing a medical specialty, then fill in the
table below.
OBSTETRICS OTOLARYNGOLOGY CARDIOLOGY

ALLERGOLOGY NEUROLOGY PEDIATRICS DERMATOLOGY
UROLOGY ANAESTHESIOLOGY NEPHROLOGY ONCOLOGY
PSYCHIATRY RADIOLOGY SURGERY OPHTHALMOLOGY
GYNAECOLOGY HAEMATOLOGY FORENSIC MEDICINE
 branch of medicine that studies the causes and treatment of allergies

 branch of medicine that specializes in operative methods
 branch of medicine that deals with the treatment of childhood diseases
 branch of medicine that deal with the diseases of female reproductive tract
 branch of medicine that deals with mental health
 branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of pregnant women and childbirth
 branch of medicine that deals with urinary diseases
 branch of medicine that treats the diseases of nervous system
 branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of ear, nose and throat diseases
 branch of medicine that deals with the diseases of the eye
 branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer
 branch of medicine that deals with the diseases of the blood
 branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of heart diseases and disorders
 branch of medicine that deals with pain relief and prepares patients for surgery
28
 branch of medicine that diagnoses and treats the diseases of the kidneys
 branch of medicine that deals with the study and diagnosis of diseases by means of
imaging techniques, such as X-ray, ultrasound, CT or MRI.
 branch of medicine that involves collection and analysis of medical evidence to produce
information for use in the court of law.
 branch of medicine that deals with skin problems and diseases
SPECIALTY DOCTOR ADJECTIVE

neurology
cardiologist
geriatric
radiology
paediatrician
gynaecological
psychiatry
otolaryngologist
dermatological
ophthalmology
dentist
oncological
obstetrics
haematologist
orthopaedic
urology
anaesthesiologist
EXERCISE 7. What doctor do these patients need?
A) I woke up today with an itchy pinkish rash on my belly.

B) I wake up many times at night because I need to pee.
C) I have terrible toothache but I’m scared to phone and make an appointment!
D) I went swimming at the lake last Sunday and now my left ear hurts badly and I can hardly
hear anything.
E) My father had a heart attack last year and my mom has hypertension.
F) I found a lump in my left breast while showering.
G) My son is cross-eyed.
H) My daughter broke her leg yesterday.
29
I) Mary took a home pregnancy test and it came positive.
J) My 92 year old grandmother has developed pneumonia.
K) My 5-yearold niece has fever and swollen lymph glands.
L) Gloria has been severely depressed for the last couple of weeks.
EXERCISE 8. THINGS ON THE WARD

Write the number of each description next to the correct word.
SHEETS OXYGEN POINT MATTRESS URINE BOTTLE CRUTCH

HOIST TROLLEY WHEELCHAIR VASE PILLOW CURTAIN
CALL BUTTON DRIP STAND BLANKET BEDPAN BASIN TRAY
NAME BAND BEDSPREAD MONKEY POLE OBSERVATIONS CHART
1. This covers the bed to keep off the dust.

2. To rest their head on.
3. A patient confined to bed will have to use this to urinate and defecate.
4. Patients use this when they need to call a nurse.
5. For identification, this is worn by patients around their wrist.
6. A narrow bed for transporting patients.
7. Wash your hands here.
8. A mechanical device for lifting and moving patients.
9. Drawn around a patient's bed to provide some privacy.
10. Two of these on the bed are straightened regularly and washed every few days.
11. Meals are brought to the bed on this.
12. These keep the patient warm.
13. Male patients confined to bed use this to urinate.
14. Suspended above the bed, this can be used by the patient to pull herself/himself up.
15. Patients lie on this, it's sometimes hard and sometimes soft!
16. Intravenous fluid bags are suspended on this.
17. Patients who can sit up comfortably can be transported in one of these.
18. For flowers.
19. A mask and tube from this will supply oxygen to the patient.
20. The patient's condition is recorded here.
21. A patient with a broken leg will need two of these to get around.
30
FIRST AID
WARM-UP DISCUSSION:
What would you do if someone:
 had fainted
 had hiccups
 had a hangover
 had swallowed a coin or a paper clip
 had frostbite
 cut their finger preparing food?
 fell down and couldn’t move a limb
 Have you ever had any accidents? Have you had any injuries (even slight ones)?
EXERCISE 1. VOCABULARY TO DESCRIBE ACCIDENTS. Fill in the sentences with a

suitable word/expression:
FALL OVER/OFF SWALLOW DRESSING/DRESS A WOUND STITCH
SLIP TRIP STING (=STUNG) CONCUSSION
SWELL/SWELLING (=SWOLLEN) BITE (=BITTEN) PLASTER
BURN CUT BLEED/BLEEDING (=BLED) BRUISE BUMP
(1) Have you ever been …………………………………………… by a bee or a wasp?
(2) I broke my leg last year – it was winter and there was a lot of snow and I
…………………………………………… on the icy pavement and fell.
(3) Tommy hit his head on the door and he has a big …………………………………………… on his shoulder.
(4) I am afraid of dogs – when I was a kid, I got …………………………………………… by a large Alsatian.
(5) Small kids are prone to various injuries – they often put small objects into their mouth
and may accidentally …………………………………………… them.
(6) Who put this bag here on the floor?! I almost killed myself!
(7) I haven’t noticed it and …………………………………………… over it, almost breaking my neck.
(8) Two years ago when we were playing football, I got hit by a ball pretty hard – it hurt so
much and I started vomiting in the evening so my parents took me to the emergency
department and it turned out I had ……………………………………………

31
(9) Lila has an ugly scar on her foot – when she was a teenager, she accidentally spilled boiling
water and her foot was badly ……………………………………………
(10) I accidentally …………………………………………… myself when I was making sandwiches for
breakfast – the knife was too sharp!
(11) Luckily, the …………………………………………… stopped after a minute.
(12) I …………………………………………… my bike last week and had a bad wound on my knee – I had to
go to the doctor who put seven ……………………………………………
(13) Julianne broke her arm last month and the doctor put in …………………………………………… 6
weeks.
(14) I have fruit allergy and every time I eat strawberries, my face and tongue become really
……………………………………………
EXERCISE 2. TREATMENT IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS AND EMERGENCIES.

Read through the list of situations and emergencies below, then decide how you would treat the
casualties. Write the correct numbers (1-12) next to the words below.
ANAPHYLAXIS AN ANIMAL BITE (NOT SERIOUS) FEELING FAINT
BRUISING HEADACHES / MIGRAINE BURNS ELECTROCUTION
A HEART ATTACK CHOKING A NOSEBLEED HYPOTHERMIA CRAMP
POISONING DROWNING A STROKE SPINAL INJURY
1. Calm down the casualty and let them or her rest in a half-sitting position with head
and shoulders supported and knees bent. Put a cushion under them. To help get oxygen into the
brain, loosen any tight clothing around the throat, chest and waist. Call for an ambulance and
while you wait, check the pulse rate every five or ten minutes and pass this information on to
the paramedic.
2. The danger here depends on how high the voltage is, how the current traveled
through the body, the person's overall health and how quickly the person is treated. Don’t
touch casualty - they may still be in contact with the electrical source. Turn the source off. If
signs of circulation are absent, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately.
3. When food has gone down the wrong way or a child has got something caught in their
throat and coughing doesn’t bring it up, slap him or her sharply on the back up to four times,
32
between the shoulder blades.
4.Internal body temperature less than 95 F (35 C), accompanied by shivering, pale skin,
abnormally slow breathing, fatigue, lethargy and slurred speech need immediate treatment.
Remove wet clothing, replace them with a warm, dry covering. Don’t apply direct heat. Don't
use hot water or a heating lamp to warm the victim. Instead, apply warm compresses to the
neck, chest wall and groin. Don't attempt to warm the arms and legs. Heat applied to the arms
and legs forces cold blood back toward the heart, lungs and brain, causing the core body
temperature to drop. This can be fatal. Don’t give the person any alcohol!
5. Not much can be done here, just try to minimize the effect of damage to the brain by
keeping the patient breathing. Loosen clothing and support the victim in a half-sitting position
with the head to one side, so that any saliva can drain away. Make arrangements for the person
to be taken to hospital as urgently as possible. Do not give anything to eat or drink.
6. Don’t attempt to clear water from the casualty's lungs but act at once. You don’t even
need to get the casualty out of the water to start artificial respiration, just make sure the
head is above water and after the first few inflations carry on dry land. If you are successful
and breathing is resumed, place the casualty in the recovery position and keep him or her
warm. The person should be taken to hospital in order to check if the lungs have been
affected.
7. Not a particularly serious case, but if it breaks the skin it should be well cleaned with
cotton wool squeezed out in warm water or with a mild antiseptic solution.
8. Place a cold compress on the sufferer's forehead and get him or her to lie down,
preferably somewhere quiet and dark, as they are sensitive to light and sound. Triptans are
considered best medicines, if not available, administer a painkiller.
9. Allow the person to sit down quietly, head bent forward to prevent blood running back
down the throat. Make him or her pinch the nostrils together. After ten minutes the patient
may release his or her grip gently.
33
10. Apply a cold compress, e.g. an ice-pack, ice cubes in a plastic bag, or even a pack of
frozen strawberries to slow down the flow of blood and reduce the edema.
11. If you suspect a back or neck injury might have occurred, do not move the casualty.
Permanent paralysis and other serious complications can result. The person should be kept still,
head and neck should be immobilized, for instance by means of placing blankets or towels on
both sides. The aim is to keep the person in much the same position as he or she was found.
12. There is little you can do yourself but if any fluid remains around the mouth, wash it
away with cold water. If what has been swallowed is something such as bleach or acid, give
some milk or water to dilute it and cool the lips and mouth but do not induce vomiting as this
may cause the throat and mouth to be burned again as the chemical is brought up. Take the
casualty to hospital as soon as possible.
13. Advise the person to sit down, put his or her head between his or her knees and take
deep breaths.
14. Straighten out the affected part of the body and then rub or massage gently to
ease the muscle.
15. This severe allergic reaction can produce shock and life-threatening respiratory
distress and circulatory collapse. It can occur within minutes or up to several hours after
exposure to a specific allergy-causing substance. A wide range of substances — including insect
venom, pollen, latex, and certain foods and drugs — can cause such potent reaction. Check for
special medications that the person might be carrying, such as an auto-injector of epinephrine
(the most commonly used drug).
16. The main thing to remember is to cool the injured part at once by running or pouring
cold water over it. Even covering with wet towels or handkerchiefs will help. Continue this for
at least fifteen minutes. If it still hurts after an hour, seek medical advice.
34
EXERCISE 3. THE MOST COMMON FIRST AID MISCONCEPTIONS. Match the
misconception with the explanation:
1. You should put butter or cream on a burn. (A) You don't - what you mostly need is common
sense. You can learn enough first aid procedures
in ten minutes to save someone's life.
2. Nosebleeds are best treated by putting the (B) You don't need any actually, there are lots
head back. of ways to improvise anything you need.
3. If someone has swallowed a poison you should (C) If you put it under a tap you wash away the
make them throw up. body's clotting agents and make it bleed more.
4. If you perform CPR on someone who has a (D) The only thing you should put on a scald is
pulse you can damage their heart. cold water - keep the butter for cooking.
5. You need lots of expensive equipment to (E) If you make someone sick by putting your
perform first aid. fingers in their mouth, the vomit may block
their airway. Plus, in the case of acid or other
corrosive substance, you may cause further
damage to the oral cavity and oesophagus.
6. If you can't move a limb, it must be broken/ (F) The evidence is that it isn't dangerous to do
If you can move a limb, it can't be broken. chest compressions on a casualty with a pulse.
7. A tourniquet is the best way to treat all (G) If you put the head back during an epistaxis,
serious bleeding. the blood goes down the back of the airway.
8. You need lots of training to do first aid. (H) It's harmful to stop the blood flow to a limb
for more than 10-15 minutes.
9. The best way to treat bleeding is to put the (I) The only accurate way to diagnose a fracture
wound under a tap. is to x-ray it.
EXERCISE 4. SPEAKING PRACTICE:

"According to the recent research, over half of those killed in road accidents die before they
reach hospital. And well over a third of those could have been saved by first aid at the scene."
1. Where do accidents happen most often?

2. What are the most common causes of accidents?
3. Why do so many people die in accidents?
4. Are the witnesses usually willing to help? Why (not)?
5. What / who can cause problems in a an emergency when you want to help an accident victim?
6. Have you ever been a witness of an accident? What happened? Maybe a casualty?
7. Have you ever been injured, at home or during sport activity?
35
7. Do you know what to do in case of some emergency situations? Are you familiar with any first-
aid procedures? Give examples.
8. How can accidents and deaths on the road be prevented?
EXERCISE 5. FOOD POISONING – WHAT SHOULD I DO? PUT THE MISSING WORDS
BACK IN CORRECT GAPS:
VOMITING EGGS ELDERLY SHOCK SWALLOWING FLUIDS

SALMONELLA PAINS COMFORTABLE LETHAL SLURRED
CRAMPS
There are several forms of food poisoning. Bacterial food poisoning is often caused by bacteria
in food that has been poorly prepared. (1) ………………… is one of most common culprits and is found
in many farm products such as (2) ………………… and chicken. Toxic (potentially (3) ……………… ) food
poisoning such as botulism can be due to poisons caused by bacteria in certain types of food,
including honey and fish. When you suspect food poisoning, ask what food has been eaten in the
last 48 hours.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Nausea and (4) …………………
 Stomach (5) …………………
 Diarrhea
 Fever
 Aches and (6) …………………
 Signs of (7) …………………
Symptoms of toxic poisoning are dizziness, (8) ………………… speech, and difficulty breathing and
(9) ………………….
TREATMENT
1. Monitor and maintain the person’s airway and breathing. If there are breathing
difficulties, call 911.
2. Help the person into a (10) ………………… position.
3. Call for medical advice on treatment and care.
4. Give plenty of (11) ………………… to drink, particularly if the person has vomiting and
diarrhea.
5. Support the person if he or she vomits, providing a bowl and towel as necessary.
Do not underestimate food poisoning, particularly in the very young or the (12) ………………….
36
EXERCISE 6. FIRST AID WORDBUILDING:
(RESUSCITATE) ………………………………………………… - cardiopulmonary or mouth-to-mouth – is a set of

actions taken to bring someone back to life. If you don’t notice any signs of (CIRCULATE)
…………………………………………………, begin CPR immediately. In case of stroke the only thing we can do is
to try to (MINIMAL) ………………………………………………… the damage. In case of (SPINE)
………………………………………………… injury, the casualty should not be moved because permanent
(PARALYSE) ………………………………………………… may occur. An (INFECT) ………………………………………………….
needs to be thoroughly cleansed and bandaged in order to avoid (COMPLICATE)
…………………………………………………. I hurt myself this morning while I was chopping veggies for salad
but luckily, it was superficial and the (BLOOD) ………………………………………………… stopped quickly. How
bad is the wound, have you (INFECT) ………………………………………………… it somehow? Every human
being needs between 6 and 9 hours of sleep each night. Sleep (DEPRIVE)
………………………………………………… may have very serious health consequences. I fell down a flight of
stairs and now my elbow is badly (SWELL) …………………………………………………. Continue to apply
(PRESS) ………………………………………………… to stop blood loss. Anaphylaxis is a life-(THREAT)
………………………………………………… condition. Her only worrying symptom was (ABDOMEN)
………………………………………………… pain but it turned out she needed emergency appendectomy. Myra is
allergic to seafood and last time she ate some shellfish she had a bad allergic (REACT)
…………………………………………………. Don’t worry about vaccine side-effects! They’re pretty (HARM)
………………………………………………… compared to the actual disease. Make the victim as comfortable as
possible, (LOOSE) ………………………………………………… their clothing, especially around the neck so that
they are able to breathe. She passed out in the middle of a final exam in physiology and was
(CONSCIOUS) ………………………………………………… for 10 minutes.
EXERCISE 7. VIDEOS:
(A) Do you know how to give CPR? Watch the video I note down the important details.
(B) ANAPHYLAXIS. TRUE OR FALSE?

Heather is a teenager who has been allergic her whole life.
Growing up with severe allergies was not easy.
Heather went out for lunch with a friend the night she ended up in hospital.
She failed to inform the wait staff of her allergies.
She ordered tuna, which she was allergic to and not allowed to eat.
Her first symptom was agonizing stomachache.
In the ambulance, she was given epinephrine straight away.
37
People are often confused and they don’t know when to use epinephrine.
For that reason, it is important to discuss the subject thoroughly with an allergist.
(C) ANAPHYLAXIS. Fill in with 1-2 words: Max had an allergic reaction (1) ……………………… ago.
He has known peanut allergy and (2) ………………………. The children went to the cinema and
somehow, Max got a wrong (3) ……………………… – when he took a bite, he immediately had a reaction:
his tongue started to itch and his lips (4) ………………………. According to the CDC, (5)
………………………out 100 children have food allergies. His mom immediately took him to the (6)
……………………… Max had a (7) ……………………… allergic reaction – which mean that at first he had only
stomach pain, he was talking and breathing. His condition worsened and he was put on life
support. This should serve as a warning: to some people, peanuts are like (8) ……………………….
Parents should always watch out for symptoms like itchy tongue, stomachache and difficulty (9)
………………………
SPEAKING PRACTICE
Three people have been seriously injured in a road accident, and brought to hospital. In one car
was 12-year-old Joanne Cook and her 70-year-old grandpa, Harry Cook. Jo has lost a lot of
blood, and needs a transfusion. Her grandfather is unconscious, and needs a bed on ICU and a
ventilator to keep him alive.
Charlie Daunt is 21 years old, and was driving the second vehicle. Police say Charlie caused the
accident. He has severe injuries, and he will need a ventilator and a bed on ICU as well.
Jo’s parents belong to a religious group which is against organ and blood donation. They do not
want their daughter to have someone else’s blood. Should the hospital respect their wishes, or
should give her transfusion? Supposing her life was in danger, what should a doctor do?
There is only one bed available on ICU. Who should have the bed, Harry Cook or Charlie Daunt?
Why?
ROLE PLAY. Jo’s condition is critical. She will die if transfusion is not conducted within 12
hours. Her parents are adamant in their refusal.
Student A is a doctor concerned about the girl. Try somehow to persuade the parents.
Student B is a devoutly religious parent. Present your point of view – it must be God’s will!
38
BODY, ANATOMY, APPEARANCE
EXERCISE 1. Can you mark the body parts?
BUTTOCK HEEL PALM HEAD SPINE FOREARM TOE

FINGER FOOT SHOULDER BLADE FOREHEAD HAND EAR CALF
CHEEK THIGH MOUTH CHIN BREAST SHIN SHOULDER
NAVEL/BELLY BUTTON ARMPIT THUMB NOSE UPPER ARM
BREASTBONE ELBOW HIP GROIN WRIST VULVA TEMPLE
EYE KNEE ANKLE LEG (LOWER LIMB) SOLE NECK ARM (UPPER
LIMB) LOWER BACK
INSTRUCTIONS AS ABOVE:
39
LYMPH NODES STOMACH ARTERY INTESTINES/BOWELS HEART
SKELETON SPLEEN URINARY BLADDER KIDNEY BRAIN VEIN LIVER
PHARYNX/THROAT GALLBLADDER BONE MARROW LARYNX LUNG MUSCLES
PANCREAS
EXERCISE 2. WHAT DOES EACH ORGAN DO?
1. arteries A. is a round, bag-like organ that stores urine, located in the pelvic
area
2. bladder B. has many functions – detoxifying harmful chemicals, breakdown of
drugs, filtering blood, secretion of bile and production of blood-
clotting proteins
3. brain C. is an abdominal organ located behind the stomach which plays an
important role in digestion and in regulating blood sugar; it makes
enzymes and produces insulin
4. colon D. is the largest organ in the lymphatic system; acts as a blood filter;
it controls the amount of red blood cells and blood storage in the
body, and helps to fight infection (but you can live without it)
5. heart E. are responsible for removing oxygen from the air we breathe and
transferring it to our blood where it can be sent to the cells; they
also remove carbon dioxide, which we exhale
6. kidneys F. are two long tubes connected to the kidneys
40
7. larynx G. is also called voice box; vocal cords constrict and vibrate on
exhalation, creating human voice
8. liver H. (also called the windpipe) is a tube in the throat that carries the
air to the lungs
9. lungs I. is the body’s control centre, receiving and sending signals to other
organs; responsible for our thoughts, feelings and memory
10. pancreas J. is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body
11. spleen K. is a bean-shaped sack located behind the lower ribs; secretes
hydrochloric acids and enzymes that break down the food
12. stomach L. carry oxygenated blood to organs and cells in the body
13. trachea M. are blood vessels that return oxygen-poor blood from the organs
towards the heart
14. ureters N. remove waste from the blood – take urea out of the blood and
combine it with other substances to make urine
15. veins O. (is also called large intestine) is a large tube that escorts waste
from the body
EXERCISE 3. BODY SYSTEMS: Which body system are the following medical terms
connected with?
1) skeleton, bone, fracture, S _ _ _ _ _ AL SYSTEM

2) menstruation, fertility, semen, egg R _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SYSTEM
3) thyroid, testosterone, gland, progesterone E _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SYSTEM
4) hypertension, blood pressure, circulation C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ R SYSTEM
5) nutrition, gall bladder, vitamins, colon D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ E SYSTEM
6) ureter, bladder, kidney, incontinence U _ _ _ _ _ _ SYSTEM
7) white blood cells, nodes, bone marrow, infection L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SYSTEM
8) neurons, depression, brain, spinal cord N _ _ _ _ _ _ SYSTEM
9) bronchus, lungs, inhalation, trachea R _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Y SYSTEM
EXERCISE 4. SOME FACTS ABOUT HUMAN BODY. Watch the video and choose the
correct answer:
Babies have more / fewer bones than adults.
Bones are stronger / weaker than steel.
Human heart starts beating 4 / 6 week after conception.
It beats 10 000 / 100 000 times a day.
A human eye can detect 10 / 100 million different colours.
41
Our nose can remember 50 000 / 500 000 different scents.
We lose 60 000 / 600 000 dead skin cells every hour.
Female nails grow faster / slower than male ones.
There are millions of bacteria living on human body, most of which are harmful / harmless.
About 2 / 4 % of people have synesthesia.
Human body is made up of octillion / trillion atoms.
EXERCISE 5. WHAT ARE BODY SYSTEMS RESPONSIBLE FOR?
1. Cardiovascular A. It produces gametes (sperm and egg).

system
2. Digestive system B. It’s the body’s main control system; it regulates behaviour
and other body systems, maintains homeostasis, controls
sensory and motor functions.
3. Endocrine system C. It extracts and absorbs nutrients from food.
4. Integumentary D. It protects and supports body and organs, moves limb and
system trunk.
5. Lymphatic system E. It protects the body against infection.
6. Musculoskeletal F. It moves air in and out of lungs; controls gas exchange
system between blood and lungs.
7. Nervous system G. It regulates body temperature, metabolism, development
and reproduction; maintains homeostasis.
8. Reproductive H. It eliminates wastes in urine; regulates concentration of
system body fluids.
9. Respiratory system I. It protects against injury, infection and fluid loss; helps
regulate body temperature.
10. Urinary system J. It consists of the heart and a network of vessels that
carry blood; it supplies oxygen and nutrients to cells and
removes waste products.
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
EXERCISE 6. FIRST IMPRESSIONS:
It is only shallow people who do not judge by appearances. The true mystery of the world is the
visible, not the invisible. (Oscar Wilde)
Fact: People form 90% of their opinion of someone in the first 90 seconds.
What conclusions can you draw from the following information?
42
A) A man who wears an earring in one ear. B) A woman with an earring in her nose.
C) A man with a beard or moustache. D) A woman who wears heavy make-up.
E) A 60-year-old man with long hair. F) Someone who wears lots of jewellery.
G) Someone who's always laughing. H) Someone who bites their nails.
I) Someone who has tattoos. J) Someone with red hair.
Do you agree that people form 90% of their opinion of someone in the first 90% seconds?
EXERCISE 7. THIN VOCABULARY. Put the words from the box in correct gaps:
THIN ANOREXIC BONY GAUNT LEAN SKINNY SLENDER
SLIM UNDERWEIGHT EMACIATED
1. Wow! You look wonderfully ……………………………! You must have lost a lot of weight! You look
stunning.
2. My mother looked …………………………… and tired after her long illness.
3. There were pictures of …………………………… children from poor African countries on the cover of
the magazine.
4. My fitness instructor is a very attractive man – a very fit and …………………………… man.
5. He was very ill and pale. His face was …………………………… and grey. I thought he was dying when I
saw him.
6. Women who smoke risk giving birth to …………………………… babies.
7. I’m sure Lisa should go to a doctor as she has some serious health problem. She does not eat
anything at all! Look at her! She’s ……………………………
8. The old man’s hands were …………………………… and wrinkled.
9. She’s very beautiful, all men find her attractive. She’s …………………………… and very graceful.
FAT VOCABULARY
FAT BIG CHUBBY FLABBY OBESE OVERWEIGHT PLUMP TUBBY
1. She’s ugly and ……………………………, I don’t like her! Oh, don’t be so rude! She’s just a bit
…………………………… - you have no idea how difficult it is to lose weight.
2. My mother’s BMI is abnormally high, so the doctors say she is …………………………… and must go on
a diet; otherwise she risks serious health problems.
3. When I turned 30, I noticed that my thighs and arms started to be a bit …………………………… so I
took up some exercise to firm them up.
4. My best friend weighs a bit too much and is …………………………… but she looks really nice and has
no complexes about her body shape.
43
5. Kate is a really …………………………… girl. She’s 185 cm and weighs almost 100 kg!
6. The baby is so cute, …………………………… cheeks, a really healthy little girl.
7. My uncle is a very friendly, cheerful elderly gentleman. He’s quite short and …………………………… -
he has a little paunch because he likes beer too much.

PREPARE TO DISCUSS THESE QUESTIONS. Interview your partner.
1. How would you describe your own appearance?
2. Who do you take after in your family?
3. What physical characteristics do you find attractive?
4. How would you describe the physical appearance of your ideal man/woman?
5. Do you think the way we look is important?
a. when finding a partner
b. when making friends
c. at work
Do you agree with this point of view?

"Although people talk a lot about their own size or weight, it is generally not considered polite to
refer to a person's large size or their weight when you talk to them. It is not polite to say to
someone that they are fat."
Would you tell your friend for example that he/she is getting fat/has put on weight?
EXERCISE 9. LOOK AT THE WORDS BELOW.
LANKY STOCKY CHUBBY WELL-BUILT
SKINNY PETITE SLIM OVERWEIGHT
WIRY CURVY SHAPELY SLENDER
Which of the following people could they be used to describe?

a. a strong, thin man
b. a small, thin woman
c. a tall, thin man
d. a small, fat, strong man
e. an attractive woman with broad hips and a big bust
f. a tall, thin woman
44
WHICH OF THE PHRASES BELOW SUGGEST
a. a slim, strong man/slim woman
b. a big, fat man/fat woman
c. an attractive man/woman (in your opinion)
She's got a double chin He's got a pot belly/a paunch

He's got a beard and moustache He's bald
He's got sideburns She's got slim hips and a narrow waist
He's broad-shouldered She's got high cheekbones
He's got a six pack She's long-legged
He’s retrosexual She’s buxom
He’s well-groomed She’s got fake nails and hair extension
He’s got some real love handles She’s got a muffin top
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING?

a. a ponytail a pigtail a goatee
b. flat-chested pigeon-chested broad-chested
c. bony big-boned skin and bones
d. handsome gorgeous attractive
e. hunky cute charming
f. auburn chestnut platinum blonde
g. perm fringe/bangs parting
h. svelte beefy puppy fat
EXERCISE 10. VIDEOS.
(A) Mansome. Ricky Machada. Can you list everything the man does to look good? How does
he take care of himself?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(B) BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER - watch the video and mark the sentences as true or
false:
45
1. Alanah Bagwell is a BDD sufferer, who has dropped out of school and became housebound
for over 5 years.
2. She didn’t socialize and even started hurting herself at some point.
3. Her problems started at the age of 15.
4. It all started because kids at school taunted her about her looks.
5. Teenagers now are vain and they’re into selfies, so that is why BDD is more and more
common.
6. Alanah’s mom became desperate because she wasn’t able to help her daughter.
7. BDD sufferers post selfies on social media because they’re proud of their looks.
8. BDD sufferers seek validation that they’re not ugly and repulsive.
9. Alanah destroyed her mom’s car once.
10. Alanah’s has been diagnosed and treated and she’s completely healthy now.
46
HEALTH & ILLNESS
 What are the most common health problems nowadays?
 Are there the same problems all over the world?
 What’s the biggest health concern at the moment in Poland?
 What is healthcare in Poland like? What are the most urgent problems? Any solutions?
 Medicine is one of these areas where research is conducted all the time and development
progresses at incredible pace – but does it bring only positive results? Can you think of
any negative aspects of the advancement of medicine?
 What about your own health? Are you generally healthy? Do you have any health
problems? How often do you go to the doctor?
EXERCISE 1. MATCH:
1.ANGINA A. condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough in

sulin or cells stop responding to the insulin produced so that
glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed into the cells of the
body
2. ANXIETY B. a mood disorder
DISORDER in which both manic/hypomanic episodes and depressive episo
des occur
3. ASBESTOSIS C. a mental disorder characterized by feelings of irrational
fear and persistent, excessive worry
4. ATHEROSCLEROSIS D. is an infection caused by the variola virus; throughout histor
y, it was responsible for huge epidemics worldwide that resul
ted in large numbers of deaths; officially declared to be
eradicated in 1980
5. BIPOLAR E. a bacterial infection transmitted by contaminated water, mil
DISORDER k or other
foods (caused by Salmonella typhi) causing fever and
diarrhea
6. CHICKENPOX F. is a potentially fatal contagious disease that mainly affects
the lungs, caused by a tubercle bacillus
7. DIABETES G. also called infantile paralysis, is a highly infectious viral
disease that may attack the CNS and cause total paralysis in
a matter of hours.
8. EBOLA H. a serious condition caused when a blood clot blocks the flow
of blood in a blood vessel
9. ECZEMA I. a condition characterized by the deposits of fatty plaques
and fibrosis of the inner layer of the arteries
10. GERMAN MEASLES J. heart disease marked by spasmodic attacks of intense
suffocative pain
47
11. GOUT K. heart attack
12. HAYFEVER L. inflammation of the kidneys
13. HIVES M. an acute allergic reaction to pollen that is usually seasonal
and is marked by sneezing, nasal discharge and congestion,
and itching and watering of the eyes
14. LEGIONNAIRES’ N. a metabolic disease marked by a painful inflammation of the
DISEASE joints, deposits of urates in and around the joints, and
usually an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood
15. MAD COW O. an acute (sometimes fatal) type of pneumonia
DISEASE
16. MEASLES P. a skin disease that causes areas of the skin to become red,
rough, and itchy
17. MUMPS Q. a disease that usually affects children and that causes
severe spasmodic coughing and difficult breathing
18. MYOCARDIAL R. a disease that is less severe than typical measles but that
INFARCTION can harm an unborn child if the mother gets the disease
while pregnant
19. NEPHRITIS S. a contagious disease that causes fever and swelling in the
lower part of the parotid salivary gland
20. POLIO T. Also called bovine spongiform encephalopathy ; a fatal prion
disease that affects the brain and nervous system of cattle
21. SARCOMA U. a contagious disease that causes fever and red spots on the
skin
22. SMALLPOX V. a malignant tumor arising in tissue (as connective tissue,
bone, cartilage, or striated muscle)
23. THROMBOSIS W. extremely deadly hemorrhagic fever caused by a virus
24. TUBERCULOSIS X. an occupational disease which causes thickening and scarring
of the lungs
25. TYPHOID Y. an allergic reaction in which in an area of the skin becomes
red and itchy
26. WHOOPING COUGH Z. an acute contagious disease that often affects children and
causes a fever and blisters on the skin (caused by a herpes
virus)
EXERCISE 2: READING COMPREHENSION.

Read the text carefully and put the missing sentences back into correct places. There is
one extract you do not need to use:
A. Cancer is characterized by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.

B. Allergies are common and increase with environmental pollution and contamination.
C. Women may pass the virus to their babies during pregnancy, although thanks to the
advancement of contemporary medicine the risk has been greatly minimized.
D. Nevertheless, some diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer are more
common today than in the past.
E. The majority of contemporary diseases could be prevented by healthy diet, physical
exercise, adequate amount of sleep and stress avoidance.
48
F. This disease is caused by insufficient production of insulin, which results in abnormal
metabolism of carbohydrates.
G. More than 50% of all deaths recorded each year are the result of heart disease.
H. Eating disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar, phobias – to name but a few.
I. The person can be saved only by transplantation of the kidney or by regular renal
hemodialysis.
J. The tubercle bacilli pass through the air on droplets coughed up by the sick from their
lungs.
K. Lactose and gluten are common culprits.
L. The virus after getting into the blood destroys the white blood cells, leading to
suppression of the body's immunity.
Thanks to scientific discoveries, numerous diseases were wiped out, such as smallpox or typhoid
and the incidence of others was considerably reduced as in the case of tuberculosis or
poliomyelitis. (1) ………..…
TBC is an example of a communicable disease, which means it is easily transmitted from one
person to another. (2) …….…… In order to detect the disease, a tuberculin test and chest x-ray
are routinely used.
Nowadays, one of the most common diseases in the modern society is heart disease. (3) ………… A
condition predisposing to its development is arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is a disease in
which the walls of the arteries become thicker and lose their elasticity as part of a natural
ageing process and due to calcium deposits. It may also be caused by the formation of fatty
plaques (atheromas) composed mainly of cholesterol on the inner walls of the arteries, which are
gradually thickened. This condition, called atherosclerosis predisposes to hypertension and
thrombosis, in which blood clots (thrombi) form and block the circulation in one or more arteries.
Coronary thrombosis is the main cause of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and stroke.
Unfortuately, a diet rich in animal fats, cigarette smoking, obesity and sedentary lifestyle are
the primary risk factors of heart disease, which perhaps explain the high incidence of the illness
among patients these days.
Another major killer is cancer. (4) ………… Cancer may affect any organ in the body, but the most
common sites are the lungs, the breasts, the uterine cervix, the skin, the colon, and the blood.
Cancer is fatal if it is untreated but some types may be cured in the early stages with surgery,
radiation and chemotherapy. Every now and then big breakthroughs are reported in the news,
bringing us hope the cure is soon to be found; currently, the a lot of research is being conducted
into gene therapy.
Next problem is a disease which attacks the kidneys - an inflammation called nephritis. The
progress of the disease destroys the kidneys and leads to kidney failure. (5) ……….…
49
Still, perhaps the most worrying and urgent problem for healthcare now and in the future is
diabetes – the incidence of diabetes cases is soaring worldwide to such an extent that scientists
talk about a global epidemic. (6) …….…… A person suffering from diabetes must take daily
injections of insulin and limit sugar intake. Sadly, the illness leads to multiple complications,
including retinopathy, renal and vascular problems, and significantly worsens the patient’s quality
of life.
(7) ………… Persons who cannot tolerate certain foreign substances, such as pollen, dust, house
mites, drugs or chemicals react with a rash, hives, hay fever, asthma, eczema, gout or other
manifestations. Unfortunately, more and more people develop intolerance to certain food
products. (8) ………..…
Diseases which are common in childhood include chickenpox, measles, mumps, scarlet fever,
German measles and whooping cough. In many countries they are prevented by routine
vaccination and they do not cause any serious complications.
There are quite many new diseases which appeared in the 20 th century, and they usually fall into
3 categories:
 caused by microorganisms, such as AIDS, mad cow disease, Ebola;
 those, that have existed for a long time but have been recognized recently, such as
legionnaires' disease and campylobacter food poisoning;
 diseases associated with modern industrial society, such as asbestosis, and diseases
associated with radiation; substance abuse (drugs, alcohol, tobacco).
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), which was first identified in Los Angeles in
1981, is a fatal disease caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). (9) …….……
As a result various infections develop, especially pneumonia, and tumours, such as Kaposi's
sarcoma. The HIV is found in body fluids, such as the blood, semen, cervical secretions, saliva,
tears, urine and breast milk. The virus may be transmitted by sexual contact, blood transfusion
or using unsterilized needles. (10) ……..…… At the moment there is no vaccine against the HIV or
medicine which can cure AIDS.
Last but not least, there has also been considerable increase in the number of patients suffering
from mental disorders. (11) ………… Why? The answer is simple. Hectic life, pressure to succeed
from very early age, growing insecurity, loneliness, financial worries, and so on, and so forth. No
doubt, psychiatrist are going to be very busy for the next couple of years to come.
EXERCISE 3. Use some of the words in correct sentences:
CONTAMINATION POLLUTION ERADICATE DIALYSIS CULPRIT

DEPOSITS SEDENTARY OBESITY SOAR POLLEN DUST MITES
Only a transplant or regular ……………………………………… may save the life of a patient with end-stage
renal disease. ……………………………………… job – sitting at the desk all day – will certainly make you put
50
on weight. When the “500+” program was implemented in Poland, the birth rate
…………………………………, another success for the government! Thanks to an extensive vaccination
program, a lot of diseases – like cholera, for instance – have been ………………………………………. House
dust ……………………………………… feed on flakes of dead human skin and are a common cause of asthma
and allergic reactions. This illness is caused by ……………………………………… of mineral crystals in the
joint. Never drink tap water while on holiday – it may be ……………………………………… and you risk
getting sick. Speaking of food allergies, shellfish and nuts are common ……………………………………….
EXERCISE 4. WORDBUILDING. Change the words in brackets so that they fit the
sentence correctly:
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by (CONTROL) ……………………………………… appetite, followed by
self-induced vomiting. In Crohn’s disease, a certain section of small intestine is changed, as if
affected by an inflammation: the walls of the intestine are (THICK) ……………………………………… and
(ABSORB) ……………………………………… is made difficult. General (ANXIOUS) ………………………………………
disorder (GAD) is a fairly common condition. Drug addicts risk getting various infections when
they use and share (STRILE) ……………………………………… needles. Your diet is very (HEALTH)
……………………………………… - 600 calories a day is (SUFFICIENT) ………………………………………for a grownup
person. Your results are (NORMAL) ……………………………………… - your level of leukocytes is three
times higher than the norm. Plenty of women die annually in Poland from (UTERUS)
……………………………………… cervix cancer – a shame really because when detected early it’s fully
(CURE) ……………………………………… Diabetes is a lifelong problem that may lead to severe renal and
(VESSEL) ……………………………………… complications. His condition (WORSE)
………………………………………during the night and the patient passed away in his sleep. This is a
congenital condition that becomes evident in the early (CHILD) ………………………………………. Certain
(ENVIRONMENT) ……………………………………… factors play a huge role in the (DEVELOP)
……………………………………… of cancer. Bone marrow (SUPPRESS) ……………………………………… was the major
example of the drug toxicity. The epidemic has already broken out – we need to our best to
(MINIMAL) ……………………………………… the spread of the virus. Alcohol (AVOID)
……………………………………… will definitely do you good! The pace of (ADVANCE) ………………………………………
in the field of oncology increases every year.
EXERCISE 5. THE OUTBREAK OF LEGIONNAIRES’ DISEASE IN NYC. Watch the video
and fill in the gaps with 1-2 words:
51
In 2014 there’s been an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease in New York, with a death toll of
……………………………… since July; luckily it was limited to the district of south ……………………………… The
disease and its symptoms are very similar to …………………………………, and they usually involve fever,
chills and a cough and difficulty ………………………………. It is caused by a type of ………………………………
called legionella. Water cooling ……………………………… are suspected to be the source of it. In the
US, there were more than ……………………………… cases in 2013. The director of the ………………………………
is invited to the studio to talk about the problem. Each year between 8000 to
…………………………………… people are diagnosed with the disease. However, many cases are not
diagnosed or …………………………………, so this number may be higher. Up to ………………………………% of
people may develop fatal infections and die. The disease does not spread through
…………………………………… contact, unlike pneumonia. People get infected when they …………………………………
the mist/vapour contaminated with the bacteria. The bacteria is naturally found in the
environment, more specifically in …………………………………. Smokers, elderly and people with
……………………………………………………………, ……………………………………… are more susceptible. ……………………………
of the all outbreaks investigated are linked to the cooling towers.
EXERCISE 6. SYMPTOMS – ADJECTIVES:
DIZZY WHEEZING SPRAIN TINGLING = PINS & NEEDLES NUMB
SLURRED RASH ITCH SCRATCH DISCHARGE STIFF HOARSE
SWELL/SWOLLEN SORE PIMPLES ANXIOUS RUNNY NAUSEOUS
COUGH FAINT SCAR
I have a ……………………………… nose – I keep sneezing all the time, is it allergy? I was at the concert
last night and sang at the top of my voice – today, my voice is very ……………………………………. I’m
afraid I can’t go to work today – I have a ……………………………… throat, fever and my muscles ache. A
mosquito has bitten me, and now my entire leg itches so much, I can’t stop ………………………………! I
think my son may be allergic to strawberries – when he ate a few last week, he started coughing,
his tongue ……………………………… and he had difficulty breathing. When you have asthma, it’s very
difficult to breathe and a ……………………………… sound can be heard. Tomorrow I have a very
difficult exam and I’m very scared – I’m ………………………………. I think I’m going to lose
consciousness in a moment – I’m feeling ………………………………. I think I may have some neurological
disorder – I often feel some strange ……………………………… in my left fingers. I haven’t eaten any
breakfast today and I feel ……………………………… (as if everything around me was spinning). She’s
52
pregnant and feels very ……………………………… in the morning, which is common in the first trimester.
Don’t worry about the dental visit – you will get an anesthetic and your mouth will be completely
……………………………… - you won’t feel anything. I’m allergic to berries and I can’t eat them – I come
out in a ………………………………, which is very itchy. Even if it ……………………………… a lot, don’t scratch it –
you may be left with some ugly ………………………………. You really needs to give up smoking – your
……………………………… sounds really bad. If you have an open wound and it starts to produce some
foul-smelling ………………………………, it means you’ve developed an infection. After the stroke, my
grandfather was left unable to speak – his speech is ……………………………… and difficult to
understand. When I was a teenager, I had serious problems with my skin – my whole face was
covered with ………………………………. Meningitis can be life-threatening so if you have any of the
following symptoms: high temperature, headache, ……………………………… neck and exhaustion –
contact a doctor immediately! I fell over when I was skiing last year and my leg hurt so much I
was worried it was fractured – but the doctor took an x-ray and told me I had just
……………………………… my ankle.
EXERCISE 7. PREPOSITIONS. Fill in the sentences with a correct preposition:
1. Are you allergic ………………… anything? Not really, but I’m lactose intolerant.
2. What did your father die …………………? He had a brain tumour.
3. What diseases were you vaccinated ………………… in the past? I think I was inoculated
………………… all the major childhood infections.
4. Does anyone in your family suffer ………………… heart disease?

5. Bronchitis may cause problems ………………… swallowing and speaking.
6. Malaria is so common because it’s transmitted ………………… mosquito bite.
7. Ronald is now in hospital, he’s being treated ………………… lung cancer. He’s treated
………………… oral antineoplastic drugs, chemo and radiation.
8. Marcia is a phobic patient who hasn’t left the house in 5 years because she’s so afraid
………………… dirt and germs.
9. Before the operation, the patient needs to be informed ………………… all the possible
complications that may occur.
10. A healthy diet should consist ………………… lots of fruit and veg, unprocessed carbs and
small amount of protein.
11. I went to the doctor last week because I was very concerned ………………… my cough.
12. Smoking is likely to lead ………………… pulmonary cancer.
53
13. Obesity and bad diet my result ………………… diabetes type 2, so changing your diet is a
good idea.
14. Diabetes type 2 may result ………………… unhealthy diet and obesity, so you should always
encourage your patients to modify their diets.
15. Prolonged stress at workplace may contribute …………………… poor immunity and diseases.
16. A day before the surgery the patients are requested to refrain ……………… drinking
alcohol.
17. There has been a recent increase ……………… the number of teen pregnancies.
18. Mark is most likely addicted ……………… opioid pain medications.
EXERCISE 8. AT THE DOCTOR'S.
Fill in the missing words in the passage below. Choose from the following:
APPOINTMENT LUNG CANCER STETHOSCOPE BLOOD PRESSURE

MEDICINE SURGERY COUCH PRESCRIPTION SYMPTOMS
EXAMINATION PULSE TEMPERATURE GP RECEPTIONIST
WAITING-ROOM
Last week I phoned my (1) …………… to make an (2) …………………… to see her, as I had been feeling a
bit under the weather recently. When I arrived at her (3) ………………………, there were only two
other people in the (4) …………………………. I gave my name to the (5) ……………………… and sat down to
await my turn. Fortunately, I didn't have to wait long. The doctor asked me what was wrong, so I
told her my (6) ……………………, namely that I had been feeling very tired and often had difficulty in
breathing. She told me to lie down on the (7) ………………………… and gave me an (8) ……………………….
First, she felt my (9) ……………………… Then she took my (10) ………………………, which was a bit high.
Next she took my (11) ……………………. It was 37.9°C. Finally, she listened to my breathing through
her (12) ……………..…… She didn't think there was anything seriously wrong with me - I was just a
bit run down. So she wrote out a (13) ………………… for some (14) ……………………… which she said would
make me feel better. She also advised me, as she always did, to stop smoking and reminded me
that if I didn't, then one day I might get (15) ……………………. As usual, I promised to try.
EXERCISE 9: Match the types of diseases listed below with their definitions:
1. related to glands producing hormones A. degenerative
2. present at birth B. contagious
54
3. transmitted by direct or indirect C. chronic
contact D. nutritional
4. resulting from an improper diet E. congenital
5. caused by the physician’s activity or F. infectious
therapy G. hereditary
6. affecting brain processes H. fatal
7. leading to death I. mental
8. related to chemical and physical J. allergic
processes in the body K. neoplastic
9. caused by bacteria and viruses L. metabolic
10. transmitted genetically from parents M. iatrogenic
to offspring N. endocrine
11. caused by hypersensitivity to some
agents
12. of long duration
13. caused by a rapid abnormal
multiplication of cells
14. leading to gradual loss of function or
change in structure
EXERCISE 10. These sentences all give very good advice, but they have been divided into
separate halves. Match the half-sentences in Column A with the half-sentences in Column B to
make 14 sentences which are correct, complete and true.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
a) … burn easily in the sun.
1. Regular exercise is ... b) .. cause back pain.
2. A balanced diet should ... c) ... be inoculated against diphtheria.
3. Medicines should ... d) ... be kept out of the reach of children.
4. A patient in shock should ... e) ... be kept warm and lying down.
5. Not taking any exercise is ... f) ... about 2.5 litres of fluid each day.
55
6. Reading in bad light can … g) … good for the heart.
7. You should do ... h) … five minutes' exercise every morning.
8. A normal adult should drink ... i) ... be sterilised before use.
9. HIV can be transmitted ... j) ... make the eyes ache.
10. Bad posture can … k) ... provide all the nutrients needed, in the
11. People with fair complexions ... correct proportions.
12. Surgical instruments must ... l) ... an unhealthy way of living.
13. Babies should ... m) ... be by pressure and elevation.
14. Haemorrhage control routinely n) … by using non-sterile needles.
should ...
56
HEALTHY EATING, HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
EXERCISE 1. DISCUSS. Which of the thing are good for your health and which are bad?
Why? Give arguments!
EATING MEAT CRISPS YOGA SMOKING SUGAR WATCHING TV
ALCOHOL LIVING ALONE TEA RUNNING COFFEE
VITAMIN PILLS KEEPING A PET SALT FLYING SUNBATHING
STRESS VEGETARIAN DIET
And the most important question – WHAT DO YOU CONSIDER HEALTHY???
 Are you generally healthy? Are you often ill? If you are, what do you do?
 Are you careful about your diet? Do you know where to find all the necessary
nutrients? And above all, what is healthy to eat and drink and what is not? (Scientist still
tend to dispute…)
 Have you ever been on a diet?
 How many hours a night do you sleep?
 What about your level of fitness?
 How do you cope with stress?
 Do you have any bad habits?
EXERCISE 2. READING COMPREHENSION

You are going to read a handful of tips about healthy eating. The subheadings were removed
from the text – please read it carefully and supply the missing headings in correct gaps.
There is one subheading which you do not need to use, so watch out:
A. Shopping & Eating Out B. How Much To Eat

C. Weigh In D. Pay Attention & Slow Down
E. What To Eat F. Get Moving
G. Drink Water H. What Not To Eat
I. When To Eat J. Where To Eat
K. Record Your Eating
1. No magic food causes weight loss and no food is inherently fattening. Eat a variety of
foods from meat, legumes, dairy, grains, fruits, vegetables and small amount of fat daily.
Vegetables and fruits are a great source of vitamins and minerals. Carbohydrates in
fruits, milk, grains and legumes will give you quick energy for the first 2 hours while
57
protein in milk, meat and legumes will keep you satisfied for 4 hours. The fat in meat and
milk as well as fat added to foods will keep you satisfied for 6 hours.
2. Eliminate eating in the car, bus, train, walking, standing or on the phone. Make time to eat
meals and snacks by sitting down at a table. Read about the dangers of driving and
eating.
3. Eat breakfast and two other meals each day. People who eat breakfast are less likely to
snack in the evening. Eat at least every 4 to 6 hours when awake rather than waiting until
your stomach starts rumbling.
4. Calories count. Choose smaller portion sizes. Forget those super sizes as they are
expensive to your waistline.
5. If you don't buy it or make it, food has a hard time finding its way into your mouth. Shop
from a grocery list and after a meal when you are not hungry to limit impulse buying. In
restaurants, if you aren't sure how a food is prepared ask. When your food is served,
divide off what you are going to eat and take the rest home for the next meal. Just
because food is presented to you at a buffet doesn't mean you have to eat or sample
everything just because it is included in the price of a meal. Make food and portion sizes
before you start eating.
6. Keep a written record of what you eat or drink, when and where to see what triggers
your eating. Do you eat when you are tired, bored or upset?
7. Weigh yourself daily and record it. It helps keep track of your weight so that when your
weight varies by more than 5 pounds you can make small eating and exercise changes
before 5 pounds turns into 10 or more.
8. Don't get distracted by multitasking while eating. Activities like watching TV or reading
takes your focus off how much you are eating and your sense of fullness. Stop when you
pause while eating or sense that you are full no matter how much food is left on your
plate. Eat slower and drink water with a meal. Food takes 20 minutes for a message to
get from your stomach to your brain that you are full so meals should take at least 20
minutes and preferably longer. Chew each mouthful thoroughly. If you eat food that isn't
on your plan, don't let it get you down! Get immediately back on your plan rather than
waiting for the next day or New Year to start again.
9. Take a look at your daily schedule and figure out how you can walk, bike or run more. Get
30 - 60 minutes of exercise each day and wear a pedometer to keep track. Aim for
10,000 steps a day.
10. Drink enough water so that your urine is colorless and odorless during the day. People
who drink sufficient water are more likely lose weight.

1. Many types of cancer are (CURE) ……………………….
58
2. The patient hasn’t been on holiday for the last three years and he spends 15 hours at the
office every day. He’s definitely (WORK) ……………………….
3. If you don’t have medical (INSURE) ………………………, the cost of (TREAT) ……………………… can be
really high.
4. After the (EXAMINE) ………………………, the doctor gave me a (PRESCRIBE) ……………………… for an
antibiotic.
5. Cathy has been on a diet for quite a long time so she has been severely (WEIGHT)
……………………….
6. My son had terrible diarrhea yesterday, luckily it turned out it was just a simple food
(POISON) ……………………….
7. Nowadays, before a gastroscopy the patient receives an anesthetic and the procedure is
completely (PAIN) ……………………….
8. The patient was a very tall, (MUSCLE) ……………………… man who was suffering from some
(KNOW) ……………………… viral disease.
EXERCISE 4. PREPOSITIONS & PHRASAL VERBS:

GO DOWN WITH GIVE UP WEAR OFF TAKE CARE OF
THROW UP TREAT FOR BROKE DOWN
GET OVER TAKE UP PASS OUT
1. It may hurt now, but after you take the painkiller, the pain will ……………………… soon.
2. Has John ……………………… his flu yet? Can he go on a picnic with us?
3. Last year Paul was ……………………… asthma at the big clinic in Miami.
4. The medicine tasted so horrible, I almost ……………………… – it was so disgusting.
5. Last month there was an epidemic in the city, everyone at school ……………………… some nasty
virus.
6. Lizzie didn’t eat anything for breakfast – do doubt, she ……………………… in the afternoon!
7. You smoke too much, Mr. Alfie. You need to ……………………… this habit as soon as possible.
8. You’re not fit at all. It’s high time you ……………………… some swimming or jogging.
9. When he heard the terrible news, he couldn’t keep calm and ……………………… in front of his boss
and colleagues.
10. You can trust the doctors here, they’ll …………… good ………… you.
EXERCISE 5. CIRCLE THE CORRECT WORD.

1. Tanya looks really fair / pale and thin / slim / slender. I'm worried she might be ill.
2. It's important to eat a wholemeal / balanced diet with lots of vegetables and fruit.
3. After picking the flowers, I noticed I had a fever / rash / bruise all over my hands.
4. When I broke a rib, I had to wear a bandage / plaster / bandage around my chest.
59
5. Make sure you wash your cut properly so that you don't get a/an infection / pollution.
6. Half an hour after taking the pill, I began to feel the outcome / result / effects.
7. The doctor walked along the ward / clinic / corridor, chatting to all the patients she passed.
8. Two people have been slightly injured / damaged / wounded in an accident on the MI.
9 .It's good for children to get minor flus / diseases / illnesses, such as colds.
10. The medicine bottle said the recommended dose / fix / amount was two teaspoons twice a
day.
 Are you generally fit?

 What kind of sport do you regularly practice? How often?
 If you don’t practice – what is the reason?
 Would you like to take up something in future?
EXERCISE 5. THE BUZZ ON ENERGY FOODS. GAP FILL. Fill in the gaps with a suitable
word:
Energy drinks and nutrition bars often make big promises. Some say they (1) …………… increase
energy and alertness, others offer extra nutrition, and some even claim to boost your athletic
performance (2) …………… powers of concentration.
So (3) …………… you eat or drink these products? The occasional energy drink is probably OK, and
a protein bar in the morning is a better choice (4) …………… not getting any breakfast at (5)
……………. But people who have about three or four energy drinks and a couple of protein bars (6)
…………… day are overdoing it.
Food bars will (7) …………… beat a well-balanced meal or snack (8) …………… it comes to meeting
our nutrition needs. But many of them do contain more nutrients than a candy bar or a (9)
…………… of chips. Still, there are serious downsides…
Did you know (10) …………… some energy bars and drinks (11) …………… hundreds of calories? That
may be OK (12) …………… athletes who burn lots of calories in high-intensity activities. But for
many teens the extra sugar and calories just contribute (13) …………… weight gain and tooth
decay.
Energy drinks are often (14) …………… of caffeine. Caffeine (15) …………… be legal, but it is a
stimulant drug. It can (16) …………… side effects like jitteriness, upset stomach, headaches, and
sleep problems. Large (17) …………… of caffeine can have even (18) …………… serious side effects
(including fast or irregular heartbeats, high (19) …………… pressure, hallucinations, and seizures),
especially for people (20) …………… have certain medical conditions or who take medications or
supplements.
Food bars don't (21) …………… good meal replacements. (22) …………… many nutrition bars have
vitamins and minerals added, they can't give you (23) …………… the different nutrients your body
60
needs to grow, develop and function. The (24) …………… way to get that is through eating a
balanced diet and (25) …………… skipping meals.
EXERCISE 6. WORDBUILDING – SKIN MELANOMA ON THE RISE (H). Change the words
in brackets:
With increased (1) (AVAILABILE) ………………………… of skin cancer screenings, more and more
cases of melanoma, the (2) (DEAD) ………………………… skin cancer, are diagnosed. "We know the
cause of melanoma is too much (3) (EXPOSE) ………………………… to ultraviolet (UV) (4) (RADIATE)
…………………………, whether from the sun or indoor tanning beds and lamps. Simple (5) (BEHAVE)
………………………… changes can lower your risk," doctors say.
So when should you see a doctor? If a mole is growing, (6) (BLEED) …………………………, crusting, or
changing. Here the skin ABCs. Look at your moles and check for:
• Asymmetry: one half (7) (LIKE) ………………………… the other half.
• Border: (8) (REGULAR) …………………………, scalloped or (9) (POOR) ………………………… defined.
• Color: varies from one area to another; shades of tan and brown, black; sometimes white, red
or blue.
• Diameter: the size of a pencil eraser or larger.
• Evolving: changing in size, shape or color.
A mole with any of these characteristics should be brought to a dermatologist’s attention (10)
(IMMEDIATE) ………………………….
EXERCISE 7. VIDEO.
What If You Only Drank Energy Drinks? FILL IN with 1 word/number: (1) ……………… % of
young adults consume energy drinks. When we drink something sweet, our brain releases (2)
…………………………… and we feel really good (the sugar content in energy drinks ranges from 2 to (3)
……………… teaspoons of sugar). Such drinks also contain (4) …………………………… which increases our
heart rate and blood pressure. They also have (5) …………………………… extract, which is a plant high
in caffeine. Having more than (6) ……………… mg of caffeine in a single serving is unhealthy.
Drinking only energy drinks during the day would lead to serious health problems, such as (7)
…………………………… BP, and because there’s a lot of sugar in them, they also contribute to (8)
…………………………… and diabetes type 2.
61
DOCTORS, HOSPITALS, VACCINATIONS - REVISION
Warm up discussion.
 How do you take care of your health?
 What healthy habits do you have? And unhealthy ones?
 How can we promote healthy behaviors in patients/clients?
 Many parents don’t want to vaccinate their kids, why?
 Is it important to vaccinate children?
 Should we punish the parents to refuse to vaccinate?
EXERCISE 1. PEOPLE IN HOSPITAL. Match up the person with the correct definition:
1. midwife A. a member of the rescue team who drives an

ambulance - appears at the scene of an accident or
an emergency and performs first aid
2. consultant B. they make and sell medicines
3. lab technician C. a person who operates the equipment in the x-ray
department
4. paramedic D. primary care physician (PCP); it is the doctor you go
to first if you have a health problem
5. charge nurse / ward E. he/she helps people who have difficulty speaking
sister
6. dietician F. a main nurse who is in charge of the whole
department and supervises the work of other
nurses
7. physiotherapist G. a specialist in some field of medicine (a surgeon, a
neurologist, etc.)
8. speech therapist H. this person helps overweight people to lose weight
and makes diets especially for them
9. plastic surgeon I. he/she treats muscle pain, stiffness and injury by
exercises and massage
10. GP / general J. he/she analyses blood and urine specimens in a lab
practitioner
11. pharmacist K. a doctor who operates on people in order to
reconstruct missing body parts or improve
appearance
12. radiographer L. this person helps pregnant women deliver babies
62
EXERCISE 2. Where are the patients? Match:
1. Intensive Care Unit a. Mary who has just given birth to a baby.
2. Casualty and Emergency Department b. John who has fractured his leg.
3. Paediatric Ward c. My grandmother who is suffering from
pneumonia complications.
4. Maternity Unit d. Peter who will have his appendix removed.
5. Orthopaedic Ward e. Betty's mother who is suffering from women's
disease.
6. Surgical Ward f. My mother who will be operated on for an eye
cataract.
7. Geriatric Ward g. Samuel who is unconscious.
8. Ophthalmic Ward h. Paul who has just been in a car crash
9. Gynaecological Ward i. Your son who has mumps.
EXERCISE 3. Medical specialties. Fill in each box with a suitable term denoting a medical
specialty. You have been given the number of letters in each word.
The medical study of the structure, function and diseases of the heart. Cardiology
1. The branch of medicine which treats diseases, deformities and injuries by operative
procedures.
S______
2. The branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases. P _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3. The branch of medicine that deals with the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and
the recuperative period following delivery. O _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. The branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the nervous system. N _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5. The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental
and emotional disorders. P _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6. The branch of science which deals with disorders of the female urinary tract and the male
genitourinary tract. U _ _ _ _ _ _
7. The study of the ear, nose and throat and the diseases which affect them. O _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_____
8. Special study of the kidneys and the diseases which afflict them. N _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9. The branch of medicine that deals with tumors/neoplasms, including study of their
development, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. O _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10. The study of the diagnosis of disease by using X-rays and other allied imaging techniques.
R________
11. The science which deals with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases and their treatment.
63
D__________
12. Study of the digestive tract, including the liver, biliary tract and pancreas and the
accompanying diseases.
G_______________
13. The study of the glands and hormones of the body and their related disorders.
E____________
14. The science which deals with the structure, function and diseases of the eye.
O____________
15. A branch of dentistry dealing with prevention and correction of irregularities of the teeth.
___________
16. The branch of medicine with diseases of the bones, joints, muscles and tendons.
O__________
17. The science of caring for and treating the teeth, gums and other adjacent structuresof the
mouth and including the repair or replacement of defective teeth. D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Exercise 4: Referral Quiz. Read the patient complaints. Which specialist does each patient
need?
1. I have a terrible rash on my arms and legs. I think I'm allergic to dairy food, but it also
might be grass.
chiropractor ophthalmologist allergist psychiatrist
2. My husband and I just took a home pregnancy test, and it came out positive. We want to
know when we are due and we want to make sure the fetus is healthy.
podiatrist pediatrician obstetrician pharmacist
3. The test results show that I have an advanced form of blood cancer.
oncologist neurologist midwife allergist
4. My left eye has an infection that won't go away and my vision has been blurry for two
weeks now.
podiatrist massage therapist ophthalmologist radiologist
5. I don't want to take any drugs that will cause me to become addicted to them, but I do
need some sort of pain relief.
naturopath dentist cardiologist dermatologist
6. I've been having major chest pains this week. I'm also having trouble breathing.
gynecologist cardiologist dermatologist oncologist
7. I get terrible acne and I have tried all of the products in the pharmacy. I don't know what
to do now.
64
massage therapist podiatrist occupational therapist
dermatologist
8. My baby is not developing properly. She hasn't put on any weight in two months and she
keeps
getting ear infections.
anesthesiologist midwife pediatrician massage therapist
EXERCISE 5. WORDBUIDLING. Vaccines: top 3 myths about childhood vaccines. Change
the words in brackets to complete the gaps.
Do vaccines cause autism? Is it OK to skip certain vaccines? Consider the facts behind these and
other myths about childhood vaccines.
Myth: Vaccines aren't necessary
Fact: Childhood vaccines offer (1) ……………… (PROTECT) from a (2) ……………… (VARY) of serious
or (3) ……………… (POTENTIAL) fatal diseases, (4) ……………… (INCLUDE) diphtheria, measles,
meningitis, polio, tetanus and whooping cough. If these diseases seem (5) ………………(COMMON) —
or even (6) ……………… (HEAR) of — it simply means that vaccines are doing their job. If (7)
……………… (IMMUNE) rates drop, vaccine-(8) ……………… (PREVENT) diseases may once again
become common threats.
Myth: Vaccine side effects are dangerous
Fact: Any vaccine can cause side effects. Usually, these side effects are minor — low-grade
fever, and (9) ……………… (SORE), (10) ……………… (RED) or swelling at the (11) ……………… (INJECT)
site. Some vaccines cause temporary headache, dizziness, fatigue or (12) ……………… (LOSE) of
appetite. Rarely, a child may experience a severe allergic reaction or a (13) ……………… (NEURON)
side effect, such as a (14) ……………… (SEIZE). Although these rare side effects are a concern,
vaccines are much safer than the diseases they prevent. Of course, vaccines aren't given to
children who have known allergies to specific vaccine (15) ……………… (COMPOSE). (16) ………………
(LIKE), if your child develops a life-(17) ……………… (THREAT) reaction to a particular vaccine,
(18) ……………… (FAR) doses of that vaccine won't be given.
Myth: Vaccines cause autism
Fact: Despite much (19) ……………… (CONTROVERSIAL) on the topic, researchers haven't found a
clear (20) ……………… (CONNECT) between autism and childhood vaccines. Although signs of
autism may appear at about the same time children receive certain vaccines — such as the
measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine — this appears to be simply a (21) ………………
(COINCIDE).
EXERCISE 6. VIDEOS
65
(A) WHAT DOES A HEALTH VISITOR (HV) DO? True or false?
1. A nurse or a midwife may become a health visitor but they will need some additional
training.
2. All new parents will be visited by a HV between the 10-20 day after the baby was born.
3. The health visitor will put all the vital information in your personal child healthcare book.
4. The health visitor may offer help only in terms of routine baby care.
5. The health visitor will check the baby’s growth and development.
6. Health visitors vaccinate babies.
7. Health visitors really try to take care of the whole family, not just the baby.
(B) “VACCINES CALLING THE SHOTS” – fill in with one word/number:
A lot of diseases are returning because some parents choose not to (1) ……………………………………
their children. In the US more than (2) …………………. of parents vaccinate their kids (following the
recommended schedule) – up to (3) ………………… immunizations in the first (4) ………………… years of
life – protecting against (5) ………………… different diseases. At least (6) ………………… of parents
skip some shots. (7) …………………don’t vaccinate at all. Osman – 7 weeks old baby is ill with (8)
……………………………………, which can be life-threatening.
Was the baby already vaccinated?
(C) WHY DID PEOPLE START TO BELIEVE THERE’S A LINK BETWEEN AUTISM AND
VACCINES?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 7. TYPES OF ILNESSES. REPLACE THE WORDS IN BOLD TYPE (1-26) WITH
A WORD FROM THE LIST A-Z.
a) ischaemia b) defects c) side effects

d) trauma e) allergic f) foetus
g) immunological h) hereditary i) idiosyncratic
j) benign k) carrier l) congenital
m) necrosis n) contagious o) degenerative
p) corrosive q) neoplasm r) protozoa
s) metabolic t) epidemic u) malignant
v) infectious w) deficiency x) obstruction
66
y) infestation z) allergen
A (1) dating from birth disease may be (2) passed down from parents to offspring or may be
the result of damage to the (3) unborn baby. (4) Physical damage may be the result of surgical
operations, accidents, excessive temperatures, radiation or (5) destructive chemicals.
Mechanical (6) faults lead to the (7) blocking of tubes or vessels.
An infection or (8) invasion of living organisms may be the cause of disease. These living
organisms include viruses, bacteria, (9) worm-like parasites, fungi or animal parasites. Some of
these diseases are (10) spread easily between people and the result may be a (11) large number
of people suffering the disease. It's possible to have a (12) person with the disease but no
symptoms. Some diseases may be (13) passed on by touching. Most tumours are (14) new
growths. Some of these are (15) mild and self-limiting, while others are (16) cancerous and
spread.
A (17) wearing out disease happens when tissue loses its normal function. There may be (18)
insufficient blood supply to an organ which may result in infarction and subsequent (19) death
of the tissue.
If biochemical reactions in the body are upset, the result may be a (20) chemical conversion
disease. One possible cause is an excess or (21) shortage of certain nutrients in the diet.
Problems in the body's complex defence mechanism can lead to (22) defence mechanism
disease. One possible cause is a (23) hypersensitive reaction to an (24) external substance
which to most people is harmless.
Some drugs or poisons may cause disease because of the (25) unwanted action of these drugs.
This can be dose-related or (26) have a bad effect only on a few people.
67
SPORT & FITNESS
EXERCISE 1. WARM-UP DISCUSSION:
 Do you like sport? What sports are you good at?
 Do you/have you practiced any sport regularly? How do you keep fit at present?
 Are you a member of any sports team? If not, have you ever been?
 Do you like to watch sport on TV? What is your favourite discipline?
 What do you think about Olympic Games? Did you watch the last one?
 Is there any sport discipline that you hate or think it’s completely stupid?
 What do you think about extreme sports?
 Is there anything you would like to try in future?
 How important, in your opinion, is sport in weight management?
EXERCISE 2. SPORT VOCABULARY: Choose the most appropriate word to complete the
following sentences.
1. Which Polish football team do you ………?
A) idolize B) support C) adore
2. Well, they just need to ……… one more goal and they’ll be champions!
A) score B) get C) reach
3. I want to lose weight so I decided to take ……… jogging.
A) out B) away C) up
4. John didn’t get the gold, but he was the ……… so he came back home with a silver medal.
A) follower B) follow-up C) runner-up
5. You need to ……… harder for the next couple of weeks if you really want to win in the
Olympics.
A) practise B) train C) rehearse
6. What are you doing in the evening? I plan to ……… swimming, as usual.
A) go B) do C) make
7. It’s a crucial match next Friday so I hope our team won’t ………
A) lose B) fail C) defeat
8. We ………the other team 3:0. It was a great victory
A) won B) succeeded C) beat
9. He ran the 100 metres in 9.79 seconds and ……… the world record.
68
A) beat B) broke C) succeeded
10. If the two boxers ……… now, they will have to fight again.
A. equal B. match C) draw
11. Our team were ……………… by two goals to one.
A) won B) lost C) defeated
12. Don't forget, diet is not enough to lose weight, you also need to ……………… plenty of exercise
if you want to stay slim.
A) make B) take C) go
EXERCISE 3. VENUES AND EQUIPMENT.
Match the sports in the left-hand column with the venue in the centre column and an item which
you associate with that sport in the right-hand column. There are two items which do not belong.
trunks
swimming range gloves
tennis racetrack target
football ring strip
ice hockey pool helmet
horse-racing racecourse racket
shooting court bow
motor racing rink saddle
boxing pitch stick
shuttlecock
… AND THE PEOPLE. WHO ARE THEY? WHERE DO YOU FIND THEM?
REFEREE / UMPIRE / CAPTAIN / GOALKEEPER / AMATEUR / ATHLETE / SPECTATOR
EXERCISE 4. READING COMPREHENSION. Read the text carefully and put the missing
sentences back in correct places. Watch out! There is one extra sentence you will not need
to use.
A. Physical exercise of at least 150 minutes a week along with a balanced diet is crucial for
long-term weight loss.
B. One of the disadvantages of regular fitness regime is the fact that it may slightly
69
increase your appetite.
C. Walking at a swift pace burns almost as many calories as running or jogging for the same
distance, and poses less risk of injury.
D. ………… Participants use a specifically designed stationary bike, and the instructor leads
the class on an imaginary bike ride accompanied by energizing music.
E. In young women, it can set the stage for a lifetime of stronger bones.
F. They are not necessarily low-intensity exercises, though.
G. Keeping your regimen varied also helps work out the entire body instead of just a few
muscle groups.
H. They consist of aerobic moves combined with boxing moves such as punching and
footwork.
Most physicians agree that management and treatment of obesity requires permanent changes
to the diet. In order to lose weight, a patient should go on a calorie-restricted diet and change
his/her eating habits permanently as well as take regular exercise.
Exercise without an associated change in diet will likely reduce weight by only a few pounds.
However, people who exercise regularly are more likely to adhere to a change in diet, both of
which help to prevent further weight gain. (1) ………… Aerobic exercise, such as walking, swimming
or stair climbing, can help to keep weight off while at the same time providing many other
benefits to an individual’s overall health and well-being. Even if people exercise regularly and do
not lose weight, they can reduce abdominal obesity and the chances of developing cardiovascular
disease, insulin resistance and high blood pressure.’
The key to sticking with an exercise program is choosing activities one enjoys, and mixing it up
when the person in question starts to feel bored with their routine. (2) …………
The best option to start may be to hire a certified personal trainer for three or four sessions to
develop a plan and to show how to properly use the equipment. There are many options available:
weight machines, free weights, or resistance equipment like specially made rubber bands, to be
used for strength train at a health club or at home.
Strength training is important to women of all ages. (3) ………… In women over age 30, it can help
slow or reverse the natural process of the degeneration of muscles. And studies have shown that
older women who strength train not only maintain bone density but also are at a much lower risk
of hip fractures, due in part to the improvement in dynamic balance that often accompanies
stronger muscles.
70
The options are many and varied. Some of the more popular choices include the following:
 Brisk walking is the most popular aerobic exercise among women and is appropriate for
women of all ages. (4) …………
 Jogging burns more calories in less time and is as simple and convenient as walking, but it
is too strenuous for some and may cause joint injuries.
 Aerobics classes or home videos offer variety, music and choreography, and some women
prefer the extra motivation an instructor provides. There are a variety of types of
aerobics classes, including:
- Step classes incorporate a low bench that allows one to step up and down while
performing various moves.
- Boxing classes and Tae Bo have become a craze in some parts of the country. (5)
………… Tae Bo adds martial arts moves, including karate-type punches and kicks, to
the mix. The feet and upper body move for most of the class, providing a total-body
workout.
- Slide classes involve a special mat and booties that slip over one’s shoes and allow
sliding back and forth on the mat. Great for toning the lower body but should be
avoided by those with knee injuries.
- Interval classes combine step or floor aerobics with weight training using hand-held
weights or special rubber bands.
- Toning/sculpting classes incorporate floor aerobics with a concentration on one or
more specific body part with isometric exercises.
- High-impact classes incorporate moves such as jumping, running and hopping, and are
not recommended for women with joint problems in the lower extremities.
- Low-impact classes incorporate moves where one foot is always on the floor. (6)
…………
Spinning is an exciting aerobic exercise developed in the 1980s. (7) ………… During an average 45-
minute class, you a person burn 400 to 500 calories.
EXERCISE 5. WORDBUILDING. EXERCISE & THE MOOD. Change the words in brackets:
A regular exercise program might help solve (EMOTION) …………………………… difficulties. A variety
of studies have found that exercise can boost mood. To begin with, aerobic exercise prompts the
release of mood-(LIFT) …………………………… hormones, which (RELIEF) …………………………… stress and
promote a sense of well-(BE) ……………………………. In addition, the (REPEAT) …………………………… cycle
71
of muscle contraction and release that takes place in yoga or in aerobic pursuits such as walking
and swimming increases levels of the brain chemical serotonin, which combats negative feelings.
Many studies since the 1980s have reached (ROUGH) …………………………… the same (CONCLUDE)
……………………………: people getting at least a moderate amount of exercise have fewer symptoms of
depression. One investigation, involving 2,084 men and women ages 65 and older, found that
among the (PARTICIPATE) …………………………… who initially reported symptoms of depression,
those who walked (DAY) …………………………… had a third fewer symptoms after three years. Not
only can exercise help ward off depression, but it is also an (EFFECT) …………………………… treatment
in many cases. A review of studies stretching back to 1981 concluded that regular exercise can
improve mood in people with mild to moderate depression as (EFFECT) …………………………… as
medication. It also alleviate anxiety, which is characterized by worry and fear. The programme
of aerobic activity should last at least 10 weeks, and, (IDEAL) ……………………………, more than 15
weeks. Research suggests that this type of programme can be as (SUCCESS) …………………………… as
other anxiety-reducing techniques, such as (RELAX) …………………………… training.
EXERCISE 6. PROBLEMS WITH WARM-UP – GAP FILL. Fill in the gaps with suitable
words:
Perform (1) ……………… of the following types (2) ……………… warm-ups:
General
Perform (3) ……………… low intensity exercise (4) ……………… involves the continuous movement (5)
……………… your large muscle groups.
Examples:
 Walking
 Jogging
 Biking
 Using (6) ……………… elliptical machine
Specific
Perform a lower intensity version of (7) ……………… same or similar exercise you plan to do (8)
……………… your workout.
Examples:
 (9) ……………… you plan to walk at a brisk pace during your workout, warm up (10) ………………
walking at a slower pace (and/or at a lower incline if you’re using a treadmill).
72
 If you plan (11) ……………… strength train, warm up by performing the (12) ………………
exercises you (13) ……………… do during your workout (14) ……………… with lighter weights.
How (15) ……………… should I warm up?
(16) ……………… general, 5-10 minutes will be enough.
FITNESS FOOD: THE RIGHT DIET FOR EXERCISE
The amount of food a person needs will varies with age, sex, (WEIGH) ………………………………, and
activity level. The rate at which you burn calories depends not only on the type of exercise you
do, but also on how (VIGOROUS) ……………………………………… you do it.
It’s important to divide your calories between carbohydrates, protein, and fat:
 Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates — sugars and starches — are (BREAK)
……………………………………… down by the body into glucose, which muscles use for energy.
Excess carbs are stored in the liver and tissues as glycogen and released as needed.
 Protein. Protein should be part of each of your major meals because it will help slow
(ABSORB) ……………………………………… of carbohydrates.
 Fat. You need some fat in your diet, too.
Try to have a (COMBINE) ……………………………………… of items from all three of these food groups at
each of your major meals. For a (HEALTH) ……………………………………… breakfast, have a high-fiber
cereal (either oatmeal or another whole-grain cereal), a low-fat dairy product, and fruit or a
glass of juice. The (EASY) ……………………………………… lunch might be a sandwich made with lean
meat, poultry, or fish on whole-grain bread, with raw veggies and fruit served on the side.
Protein and energy bars can be useful, but don't use them as a meal replacement. Look for bars
with at least 10 grams of protein and some carbohydrates, rather than products with a high
protein (CONTAIN) ……………………………………… and (HARD) ……………………………………… any
carbohydrates.
If you exercise in the morning and don’t have something to eat first, you can use up all of your
(STORE) ……………………………………… energy. If you'd rather not have breakfast before you exercise,
try (EAT) ……………………………………… a small piece of fruit.
If you’re planning a (STRAIN) ……………………………………… workout, eat a meal high in carbohydrates
at least three to four hours beforehand. Choose foods that are (EASY) ………………………………………
digested.
73
It’s (PARTICULAR) ……………………………………… important to drink fluids before, during, and after
exercising, even if you’re not (THIRST) ……………………………………….
Water is a good choice for most activities. Sports drinks are designed for people who are doing
(ENDURE) ……………………………………… activities for (LONG) ……………………………………… periods. They
probably aren’t necessary for the average person. Caffeine is (HYDRATE) ………………………………………,
so you should avoid it.
EXERCISE 8. SPEAKING ACTIVITY – PAIRWORK:
A. You are a patient who has decided to lose weight, so you went to a famous dietitian. You
hope you will have enough willpower to stick to a healthy eating plan, but you hate sport. You
think it’s enough to eat less to have a slim body. You want to lose weight as you’re not happy
with your body – you want slimmer waist, better legs etc.
B. Your client is a young woman who is not obese – just a bit overweight. The patient wants to
lose weight in order to improve her appearance – and she hates sport. Persuade her why it’s
so necessary to do some sport. Suggest some form of physical activity.
74
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
EXERCISE 1. FOOD VOCABULARY. COMPLETE THE CHART:
nectarine thyme salmon pineapple mussels lamb

satsuma trout squid lettuce flounder oregano
mackerel rosemary mutton courgette basil plum
coconut fig shrimp cabbage bacon cauliflower
mincemeat herring chives liver chicken asparagus
raspberry spinach cucumber beef gooseberry grape
prawn watermelon lobster cod parsley sausage
aubergine pork sardine salami mango octopus
venison leek artichoke lentils sage pike
VEGETABLES FISH HERBS SEAFOOD FRUIT MEAT
EXERCISE 2. DISCUSS: FIND OUT FROM YOUR PARTNER:
 Which of the dishes/meals they like most and why? What they hate?
 What their favourite vegetables, fruit, snacks and desserts are?
 What their favourite national dish is – and how they’d explain it to a foreign visitor
 What they ordered the last time they ate out
 What dishes they know how to cook
 What they would cook if they were at home on their own and felt hungry? And what
would they cook for a romantic dinner with their beloved one?
- What do you understand by the term “good food” – and is it important to you?
- Do you “eat to live” or “live to eat”?
- What kinds of food do you consider to be “healthy” and “unhealthy”?
- What convenience foods, takeaways and junk food do you eat?
75
EXERCISE 3. Make adjectives from the following nouns:
mouth – pancreas –
cell – esophagus –
epigastrium – pharynx –
rectum – muscle –
lip – anus –
saliva – liver –
intestine - tongue –
stomach – pepsin –
duodenum – bile –
tooth – acid –
peritoneum –
76
EXERCISE 4. Match the common term on the left with the medical term on the right:
mouth oesophagus
roof of the mouth duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum
spit oral cavity / buccal cavity
throat colon
gullet saliva
small intestine hard and soft palate
large intestine pharynx
bowel/gut ileum
EXERCISE 5. Match the definitions with suitable terms:
STOMACH ALIMENTARY CANAL JEJUNUM LIVER CHYME
APPENDIX MOUTH OESOPHAGUS DUODENUM BILE =
GALL ILEUM ANUS PANCREAS SIGMOID COLON
A. another term for the gastrointestinal tract or the digestive tract.
B. fluid secreted by the liver that helps break down fats in the small intestine.
C. a nearly liquid mass of partly digested food and secretions in the stomach and intestine.
D. the first part of the small intestine, extending from the stomach to the jejunum.
E. the section of the small intestine between the jejunum and the beginning of the large in-
testine.
F. the section of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum.
G. the opening at the end of the digestive system from which faeces (waste) exits the
body.
H. the part of the large intestine between the descending colon and the rectum.
I. a small sac located on the cecum.
J. the long tube between the mouth and the stomach, it uses rhythmic muscle movements
(called peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach.
K. a large organ located above and in front of the stomach; it filters toxins from the blood,
and makes bile (which breaks down fats) and some blood proteins.
L. an enzyme-producing gland located below the stomach and above the intestines; its en-
zymes help in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestine.
M. a sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the oesophagus; when food enters this or-
77
gan, it is bathed in acid.
N. the first part of the digestive system, where food enters the body; chewing and salivary
enzymes in this organ are the beginning of the digestive process (breaking down the
food).
 Do you always eat breakfast before leaving home?
 If not – why not? If yes – what do you usually eat? What do you drink in the morning?
 What kinds of food and drink are particularly recommended for breakfast?
 What is a bad choice for breakfast, perhaps?
 Is it important to eat breakfast – and why/why not?
 What kind of breakfast is good for a pupil in elementary school / a teenage girl / preg-
nant woman / an elderly grandmother?
EXERCISE 7. A HEALTHY DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – GAP FILL. Put one word in each gap:
Taking (1) …………… of your diet is an important step in ensuring a healthy digestive system. It is
advisable to increase your intake of vegetables and (2) …………… in your existing diet. (3) ……………
people find relief in just changing their diet to reduce refined carbohydrates such as (4) ……………
flour, sugar, white bread, noodles and white rice and increasing fiber intake.
According to the American Dietetic Association, we (5) …………… take about 25 to 35 grams of
fiber daily. (6) …………… is beneficial in regulating bowel movements and adding bulk (7) ……………
the faeces. Regular bowel movements are essential in aiding (8) …………… body in eliminating
toxins. You may achieve this (9) …………… consuming a variety of vegetables, fruits and whole
grains.
(10) …………… many years, fresh fruits and vegetables have (11) …………… used by natural
therapists to help cleanse and restore the body to good health. The best fruit juice (12) ……………
apple, grapefruit, grape, lemon, lime, papaya, pear, pineapple, strawberry and suitable vegetable
juices are beetroot, carrot, celery, cucumber, gotu kola (pegaga) and watercress.
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle (13) …………… as regular exercise, avoiding (14) …………… smoking
and excessive alcohol consumption and managing stress wisely is important in ensuring good liver
health.
EXERCISE 8. WORDBUILDING (H). EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
78
Change the words in brackets:
Because the digestive system has a lot of reserve built into it, aging has (1) (RELATE)
…………………… little effect on its function. Nonetheless, aging is a factor in several digestive sys-
tem (2) (ORDER) ……………………. With age, the (3) (STRONG) …………………… of (4) (ESOPHAGUS)
…………………… contractions and the (5) (TENSE) …………………… in the (6) (UP) …………………… sphincter
decrease, but the (7) (MOVE) …………………… of food is not impaired by these changes. The stom-
ach lining's (8) (CAPABLE) …………………… to resist damage decreases, which in turn may increase
the risk of peptic ulcer disease, (9) (SPECIAL) …………………… in people who use aspirin and other
nonsteroidal anti-(10) (INFLAME) …………………… drugs (NSAIDs). Also with age, the stomach can-
not (11) (ACCOMMODATION) …………………… as much food (because of decreased (12) (ELAS-
TIC) ……………………), but these changes (13) (GENERAL) …………………… do not produce any (14)
(NOTICE) …………………… symptoms. Aging has little effect on the (15) (SECRETE) …………………… of
stomach juices such as acid and pepsin. In the small intestine, lactase levels decrease, leading to
(16) (TOLERANT) …………………… of dairy products. Excessive (17) (GROW) …………………… of certain
bacteria becomes more common and can lead to pain, (18) (BLOAT) …………………… and weight (19)
(LOSE) ……………………. The large intestine doesn’t (20) (GO) …………………… much change with age;
the rectum (21) (LARGE) …………………… a little.
EXERCISE 8. VIDEO. Watch the video and do the tasks below:

(A) DIGESTION FACTS – fill in: The process of digestion starts in the mouth, where food is
cut and ground by the (1) …………………… and mixed with (2) ……………………. The (3) ………………………
pushes the food to the throat, which stimulates the swallowing reflex. The food moves further
to the oesophagus by the movement called (4) ………………………………. The stomach breaks down food
into a pulp called (4) ……………………… . This partly digested food leaves stomach through the
(5)…………………………………………. The majority of absorption takes place in the (6) ……………………… - its
(7) ……………………… produces enzymes that take part in digestion. The walls of the intestine are
covered with (8) ……………………… (which consist of capillaries and lacteal). The undigested food
passed to the (9) ………………………, where it absorbs water and is expelled by the body as
(10)………………………
(B) WHAT ARE DIGESTIVE DISORDERS? True or false:
1. Digestive disorders can affect any organ taking part in digestion.
2. Peptic ulcers are often related to illegal drugs abuse.
3. GERD is caused by increased acid production and backflow in the intestine.
4. Diarrhoea is incomplete emptying of the bowel.
5. Colorectal cancer is treatable when detected early by means of screening tests.
79
6. Liver inflammation is caused by a virus.
7. Alcohol abuse can lead to gastritis.
(C) HAVE YOU HEARD OF THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM? Watch the video and mark
the sentences as true or false:
1. The enteric nervous system – also called the gut brain - is a collection of neurons within the
wall of the digestive tract.
2. It’s controlled by the cerebrum.
3. It regulates all important digestive functions like absorption or excretion.
4. The gut has more nerve cells than the entire spine.
5. 50% of the body’s serotonin is located in the gut.
6. There’s more dopamine in the gut than in the actual brain.
7. IBS, reflux disease or heartburn are linked to disturbances of the enteric nervous system.
8. Disorders of the enteric nervous system may be manifested by nausea, abdominal pain and
bowel habit changes.
9. Women are less likely to experience problems associated with the enteric nervous system.
10. Researchers analyze digestive tract neurons in order to get to know brain more.
11. Neural stem cells have been identified from alimentary canal biopsies, but there’s no practi-
cal use for them now.
EXERCISE 9. THE BRAIN-GUT CONNECTION. Please, read the text carefully and put
the missing sentences back into correct gaps (there’s one extra option you won’t need):
A. “Its main role is controlling digestion, from swallowing to the release of enzymes that
break down food to the control of blood flow that helps with nutrient absorption to
elimination,”
B. Discovering how signals from the digestive system affect metabolism, raising or reducing
risk for health conditions like type 2 diabetes.
C. Researchers are finding evidence that irritation in the gastrointestinal system may send
signals to the central nervous system (CNS) that trigger mood changes.
D. This new understanding of the ENS-CNS connection helps explain the effectiveness of
IBS and bowel-disorder treatments such as antidepressants and mind-body therapies
like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and medical hypnotherapy.
E. Gut bacteria affect brain health, so changing your gut bacteria may improve your brain
health.
F. Scientists call this little brain the enteric nervous system (ENS).
80
If you’ve ever “gone with your gut” to make a decision or felt “butterflies in your stomach” when
nervous, you’re likely getting signals from an unexpected source: your second brain. Hidden in the
walls of the digestive system, this “brain in your gut” is revolutionizing medicine’s understanding
of the links between digestion, mood, health and even the way you think.
(1) ......... And it’s not so little. The ENS is two thin layers of more than 100 million nerve cells
lining your gastrointestinal tract from esophagus to rectum.
Unlike the big brain in your skull, the ENS can’t balance your checkbook or compose a love note.
(2) ......... explains Jay Pasricha, M.D., director of the Johns Hopkins Center for
Neurogastroenterology, whose research on the enteric nervous system has garnered
international attention. “The enteric nervous system doesn’t seem capable of thought as we know
it, but it communicates back and forth with our big brain—with profound results.”
The ENS may trigger big emotional shifts experienced by people coping with irritable bowel
syndrome (IBS) and functional bowel problems such as constipation, diarrhea, bloating, pain and
stomach upset. “For decades, researchers and doctors thought that anxiety and depression
contributed to these problems. But our studies and others show that it may also be the other
way around,” Pasricha says. (3) .........
“These new findings may explain why a higher-than-normal percentage of people with IBS and
functional bowel problems develop depression and anxiety,” Pasricha says. “That’s important,
because up to 30 to 40 percent of the population has functional bowel problems at some point.”
(4) ......... “Our two brains ‘talk’ to each other, so therapies that help one may help the other,”
Pasricha says. “In a way, gastroenterologists (doctors who specialize in digestive conditions) are
like counselors looking for ways to soothe the second brain.”
Gastroenterologists may prescribe certain antidepressants for IBS, for example—not because
they think the problem is all in a patient’s head, but because these medications calm symptoms in
some cases by acting on nerve cells in the gut, Pasricha explains. “Psychological interventions like
CBT may also help to “improve communications” between the big brain and the brain in our gut,”
he says.
Pasricha says research suggests that digestive-system activity may affect cognition (thinking
skills and memory), too. “This is an area that needs more research, something we hope to do here
at Johns Hopkins,” he says.
Another area of interest: (5) ......... “This involves interactions between nerve signals, gut
hormones and microbiota—the bacteria that live in the digestive system,” Pasricha says.
EXERCISE 10. What foods are good for the gut brain? Match the type of food with the
correct description:
81
HIGH-FIBER FOODS TRYPTOPHAN-RICH FOODS FERMENTED FOODS
POLYPHENOL-RICH FOODS OMEGA-3 FATS
A few groups of foods are specifically beneficial for the gut-brain axis.
Here are some of the most important ones:
A. These fats are found in oily fish and also in high quantities in the human brain. Studies in
humans and animals show that they can increase good bacteria in the gut and reduce risk
of brain disorders.
B. Yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut and cheese all contain healthy microbes such as lactic acid bac-
teria. These foods have been shown to alter brain activity.
C. Whole grains, nuts, seeds, fruits and vegetables all contain prebiotic fibers that are
good for your gut bacteria. Prebiotics can reduce stress hormone in humans.
D. Cocoa, green tea, olive oil and coffee all contain them (plant chemicals that are digested
by your gut bacteria). They increase healthy gut bacteria and may improve cognition.
E. This is an amino acid that is converted into the neurotransmitter serotonin. Foods that
are high in this include turkey, eggs and cheese.
82
DIGESTIVE DISORDERS
EXERCISE 1. DISCUSS:
 What are the most common digestive problems nowadays? What are they caused by?
 What is an eating disorder? What are the causes/treatment options?
 What is a “healthy diet”? What should it include? What should be avoided?
 Is your diet healthy? Why/why not?
 Is there anything else which is important in maintaining alimentary tract in good condi-
tion?
 Have you ever had any digestive problems? What did you do? Did you go to the doctor?
Did you try any medicines, herbs?
 What piece of advice would you give to somebody who suffers from:
NAUSEA VOMITING CONSTIPATION DIARRHOEA UPSET STOMACH
HEARTBURN
EXERCISE 2. DIGESTIVE DISEASES – match the problem with a suitable definition:
HIATAL HERNIA CIRRHOSIS HYPERTENSION IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
(IBS) CONSTIPATION PILES CHOLECYSTITIS DIARRHOEA GASTRITIS
PERITONITIS DYSPHAGIA DIVERTICULA CELIAC DISEASE HEARTBURN
DYSPEPSIA PEPTIC ULCERS BULIMIA DUODENITIS AEROPHAGIA
 An inflammation of the abdominal cavity and its lining that typically involves infection.
Symptoms include abdominal pain and tenderness, fever and vomiting.
 Excessive swallowing of air.
 Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to
stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder, or
BED) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting.
 A condition characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder and usually associated with
gallstones.
 Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric
juice into the esophagus.
 Persistently high arterial blood pressure.
 Finger-shaped pouches protruding off the colon that often develop with age.
 Difficulty swallowing.
83
 A protrusion of the stomach into the chest cavity through an opening in the diaphragm;
often results in reflux.
 A swelling and stretching of the veins in the wall of the anus and rectum; symptoms:
bleeding, pain and a feeling of fullness in the rectum while others have no symptoms at
all.
 A type of liver disease, most often caused by chronic alcohol abuse; characterized by
scarring of the liver, which leads to an increase in the blood pressure in the portal veins.
 Painful, difficult, or disturbed digestion, which may be accompanied by symptoms such as
nausea and vomiting, heartburn, bloating, and stomach discomfort.
 Inflammation of the duodenum.
 Repeated, loose, watery and often uncontrolled bowel movements occurring more than
three times a day.
 Inability or difficulty passing feces from the body, resulting in too few bowel move-
ments.
 Inflammation in the stomach lining caused by either a bacterial infection or the chronic
use of certain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),
which weaken its protective mucous coating.
 Painful, bleeding sores in the lining of the stomach that occur when the protective mu-
cous coating of these organs is weakened; may also occur in the esophagus and part of
the small intestine.
 A common disorder resulting from improper functioning of the muscles in the colon, trig-
gered by emotional stress; symptoms include abdominal cramping, bloating, constipation
and diarrhea.
 A digestive disorder caused by an abnormal response of the immune system to a protein
called gluten that is found in foods containing wheat, oats, rye and barley; patients have
difficulty digesting nutrients from the foods they eat because gluten damages the lining
of the intestines over time - symptoms of the disorder include diarrhea, bloating and
stomach pain.
EXERCISE 3. READING COMPREHENSION. Read the text carefully and then put the
missing sentences back in correct gaps – be careful, there’s one option you won’t need to
use.
A. (This is why you might feel sick to your stomach when eating lunch at school on the day
of a difficult test, a fight, or a romantic trauma, such as a breakup or asking for a first
date.)
B. They usually occur in the sigmoid colon.
84
C. The most common include constipation, diarrhoea, diverticulosis, food poisoning, haemor-
rhoids, heartburn, and irritable bowel syndrome.
D. Constipation is usually caused by not enough fibre in the diet, or a disruption of the regu-
lar routine or diet.
E. By using a variety of screening tests, it is possible to prevent, detect, and treat the dis-
ease long before symptoms appear.
F. Heartburn, sometimes called acid indigestion, is a specific type of indigestion that occurs
when the stomach produces too much hydrochloric acid.
G. That is why the importance of a balanced diet remains a crucial factor in the prevention
of digestive disorders.
H. Duodenal ulcers, which are more common, tend to be smaller than stomach ulcers and
heal more quickly.
I. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS, also called spastic colon, irritable colon, or nervous
stomach) is a condition in which the colon muscle contracts more readily than in people
without IBS.
Digestive disorders afflict nearly everyone at some time. (1) ………… The symptoms vary widely
depending on the problem. In general, you should see your doctor if you have:
 Blood in your stool
 Changes in bowel habits
 Severe abdominal pain
 Unintentional weight loss
 Heartburn not relieved by antacids
Indigestion is a general condition that involves an inability to digest food properly. (2) …………
Heartburn is so named because it causes a sharp pain behind the breastbone, which might feel
like a heart attack. Digestive tract diseases, sometimes can cause chronic indigestion, but more
often people experience this as a result of eating too quickly or too much, consuming high-fat
foods, or eating in a stressful situation. (3) ………… Smoking, excessive drinking, fatigue, and the
consumption of medications that irritate the stomach lining also can contribute to indigestion.
There are some digestive disorders that cannot be cured by any over-the-counter drugs. A
person may be afflicted with a sore in one part of the digestive tract, which may be either a
gastric ulcer or a duodenal ulcer. Stomach ulcers, which form in the lining of the stomach, are
called peptic ulcers because they form with the help of stomach acid and pepsin. (4) ………… Any
ulcer, whether a small sore or a deep cavity, leaves a scar in the alimentary canal.
Constipation is the difficult passage of stools (bowel movements) or the infrequent (less than
three times a week) or incomplete passage of stools. (5) ………… Constipation causes a person to
strain during a bowel movement. It might include small, hard stools, and sometimes causes anal
problems such as fissures and hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels that line the
85
anal opening caused by excess pressure from straining during a bowel movement, persistent
diarrhea, or pregnancy. There are two types of hemorrhoids: internal and external. Anal fissures
are splits or cracks in the lining of the anal opening.
(6) ………… A number of factors can trigger IBS including certain foods, medicines, and emotional
stress. Symptoms of IBS include abdominal pain and cramps, excess gas (winds), bloating, and a
change in bowel habits such as harder, looser, or more urgent stools than normal. Often people
with IBS have alternating constipation and diarrhea.
Diverticulosis is the presence of small outpouchings (diverticula) in the muscular wall of the large
intestine that form in weakened areas of the bowel. (7) …………
Each year 130,000 Americans are diagnosed with colorectal cancer, the second most common
form of cancer in the United States. Fortunately, with advances in early detection and
treatment, colorectal cancer is one of the most curable forms of the disease. (8) ………… Almost
all colorectal cancers begin as polyps, benign growths in the tissues lining the colon and rectum.
Cancer develops when these polyps grow and their cells start to invade surrounding tissue.
There are several types of colitis, conditions that cause an inflammation of the bowel. Colitis
causes diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal cramps, and urgency (frequent and immediate need
to empty the bowels). Treatment depends on the diagnosis, which is made by colonoscopy and
biopsy.
EXERCISE 5. CHILD VOLVULUS – GAP FILL. Fill in the gaps with one suitable word.
A volvulus (1) ……………… a twisting of the intestine (2) ……………… can occur (3) ……………… childhood.
It causes a blockage, and may cut (4) ……………… blood flow and damage part of (5) ………………
intestine.
Causes
A birth defect called intestinal malrotation can make infants (6) ……………… likely to develop a
volvulus. Volvulus due (7) ……………… malrotation often occurs early in life, usually in the first year.
Symptoms
 Bloody (8) ……………… dark red stools
 Constipation or difficulty releasing stools
 Distended abdomen
 Pain or tenderness (9) ……………… the abdomen
 Nausea or vomiting
 Shock
 Vomiting green material
Symptoms are usually severe enough that infants are taken early to the emergency room, (10)
……………… can be critical for survival. Emergency surgery is needed to repair the volvulus. A
86
surgical cut is made in the abdomen. The bowels are untwisted and the blood supply restored.
(11) ……………… a small segment of bowel is dead from a lack (12) ……………… blood flow (necrotic), it
is removed. The ends of the bowel (13) ……………… sewn back together. Or, they are used to form
a connection of the intestines to the outside, through (14) ……………… bowel contents can be
removed (colostomy or ileostomy).
Outlook (Prognosis)
Diagnosing and treating volvulus quickly generally leads (15) ……………… a good outcome.
If the bowel is dead (necrotic), the outlook is poor. The situation may be life-threatening,
depending (16) ……………… how much of the bowel is dead.
EXERCISE 6. WORDBUIDLING. EATING TO BOOST YOUR BRAINPOWER. Change the
words in brackets:
To protect yourself against a variety of age-related conditions that can impair your memory and
the general functioning of your brain, a good first step is to concentrate on a (1) ………………………
(HEALTH) diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and (2) ……………………… (OIL) cold-water
fish. This is because these foods contain hefty amounts of the key (3) …………………………
(NUTRITION) players in any brain-boosting agenda: (4) ………………………… (OXIDE), omega-3 (5)
……………………… (FAT) acids, and other important natural compounds.
As your brain ages, important nerve cells are less able to protect themselves against (6)
…………………………… (HIGH) reactive rogue compounds called free radicals. Every cell in your body
manufactures thousands of these (7) …………………………… (STABLE) oxygen molecules every day, and
you are also exposed to them in the world around you — through tobacco smoke, (8)
…………………………… (POLLUTE), and even ultraviolet (9) …………………………… (RADIATE). Left (10)
…………………………… (CHECK), free radicals damage cells (a process called oxidative stress) and also
contribute to age-related (11) …………………………… (DEGENERATE) diseases, including mental
decline.
(12) …………………………… (FORTUNE), the body has a natural defense system to protect itself
against oxidative stress: antioxidants. These substances, which help shield the body from the
(13) …………………………… (ACT) of free radicals, include well-known nutrients like vitamin C, vitamin
E, beta-carotene, and selenium, and they are (14) …………………………… (WIDE) available in fruits,
vegetables, nuts, and whole grains.
Scientific evidence for the important role that antioxidants play in maintaining brain health is
(15) …………………………… (CONSIDER). What you should eat: As a rule of thumb, to (16)
87
…………………………… (MAXIMUM) the antioxidants in your diet, you should eat as many different
types of fruits and vegetables as possible, (17) …………………………… (SPECIAL) the lushly colored
ones that are rich in compounds called carotenoids and flavonoids.
88
FOOD PYRAMID
EXERCISE 1. BEFORE READING:

 What do you understand by the term “a balanced diet”?
 What are the basic principles? Do you know what kind of nutrients our body needs and
where to find them?
 Is your own diet healthy – if yes, describe it in detail, if not – why not?
 Have you ever heard of food pyramid? Why was it created? What does it include?
 Is there anything else that’s important apart from healthy eating plan (that may be
included in Food Pyramid guidelines)?
EXERCISE 2. Read the table carefully – then supply the missing words & heading for each
column!
Eat wholegrain cereals, breads, crackers, rice or pasta (1) ………… day.
Eat more dark green veggies (2) ………… broccoli, spinach, and other dark leafy greens.
Eat more orange vegetables like carrots and sweet potatoes.
Eat (3) ………… dry beans and peas like pinto beans, kidney beans and lentils.
Eat a variety (4) ………… fruit.
Choose fresh. Frozen, canned (5) ………… dried fruit.
Go easy on fruit juices.
Go low-fat or fat-free when you choose milk, yoghurt and other milk products.
(6) ………… you don’t or can’t consume milk, choose lactose-free products or other calcium
sources such (7) ………… fortified foods and beverages.
Choose low-fat or lean meats and poultry.
Bake it, broil it or grill it.
Vary your protein routine – choose more fish, beans, peas, nuts (8) ………… seeds.
 Be sure to stay within (9) ………… daily calorie needs.
 Be physically active for (10) ………… least 30 minutes most days of the week.
 About 60 minutes a day of physical activity may be needed to prevent weight gain.
 For sustaining weight loss, at least 60 to 90 minutes a day of physical activity may be
required.
 Children and teenagers should (11) ………… physically active for 60 minutes every day,
or most days.
 Make most of your fat sources (12) ………… fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.
 Limit solid fats like butter, stick margarine, shortening, and lard, as well (13) …………
foods that contain these.
 Check the nutrition facts label to keep saturated fats, trans fats and sodium low.
89
 Choose food and beverages low in added sugars. Added sugars contribute calories with
few, if (14) …………, nutrients.
A. MEAT & BEANS - GO LEAN WITH PROTEIN

B. FIND YOUR BALANCE BETWEEN FOOD AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
C. VEGETABLES - VARY YOUR VEGGIES
D. FRUITS - FOCUS ON FRUITS
E. KNOW THE LIMITS ON FATS, SUGARS, AND SALT (SODIUM)
F. GRAINS - MAKE HALF OF YOUR GRAINS WHOLE
G. MILK - GET YOUR CALCIUM-RICH FOODS
AFTER READING:
 What do you think about the tips and advice given in the table? Do you try to follow any
of them? (Which one?)
 Do you agree with all the information?
 Why was the Food Pyramid changed? Was it really necessary? Do you think all these
changes make sense?
 Would you still change anything?
 Does your own diet reflect the pyramid? In what way/why not?
EXERCISE 3: In pairs do the food quiz. How much do you know about food?
1. When you make pizza, make sure you always …… some cheese on top!
A) chop B) grate C) carve D) slice
2. If you want to make Greek salad, you must buy and …… some feta cheese.
A) dice B) peel C) slice D) cut
3. Traditionally, ….. is considered the healthiest way of cooking, as the water doesn’t flush
out vitamins.
A) roasting B) boiling C) frying D) barbecuing E) steaming
4. Only the best chefs are able to …… the pancake – mine always ends up on the floor…
A) knead B) toss C) throw D) beat
5. Plain boiled rice, that is rice without any salt or herbs, is just ……
A) sour B) sweet C) salty D) bland E) spicy
6. …… chocolate is considered the healthiest option, due to its high magnesium content – even
the most strict diet plans allow it.
A) Milky B) Hot C) Stale D) Bitter
7. Milk, yoghurt and cheese belong to the group of …… products.
A) venison B) dairy C) confectionery D) legumes
8. Peas, beans, lentils are collectively called ……
90
A) citrus B) seeds C) grains D) nuts E) legumes
9. This cake is marvelous! Can I get the ……?
A) receipt B) recipe C) prescription D) invoice
10. He made a pig of himself last night at the restaurant. He ate so noisily, …… his soup, I
was absolutely mortified!
A) sipping B) gulping C) slurping D) drinking
True or false?
1. Vegan is somebody who does not eat any products that come from animals – meat, fish,
milk and cheese but also honey.
2. Soy products, such as soy milk, do not contain a lot of calcium but the soy isoflavones may
help to reduce the osteoporosis risk.
3. Zinc is widely known for its anti-stress properties.
4. Dough, which means a mixture of flour, eggs, fat etc ready to be baked, is colloquially used
to mean “money” (especially in American English).
5. You should always swallow everything carefully before you chew it, it helps you digest food
properly.
6. If you eat a lot of products naturally high in dietary fibre, you will never be bothered by
constipation.
7. Rare steak hasn’t been cooked long and it’s still red inside.
Phrasals – insert the correct particle:
1. No doubt, you can’t lose weight. You need to cut down ……. sweets, they’re very fattening!
2. I hate spinach. The way it looks when boiled – some green unappetizing heap of mud… even
the smell puts me ……
3. Did you know that simple carrot juice can be very addictive? I started drinking it last
summer and still, I can’t give it ……
4. Garlic smells a lot, that’s true, but honestly, the scent wears …… quickly.
5. Is the chicken fresh? It smells funny. I think it has gone ……
EXERCISE 4. FOOD VOCABULARY. Match each of the following lines of words with one of
the types of food below:
CHEESE SOUP BREAD OIL RICE SALAD
1. green, mixed, potato, fruit, Greek

2. white, brown, wholemeal/wholegrain, rye, sliced, garlic
3. tomato, chicken, mushroom, home-made, tinned
4. mild, mature, soft, cream, blue, goat's, cottage
91
5. brown, long-grain, wild, basmati, jasmine
6. olive, vegetable, sunflower, canola, grapeseed, apricot kernel
YOGHURT ICE CREAM SAUCE CHOCOLATE PIE CAKE
1. chocolate, fruit, cheese, birthday, wedding

2. natural/plain, strawberry, cherry, Greek, low fat
3. tomato, pesto, soy, oyster, apple, mint, fish
4. milk, plain, white, dark, Belgian
5. meat, chicken, apple, cherry, home- made
6. vanilla, strawberry, chocolate, Italian
EXERCISE 5. DO YOU TAKE SUGAR? Match these sentences with the responses:
1. Do you take sugar? a. I'd rather have noodles, actually.
2. Would you like some cereal for breakfast? b. No thanks, just butter.
3. Why did you buy flour? c. I’d actually prefer some mayonnaise.
4. Can you get a loaf when you're out? d. Yes, two, please.
5. Would you like marmalade on your toast? e. Some oatmeal with sultanas and apricots
would be nice.
6. Do you want some mustard on your burger? f. I'll just have a little vinaigrette dressing,
please.
7. Do you want anything on this salad? g. White or brown?
8. Shall we have rice with this stir-fry? h. Maybe some pancakes with fruit and maple
syrup?
9. What shall we have for breakfast today? i. I'm going to make some Russian dumplings
today.
EXERCISE 6. VIDEO – FOOD PYRAMID. True or false?

FOOD PYRAMID/MY PLATE GUIDE.
1. Good nutrition is important is you want to stay physically and emotionally healthy.
2. In 1982 the Food Guide Pyramid was developed by the US Department of Agriculture.
3. It was divided into 5 horizontal sections, each representing the recommended food intake.
4. In 2001 the whole concept was updated and included coloured vertical wedges instead.
5. In 2011 it was replaced by a different nutrition guide, called My Plate.
6. My Plate is an easy to follow food guide icon, which should help parent with providing their
kids with healthy meals.
7. My Plate icon consists of a plate, a glass and a bowl.
8. Fruit and vegetables make up half of the space on the plate (30% fruit and 20% vegetables).
92
9. Grains make up 30% and protein 20%.
10. Vegetables are low in calories, contain fibre and can be divided into 4 subgroups (dark green,
orange & red, beans and peas, starchy).
11. Fruit represent the red section on the plate and good choices include strawberries, cherries
and bananas.
12. 100% fruit juice is the best option when buying fruit.
13. Half of the grains consumed should be whole grains.
14. Protein rich foods contain necessary elements, such as B vitamin, iron and anti-oxidants.
15. Tofu and soy products are good sources of protein as well.
16. Always choose lean, unprocessed meat.
17. The First Lady, Michelle Obama, endorsed the project.
93
VITAMINS & MINERALS

- 2 good sources of protein
- 2 good sources of “good” & “bad” carbohydrate
- 2 dairy products
- 2 types of pulses
- 2 foods high in fat
- 2 foods high in vitamin C
- 2 foods low in vitamins
- 2 junk foods
- 2 foods highest in calories
- 2 foods lowest in calories
 Is your diet generally healthy?

 Are you careful about your diet in terms of vitamin/mineral intake?
 How do you know that you’re lacking in some important minerals/vitamins? What are the
symptoms?
 Do you take any supplements? Why/why not?
 What kind of vitamins and minerals might be particularly good for you and why?
EXERCISE 2. READING PRACTICE. Please read the text carefully then put the missing
sentences back in correct places:
A. Required by the body in large amounts; examples include calcium, magnesium, phosphorus,
sulphur, chloride, potassium and sodium.
B. Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E and K – which helps in the clotting of blood
and absorption of calcium, need special molecules to escort them into the bile before
they can move into the bloodstream and be used or stored in fat cells.
C. For instance, vitamin D promotes strong bones and teeth - signals the intestines to ab-
sorb more calcium to support bone growth (the body can produce this vitamin through
exposure to sunlight).
D. Among their many roles, they are involved in growth, the release of energy from foods,
cellular reproduction, the immune system and vision.
E. Minerals that may be toxic when taken in large amounts include calcium, fluoride, iodine,
iron, magnesium, molybdenum, phosphorus, selenium and zinc.
F. In addition, enriched foods and fortified foods have vitamins added and can replace many
food groups that may be avoided due to medical conditions (e.g., milk intolerance) or eth-
ical concerns (e.g., a vegan diet).
94
G. Minerals help to trigger or regulate many important body processes, including maintaining
a proper fluid balance and playing a key role in muscle contractions and nerve impulses.
H. When they do happen, most are related to supplement abuse though they can also occa-
sionally result from excessive dietary intake.
Vitamins are fat-soluble or water-soluble organic chemicals necessary in small amounts for good
health. Humans require 13 different types of vitamins for normal function and must obtain them
from plant and animal foods in their diet. Vitamins are essential to human life. (1) ……… Without
them, the body is unable to process food into energy or pass genetic information to new cells.
Vitamins are classified by how they are absorbed by the body. Water-soluble vitamins, for
instance, the B vitamins and vitamin C, can be absorbed directly into the blood from food passing
through the alimentary canal. (2) ……… The solubility also affects how they are stored in the
body and which foods they can be found in.
Consuming a balanced diet will fulfill the body’s vitamin needs. This diet should include fruits and
vegetables, whole grains, legumes, meats and dairy products. (3) ……… When dietary sources are
unable to provide sufficient vitamins, supplements are available. The use of supplements should
only be done with the guidance of a physician, especially for people who belong to certain
population groups, such as pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Vitamin deficiencies are rare in the United States and other industrialized nations. Most tend to
occur in conjunction with other conditions (e.g., alcoholism). Resulting diseases include beriberi,
scurvy and rickets.
Cases of vitamin toxicity, or overdose, are also rare. (4) ……… Water-soluble vitamins are unlikely
to cause overdoses because most are not stored in the body. Symptoms of overdose vary
depending on which vitamin is involved, but may include nerve, liver and bone damage.
Vitamins are a group of organic compounds necessary for the human body to function. Vitamins
are called micronutrients because they are needed in much smaller quantities than
macronutrients (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins).
Vitamins do not provide energy (calories) when broken down but are active throughout the body
and function in different ways. Some are coenzymes, compounds that make chemical reactions
within the body possible. Others act as hormones, signaling cells or tissues to perform a certain
function. (5) ……… A few of the vitamins are antioxidants (A, C and E), they protect cells from
being damaged by free radicals, which have been linked to aging, heart disease, cancer and
stroke.
Minerals are inorganic substances found in nonliving sources such as rocks and metal ores. Plants
may obtain minerals from the soil, and animals may obtain them from eating plants.
All minerals are categorized into two types:
 Major minerals. (6) ………
95
 Trace elements. Required by the body in tiny amounts. Examples include chromium, cop-
per, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium and zinc.
(7) ……… They also give structure to bones, teeth, muscles and blood.
Some minerals are extremely easy to obtain through a healthy, balanced diet. However,
deficiencies of other minerals (e.g., calcium, iodine, iron, selenium and zinc) are more common.
Symptoms of mineral deficiency vary, depending on the mineral that is lacking.
Consuming too much of some minerals also can lead to health problems including, in some cases,
death. (8) ………
Minerals are found in many different foods. Some foods contain more of a specific mineral than
others. A well-balanced diet that incorporates foods from each of the five basic food groups
(e.g., fruits, vegetables, grains, milk, meat/beans) is the best way to ensure an adequate supply
of most of the major minerals and trace elements.
Many minerals also are available in supplement form, which may be recommended for some people
under certain circumstances.
EXERCISE 3. Write the correct word for each description.
MINERALS CARBOHYDRATES FIBRE VITAMINS PROTEINS FATS WATER
(A) They are fundamental components of all living cells, they are essential in the diet for the
growth and repair of tissue and can be found in meat, fish, dairy products and legumes.
(B) A major energy source in our diet, they include all the sugars and starches, such as bread,
pasta, rice; recently criticized and blamed for the obesity plague.
(C) Our body mostly consists of it (60% of body weight), needed to sustain life, to flush out
toxins and metabolic waste.
(D) We use if for storing food energy (due to the high calorific value) and a necessary ingredient
in cooking; those of vegetable origin are widely known for their health benefits.
(E) (Also called bulk.) Some plant matter that stimulates bowel movement when eaten; aids
digestion and protects from some chronic diseases, found in bran cereals, fruit (especially dried)
and vegetables.
(F) Organic components needed in small amounts for growth and maintaining good health, some
are fat-soluble, other water-soluble; deficiencies may lead to serious health problems.
(G) Inorganic nutrients, such as iron, magnesium, calcium; essential in the diet of humans and
animals, required for life functions.
EXERCISE 4. PREPOSITIONS – put in a correct one (all of them come from the reading).
1) If you eat too much fibre, it may interfere ………… the absorption of vitamins and miner-
als.
96
2) Citrus fruit and kiwi are high ………… vitamin C.
3) Our body can produce vitamin D when exposed ………… sunlight.
4) Zinc is necessary ………… healthy skin, healing ………… wounds, and growth.
5) Calcium is involved ………… the formation of bone and teeth, muscle contraction, blood
clotting and normal heart rhythm.
6) ………… addition, calcium is essential ………… the normal functioning of many enzymes.
7) A potassium level that is too high or too low can result ………… serious consequences, such
as cardiac arrest.
8) Iron deficiency leads ………… anaemia, which makes people appear pale and feel weak and
tired.
9) People who go ………… a very low-fat diet may be deficient ………… vitamin E, because vege-
table oils are the main source of this vitamin.
10) Vitamin A deficiency often occurs ………… southern and eastern Asia, which result …………
the local diet where rice is the dominant food.
EXERCISE 5. FIBER – WORDBUILDING. Change the words in brackets:
Some foods contain fiber, which is a tough complex carbohydrate. Fiber may be partly (1) (DIS-
SOLVE) ……………………………: It dissolves in water, and the body may be able to digest some of it.
Or it may be (2) (DISSOLVE) ……………………………: It does not dissolve in water, and the body is (3)
(ABLE) …………………………… to digest it and eating too much of it can interfere with (4) (ABSORB)
…………………………… of certain vitamins and minerals. Authorities (5) (GENERAL) ……………………………
recommend that about 30 grams of fiber should be consumed (6) (DAY) ……………………………. In the
United States, the average fiber (7) (CONSUME) …………………………… is about 12 grams a day be-
cause people have the (8) (TEND) …………………………… to eat products made with highly (9) (FINE)
…………………………… wheat flour and do not eat many fruits and vegetables. An average (10)
(SERVE) …………………………… of fruit, a vegetable, or cereal contains 2 to 4 grams of fiber. Fiber
prevents (11) (CONSTIPATED) …………………………… and is (12) (HELP) …………………………… in losing
weight because the body processes it (13) (SLOW) …………………………….
EXERCISE 6. VIDEO. ADAM RUINS EVERYTHING – VITAMINS. True or false?

1. Vitamins are the key to good health and a cure for the common cold.
2. Vitamins don’t prolong your life and in some cases they can even be harmful.
3. In reality, vitamins are macronutrients that human body needs to develop and function
normally.
4. We need huge doses of vitamins in order to stay healthy.
5. You can get all the vitamins you need from your diet.
6. Scurvy – which pirates used to get – is caused by serious deficiency of vitamin A.
97
7. It’s not healthy to take too many vitamins.
8. Some vitamins taken to excess – like ABED – can cause diseases.
9. The company that produced Airborne – a multivitamin and herbal supplement – was sued for
malpractice.
10. The placebo effect is very powerful.
11. Linus Pauling was a genius American physicist who was awarded 2 Nobel Prizes.
12. He heavily promoted taking large amounts of vitamins in the media because he wanted to live
forever.
13. He was a respectable scientist and people trusted him but still, he died of heart attack in
1994.
HEALTHY COOKING
EXERCISE 1. FIND OUT

 What is your favourite drink? What do you like to drink in the morning and what do you
drink throughout the day?
 Why is it so important that we drink adequate amount of water each day?
 When should we drink; before the meal, after the meal? Can’t we drink during the meal?
 A lot of people criticize milk nowadays, why? Do you like milk, do you drink milk?
 Are fruit juices really healthy?
 Why is still water healthier than fizzy water?
 Do you like to drink alcohol? How often? What’s your favourite type/drink?
EXERCISE 2. DRINKS. Put these drinks into the correct column below:
COKE JUICE BEER WINE CIDER TONIC GINGER ALE
LEMONADE STOUT SODA PEPSI
LAGER RUM SHERRY BUBBLY
ALCOHOLIC DRINKS SOFT DRINKS
98
EXERCISE 3. Match each of the following lines of words with one of the words below:
COFFEE WINE DRINK WATER JUICE MILK BEER TEA
1. fruit, orange, pineapple, tomato, black currant
2. skimmed, semi-skimmed, full-cream/full-fat
3. mineral, still, fizzy, sparkling, flavoured
4. red, white, rose, dry, sweet, sparkling
5. strong, low-alcohol, bottled, draught
6. black, white, strong, real, instant, freshly ground
7. strong, weak, herbal, green, mint, fruit, slimming
8. non-alcoholic, soft, fizzy, strong, sugar-free
EXERCISE 4. BASIC FOOD VOCABULARY. Fill in the sentences with the correct verbs and
match them to the pictures:
SQUEEZE STEAM PEEL GRATE
CHOPPING BAKE WHISK BARBECUE
1. A) Some people think it’s not necessary to

................................ the carrots.
2. B) Nowadays you can find so many additives in

bread and so much sugar, that I decided to
......................... my own one.
99
C) ………………. the lemon tightly to add a drop of
juice to the salad.
3.
D) If the weather’s nice this weekend, we’re
going to invite our friends and have a
………………………… in the garden.
4.
E) I hate ……………………… onions, they always
make my eyes water!
5.
F) With this special pot, you can .......................
food quickly and prepare multiple dishes at a
time, healthy and 100% fat-free!
6.
100
G) The secret of a delicious fluffy omelette is
to …………………… the eggs carefully.
7.
H) …………………… tomatoes first.
8.
Now match the verbs on the left with the nouns on the right:
bake eggs / bacon / pork chops / onion
roast lamb / a chicken breast / turkey
boil bread / rolls/ apple pie / a lasagna
fry rice / water / green beans / soup
Now match the verbs on the left with the phrases on the right in the two lists below:
1. squeeze a) the potatoes and then boil them for 20 minutes.

2. grate b) some parsley and decorate the salad
3. beat c) the soup with a spoon
4. melt d) some lemon juice over the salad to add some flavor
5. chop e) the honey into the bowl and mix it thoroughly with other
ingredients
6. mix f) the ham thinly and put it on a sandwich
7. slice g) all the ingredients together
8. peel h) the eggs lightly and add them to the mixture
9. pour i) some cheese and sprinkle it on top of the pizza
10. stir j) a little butter in the saucepan
101
EXERCISE 5. HEALTHY COOKING - READING & MATCHING.
Below there is a text which offers some pieces of advice on how to cook healthily. Match the
description with the correct method of cooking:
GRILLING AND BARBECUING STIR-FRYING POACHING BAKING

SAUTEING ROASTING BRAISING STEAMING
Healthy cooking doesn't mean that you have to become a gourmet chef or invest in expensive
cookware. You can use basic cooking techniques to prepare food in healthy ways.
The methods described here best capture the flavor and retain the nutrients in your food
without adding excessive amounts of fat or salt. Once you've mastered these techniques, use
them often to prepare your favorite dishes.
(A) Besides breads and desserts, you can prepare seafood, poultry, lean meat, and vegetable and
fruit pieces of the same size in this way. Place food in a pan or dish surrounded by the hot, dry
air of your oven. You may cook the food covered or uncovered. It generally doesn't require that
you add fat to the food.
(B) It involves browning the ingredient first in a pan on top of the stove, and then slowly cooking
it covered with a small quantity of liquid, such as water or broth. In some recipes, the cooking
liquid is used later to make a flavorful, nutrient-rich sauce.
(C) It involves exposing fairly thin pieces of food to direct heat – fish, eat, chopped vegetables.
To do it outdoors, place the food on a grill rack above a bed of charcoal. Both methods allow fat
to drip away from the food.
(D) We usually prepare eggs (with shells removed) in this way, but you can also cook fish or
vegetables in this way. Gently simmer ingredients in water or a flavorful liquid such as broth,
vinegar or juice until they're cooked through and tender. The food keeps its shape during
cooking.
(E) Like baking, but typically at higher temperatures, this method uses an oven's heat to cook
the food. You can cook foods on a baking sheet or in a roasting pan – usually it is poultry, seafood
and meat.
(F) This method means cooking small or thin pieces of food in small amount of oil, over heat, until
they’re brown. If you choose a good-quality nonstick pan, you can cook food without using fat.
Depending on the recipe, use low-sodium broth, nonstick cooking spray or water in place of oil.
(G) It is considered to be one of the healthiest ways of cooking – you put food in a perforated
basket suspended above simmering liquid. If you use a flavorful liquid or add seasonings to the
water, you'll flavor the food as it cooks.
(H) A traditional Asian method, it quickly cooks small, similar-sized pieces of food while they're
rapidly stirred in a wok or large frying pan. You need only a small amount of oil or cooking spray
for this.
102
EXERCISE 6. COOKING AT HOME. Complete the following text with these words:
DELICIOUS DISH MAIN COOK DESSERT COOKERY BOOKS

INSTRUCTIONS COURSE RECIPES DINNER SIDE DISH
INGREDIENTS HELPING
I’m by no means a great (1) ………………………, but I always try to do my best. When I need to
prepare something special I always use some (2) ……………………… which I find in the Internet or in
some (3) ………………………. After I have chosen the (4) ……………………… I usually go the supermarket
to buy all the necessary (5) ……………………… and then I spent the rest of the day in the kitchen,
following the (6) ……………………… closely. I like to surprise my guests so sometimes I prepare a
very traditional, three (7) ……………………… meal. The (8) ……………………… course is usually some kind
of meat chops with a (9) ……………………… of steamed vegetables together with (10) ………………………
sauce and of course, a (11) ……………………… – cheesecake is my favourite. Last time when I had
some friends round for (12) ………………………, I prepared chowder for them and they absolutely
loved it – everybody wanted a second (13) ………………………!
EXERCISE 7. Video. Watch the video and do the task below:

MARTHA STEWART’S COOKING SCHOOL (PIEROGI) – FILL IN (1 word – verbs only).
Martha’s using Yukon Gold potatoes, (1) ……………………… and cut up into the same size – you can (2)
……………………… the potatoes or (3) ……………………… them until tender (takes about 30 minutes).
Remove the potatoes and (4) ……………………… them (Martha’s using a ricer). (5) ……………………… in 8
ounces of cream cheese and 4 tablespoons of (6) ……………………… butter. (7) ……………………… the
mixture with 2 tablespoons of salt and black pepper. While it (8) ………………………, make the dough:
slightly (9) ……………………… one large egg, 2 tbls of sour cream and a cup of water and whole milk,
then (10) ……………………… in 5 cups of all-purpose flour – then you need to (11) ……………………… the
dough for about 8-10 minutes. Let it (12) ……………………… for 1 hour. (13) ……………………… the dough
into quarters, then (14) ……………………… it and cut circles. Pick up the dough, (15) ……………………… it a
little in your fingers and, place a ball of potato mixture in the centre and (16) ……………………… the
dough around the filling. (17) ……………………… the pierogis into boiling salted water. Once they
start to (18) ……………………… to the top, cook them for 2 more minutes, and they’re ready to serve.
103
COOKING & FOOD PROCESSING
EXERCISE 1. What is the difference between:

- a fridge and a freezer?
- a cook, cooker and a chef?
- a cooker, and an oven and a microwave (oven)?
- a dishwasher and a washing machine?
What is WORK SURFACE / SINK / TAP / CUPBOARD / DRAWER / PLUG?
What do you recognize in the picture?
104
EXERCISE 2. Now, use the correct words in the sentences below:
1. A ………………………………………… is the best thing since sliced bread – you put dirty clothes inside and
after an hour you take them out as fresh as new!
2. We keep eggs, milk, cheese and ham in a …………………………………………; and the leftover from meal in
a …………………………………………
3. I don’t have lot of time for breakfast in the morning but I always get round to eating my daily
………………………………………… of cereal with milk.
4. I don’t like alcohol and I don’t normally drink any but I usually drink a …………………………………………
of champagne on New Year’s Eve.
5. The Italians drink espresso, which is very strong black coffee from a very small
…………………………………………
105
6. We don’t have enough money to buy a ………………………………………… so we wash our cups and plates
etc by hand in a …………………………………………
7. Josie! Please, turn off the ………………………………………… when you brush your teeth! We should save
water!
8. Now, in many buildings there is no gas, so people use electric ………………………………………….
9. I have a sore throat and the doc told me to take one ………………………………………… of syrup three
times a day, before meals.
10. Millie is only 3 so no doubt, she can’t use the ………………………………………… and
………………………………………… properly, her parents feed her and cut the food for her; plus it’s
dangerous for such a small kid to handle sharp objects – she might get hurt.
EXERCISE 3. KITCHEN EQUIPMENT.

TEAPOT WOK KETTLE WHISK TOASTER
SCALES CORKSCREW MUGS SAUCEPAN
LARGE COOKING POT FRYING PAN
FOOD PROCESSOR GRATER OVEN GLOVE
TIN OPENER CASSEROLE DISH
What do these people need?

1. I must open a bottle of wine. I need a/an ………
2. I want to make some coffee. I need a/an ………
3. I would like to eat an omelette. I must beat eggs with a/an ………
4. I bought mackerel in tomato sauce. It’s in a tin. I need a/an ………
5. I make pizza and I want to put some cheese on top. I need a/an ………
6. I roast turkey in the oven – it’s very hot and I must carry it to the dining room. I need a/an
………
7. I’m on a diet so I need to eat only 100g chicken for lunch, not 150! I need ………
8. I love Asian cuisine. I use a/a ………………………………… very often.
9. It’s necessary for me. It cuts food, slices, mixes, beats… it even makes cakes. I need a/an
……………………………… every day.
10. I use ……………………………… all the time – I have a little baby so I boil milk in it.
 How does your kitchen look like? Is it big/small/spacious/light? Would you like to change
anything?
 What would you like to have in your own kitchen in the future – what kind of appliances
and equipment? Supposing money & space was not a problem?
106
 Do we need to use a lot of kitchen gadgets when we cook? What is the best/the most
useful? Do you have any “white elephants” at home?
 And the worst/the useless/unnecessary pieces of kitchen equipment?
 Do you spend a lot of time in the kitchen? How much?
 Should a professional, certified dietician know how to cook? Is it necessary in your fu-
ture job? (Why?)
 Why so many professional chefs are men, not women? (Still, it’s women who usually do the
cooking at home.)
EXERCISE 5. Complete each sentence with a suitable verb from the list:
BEAT CHOP SPRINKLE COOL GRATE BAKE ROAST

SLICE ADD WHIP BOIL SQUEEZE FRY DRAIN PEEL
MIX SERVE
1. First, cut the lemon in half, then ……………………………… it and ……………………………… the juice over
the fish.
2. ……………………………… the carrots and then ……………………………… them thinly into nice rings.
3. For pizza, you need to ……………………………… a lot of cheese on top.
4. Ideal Sunday breakfast: scrambled eggs! ……………………………… the eggs with salt and pepper,
……………………………… a little milk if you like and ……………………………… it quickly.
5. ……………………………… the cake for an hour, then ……………………………… it. Finally,
……………………………… some cream and ……………………………… the cake with cream and fresh fruit.
6. ……………………………… the pasta for 8 minutes in salted water, then ……………………………… it
quickly.
7. ……………………………… the onion and ……………………………… it with other vegetables. The salad is
ready to serve.
8. Turkey is bigger than chicken so it needs more time in the oven – you need to
……………………………… it for about an hour before it’s done.
EXERCISE 6. PUT EACH WORD IN THE CORRECT GAP:

POTATO STEAK EGGS ONIONS SALMON RICE
1. I think I'll have fried / hard-boiled / soft-boiled / poached / scrambled ………………………… for
breakfast.
2. Would you like your ………………………… rare, medium or well-done?
3. I fancy a baked / a jacket / some new / mashed / pureed ………………………… with these sausages.
4. Shall we give them smoked or grilled / fresh or tinned ………………………… as a starter?
5. Would you like a couple of pickled/fresh ………………………… with your salad?
107
6. Do you prefer plain boiled or fried / steamed …………………………?
EXERCISE 7. PREPOSITIONS –Fill in the correct one:

1. Mmmmm, that’s really delicious! Can you please give me the recipe …………… this soup?
2. I don’t want to cook …………… home today – let’s eat …………….
3. The sink is full …………… dirty crockery – it’s your turn to wash ……………!
4. Can you please check and tell me if there’s any milk …………… the fridge?
5. There are plenty of sweet goodies …………… the party – please, help yourselves …………… my
chocolate cupcakes!
6. Serve the onion soups hot …………… croutons.
7. I don't take sugar …………… my coffee, thanks.
8. I usually have some oatmeal and a cup of espresso …………… breakfast.
9. English people are so weird! They drive …………… the left and they eat apple …………… pork… yuck!
10. She wants to lose weight so now she lives just …………… fruit, veg and yoghurt. It’s not very
sensible, I know.
11. My sister loves garlic and whenever she cooks the whole house smells …………… garlic.
12. I’m afraid we have run …………… of coffee – could you please go …………… the supermarket and
buy some?
13. The fish smells terrible, it has gone ……………! Throw it ……………, please.
14. I’d love some tea. Can you put the kettle ……………?
15. I’m not very keen …………… this soup. It tastes very strongly …………… tomatoes, and I hate
them.
EXERCISE 8. FOOD IDIOMS (H). Put each of the following words in its correct place in
the sentences below.
BREADLINE JAM FAT BACON PANCAKE PEANUTS
TEA NUTS FOOD SALT CAKE CAKES
BEANS VEGETABLE BUTTER
1. My sister doesn’t work now - she has been on maternity leave since she gave birth and it’s her
husband who brings home the ……………………………… .
2. I’m going to tell you something in secret, but promise you don’t spill the ………………………………! So,
you see, I have just found out that…
3. No, I’m not going to talk to her, never! She’s crazy, she never talks to you, just shouts and
once even tried to hit me! She’s completely ………………………………!
4. If you want your boss to give you a salary raise, you need to ……………………………… him up a bit
first. Just tell him how handsome he looks in this grey suit ;)
108
5. I have always been wondering why so many people want to go the US for work. Now, in times
of global crisis and on the verge of bankruptcy, do they really think that the American citizens
live off the ……………………………… of the land?
6. Don’t believe a word he says – he’s such a liar. You must take everything he says with a pinch
of ……………………………….
7. Oh gosh, I’m in a bit of a ………………………………, could you please lend me a couple of bucks? I
promise I’ll pay you back next week.
8. You won ticket to the special premiere of “Bloody Valentine part II: Freddy vs. Jason”?
Congratulations! you want me to go with you? Thanks, but I’m afraid horrors are not my cup of
……………………………….
9. The countryside around Cambridge is as flat as a ………………………………, you won’t find even a
slightest hill there.
10. You’re buying a new jacket for $200?! Are you out of your mind? How can you be so selfish
and splash out money on clothes knowing that so many people can hardly afford food and live on
the ………………………………?
11. After the accident, the driver suffered extensive brain damage and has been in a coma for
several days. When he woke up, he was a ………………………………, unable to speak and move.
12. I consider the latest album by Tool a real masterpiece. It’s just perfect – no doubt it’s selling
like hot ……………………………….
13. Being a teacher can sometimes be really disheartening, especially if you take into account the
salary, which is ………………………………, indeed. But on the other hand, it’s immensely satisfying and I
personally would never change it!
14. Have you ever seen the film” Boys Don’t Cry” with Hillary Swank? (No, not the stupid Polish
comedy.) It’s a very grim and tragic story of a young transsexual. Watch it if you find it
somewhere – it gives a lot of ……………………………… for thought.
15. How did your math exam go, my dear, was it difficult? No, mum, it was a piece of
………………………………, I left after half an hour – it was so easy!
109
RUNNING A BUSINESS
 Do you remember what kind of job you wanted to have when you were 5 years old?
 What are the worst jobs – something you would never like to do!
 What are the best jobs in your opinion? And the most interesting ones?
 What are your plans for the future – where would you like to work, what would you like to
do?
 Would you like to set up your own company? Why? Why not?
 Is it easy in Poland to run your own business? Why/why not?
 What are the advantages & disadvantages of being your own boss?
 What is important in choosing a career (salary, prospects, perks, opportunity to travel,
long holidays, etc.)?
 What kind of business connected with the food industry is best in your opinion – chef at
a hotel/restaurant, farmer, caterer, dietician working in a clinic, food critic/reviewer
etc.? Why?
EXERCISE 2. WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN? Please explain, then fill in the
sentences:
 salary / wages / pension
 employer / employee
 receipt / fine / refund / invoice
 to borrow / to lend
 loan / mortgage
 economic / economical
 to promote / to demote
 bonus / perk
1. When people retire, they receive a ……………………………………………
2. Sir, if you continue to be late for your work, I’m afraid we will have no option but to
……………………………… you.
3. Whenever I buy anything which is of some value I always keep the ……………………………………………–
in case the product turns out faulty I can always take it back to the shop.
4. At the moment, property prices in our country are simply ridiculous. How can young people
afford their own flat without taking out a …………………………………………… for 30 years?
5. A small car is more …………………………………………… than a large van as it uses much less petrol,
which is getting more and more expensive now.
6. The job is absolutely fantastic – nice working environment, good salary and prospects of pro-
motion and some ……………………………… as well such as private medical healthcare, a company car
110
with a chauffeur.
7. No, I’m not the boss here, not at all! I’m just a humble ………………………………
8. She's only here for three weeks. It's a /an full-time / overtime / temporary job.
9. Paul was always arriving late, and in the end he was pushed / fired / thrown.
10. He had good aspects / prospects for the future.
11. At the interrogation / interview, he was unsuccessful.
12. His boss threatened to resign / sack him if he didn't work harder.
13. He was interested in the post / part that was being offered.
14. Although the job was well-paid, he didn’t get much satisfy / satisfaction.
EXERCISE 3. READING COMPREHENSION. Read the text carefully, then put the missing
sentences back in correct places:
A. All of Ramsay's business interests (restaurants, media, consultancy) are held in the com-
pany Gordon Ramsay Holdings Limited.
B. Working there was by no means exhausting – “"the rages and the bullying and violence" –
so after 2 years 10 months Gordon decided the only way to further advance his career
was to study French cuisine.
C. What’s more, Ramsay acts as a consultant to numerous catering organizations, and was
recruited by Singapore Airlines as one of its "International Culinary Panel" consultants.
D. Ramsay is known for presenting TV programmes about competitive cookery and food,
such as Hell's Kitchen, The F Word and Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares.
E. The latter, situated in the former Bel-Age hotel on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood,
is called Boxwood and many episodes of Ramsay's U.S. series Hell's Kitchen are recorded
there.
F. From his first restaurant, Ramsay's empire has expanded rapidly, first opening Petrus,
where six bankers famously spent over £44,000 on wine during a single meal in 2001,
then Amaryllis in Glasgow (which he was later forced to close) and later Gordon Ramsay
at Claridge's.
G. Gordon Ramsay at the London Hotel in Manhattan, New York
Gordon James Ramsay, (born 8 November 1966) is a British chef, television personality and
restaurateur. He has been awarded a total of 12 Michelin Stars, and in 2001 became one of only
three chefs in the United Kingdom to hold three Michelin stars at one time. (1) ………
Born in Scotland, young Gordon was a keen football player but after a serious injury turned to
cooking. It was then that he decided to enter catering college to study Hotel Management. In
the late 80’s he began his working career, first working as a chef in a small hotel, then after
moving to London he took up various jobs in many local restaurants until being inspired to work
111
for the temperamental Marco Pierre White at Harveys. (2) ……… He spent a couple of years in
France training his skills.
He came back to London in 1993, and was offered a position of head chef immediately in one of
the top restaurants. In 1998, Ramsay opened his first own restaurant in Chelsea, Gordon Ramsay
at Royal Hospital Road. The restaurant gained its third Michelin star in 2001.
(3) ……… And others followed. Moreover, Ramsay has now begun opening restaurants outside the
UK, beginning with Verre in Dubai, two restaurants in Tokyo and one, extremely successful in
New York City, which has already won top newcomer award in the city’s coveted Zagat guide.
Now there are also his restaurants in Ireland and Los Angeles. (4) ………
Apart from being one of the only 3 chefs in the UK to maintain 3 Michelin Stars for his
restaurants, his list of awards is amazing. For instance, he was appointed OBE (Most Excellent
Order of the British Empire) in the 2006 honours list "for services to the hospitality industry".
(5) ……… Run in partnership with his father-in-law Chris Hutcheson, Ramsay owns a 69% stake
valued at £67m. Whereas previous ventures acted as a combined consultant/brand, in November
2006 Ramsay announced plans to create three restaurants in the United States in partnership
with private equity group Blackstone Group, who refurbished each of the chosen hotels into five
star locations at a cost of £100M per hotel. At an investment of £3m per restaurant for the 10-
year lease, all the restaurants mow offer the chef’s trademark modern European cuisine, and
opened in 2006/2007 at:
 (6) ………
 Gordon Ramsay at the Cielo in Boca Raton, Florida
 Gordon Ramsay at the London Hotel in West Hollywood, California
Well, that’s not the end of his financial achievements. In late 2006 Gordon Ramsay Holdings
purchased three London pubs. (7) ……… In March 2008, according to Australian newspaper
Ramsay was announced to have started a reality TV show about building a restaurant in Crown
Casino Melbourne, Australia. Currently, Gordon is reported to star in his own animation series,
Gordon Ramsay, at Your Service after reaching a deal with Cuppa Coffee Studios. Everyone’s
wondering what comes next?
DO YOU LIKE GORDON RAMSAY? HAVE YOU SEEN ANY OF HIS SHOWS? DO YOU LIKE
TO WATCH COOKERY PROGRAMMES?
EXERCISE 4. Put in a correct preposition:

1. Nowadays, everything is so expensive, we spend a lot of money ……………… food only.
2. How much did you pay ……………… the plane ticket from Gdańsk to Glasgow?
3. Can I pay ……………… credit card here? Sorry sir, you can only pay ……………… cash.
4. My grandma has to live ……………… $500 a month – that’s very little.
5. I have no cash today – I need to take ……………… some money from the ATM.
112
6. At the moment I’m saving ……………… money for my holiday – I would like to go to Mexico
next year.
7. My brother is looking ……………… a new job and tomorrow he’s going for an interview.
8. You need to fill ……………… these documents, sir. And don’t forget to sign them.
9. I bought this TV set and DVD player ………………… credit.
10. Nurses earn peanuts in Poland, no doubt they can’t make ends meet ……………… their sala-
ries.
11. 200 PLN? Are you crazy?! You spent 200 PLN ……………… alcohol only?
12. I borrowed a lot of money ………………… the bank and now I’m severely ………………… debt.
13. Maybe I wouldn’t call him rich, but he’s definitely quite well-…………………
14. Sir, can I have a day ………………… tomorrow? I need to visit my mum who’s a bit sick.
15. Next week I’ll be away – I need to go ………………… a business trip to Paris to visit our cli-
ents.
16. He has decided to apply ……………… this IT company ……………… a job as a software tester.
17. In times of economic crisis we should economise ……………… clothes, petrol, even food.
......... and now a phrasal verb from the list:

SAVE UP SPLASH OUT ON CUT DOWN ON PAY BACK
TAKE OUT SET UP FILL IN TAKE OVER
1. Last night I spent a lot of money. I …………………………………………… a designer outfit. Now I

have this wonderful dress by Valentino and I’m completely broke!
2. Can you give me some tips how to …………………………………………… some money? I need to be
more thrifty!
3. Is it easy to …………………………………………… your own business in Poland? Do you need to go
through a lot of paperwork?
4. He …………………………………………… a huge loan in order to start a company and he will be
…………………………………… it …………………………… for 25 years.
5. I really wanted to receive the subsidy from EU to start my own business but I had to
……………………………… so many documents that I almost gave up – the amount of red tape is real-
ly depressing!
6. I’m going tell you something in secret: MacDonald’s is planning to ……………………………… Burg-
er’s King by buying all their shares. They will rule the fast food market then!
WHICH JOB IS …
the easiest? baby-sitter, dentist, footballer, teacher, cleaner, Prime Minister
113
the most boring? car park attendant, assembly line worker, shepherd, window
cleaner, office worker
the most tiring? doctor, farmer, miner, top model, novelist, spokesperson
the most useful? journalist, market researcher, nurse, postman/postwoman, vet
the worst? grave digger, prison warder, soldier, cleaner toilet, ticket inspector
WHAT IS WORK?
 Apart from your school or your job, what else do you consider to be work?
 Are these “real” jobs: housewife, monarch, novelist, pop star, priest?
 If the salary was the same, which job would you like to do: actor/actress, archeolo-
gist, astronomer, chef, fashion designer, fortune teller, musician, research scientist,
tourist operator?
 If you won enough money never to have to work again, would give up your studies?
Would you work then? What would you do instead? How would your normal day look
like?
114
FOOD AND ADVERTISING
 What is your opinion about advertising – do you think it’s a good idea to have a break
while watching a movie or do you find it irritating?
 What is the purpose of advertising?
 Some people say that there is too much advertising on TV and in magazines. Do you
agree?
 Is there any particular advert/commercial that you remember?
 What kind of advert you think is good and effective? Give examples.
 Have you bought anything just because of the tempting advert?
 Should substances like alcohol and cigarettes be advertised? Why/why not?
 Do you see a lot of adverts for food products? What kind of products are most often
advertised?
 Should food be advertised? Why/why not?
EXERCISE 2. MARKETING VOCABULARY. Match:

1. word-of-mouth A. The type of consumer behaviour when He/she consistently
communication buys the same brand within a class of products.
(WOM)
2. subliminal ad- B. Large kitchen appliances
vertising
3. copywriter C. A group of advertisements, commercials, and related promo-
tional materials and activities that are designed to be used
during the same period of time as part of a coordinated ad-
vertising plan to meet the specified advertising objectives of
a client.
4. brand D. Advertising messages that are supposedly disguised so that
they are not able to be overtly seen and/or heard yet are ef-
fective in persuading members of the audience. There is no
scientific evidence to indicate that this approach is effective
communication and, if there were convincing evidence of ef-
fectiveness, the approach would likely be prohibited as a de-
ceptive business practice.
5. publicity E. A person with good verbal abilities who is talented in creating
advertising ideas and skilled at writing advertising copy.
6. hard sell F. A name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that iden-
115
tifies one seller's good or service as distinct from those of
other sellers. The legal term is trademark.
7. brand loyalty G. It is sharing information about a product, promotion, etc., be-
tween a consumer and a friend, colleague, or other acquaint-
ance. For example, a consumer may tell a friend about a par-
ticularly good price he or she received on a product. Research
has found that word-of-mouth communication about products
is more likely to be negative than positive.
8. advertising H. A group of individuals whom are intended recipients of an ad-
campaign vertiser's message.
9. target market I. A type of public relations in the form of a news item or story
which conveys information about a product, service, or idea in
the media.
10. white goods J. A selling approach in which the salesperson attempts to con-
trol the sales interaction and pressure the customer to make a
purchase.
EXERCISE 3. In advertising, the right choice of words can help to sell a product. Match
each word on the left with a word on the right. Use each word once only.
Set 1
1. competitive a. magazine
2. delicious b. cleaning
3. effortless c. details
4. finest d. fit
5. full e. flavours
6. glossy f. quality
7. perfect g. rates
8. wide h. variety
Set 2
1. forward-looking a. brochure
2. full-colour b. company
3. hard-wearing c. driving
4. highly-trained d. recipes
5. money-saving e. shoes
6. mouth-watering f. hairspray
7. environmentally-friendly g. staff
116
8. stress-free h. tips
Now complete each sentence by using an expression from above.

1. Inside each cooker there's a free cook book full of …………………………………
2. Our ………………………………… are ready to look after your every need.
3. With hand-made shoes you get a ………………………………… every time.
4. The sophisticated automatic steering means …………………………………
5. In our department store, you will find a ………………………………… of clothing items, shoes, bags,
underwear etc. – a perfect place for Christmas shopping!
6. In her programme, the perfect housewife Martha Stewart gives the viewers plenty of useful
………………………………… how to keep your house spick and span in an inexpensive way.
7. If you’re looking for a loan or planning to take out a mortgage, please do visit our branch! Our
bank offers very ………………………………… plus there are special offers for young entrepreneurs! So
do not hesitate, come today!
8. Sowa patisserie is famous in the whole country for the best ingredients and
………………………………… of their cakes, biscuits and tarts.
9. In our beauty salon, we use only ………………………………… so you get a very natural look.
10. …………………………………………, like Elle or Vogue, are full of photos of beautiful airbrushed model.
Do you think food adverts are honest? How do you think they prepare the food for photo
shoots? Is it prepared in any way?
EXERCISE 4. READING PRACTICE. MARKETING PLOYS. Can you guess the name of the
dishes that are prepared for a photo shoot here?
These foods look perfectly delicious, thanks to the work of a food stylist. Food stylists are like
make-up artists. It's their job to make the food you see in advertisements look great. But when
you find out how they do it, you just might lose your appetite. It isn't too tough to make a
mouth-watering burger at home. But could you make it look delicious even after it sits for hours
under bright lights in a photo studio? Here's how:
(A) Find the perfect bun with no wrinkles. If the bun has sesame seeds, carefully arrange them
with glue and tweezers. Use waterproof spray on the surface of the bun so it won't get soggy.
Cook just the outside of the meat and leave the center raw to keep it plump and moist. Paint the
meat with oil and brown coloring. Use some paper towels to make a diaper for the bottom of the
meat so no juices leak onto the bun. Find an attractive lettuce leaf with no brown spots. Use only
117
the center slices of the best tomato. Spray the tomato with a mist of water and glycerin to keep
it looking fresh. Ready to take a bite?
(B) If you don't want to get sick from eating raw meat, you have to cook it all the way through.
But a fully cooked bird has ugly wrinkles when it comes out of the oven. You've got to use some
tricks to get picture-perfect, golden smooth skin. Tie the legs securely with thread. Roast until
the skin gets bumpy and dry, but the inside should still be raw. Brush or spray evenly with
coloring mixture until it reaches the perfect brown color but is still plump and juicy looking.
Need more color? Use a blowtorch to brown the legs, wings, and any parts that may still be pale.
(C) It melts very fast, so it's okay to fake it. Coloured mashed potato can make a reasonable
substitute. Or instead there are various recipes using corn syrup, margarine, icing sugar and
colouring to achieve just the right consistency — depending whether you want super-premium or
a lower-fat look. Mix the ingredients together until evenly combined. This mixture is smooth like
clay, but it crumbles just like the genuine one. Best of all, you can keep it for months in a plastic
bag and it will still look good. But how will it taste?
EXERCISE 5. FURTHER TRICKS IN FOOD ADS. Can you guess what kind of food is being
stylized here?
GRAPES BREAKFAST CEREAL MAPLE SYRUP CAKE

CHICKEN LEG ICE CUBES SWISS CHEESE
 You know what happens to …………………………… when it sits in milk — soggy is not a good look.
How to fix it? PVA glue does a much better job than milk. The flakes stay put and stay
crisp.
 If you’re shooting a slice of……………………………, the air and lights make it dry out — but a
shot of hairspray gets it back looking fresh and yummy.
 Plastic ………………………… (usually acrylic) don’t melt and spoil a drink shot.
 ………………………… is much more popular in the US than here, and there are all sorts of
tricks to getting it looking right, the most bizarre of which we heard being to use motor
oil instead (as long as it’s the pancakes being advertised, not the syrup).
 If your …………………………… isn’t looking photogenic enough, enhance its holes — use little
round cutters or even straws for small holes.
 Spray deodorant can give a nice frosting to …………………………
 The perfectly shaped ………………………… can be achieved by injecting mashed potato under
the skin and coating.
118
EXERCISE 6. SO YOU THINK YOU CAN BE A FOOD STYLIST? GAP FILL. Fill in the gaps
with a suitable word:
Food stylist is (1) ………… fairly new profession, though quite a promising one. The food stylist’s
job is (2) ………… prepare the food to (3) ………… it look attractive in the finished photo. The food
photographer’s job to compose the shot, choose perspective, lens and lighting. The photographer
doesn’t (4) ………… touch the food and (5) ………… the photographer and the food stylist need to
work together as efficiently (6) ………… possible to please the client. The cooperation is necessary
(7) ………… the work is to run smoothly and quickly. A (8) ………… of food stylists have some culinary
background, some have (9) ………… professional chefs as basic knowledge of nutrition (10) …………
cooking techniques is quite useful. Creativity is vital (11) ………… this job – it goes (12) …………
saying. Anything (13) ………… that’s important? Patience, for (14) …………, as photo shoots
sometimes (15) ………… many hours and punctuality. The food stylist (16) ………… arrive on the set
well before the client.
EXERCISE 7. Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence.

1. With effective advertising a company can become a …………………… name – take the example of
Coca Cola, for instance.
a. house b. household c. housewife's d. home
2. We need an effective campaign to …………………… our new range of washing powders.
a. fire b. set out c. set off d. launch
3. During the commercial …………………… there was an advertisement for a new whitening
toothpaste. It was really interesting.
a. break b. breakage c. pause d. interval
4. The first thing a commercial must do is …………………… the viewer's eye.
a. trap b. catch c. find d. reach
5. We want to sell this washing powder. So we need a name which will …………………… to housewives
mostly.
a. draw b. attract c. succeed d. appeal
6. The travel agency decided to do a mail …………………… to get people interested in their holiday
accommodation.
a. shot b. shoot c. trial d. list
7. Everyone working in the advertising business must obey the industry's …………………… It's the
rule.
a. practice code b. code of practice c. practical code d. code word
8. No, that's out of the question, we can't afford TV advertising during …………………… viewing
hours. It's extremely expensive.
a. peak b. high c. audience d. big
119
9. Companies spend a lot of money on market research in order to reach their ……………………
audience.
a. aim b. arrival c. goal d. target
10. She does the art work while I write the words for each advertisement. I’m a ……………………
a. copywriter b. writer c. marketing writer d. media buyer
11. Great news! Finally, the ex-Prime Minister has accepted our offer and will …………………… our
new aftershave!
a. support b. advertise c. endorse d. commercialize
120
OBESITY – THE PLAGUE OF THE XXI CENTURY
EXERCISE 1. DO YOU KNOW WHAT YOUR BMI IS?

 Do you know what your BMI is?
 What is your ideal body weight?
 What’s the difference between obesity and overweight?
 Why there are so may obese people worldwide?
 Which countries are notorious for their weight problems – can you guess why?
 Are there any risk associated with being too heavy?
 Is obesity a problem in Poland? Why / Why not?
 How the epidemic of obesity be prevented?
EXERCISE 2. FILL IN THE TABLE:

Obese 16.5-18.4 Extreme/morbid obesity Less than 16.5 30.0 to 39.9
Overweight 18.5 to 24.9 Normal 40+ Underweight 25.0 to 29.9
Severely underweight
BMI RANGE CLASSIFICATION
EXERCISE 3. OBESITY ESTIMATES – WORDBUIDING. Change the word in brackets so

that it fits properly in the sentence:
What determines whether you're (1) (WEIGHT) ……………………… isn't the (2) (BATH)
……………………… scale, but rather a (3) (SCIENCE) ……………………… (4) (CALCULATE) ……………………… of
weight in relation to (5) (HIGH) ……………………… called the body mass index (BMI). More than half
of American adults weigh too much (with a BMI of 25–29) or obese (with a BMI of 30 or higher).
Your weight is determined partly by (6) (GENE) ………………………; some people are born with a (7)
(TEND) ……………………… toward (8) (OBESE) ………………………. But you can control your weight to a (9)
(CONSIDER) ……………………… degree by limiting how much you eat and (10) (PRACTICE)
……………………… regular physical (11) (ACTIVE) ……………………… — an hour a day of (12)
121
(MODERATE) ……………………… strenuous exercise such as walking at a brisk pace, or half an hour a
day of something more strenuous, such as (13) (JOG) ……………………… or tennis. In (14) (ADD)
……………………… to your BMI, your body shape can affect your risk of (15) (ILL) ………………………. If
your body stores excess fat in the (16) (ABDOMINAL) ……………………… — a pattern called an
"apple" shape — your risk for cardiovascular disease, high blood (17) (PRESS) ………………………, and
diabetes is higher than if you have a "pear" shape, with fat (18) (STORE) ……………………… in the
hips and thighs.
EXERCISE 4. READING COMPREHENSION. Please read the text carefully and put the
missing sentences back in correct places:
A. At least 300,000 Americans die each year as a result of factors attributed to obesity,
and annual healthcare costs attributed to obesity are around $100 billion, according to
the American Obesity Association.
B. almost one-third of Americans are obese.
C. Excess calories are stored in the body as fat; if too much body fat accumulates, weight
gain is inevitable.
D. Formerly, being underweight was much more common throughout the world.
E. For example, one recent study found a link between morbid obesity in toddlers and lower
IQ scores, cognitive delays and brain lesions.
F. Ideally, good habits begin in childhood, because studies have shown that overweight chil-
dren are likely to carry this condition into adulthood.
G. Overweight refers to an excess body weight that includes fat, bone, muscle, and/or body
water.
Obesity is a condition in which people have an excess of body fat. According to the U.S. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of obesity in the United States more
than doubled between the years 1960 and 2000, with the greatest increase from 1980 forward –
(1) ……………………………
Obesity is also a growing problem across the globe. Worldwide, more than 300 million adults are
obese, according to WHO. (2) …………………………… Now, the world’s population is roughly divided in
half between those who are underweight and those who are overweight (defined as having
excess body weight that includes fat, bone and muscle).
The terms “obesity” and “overweight” are often used interchangeably. However, there is a
distinct difference between the two. (3) …………………………… In contrast, obesity is defined as an
excess of body weight according to body mass index.
As a major risk factor, obesity is the second-leading cause of preventable death in the United
States, surpassed only by smoking. (4) …………………………… People who are obese have a 10 percent
122
to 50 percent increased risk of death from all causes when compared to people of normal weight
(mostly cardiovascular risk).
Recent research continues to uncover new links between obesity and health problems. (5)
…………………………… Another study found that men with prostate cancer are more likely to
experience poor treatment results when undergoing primary radiation therapy.
Generally, obesity develops when the amount of energy units (calories) consumed through food is
greater than the amount of calories expended through metabolism and physical activity. (6)
…………………………… People also tend to gain more weight if they are older and/or have a low
metabolic rate. Women often have a more difficult time losing fat than men, and may have
particular trouble losing weight from the hips and thighs.
Research indicates that fat found in certain areas of the body presents greater risks than fat
found in other parts of the body. For example, fat that accumulates around the waist creating
an “apple-shaped” body (android obesity) tends to present greater health risks than fat that
accumulates around the thighs and buttocks creating a “pear-shaped” body (gynoid obesity).
Other factors (e.g., genetic, socioeconomic, psychological, medical factors) are also involved in
obesity, but the relationship among these factors and the extent to which each contributes to
obesity is less understood.
For most people, weight gain can be prevented or controlled by adequate diet and exercise. (7)
……………………………
EXERCISE 5. OBESITY – RISK FACTORS & COMPLICATIONS. Match the health problems
with correct description:
OSTEOARTHRITIS CANCER PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS CORONARY HEART DISEASE HYPERTENSION
STRESS INCONTINENCE DIABETES PREGNANCY
COMPLICATIONS FATTY LIVER DISEASE SLEEP APNEA
Obesity is a major risk factor for a number of serious health conditions, including:
 (1) …………………………… Obesity causes a buildup of “bad” low-density lipoprotein (LDL) choles-
terol and a decline in “good” high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Excess body fat can
also cause levels of triglycerides to rise. As abnormal blood fats rise, so does the risk of
fatty deposits in the arteries. This condition is known as atherosclerosis, and it increases
the risk of coronary artery disease and stroke.
 (2) …………………………… Obesity raises the risk of breast, uterine, cervical, ovarian and
gallbladder neoplasms in women; and colon, rectum and prostate cancer in men.
123
 (3) …………………………… Excess fat makes the body resistant to insulin, the hormone that helps
it maintain proper blood sugar levels.
 (4) …………………………… Obesity causes fats to accumulate in the organ, leading to inflammation
and scarring that can result in cirrhosis, the same condition that arises from excessive al-
cohol consumption.
 (5) …………………………… Obesity increases levels of cholesterol, which can be deposited in the
gallbladder, raising the risk of gallstones.
 (6) …………………………… Fatty tissue relies on oxygen and nutrients in the blood to survive.
Blood flow through the body must increase to meet this demand, which raises blood pres-
sure.
 (7) …………………………… This condition involves a degeneration of cartilage and bone in joints.
Increased weight associated with obesity puts added pressure on the joints of the knees,
hips and lower back and wears away the cartilage that protects them.
 Stroke.
 (8) …………………………… and other breathing problems.
Other health conditions linked to obesity include:
 (9) …………………………… (e.g., high birth weight)
 Asthma
 Excess body and facial hair
 Increased surgical risk
 Menstrual irregularities (e.g., missed periods)
 (10) …………………………… (e.g., depression)
 (11) …………………………… (leakage of urine)
 Digestive disorders (e.g., gastroesophageal reflux disease)
 Increased mortality
EXERCISE 6. GAP FILL. NEWS: HIGH-SUGAR DIET LINKED TO CHOLESTEROL. Fill in

the gaps with suitable words:
April 20, 2010 -- The average American eats the equivalent of about 21 teaspoons of added
sugar a day -- about 2 1/2 to 3 times (1) ……………… than new heart disease prevention guidelines
say they should. Excess sugar is known to contribute to obesity, diabetes, and (2) ………………
conditions linked to heart disease, and now new research links it to unhealthy cholesterol and
triglyceride levels. People in the study who (3)……………… the most added sugar had the lowest
HDL, or good cholesterol, and the highest blood triglyceride levels. People who ate the least
sugar had the (4) ……………… HDL and the lowest triglyceride levels. Added sugar is defined as (5)
……………… caloric sweetener used in processed or prepared foods; it just increases calories and
has (6) ……………… nutritional value. Last summer, the American Heart Association recommended
limiting added sugar in the diet to no (7) ……………… than 100 calories a day for most women and
124
150 calories for men. That’s (8) ……………… 6 teaspoons of sugar a day for women and 9 teaspoons
for men. (9) ……………… the newly published study, daily consumption of added sugars was about
360 calories a day, or 16% (10) ……………… total daily calories. University of Vermont nutrition
professor Rachel K. Johnson, PhD, the (11) ……………… of the AHA sugar guidelines, says only a
small minority of Americans meet the goal of eating no more (12) ……………… 100 to 150 calories a
day of added sugar. Reading food labels (13) ……………… help, but because labels don’t distinguish
between added sugars and those that occur naturally (14) ……………… foods like fruits, vegetables,
and dairy products, they can be misleading, she (15) ………………. “When a label (16) ……………… the
word ‘syrup’ or words that end in ‘ose’ (17) ……………… sucrose, fructose, and dextrose, these are
added sugars,” she says. Another ingredient (18) ……………… represents added sugar is
“evaporated cane juice.” “A diet based (19) ……………… fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat
dairy, (20) ……………… lean meats will be low in added sugars.”
EXERCISE 7. GAP FILL (H). JAMIE OLIVER, A FAMOUS BRITISH CHEF AND TV
PERSONALITY IS BLOGGING. Fill in the gaps with suitable words:
By now I hope you’ve seen the (1) ……………… few episodes of my new show (2) ……………… ABC,
Jamie Oliver’s Food Revolution. (3) ……………… you’ve seen it, I hope you (4) ……………… realized that
this revolution isn’t (5) ……………… me. It’s about you – parents (6) ……………… care about their
children and giving them the (7) ……………… opportunities in life. (7) ……………… a parent and a chef,
I want to tell you it starts (8) ……………… fresh food. Every school lunch (9) ……………… include four
basic components – milk, protein, grains and a vegetable (10) ……………… earn reimbursement (11)
……………… the federal government. But it’s (12) ……………… massively distorted system. We must
get (13) ……………… of the junk. Pizza can be (14) ……………… from processed ingredients (15)
……………… served for breakfast. French fries count (16) ……………… a vegetable. And portable food
(17) ……………… served every day without (18) ……………… need for cutlery or dishes – or any table
manners whatsoever. Burgers are made from (19) ……………… lowest quality beef. The list goes
(19) ………………. There are (20) ……………… regulations that control the (21) ……………… of sugar in the
meal, so there’s sugar in the milk, cereal, bread, everywhere. (22) ………………? Because it’s cheap
and the fast food industry has (23) ……………… us addicted (24) ……………… it.
125
EXERCISE 8. ROLE – PLAY
PART I. A. You are a dietician. You’re patient is a middle-aged woman who has been brought to
you by family members as she is heavily obese and the family is worried about her health. Take
history, ask about eating habits and make a diet plan. Suggest as many changes as you can think
of.
B. You’re a woman of about forty. You weigh too much as you binge secretly at night (you feel
very lonely as your husband works and is away all the time). You don’t believe you can lose weight,
you’ve tried so hard many times and failed. Your GP is worried about your health – you have joints
problem, your BP and blood sugar are too high.
PART II. A. You’re a dietician and you have an anorexic patient, a teenage girl, brought along by
her parents. The girl is very skinny and exercises 5 hours a day but is in denial about her eating
problem. Parents are worried about her health. Take history, ask about eating habits and make a
diet plan. Suggest as many changes as you can think of.
B. You’re a teenage girl who is very careful about the way you look! You’re slim but certainly not
anorexic, you follow a healthy diet – sure, you don’t eat too much, but that’s healthy. You also
exercise a lot, as you have the tendency to put on weight very easily. You are tired and drowsy
all the time, your periods stopped 5 months ago.
EXERCISE 9. VIDEO. JAMIE OLIVER, TRANSFORMING SCHOOL FOOD. TRUE OR

FALSE?
1. The food kids eat at school is literally worse than dog food.
2. Although the UK is a rich country, the food is less healthy than what’s eaten in poorer
countries.
3. School lunches in the UK are monotonous and consist of processed food.
4. 100% of the kids eating in school cafeteria have unbalanced meals.
5. Having healthy diet as a child is vital because it prevents obesity later, which is difficult and
expensive to treat.
6. You can’t teach an adult healthy eating habits because these are taught at an early age.
7. Dieticians working at the pediatric ward sometimes treat very young children, even babies.
8. Feeding your children diet of fizzy drinks and fast food is equivalent to child abuse, Jamie
says.
9. “The Edible Garden” is a project, which combines theory with practice.
10. Government should raise prices of unhealthy food.
11. The British government has refused to increase school funding.
126
OBESITY – DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
EXERCISE 1. WARM UP ACTIVITY:

 What’s the best method to lose weight?
 Have you ever tried to lose weight? How was? What method did you lose? How long did
the process last? Was it effective or not?
 What kinds of diets have you heard of? Have you tried any of them yourself? Is there
any kind of diet you would like to try in the future?
 Do you know any effective – and healthy! – ways to lose weight?
 What should be included in a diet of someone who wants to lose weight?
 Apart from proper nutrition, is there anything else that’s important in terms of losing
weight?
EXERCISE 2. READING COMPREHENSION. Please read the text carefully, then put the
missing sentences back into correct gaps:
A. This ratio is determined by measuring the circumference of the waist and dividing it by
the circumference of the hips.
B. In addition, their ability to help reduce body weight has not been proven.
C. When this occurs the size of the person’s fat cells shrinks, leading to modest but signifi-
cant weight loss.
D. However, people who exercise regularly are more likely to adhere to a change in diet,
both of which help to prevent further weight gain.
E. For most people, a balanced diet containing no more than 2,000 calories a day for women
and 2,500 for men is recommended.
F. Crash diets that suddenly and dramatically reduce calorie intake deprive the body of im-
portant nutrients that can cause health problems.
G. A BMI equal to or greater than 30 is considered obese, which is defined as having an ex-
cess amount of body fat.
H. Some people have trouble controlling food intake not because of hunger, but because of
emotional needs.
People who are obese usually can gain significant health benefits by losing weight. The key is to
change the person’s energy balance so that energy output exceeds the energy intake. (1) ……………
Body mass index (BMI) is the standard most often used to determine if a person is overweight
or obese. A diagnosis of obesity comes from calculating BMI. (2) …………… Another important tool
for estimating body fat is the waist-to-hip ratio. (3) …………… If the stomach measurement is 1.5
127
times larger than the hip measurement, indicating abdominal or visceral fat (android obesity),
the risk of various diseases (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease) is increased.
A physician determines whether or not someone is clinically obese. It is likely that in addition to
measuring a patient’s BMI and waist circumference, a patient’s medical history will be reviewed,
taking other risk factors such as diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption and high levels of stress
into consideration.
Most physicians agree that management and treatment of obesity requires permanent changes
to the diet. In order to lose weight, numerous options are available, including:
A WELL-BALANCED DIET. For weight loss to occur, people must take in less energy (the
calories taken in from the diet) than they use or burn (the calories used in daily activities and
exercise). To get rid of one pound of body fat requires using or burning an additional 3,500
calories. (4) …………… Crash diets are not recommended as they can end up leading to additional
health problems including nutrition deficiencies.
REGULAR EXERCISE. Exercise without an associated change in diet will likely reduce weight by
only a few pounds. (5) …………… Aerobic exercise, such as walking, swimming or stair climbing, can
help to keep weight off while at the same time providing many other benefits to an individual’s
overall health and well-being, for instance, reducing the chances of developing cardiovascular
disease, insulin resistance and high blood pressure.
COUNSELLING. (6) …………… People who use food to fill a feeling of emptiness, to comfort
themselves or to gain a sense of control may benefit from speaking to a qualified counselor
about the situation, or by joining a support group. Several studies have confirmed that obese
patients who receive counselling achieve better weight-loss outcomes, including better metabolic
control and reduced waist circumferences.
DIET PILLS. Some diet pills are available over the counter, and others require a physician’s
prescription. Over-the-counter medications may contain ingredients that increase the heart rate
and/or blood pressure or cause other side effects. (7) …………… Herbal supplements that claim to
promote weight loss also appear to be largely ineffective. Prescription diet pills may be
recommended for some patients, however, most people who use them regain the weight when
they stop taking the medication.
SURGICAL INTERVENTION. In certain cases, surgery may be used to treat people with
clinically severe obesity who have not lost weight by other medical therapies. One surgical
technique is gastric bypass surgery, in which part of the small intestine is bypassed as food
passes out of the stomach.
128
People who are trying to shed the excess weight associated with obesity are encouraged to avoid
crash diets and fasting. (8) …………… Meanwhile, fasting tends to cause weight loss that is mostly
water-based and also deprives the body of important nutrients. Modest weight loss of one-half
to 2 pounds a week (0.23 to 0.91 kilograms) is often easier to maintain over time than sudden and
massive weight loss.
EXERCISE 3. VOCABULARY – BARIATRIC SURGERY. Put the missing words back in correct
places:
LAPAROSCOPY MEDICATION PERMANENT JEJUNUM

MAINTAINING BARIATRIC INTAKE PROCEDURE CLOTS
HERNIAS LIQUIDS SEVERELY ANESTHESIA
NARROWING
Bariatric surgery is a procedure used to restrict food (1) …………… or interrupt the digestive
process in patients who are (2) …………… obese (typically more than 100 pounds overweight). It is
used only after other methods, such as dietary changes, exercise and (3) ……………, have failed to
bring an individual’s weight under control. There are two major types of bariatric surgery:
 Restrictive operations. Reduce food intake by (4) …………… the passage between the upper and
lower parts of the stomach. Adjustable gastric banding, in which the passage is narrowed
with a hollow band of silicone rubber, is an example of a restrictive operation.
 Restrictive/malabsorptive operations. Also called combined operations, these alter the small
intestine so that less of it is involved in the digestive process. A Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, in
which a small stomach pouch is created and attached to a Y-shaped section of the small in-
testine, is an example of a combined operation. This procedure allows food to bypass the
lower stomach, the duodenum and the first portion of the (5) …………….
These surgeries can help obese patients lose significant amounts of weight. However, they
present certain health risks such as nutritional deficiencies, infection, blood (6) …………… and
pneumonia.
GASTRIC BYPASS SURGERY is the most popular form of (7) …………… operation performed in
the US. During a gastric bypass (8) ……………, a patient’s digestive anatomy is surgically altered to
restrict the amount of food they are physically able to eat at one time. In addition, the digestive
tract is altered so that food bypasses part of the stomach and part of the small intestine,
resulting in fewer calories being absorbed by the body. Gastric bypass surgery is performed
using general (9) ……………, it can be performed as either traditional open surgery or as less
129
invasive (10) …………… (the latter technique requires smaller incisions and generally has a shorter
recovery time than the traditional technique). Following surgery, patients are placed on a special
diet that lasts for several months and progresses from (11) …………… to pureed foods and soft
foods. Eventually the patient will be allowed to eat solid foods. However, the changes to the
digestive system brought on by surgery result in (12) …………… restrictions on how much patients
are able to eat and what kinds of food they can eat. Patients may lose as much as 50 to 60
percent of their excess weight within the first two years of gastric bypass surgery. However,
some patients experience complications after surgery, such as (13) …………… or abdominal
infections, some of which may be life threatening. In addition, a healthy diet, regular exercise
and other physician-prescribed lifestyle changes are necessary to increase a patient’s chances
of (14) …………… a healthy weight after the surgery.
EXERCISE 4. HEALHTY RECIPES – BALSAMIC ROAST CHICKEN. Put the words back into
correct gaps:
GROUND OLIVE WHOLE BALSAMIC DRIED BROWN CLOVE
SPRIGS
Ingredients: 1 ………………… chicken, about 4 pounds; 1 tablespoon fresh rosemary or 1 teaspoon

………………… rosemary; 1 garlic …………………; 1 tablespoon ………………… oil; 1/8 teaspoon freshly
………………… black pepper; 8 ………………… fresh rosemary; 1/4 cup ………………… vinegar; 1/2 teaspoon
………………… sugar
ROAST SPRINKLE CARVE PREHEAT REMOVE MIX BASTE

LOOSEN HEAT COMBINE RINSE TRUSS GARNISH RUB
Directions: ………………… the oven to 350 F. ………………… the chicken inside and out with cold running
water. Pat it dry with paper towels. In a small bowl, ………………… together the rosemary and garlic.
………………… the chicken skin from the flesh, and ………………… the flesh with olive oil and then the
herb mixture. ………………… with black pepper. Put 2 rosemary sprigs into the cavity of the chicken.
………………… the chicken. Place the chicken into a roasting pan and ………………… for 20 to 25 minutes
per pound, about 1 hour and 20 minutes. Whole chicken should cook to an internal temperature of
180 F. ………………… frequently with pan juices. When browned and juices run clear, transfer the
chicken to a serving platter. In a small saucepan, ………………… the balsamic vinegar and brown
sugar. ………………… until warmed but don't boil. ………………… the chicken and ………………… the skin. Top
the pieces with the vinegar mixture. ………………… with the remaining rosemary sprigs and serve
immediately.
EXERCISE 5. BARIATRIC SURGERY GONE WRONG – WORDBUIDLING. Change the word

130
in brackets so that it fits the sentence:
Angela Sparks had always been (1) (WEIGHT) ……………………………, and now with a BMI of 47 she
was (2) (OFFICIAL) …………………………… labeled as ‘ (3) (MORBID) …………………………… obese’. The day
of her stomach surgery was to mark the (4) (BEGIN) …………………………… of a new life for her.
After seeing an (5) (ADVERTISE) …………………………… in a woman’s magazine Angela decided to (6)
(GO) …………………………… gastric band surgery – and (7) (INFLATE) …………………………… band was
fitted around her stomach to reduce the amount of food she could eat.
To the casual observer, the operation was completely (8) (SUCCESS) …………………………… - within 12
months she had lost 11st. Yet two years later Angela (9) (BITTER) …………………………… regrets
having the operation. The gastric band is embedded in her stomach wall, causing (10) (AGONY)
…………………………… pains; she is often violently ill after eating, she has cramps, and, (11) (IRONY)
……………………………, she is putting on weight again.
Gastric - or bariatric - surgery is a (12) (SPECIAL) …………………………… skill and there are risks
even in the safest pair of hands. It is not a quick-fix (13) (solve) …………………………… - American
research has shown that one in 50 people die within a month of the operation.
Last week Hull Coroner's court heard the case of Annette High, a 42-year-old mother-of-six
who died four days after a gastric bypass. A post mortem revealed a previously (14) (DETECT)
…………………………… heart defect and the (15) (PATHOLOGY) …………………………… said the operation
could have contributed to her death.
Dr Beckie Lang at the Association for the Study of (16) (OBESE) …………………………… provides us
with a simple (17) (EXPLAIN) ……………………………: "Bariatric operations are (18) (POTENTIAL)
…………………………… risky and there are only a (19) (HAND) …………………………… of surgeons, scattered
(20) (THROUGH) …………………………… the country, who (21) (SPECIAL) …………………………… in this
complex surgery. Because of the postcode lottery for NHS-funded operations, many people (22)
(COURAGE) …………………………… with waiting and NHS policy will opt instead for a private cosmetic
surgery clinic. However, we are concerned that some surgeons in these clinics will not be
experienced enough and that in some clinics the pre- and post-(23) (OPERATE) ……………………………
care may not up to the standard you would receive in the NHS." With potentially (24)
(DEVASTATE) …………………………… consequences…
EXERCISE 6. ROLEPLAY. PAIRWORK ACTIVITY:

A. You’re a dietician. Your patient is a middle-aged man who is 30kg overweight and has health
problems. Ask about his lifestyle & diet and suggest suitable changes and the best method to
lose weight. Be prepared for the worst – the patient is really uncooperative.
B. You’re a 40 year-old obese male. You’ve been referred to the dietician by your GP as you have
serious heart problems and were told to lose some weight as soon as possible. However, you love
131
food and you hate to be hungry. You prefer to die happy than live on steamed vegetables for the
rest of your life. You dislike sport.
EXERCISE 7. VIDEO
(A) WEIGHT_LOSS_SURGERY_OPTIONS_-_MAYO_CLINIC. TRUE OR FALSE?
1. Gastric band increases the size of the stomach.
2. The disadvantage of the band is that is allows one to consume food high in calories
that is able to pass through the band.
3. The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass has a double function: it reduces the size of the stom-
ach as well as the intestine, so less is absorbed.
4. Sleeve gastrectomy is the latest option in bariatric surgery and reduces the stomach
to the size of a child’s finger.
5. After the operation, the patients don’t need to stick to a healthy diet and exercise
to lose weight permanently.
(B) LILLIAN’S BARIATRIC SURGERY. TRUE OR FALSE?
1. In Canada, there’s a long waiting list for bariatric surgery.
2. Lots of Americans go to Mexico to have the surgery done.
3. Lillian is going to have half of her stomach removed.
4. She hopes to slim down to size 36.
5. She believes she’s going to die in a couple of years unless she gets the surgery.
6. She can’t afford to pay for the surgery in Canada, but she can pay for the procedure to
be done in Mexico, which is half the cost.
7. She was so desperate she wrote her own obituary.
8. Lillian has experience bullying and abuse because of her weight.
9. Experts say that obese people are responsible for their health problems and they need
to put more effort.
10. One charity organized decided to help her and doctors agreed to perform the operation
without any cost.
11. She is expected to lose 10 pounds immediately after the surgery and the same number
every month.
12. Around 10 Canadians come every month to Tijuana for the operation.
132
COMMUNICATION WITH THE PATIENT
EXERCISE 1. WOULD YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS?

Look at the particular questions below. Decide who has the right to ask you these questions – it
could be a particular person, for example, a doctor, a priest, a police officer, a partner/lover, a
parent, a boss etc. Maybe nobody?
ASK THESE QUESTIONS TO ONE ANOTHER. You may skip some. Feel free to add any
more controversial questions:
How old are you? Have you ever taken drugs?

How much do you weigh? Do you suffer from any STD diseases?
How tall are you? Who did you vote for at the last elections?
How much do you earn? Have you got a criminal record?
Have you got a boy/girlfriend? Are you gay?
Are you a virgin? Are you married?
What religion are you? Were your parents married?
How do you feel about abortion? Are you pro-life or pro-choice?
Are you planning to start a family? When? You’re not that young anymore.
What do you think?
WHAT KINDS OF QUESTIONS COULD A DIETICIAN ASK?
EXERCISE 2. FAMILY AND SOCIAL HISTORY. Match the question with the answer.
1. Do you mind telling me how old you are? A. Yes, I go swimming twice a week.
2. Are you married? How long have you B. My father is dead and my mother
been married? suffers from diabetes II.
3. Do you use any form of contraception? C. I’m a librarian at the university.
4. How about your fitness level. do you take D. Only red wine occasionally.
any exercise?
5. Have you had a chest x-ray recently? E. For ten years now.
6. Are your parents healthy? F. I don’t quite remember but I think I
was 15 then.
7. What did your father die of? G. Yes, about a year ago. My lungs are
clear.
8. What do you do for a living? H. I worry a little about money
problems.
133
9. Do you smoke? I. I had chickenpox and German
measles when I was a kid.
10. Do you drink alcohol? J. No, not at all. I’m 38.
11. When did you start to menstruate? K. He had a heart attack at 45.
12. Did you have any childhood illnesses? L. No, I don’t.
13. Is there anything which causes you M. I have an IUD.
stress at the moment?
EXERCISE 3. SPEAKING PRACTICE. Please interview your partner and try to find out as
much information as possible!
Ask about the following:
 First name and family name

 Current address and phone number
 Date of birth (DOB)
 Occupation
 Height
 Weight (current weight)
 Target weight
 Current clothing size
 Target clothing size
- Why does the patient want to change his/her current body weight?
- Sport and level of fitness
DIET AND HABITS

- Coffee – do you drink? If yes, how much a day, with milk/sugar? What about tea?
- Do you smoke? (number of cigarettes a day)
- Consumption of sweets and sugary foods?
- Consumption of water – how much a day?
CURRENT DIET:
- How many meals a day do you consume?
- Do you snack between the meals? If yes, what do you snack on?
- Do you eat at least 5 portions of fresh fruit and veg a day?
- Do you eat fish 2-3 times a week?
- Do you eat fast food meals, pizza, convenience food (eg frozen ready-made dishes)?
134
How often?
What do you eat:
- For breakfast? And when?
- For lunch? And when?
- For dinner? And when?
- For supper? And when?
MOOD AND OTHER HEALTH CONCERNS:

- Lack of energy - constipation - allergy - migraine
- Swollen legs - winds and flatulence - digestive problems
- Removed gall bladder - heartburn - stomachache - hair loss
- Cold hands and feet - brittle nails - increased cholesterol levels
Irregular periods - depression and mood swings - OTHER?
EXERCISE 4. PUT THE QUESTIONS IN APPROPRIATE TENSE FORM:

1. (you know) …………………… (what your BMI be) …………………………?
2. What (you eat usually/always) …………………………… for breakfast/lunch/dinner?
3. (you eat sweets often) ………………………………? (what kind…?)
4. (your parent be) ……………………………………………… overweight?
5. (anybody in the family have) ………………………………… diabetes or cardiovascular disease?
6. (you drink/smoke) ………………………………………………?
7. (you ever drink/smoke) ……………………………………?
8. (you ever be) ………………………………………… on a diet?
9. (when you be) ……………………………………… on that diet?
10. (how many kilos you lose) ……………………………………… then?
11. (what you eat on that diet) ………………………………………………?
12. (the kilograms come back) …………………………………………?
13. (how quickly they come back) …………………………………………………?
14. (you ever throw) ……………………………………… after eating?
15. Why (you want) ………………………………………… to lose weight?
16. What (your ideal weight be) …………………………………………?
EXERCISE 5. How to talk to a nutrition expert? Read the text and put the missing
headings back in correct places:
A. Can you help me find alternatives to junk foods?

B. What is the one best piece of nutritional advice you can give?
C. Can you help me prep a meal plan that is ideal for my body and goals?
135
D. What is a healthy weight range for me?
E. What are good sources of protein?
F. What am I missing from my diet, and where can I get it from?
G. Are there any foods you recommend that I stop eating completely?
H. How much should I be eating?
I. Do I have allergies or sensitivities?
J. Are my genetics important in factoring in my weight/diet goals?
You’ve taken that intimidating first step: you’ve decided to see a dietitian. Now, the next step is
to figure out how you can make the most out of your visit. Getting the results you want is all
about asking the right questions when you arrive for that first appointment.
Your first appointment – the initial consultation – is where your dietitian will collect the
background information they need to assess and diagnose your dietary needs. Without this step,
they would not be able to accurately implement a plan to help you meet your health goals. After
the initial appointment, your dietitian will likely want to book a number of shorter follow-ups over
the following months.
Questions to ask your dietitian:
1. ………
There is often a significant difference between what you want to weigh and what
you should weigh. It depends on height, body type, and pre-existing conditions like eating
disorders, diabetes or pregnancy. You could be shooting for a number that’s too small, which
could result in malnutrition. Or, your desired weight could still put you in the overweight range.
You should also ask how quickly you should be losing or gaining weight, because extreme
fluctuations come with potentially severe health risks. A healthy goal is usually between one and
two pounds per week.
2. ………
When it comes to common foods, there are quite a few factors that affect how much you should
have. Portion sizes and calorie counts are not universal – differences in age, gender and activity
level all have an impact on how much an individual should eat.
3. ………
Specific diets and health conditions require substitutions for common foods like meat, dairy,
pasta and other high gluten foods. Many times, common symptoms like dizziness or an upset
stomach actually point to bigger problems that can be aided by changing your diet, like low iron
or high cholesterol. Alternatives can be tricky to find, but your local dietitian will be able to
point you in the right direction and assist in creating a meal plan that works for you. They may
even have recommendations based on quality and price!
4. ………
136
Put simply, there is no universal cure-all way to improve your nutrition. That said, it’s still
important to ask, because your dietitian may have recommendations for you based on your
medical and dietary history or based on their knowledge of your eating habits. They may also
recommend immune-boosting foods – such as yogurt, citrus fruits, and almonds – or foods that
provide other essential vitamins and health benefits.
5. ………
Chances are, you may already know about most of your food allergies and sensitivities. However,
that’s not always the case. Food allergies can develop later in life. There is also a chance that
you are experiencing symptoms you didn’t know were the result of a food sensitivity. For
example, many cases of Celiac Disease and lactose intolerance go undiagnosed, because many
people attribute the symptoms to other things. At your initial consultation, it’s important to
discuss this with your dietitian so they can provide you with the most accurate care.
6. ………
Many dietitians include meal planning in their services. Not only would a well-developed meal plan
keep you motivated to put your dietitian’s advice into practice, but this is also a great exercise
to help your dietitian get more familiar with your lifestyle and eating habits. Remember to
always check with your doctor and pharmacist about how a specific medication interacts with
food, and ensure you relay that information to your dietitian at this stage. They can help you
develop a safe and realistic meal plan that fits your schedule and lifestyle, and most importantly,
they can give you the tools to stick with it.
7. ………
Meat, fish and eggs are excellent sources of protein, but depending on your dietary restrictions,
it can be difficult to find substitutes. Before you begin dieting, it’s important to discuss suitable
alternatives with your dietitian to ensure your body is getting the protein it needs. Lentils,
beans, nuts and soy-based meat substitutes like tofu are all suitable alternatives. Your dietitian
may even be able to recommend a tried and true recipe or tell you where to go for the highest
quality ingredients.
8. ………
Many problems such as diabetes, celiac disease, heart disease and even hyperemesis (extreme
morning sickness during pregnancy) are hereditary conditions. This means it’s crucial to discuss
family history with your dietitian. This gives them a chance to introduce preventative foods,
such as foods that are low in cholesterol or trans fats. These predispositions could also be
influencing your symptoms, so discussing your family medical history could provide some much-
needed clarity.
9. ………
Whether you are looking to drop a few pounds or simply eat cleaner, it’s almost never a bad idea
to keep an eye on your junk food intake. In some cases, your dietitian may recommend that you
stop eating junk food altogether. This usually happens out of necessity due to a medical
137
condition, such as diabetes. Not to worry; your dietitian will likely be able to recommend an
alternative to keep the cravings at bay.
10. ………
The answer to this question will most likely be “no.” Dietitians rarely recommend that you stop
eating certain foods. Instead, most recommend eating in moderation. Notable exceptions to
consider, however, are dietary restrictions resulting from medical conditions like Celiac Disease
or an allergy.
138
HEALTHY DIET & BMI – SUMMARY
 Have you heard of any famous diets? What kind of diet is the most popular now?
 Most celebrities are really slim. Do you know anybody in the show business who’s plump?
 How do famous people manage to stay slim?
 If you ever had the possibility of having a plastic surgery, would you go for it? Why/why
not? What would you like to change?
EXERCISE 2. CELEBRITY DIETS – GAP FILL & WORDBUILDING. Fill in the gaps with one
words and change the words in brackets so they fit the gaps:
You need to look hot in Hollywood. No doubt the celebrities are constantly dieting. Here they
are, sharing some of their secrets with us...
KIM KARDASHIAN, was determined to go down a size before her wedding:

Breakfast
Smoothie made with peanut butter, bananas and protein veggie powder
Lunch
Cobb salad with ranch dressing, iced tea with 5 Equals
Snack
Sugar cookies, sliced apple with 1 tablespoon chunky peanut butter
Dinner
Piece of pizza bread (“a tiny slice”), 6 ounces grilled salmon served with pesto sauce, a cup of
brown rice, 2 cups broccoli
Doc’s verdict: This plan is rather (1) (CALORIE) …...................... rich and I wouldn’t recommend
this for weight (2) (LOSE) ....................... Here are a couple of ways Kim could trim the calories.
Many people add milk or yogurt to (3) (SMOOTH) ...................... and this is often (4)
(NECESSARY) ....................... Try using just water. With a banana as your base you’ll get a creamy
(5) (CONSISTENT) ...................... and won’t miss a thing. She could also drop the peanut butter.
Replacing the Cobb Salad with a leafy green salad with vinegar (6) (DRESS) ...................... and a
lean protein side would cut the calorie content by over half. Cutting back on the (7) (FINE)
...................... carbs such as the pizza bread and cookies would help a lot too.
JESSICA ALBA, now a mum of two with a body to die (8) ….............
Her diet secret is “portion control” says her trainer in the latest issue of In Touch weekly, and
“she knows how to keep her eating habits (9) …............. control.” “She likes to eat (10) …............. ,
but will only eat half of the food on the plate.”
139
(10) …............. addition to a balanced diet, Jessica also watches her carbs, leaving bread and
desserts (11) …............. the menu. But she doesn’t deprive herself when she gets a particular
craving “You need to indulge and have that chocolate cake (12) …............. you feel the need.”
Her diet plan is a South Beach style diet, (13) …............. lean meats, whole grains, low-fat
cheeses, fruits and veggies.
Breakfast
1 cup oatmeal with berries with 3-4 scrambled egg whites when working (14) …............. the
film set.
Lunch
Salad with 170 gms (6 ounces) of chicken breast (15) …............. fish (salmon, tuna)
Dinner
Sashimi or 170 gms (6 ounces) of petit filet of beef or other lean protein with (16) (LIMIT)
…....................... veggies and 3 small red potatoes
Snacks
(17) (HAND) …....................... of almonds or hot air popped popcorn
KIM BASINGER has been dieting hard recently for her (18) (COME) …....................... movie. She
also (19) (LIST) .......................the services of a celebrity trainer to get in top form. Her training
plan included 6 hour long workouts per week.
Kim likes her food (20) (PROCESS) ....................... and in “its most (21) (NATURE) .......................
state.” During her (22) (DIET) ....................... days Kim consumed between 1,500 and 2,000
calories per day.
Breakfast – 2 boiled eggs with a piece of whole wheat toast and small bowl of sliced
strawberries
Snack – Small handful of almonds
Lunch – Kale sautéed with olive oil and garlic with tofu or fish
Snack – Slice of whole wheat toast with 1 teaspoon of almond butter
Dinner – Sashimi with steamed veggies
Beverages – Water, green tea and the occasional glass of wine.
BEYONCE and the Master Cleanser
Published by naturopath Stanley Burroughs in 1976, the Master Cleanser is a (23) (CLEANSE)
....................... and weight loss diet that has regained (24) (POPULAR) ....................... in the last
couple of years. It claims to “(25) (SOLVE) ....................... and eliminate toxins”, melt fat “at the
rate of 2 pounds a day for most persons- without (26) (HARM) ....................... side effects”,
eliminate “colds, flu, asthma, hay fever, sinus and bronchial troubles”, dissolve calcium deposits,
and cleanse skin (27) (ORDER) ....................... including “boils, abscesses, carbuncles and pimples”.
140
The Plan
Basically, it is fasting diet consisting of a mix of lemon or lime juice, maple syrup, cayenne
pepper, and spring or (28) (PURE) ....................... water. Recommended for at least 10 days up to
40 days and beyond according to the author. No surprise here, users of this diet will lose weight
because of severe calorie (29) (RESTRICT) ........................ Be aware though that part of this
weight loss is also water loss and (30) (HYDRATE) ....................... due to the laxative effects of
the diet. Severe calorie restriction will cause your metabolism to shut down as your body goes
into (31) (STARVE) ....................... and survival mode. Once the diet is over, you will quickly (32)
(GAIN) ....................... the weight and possibly more as your resting metabolism is slower due to
the loss of metabolically active muscle lost during the fast.
EXERCISE 3.. RECIPES FOR A HEALTHY DIGESTION. Put the missing words back into
correct gaps:
TENDER HEAT CONTINUE FROZEN SERVE
SPRING STIR ABSORBED COVER BABY
RISOTTO WITH PEAS AND ASPARAGUS TIPS

You will need to allow time for this and use arborio rice to ensure a good risotto, but both peas
and asparagus are valuable prebiotics. The spinach is an excellent source of iron for the blood,
and the calcium from the mascarpone blocks fat production as well as being essential for bone
health.
Serves 4
Per serving
411 calories 18g fat
4g saturated fat 7g fibre
Ingredients
4 plump (1) …………………… onions (chopped into large sections)
3tbsp olive oil
225g Arborio rice
150g (2) …………………… peas
12 asparagus tips (helps with menstrual cramps)
900ml vegetable or chicken stock
110g (3) …………………… spinach/rocket
3tbsp mascarpone cheese (source of calcium)
Method
141
1. (4) …………………… the oil in a large saucepan and gently sauté the onions for 2 mins
2. Add the rice and (5) …………………… for 1 min. Mix in the peas and asparagus tips and add enough
stock just to (6) ……………………. Stir until the stock is almost completely (7) …………………….
3. (8) …………………… gradually adding the stock and stirring until the rice is (9)…………………….
4. Add the spinach or rocket and stir for 1 min. Stir in the mascarpone cheese and (10)
…………………….
EXERCISE 4. CELEB DIETS – watch the video & fill in the gaps:
Christina Aguilera apparently lost weight using the (1) ……………………… color diet also called the
rainbow diet; you eat different colour fruit and veggies each day; this diet lack variety and
doesn’t provide enough (2) ………………………. The Cavemen Diet – also known as the (3) ………………………
diet, you eat simple food that our ancestors would consume, like meat, eggs, (4) ………………………,
fruit and vegetables; no sugar, (5) ………………………, dairy or processed foods. Dwayne the Rock
used the Hercules diet when preparing for a movie role – (6) ……………………… calories a day
combined with workout regime; he ate (7) ……………………… meals a day. Baby Food Diet (Reece
Witherspoon) between (8) ……………………… jars of mushy baby food a day (each has between (9)
……………………… calories), good for (10) ……………………… weight loss but rather unhealthy in the long
run. The Cookie Diet consists of eating (11) ……………………… specially formulated cookies (not just
any cookies!) with (12) ……………………… glasses of water and a small meal in the evening. The Five
Palm Diet – you only eat 5 (13) ……………………… portions of high protein food, plus drinking lots of
water and snacking on (14) ………………………. Apple Cider Diet – two shots of apple cider (15)
……………………… in the morning is supposed to stimulate your (16) ………………………; some also believe
it helps get rid of (17) ……………………… retention and burn fat. Lemon Juice Diet also called
Master (18) ……………………… (followed by Beyonce); on this diet you drink only water with lemon
juice, cayenne pepper and (19) ………………………. Cotton Ball Diet – dipping a cotton balls in (20)
……………………… or smoothie and eating them – is very dangerous because it may cause (21)
……………………… in the digestive system and organ failure.
142
LISTENING EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1. LISTENING PRACTICE

You are going to hear a radio interview with two work colleagues, Sandra Wilson and Mike Tripp,
who also used to attend the same school. First, read the reported statements 1-7 below. Then
listen to the recording and decide whether the statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. Sandra explained that she had disliked Mike because of his attitude to school.
2. Sandra accused Mike of deliberately forgetting certain things he had done at school.
3. Mike explained that he had known at the time how irritating he was.
4. Mike wished he had worked harder at school.
5. Mike said that he had left the science exam because he couldn't answer the questions.
6. Mike felt that his father had expected him to do well when he left school.
7. Mike admitted that the school careers teachers had been quite helpful.
EXERCISE 2. LISTENING PRACTICE. HARDACRE COLLEGE

You will hear a part of a local radio programme in which a man is talking about a new college
which has recently opened. For questions 9-18, complete the notes:
College buildings surround a (9) ………………………………………………………. Students are expected to travel
by (10) …………………………………………………. Buildings are separated by (11) ………………………………………………
and flowerbeds. (12) ………………………………………………… and students can use college nursery. Disabled
students can use (13) ……………………………………………………… to reach top floors. Banks and post office:
open; (14) ……………………………………………………… will open later. Students interested in drama and music
can use (15) ……………………………………………………. Laboratories and lecture rooms have (16)
……………………………………………………… and interactive video. Total number of students will be (17)
………………………………………………… Another chance to visit college on (18) ……………………………………………………
next Saturday.
EXERCISE 3.
You will hear a lecturer talking to students at the beginning of their course. For questions 1-10,
fill in the missing information. You will hear the recording twice.
Course name: (1) ……………………………

People not present will receive a (2) ……………………………
This will be forwarded by (3) ……………………………
The two topics for discussion today are the (4) …………………………… and how to study for the course.
How many TMAs are there? (5) ……………………………
TMAs must not be (6) ……………………………
143
You can treat specified word length as (7) ……………………………
If possible, TMAs should be (8) ……………………………
Tutors will make comments on the TMA and in a (9) ……………………………
At the end of the TMA students should include (10) ……………………………
EXERCISE 4.
You will hear five teachers talking about their work. For questions 19 - 23, choose from the list
A - F which statement applies to which teacher. Use the letters only once. There is one extra
letter which you do not need to use.
A. This teacher does experiments in class. 19. Speaker 1
B. This teacher used to work in a bank. 20. Speaker 2
C. This teacher has a lot of gifted students. 21. Speaker 3
D. This teacher advises colleagues on new methods. 22. Speaker 4
E. This teacher has been on several courses. 23. Speaker 5
F. This teacher takes the students on educational trips.
EXERCISE 5. WORK
You will hear people talking in eight different situations. For questions 1-8, choose the best
answer, a, b or c. You will hear each short passage twice.
1. You hear two people talking at a party. What is the man's job?
A) a florist B) a market gardener C) a landscape gardener
2. Listen to two women talking on the phone. One is a designer and has just started working from
home. What does the designer think is the drawback of working from home?
A) She feels lonely. B) She works longer hours. C) She feels unhealthy.
3. Listen to two interviewers discussing a candidate for a job. What did they like most about
her?
A) her character B) her skills and qualifications C) her previous experience
4. Listen to a woman talking about leaving her job. Why did she give it up?
A) She felt she was not. appreciated. B) She didn't enjoy her duties.
C) She became depressed.
5. Listen to a department manager in a big company talking to the Personnel Manager about a
problem with one of her staff. What is the problem?
A) He is often late. B) His work is careless. C) He seems to resent her.
6. Listen to a man and a woman talking about the man's new job. What does he like best about it?
A) the travel B) the increased responsibility C) the working hours
7. Listen to a woman talking about her job. What is she?
A) a construction worker B) a designer C) a civil engineer
144
8. Listen to a businessman talking on the radio about low he started his company. What gave him
the opportunity to start his own business?
A) He inherited money. B) He invented a successful new range of products.
C) He was very self-confident.
EXERCISE 6. WORK
You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking about things that have recently
happened to them at work.
TASK ONE TASK TWO
For questions 21-25, choose from the list A-H what each speaker is talking about.
For questions 26-30, choose from the list A-H the feeling each speaker is expressing.
A) receiving an unwelcome visitor SPEAKER 1 A) amusement

B) being unfairly blamed for something SPEAKER 2 B) anger
C) making a terrible mistake SPEAKER 3 C) guilt
D) receiving an unexpected offer SPEAKER 4 D) confusion
E) doing something uncharacteristic SPEAKER 5 E) resignation
F) resolving a misunderstanding F) shock
G) avoiding an argument G) suspicion
H) changing an opinion of someone H) sadness
EXERCISE 7. PART I. INSTRUCTIONS FROM A PARAMEDIC

Listen to the student nurse receiving instructions from a paramedic. Underline the correct
option in italics.
EXAMPLE: The patient has had a stroke / a cardiac arrest.
1. The nurse gives two / three breaths into the patient's mouth.
2. The paramedic counts up to three / four after each push down on the chest.
3. The nurse pushes down on the chest fifteen / sixteen times.
4. They set the charge on the defibrillator at 100 / 200.
5. The nurse applies the pads on each side of / above and below the heart.
6. The patient starts to respond after the first / second charge from the defibrillator.
7. The patient is given Lidocaine / Atropine.
8. The dosage is 200 ml over one minute / 100 ml over two minutes.
Complete each sentence with one word:

1. …………………………………………… him CPR.
2. …………………………………………… him mouth-to-mouth first.
3. …………………………………………… his head.
145
4. Right, …………………………………………… his nose closed, then...
5. …………………………………………… your hand on his chest.
6. …………………………………………… clear of his body.
7. ... then …………………………………… the buttons and hold for two seconds.
8. …………………………………… his pulse again.
9. OK. …………………………………… the procedure.
10. Well done. Now ……………………………………… an IV and give ...
EXERCISE 8. PART II. You will hear a conversation between two drivers, Mr Harrison and Mrs
Eccles, who have been involved in an accident, and a witness. Answer questions 24 - 30, by
writing H (for Mr Harrison), E (for Mrs Eccles) or W (for the witness):
24. Who was in a hurry?
25. Who feels outnumbered?
26. Who feels insulted?
27. Who doesn't know what to do next?
28. Who offers to write a letter?
29. Who will be consulting somebody in authority?
30. Who wants to sort things out on the spot?
EXERCISE 9. LISTENING COMPREHENSION

You will hear a radio talk about first aid. For questions 24-30, choose the best answer (A,
B or C).
24. What is the purpose of first aid?
A) to treat the patient yourself B) to avoid calling a doctor
C) to make sure the victim doesn't get worse until help arrives
25. What procedure is recommended to stop bleeding?
A) washing the wound thoroughly B) changing the bandage often if bleeding continues
C) raising the bleeding part above the heart level and bandaging it
26. Second-degree burns are characterised by
A) the red colour of the skin B) severe damaging of the skin.
C) blistering of the skin.
27. In which case should you not use cold water?
A) first and second-degree burns B) third-degree burns
C) second and third-degree burns
28. What result will bursting a blister have?
A) It will stop further contamination. B) It may lead to further contamination.
C) It will relieve the pain.
29. How could you relieve the pain caused by sunburn?
146
A) by applying yoghurt B) by applying cold water C) by applying any type of oil
30. Next week Dr Moore will talk about
A) chemical burns. B) serious sunburn. C) first-degree burns.
EXERCISE 10. PART 1.AN ADMISSION.

Mrs Benson is admitted to hospital. Listen to the five short conversations, and decide who is
speaking to her in each one. Write 1-5.
a) a receptionist ...... d) a sister ...... e) a radiologist ......
b) a consultant ...... c) a paramedic ......
Listen again and decide if these sentences are true (T) or false (F).
1. Mrs Benson has had a fall.
2. This is not Mrs Benson's first x-ray.
3. Mrs Benson can't find the toilet.
4. She has a heart problem.
5. The consultant sends her home.
6. Mrs Benson's appointment is next week.
EXERCISE 11.
The hospital consultant is talking with Mr Green. Complete the gaps:
1. The patient experiences pain in the ……………………
2. Moreover, the patient complains of …………………… in his/her fingers.
3. The patient has been suffering for ……………………
4. The first pain attack started when the patient was in the ……………………
5. The pain lasts about ……………………
6. The pain recurs when the patient ……………………
7. BP is ……………………, which is a normal result.
8. The doctor suspects ……………………

NURSING HOME. You will hear a student called Bill talking about his holiday job in a nursing home.
For questions 9-18, complete the notes which summarise what he says. You will need to write
a word or a short phrase in the box.
Reason for doing job: 9. …………………………………………
Building used to be a 10. …………………………………………
Good position because it's near 11. …………………………………………
Main alteration: owner has added 12. …………………………………………
Bill's favourite task: 13. …………………………………………
Owner is very careful about 14. …………………………………………
147
Attitude of male residents to staff: 15. …………………………………………
Problem with woman who thought he was 16. …………………………………………
Other staff treated Bill as 17. …………………………………………
Bill is going back in order to 18. …………………………………………
EXERCISE 13. LISTENING COMPREHENSION

SUPERMODEL & PSYCHIATRIST. Listen to this radio interview between a psychiatrist and a
supermodel and choose the best answer - a, b or c - for each question.
1. The psychiatrist says that many people who come on the programme
a) believe they have had wonderful childhoods.
b) found it easier to make money because of their looks.
c) wish they had been born beautiful.
2. What does the psychiatrist find hard to believe?
a) Agnetta's mother was beautiful. b) Agnetta was not a beautiful child.
c) Agnetta was glad her mother was beautiful.
3. Why did Agnetta think it was fortunate that she was an ugly child?
a) She had to try harder to be loved.
b) It made her relationship with her father stronger.
c) It helped her cope with being beautiful later on.
4. Why does Agnetta believe her mother's departure was a good thing?
a) Her father was much happier. b) She didn't feel so ugly any more.
c) It made her keener to succeed.
5. What does the psychiatrist think about Agnetta now?
a) Her experience has made her strong. b) She still feels ugly and unloved.
c) She has not been greatly affected by her loss.
EXERCISE 14. LISTENING PRACTICE - HANDS AND PERSONALITY

You will hear part of a radio programme on the subject of the relationship between the shape of
a person's hands and their personality. For questions 9-16, complete the notes.
Square Hands:
 Characteristics: square palm
 Personality: naturally (9) ……………………………; easily (10) ……………………………
(11) …………………………… Hands:
 Characteristics: long thin palm and fingers
 Personality: generally intuitive; (12) …………………………… is good
Spatulate Hands:
 Characteristics: broad palm and (13) …………………………… fingers
 Personality: faithful types tend to be (14) ……………………………
148
Conical Hands:
 Characteristics: palm and fingers thinner at the top
 Personality: (15) …………………………… type of people; usually lacking in (16) ……………………………
EXERCISE 15. WHERE DOES IT HURT?

Listen to Mr Jenkins talking to his doctor and decide whether the statements are true or false.
1. He fell over his guitar.
2. The doctor examines both his feet.
3. He can move his toes without pain.
4. His ankle hurts a bit.
5. His right foot is swollen.
6. He needs to lose some weight.
7. The receptionist will call the hospital.
8. He can get some crutches from the hospital.
EXERCISE 16. LISTENING PRACTICE. HEALTHY TEETH. You will hear a discussion about
healthy diet and the teeth. For questions 24 - 30, write T (for true) or F (for false).
24. Sugar comes in only one form.
25. Too much sugar can cause weight problems for some people.
26. Brushing twice a day is not enough to protect your teeth.
27. Sugar causes destruction to the teeth for up to 2 hours.
28. Fluoride is not recommended for babies.
29. It's not necessary to regulate our sugar intake.
30. You should try to buy snacks with the least amount of sugar.
EXERCISE 17. REMOVING WRINKLES. For questions 1-6 choose the correct answer A, B,
C or D.
1. Dr Evans says most of his patients prefer receiving the treatment at parties because
A) it’s not complicated to administer. B) they don’t want to risk being seen by the
media.
C) they’re too busy to go to his surgery. D) they enjoy socializing.
2. What do we learn from Lynnie about the injections?
A) The effect are temporary. B) They are quite painful.
C) There are no side effects. D) They can lead to addiction.
3. Dr Evans says that he has botulism injections himself in order to
A) advertise his business. B) look good for his wife.
C) help him feel more confident. D) impress the media.
4. Lynnie says of the treatment that it
149
A) is comparable to medication. B) is beyond the means of most people.
C) offers good value for money. D) has become a routine.
5. How have other people reacted to Lynnie’s treatment?
A) They can’t understand why she has the injections.
B) They have become accustomed to her appearance.
C) They are glad it has helped her overcome depression.
D) They’ve apologized for comments they made earlier.
6. Dr Evans says that people at the parties
A) are normally more talkative than usual. B) compliment him on his appearance.
C) are surprised at how hard he works. D) are unaware how tired he feels.
 Nowadays, who is more concerned about their appearance – men or women? Why?
 Name 3 things (your looks or personality) you’re proud of & 3 things you dislike.
 How do you take care of your appearance? How do you keep fit?
 How long does it take you to get ready (A) for school/work in the morning (B) for a big
party?
 Is it ok for guys to use beauty products? Makeup? Jewellery? What’s acceptable, what’s
not? Why?
 What would you like to change in terms of your own appearance? Would you ever consider
plastic surgery?
EXERCISE 18. HEALTH

You will hear people talking in eight different situations. For questions 1-8, choose the best
answer, A, B or C. You will hear each short passage twice.
1. Listen to two people talking over a meal. Why doesn't the woman want bread?
A) She's trying to lose weight. B) She doesn't eat it with the food that they're' having.
C) She's allergic to it.
2. You overhear a doctor talking to a woman in the emergency ward. What is the matter with
her child?
A) He has broken a bone. B) He has hit his head. C) He has food poisoning.
3. You hear a man and woman discussing the man's visit to an acupuncturist. Why did he go?
A) for a general check-up B) to learn to relax C) to help him stop smoking
4. You hear a doctor talking on the radio. What is she describing?
A) how to improve your digestion B) the best method of taking pills
C) how different drinks affect your calorie intake
5. Listen to a conversation in a doctor's surgery. Why is the doctor annoyed with the patient?
A) She visits him unnecessarily. B) She is ungrateful for his help.
C) She ignores his advice.
150
6. You hear a husband and wife talking. What feeling does the wife express?
A) caution B) fear C) anger
7. You hear a radio report about the infectious disease, measles. What is the conclusion?
A) It is safer not to immunise children against measles.
B) It is safer to immunise all children against measles.
C) It makes no difference whether children are immunised or not.
8. Listen to a conversation between a boy and his sister. Why is he worried about her?
A) She studies too hard. B) She diets too much.
C) She has an overactive imagination
EXERCISE 19. LISTENING PRACTICE - EXERCISE.

You will hear five people talking about exercise. Choose from the list A - F which statement
applies to which person. Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter which you do not
need to use.
A. This person is addicted to exercise. Speaker 1
B. This person exercises against their will. Speaker 2
C. This person exercises vigorously despite their age. Speaker 3
D. This person competes professionally. Speaker 4
E. This person sees sport as a social event. Speaker 5
F. This person's good health depends on exercise.

You will hear four different extracts. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B or C) which
fits best according to what you hear.
Extract 1
You will hear a British GP talking to his wife about an international medical conference he has
just attended.
1. What he enjoyed most about the conference was
A) listening to the talks. B) socialising with other doctors.
C) learning about other people's attitudes to health care.
2. His description of typical German health complaints and cures is
A) slightly scornful. B) neutral. C) very enthusiastic.
Extract 2
You will hear a later part of the same conversation.
3. If a British patient is not prescribed medicine by his doctor he feels
A) anxious. B) reassured. C) disappointed.
4. Compared to British patients, French patients expect:
A) more medicines and longer consultations. B) more medicines but shorter consultations.
151
C) fewer medicines but longer consultations.
Extract 3
You will hear an extract from an interview with a consultant on the subject of obesity in
children.
5. In the last ten years the number of overweight children in France and Greece
A) has risen by fifty per cent. B) has doubled.
C) has reached the same proportion as in the United States.
6. The most serious problems caused by childhood obesity occur
A) in children under thirteen. B) in children aged thirteen and over.
C) in later life.
Extract 4
You will hear another extract from the same interview.
7. What does the consultant say about take-away hamburgers?
A) They do no harm if eaten occasionally. B) They are eaten too frequently.
C) They contain too much protein.
8. What worries her about the research carried out at Exeter University?
A) It was based on incorrect statistics. B) The data it collected was inaccurate.
C) The findings were alarming.
EXERCISE 21. LISTENING PRACTICE.

You will hear five short extracts in which creative people are talking about the experience of
receiving an award in recognition of their work. While you listen you must complete both
tasks.
TASK ONE
For questions 21-25, choose from the list (A-H)
the creative activity each person is involved in.
A) novelist 21. Speaker 1
B) website designer 22. Speaker 2
C) television scriptwriter 23. Speaker 3
D) landscape gardener 24. Speaker 4
E) fashion designer 25. Speaker 5
F) documentary film-maker
G) computer game designer
H) journalist
TASK TWO
For questions 26-30, choose from the list (A-H) how each person felt on hearing that they had
won the award.
152
A) grateful for the publicity
B) surprised by the quality of the competition 26. Speaker 1
C) sorry for the runners-up 27. Speaker 2
D) embarrassed by all the attention 28. Speaker 3
E) pleased to have proved someone wrong 29. Speaker 4
F) disappointed by the ceremony itself 30. Speaker 5
G) irritated by the judges
H) amused by other people's reactions
EXECISE 22. LISTENING PRACTICE - BREAKFAST EXPERIMENT

You will hear part of a radio programme intended to promote healthier lifestyles. Christopher,
who has been carrying out some research, is talking to Alison, a student.
Mark the sentences as True / False
1. Alison didn’t eat any breakfast.

2. Alison has some problem with her weight and wants to lose weight.
3. Students usually don’t have breakfast.
4. People who ate breakfast and drank coffee before school/university performed better during
classes and tests.
5. Breakfast doesn’t have any effect on our mood.
6. If you eat some cornflakes and orange juice you’ll feel happier and more optimistic.
7. Alison doesn’t sound convinced.
EXECISE 23. LISTENING PRACTICE - BREAKFAST EXPERIMENT

You will hear part of a radio programme intended to promote healthier lifestyles. Christopher,
who has been carrying out some research, is talking to Alison, a student. For Questions 1-7,
choose the best answer A, B or C.
1. Why doesn't Alison eat breakfast?
A) She doesn't have time.
B) She doesn't like cooking.
C) She's trying to lose weight.
2. What is Christopher's reaction to her explanation?
A) surprise
B) amusement
C) anger
3. Who took part in the first tests?
A) all the first year students
B) students carrying out research
C) students studying medicine
4. What were the students asked to do?
A) eat a specially-prepared breakfast
B) eat their usual breakfast, if any
C) only drink coffee first thing in the morning
5. What did the tests show about those who ate breakfast?
A) They could study for longer without a break.
B) They did better in their final examinations.
153
C) They could think more logically in class.
6. Why were the second tests carried out?
A) to compare students' breakfasts with those of other people
B) to work out an ideal breakfast menu
C) to find out the long-term effects of eating breakfast
7. What was the effect of eating cereals with orange juice and coffee?
A) It made people feel moody.
B) It made people feel positive.
C) It made people interesting.
EXERCISE 24. LISTENING PRACTICE - GOOD MOOD.

You will hear five different people talking about what puts them in a good mood. For speakers 1-
5, choose from the list A-F what each speaker says. Use the letters only once. There is one
extra letter which you do not need to use.
A. Talking to friends makes me feel good. Speaker 1

B. Taking exercise works for me. Speaker 2
C. Receiving e-mails cheers me up. Speaker 3
D. I have to go shopping. Speaker 4
E. I need to eat something sweet. Speaker 5
F. I rely on music.
EXERCISE 25. LISTENING PRACTICE. COOKERY COMPETITION.

Listen to this TV programme in which three judges are discussing meals that three chefs have
cooked and complete the table by filling each gap with one or two words.
THE BLUE TABLE
Tessa’s comments Tim’s comments
Grilled smoked salmon Not traditional (1) ………………………………

Crispy cabbage & potato (2) ……………………………… Delicious
Poached egg Just right (3) ………………………………
Butter & onion sauce (4) ……………………………… Very good
THE YELLOW TABLE
Baked ricotta cheese (5) ……………………………… Too sweet

Summer fruits Perfect (6) ………………………………
Raspberry sauce (7) ……………………………… A bit thin
THE RED TABLE
Roasted vegetables Good combination (8) ………………………………

154
Ciabatta bread (9) ……………………………… A bit dry
Parmesan topping (10) ……………………………… Not fresh

You will hear a conversation which takes place in a doctor's surgery. Answer questions 24 -
30 by writing T (for True), F (for False) or N (for information not given).
24. Jenny has had an accident at school.

25. Jenny usually arrives home from school with a headache.
26. Jenny's marks have fallen recently.
27. Mr Mills does all of Jenny's homework for her.
28. Jenny's favourite subject is gym.
29. Jenny needs to see a specialist.
30. Jenny doesn't like going to the doctor.
EXERCISE 27. WHERE DOES IT HURT?

Listen to Mr Jenkins talking to his doctor and decide whether the statements are true or false.
1. He fell over his guitar.
2. The doctor examines both his feet.
3. He can move his toes without pain.
4. His ankle hurts a bit.
5. His right foot is swollen.
6. He needs to lose some weight.
7. The receptionist will call the hospital.
8. He can get some crutches from the hospital.
EXERCISE 28. LISTENING PRACTICE. HEALTHY TEETH. You will hear a discussion about
healthy diet and the teeth. For questions 24 - 30, write T (for true) or F (for false).
24. Sugar comes in only one form.
25. Too much sugar can cause weight problems for some people.
26. Brushing twice a day is not enough to protect your teeth.
27. Sugar causes destruction to the teeth for up to 2 hours.
28. Fluoride is not recommended for babies.
29. It's not necessary to regulate our sugar intake.
30. You should try to buy snacks with the least amount of sugar.
EXERCISE 29. LISTENING PRACTICE – SCHOOL MEALS.

You will hear part of a radio interview in which David Evans, a chef in a British school, is
talking about his work. Choose the correct answer:
1. What was the students’ initial reaction to the food they were served?
A) They didn’t like being the subject of an experiment.
B) They would rather have eaten a traditional British food.
C) They weren’t sure whether it was good or bad.
D) They felt it was an adventure for them.
2. According to David, why do some students have difficulty in accepting the “restaurant
system”?
A) They are uncomfortable eating meals with adults.
B) They are not used to eating meals with others.
155
C) They don’t like talking about food.
D) It takes too long to be served their food.
3. What main role do the staff play in the school restaurant?
A) They check that students are eating their meals.
B) They learn about the students’ home lives.
C) They deals with students’ complaints about the food.
D) They help students learn about a balanced diet.
4. According to David, where does most of the food served in the restaurant come from?
A) Anywhere that can provide fresh ingredients
B) The school grounds
C) All over the world
D) Suppliers close to school
5. In David’s view, which of his previous jobs prepared him best for his work as a school
chef?
A) Teacher
B) Manager
C) Waiter
D) Cook
6. Why does David think that his approach could be difficult to introduce in other schools?
A) Many students are resistant to change.
B) Not all students see healthy eating as important.
C) Other schools don’t see healthy eating as a priority.
D) Parents would be unwilling to admit it.

You will hear a radio interview with a doctor, about health and sport. For questions 21-30,
complete each of the statements.
HEALTH AND SPORT
According to Dr Green:
When we start a new sport we should take into account our (21) ……………………………………………
If we are under 35, all sports should be (22) ……………………………………………
Sports which involve fast and sudden movements should be avoided by people who smoke or who
are: (23) ……………………………………………
If you restart a sport that you used to do, don't expect to be as (24) ……………………………………………
Cycling and swimming are safe sports because you can choose (25) ……………………………………………
Another safe aspect of these sports is that there is support for your (26)
……………………………………………
Some people wrongly assume that exercise can make them (27) ……………………………………………
In fact to burn up to 100 grams of fat would take four hours of (28) ……………………………………………
If we have been exercising, we should not have a sauna or cold shower (29)
……………………………………………
The most dangerous thing is to exercise when you are (30) ……………………………………………
EXERCISE 31. LISTENING PRACTICE. People talk about their friends. Match the speaker
with what they say:
Speaker 1 A. Our parents used to work together.

Speaker 2 B. It was my classmate.
Speaker 3 C. We met through a family member.
156
Speaker 4 D. I have fallen for my friend.
E. We quarrel over something.
F. We share similar tastes and pastimes.
EXERCISE 32. LISTENING PRACTICE. Five different people talk about a family party. For
questions 1-5 choose from the list A-F what each speaker says about the party.
A. The arrangements were unclear. Speaker 1

B. It was less formal than expected. Speaker 2
C. The quality of the food was poor. Speaker 3
D. There wasn’t enough for the children to do. Speaker 4
E. The location was unsuitable for some people. Speaker 5
F. There wasn’t enough space.
Is your family big? Do you have any brothers or sisters? How do you get on with them?
How often do you meet your family?
Do you like big family get-together?
If you live far away from your nearest & dearest – who do you miss the most?
Do you have any good friends from primary/secondary school?
How did you meet? What are your friends doing now?
How do you keep in touch with friends?
EXERCISE 33. LISTENING PRACTICE. SPORTS NUTRITION

You will hear part of a radio programme in which the mother of a young tennis champion, Declan
Murphy, talks about nutrition. For questions 24-30, decide which of the statements are TRUE
and which are FALSE.
24. Mrs Murphy has been invited to speak on the programme because she's an expert on
nutrition.
25. She believes that bad eating habits start from birth.
26. She thinks that grandparents often harm children without intending to.
27. As a child, her son was allowed a limited quantity of sugar.
28. Mrs Murphy believes that vitamins make children grow taller.
29. When Declan was a child, all his food intake was controlled by his mother.
30. Declan has now changed his eating habits.
EXERCISE 34. LISTENING PRACTICE – HOW TO MAKE DOUGHNUTS

You will hear a chef describing how to make doughnuts. For questions 9 - 18, complete the
recipe for doughnuts.
DOUGHNUTS
Ingredients
300 grams of strong bread flour, 200 grams of plain flour, 200 millilitres of (9)
……………………………………, 100 grams of (10) …………………………………… and 100 grams of (11)
……………………………………, (12) …………………………………… eggs.
10-gram sachet of yeast
Method
157
Mix all the ingredients to make a smooth ball and leave to (13) …………………………………… Recipe should
make about (14) …………………………………… Heat the oil to (15) …………………………………… centigrade. Drop
in the doughnuts and cook for (16) …………………………………… Turn over and cook for one (17)
…………………………………… Drain the doughnuts and pour some more (18) ……………………………………
EXERCISE 35. LISTENING PRACTICE - IDEAL MEAL

You will hear two people talking about their ideal meal. For Questions 1-7 decide whether the
idea was stated or not and mark Y for Yes, or N for No.
1. Kathy and Phil would eat the same kind of shellfish.
2. She would have red wine.
3. Phil dislikes French cheese rolls.
4. Kathy would have an Indian curry.
5. Phil would drink beer.
6. Kathy would have coffee after her dessert.
7. She would have a very sweet dessert.

You will hear part of a radio report about a successful business woman. For questions 9 - 18,
complete the notes which summarise what the speakers say. You will need to write a word or a
short phrase in each gap.
9. Anita's family consists of a husband and …………………………………………………………
10. Anita's meals are enjoyed in millions of …………………………………………………………
11. Anita looked around for …………………………………………………………
12. The owner of the local Chinese restaurant …………………………………………………………
had trouble getting and keeping …………………………………………………………
13. He preferred to buy his sauces …………………………………………………………
14. The enterprise estate was in …………………………………………………………
15. They were given a top prize by …………………………………………………………
16. They wanted to expand but they didn't have …………………………………………………………
17. They were offered financial help by …………………………………………………………
18. In the end, Anita managed to buy …………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 37. LISTENING PRACTICE – FOOD PACKAGING:

You will hear part of a radio report. For questions 9 - 18, complete the notes which summarise
what the speakers say. You will need to write a word or a short phrase in each box.
When Gordon was a boy, most food was wrapped in a (9) ……………………………………………………
Plastic packaging makes food (10) …………………………………………………… and (11)
…………………………………………………… Up to 50% of food is wasted in countries which don't have modern
packaging and (12) …………………………………………………… Nowadays in Europe only 2-3% of food is (13)
…………………………………………………… Brown paper bags don't stop food (14)
…………………………………………………… Brown paper bags can encourage the bacteria which make food (15)
…………………………………………………… Glass and stone jars are easy (16) …………………………………………………… By
contrast, plastic is (17) …………………………………………………… Food poisoning used to be (18)
……………………………………………………
EXERCISE 38. LISTENING PRACTICE – DIET QUESTIONNAIRE – SARAH & DON. Mark
the sentences as true/false:
158
1. Sarah likes to start her day with a coffee.
2. Don doesn’t like to eat so much convenience food.
3. Sarah has a sweet tooth.
4. Their diets are healthier now.
5. Their mums insisted on a healthy diet.
6. Sarah doesn’t eat breakfast because she’s in a hurry in the morning.
7. Don has lost some weight recently and his level of fitness has decreased.
8. Sarah says she can’t and doesn’t have time to cook from fresh ingredients.
EXERCISE 39. LISTENING PRACTICE. You will hear a radio interview with a chef about
the process of eating. For questions 15-20 choose the answer A, B, or C which fits best
according to what you hear.
15. Heston mentions eating fish from a paper plate with a plastic knife and fork
A. because it is something listeners may have done.
B. because doing so made him think about the process of eating.
C. as an example of an unpleasant eating experience.
D. as an example of what influences the eating experience.
16. What does Heston say about taste?
A. Fat should be considered a taste.
B. Taste and flavour are separate from each other.
C. The sense of smell is involved in it.
D. The number of taste buds gradually decreases.
17. The experiment involving salt and other food shows that
A. it is possible to taste something that you can't smell.
B. the sense of smell is not as powerful as other senses.
C. food can taste better when you can't smell it.
D. the flavour of food can change as you eat it.
18. The story about the trainee waiters illustrates that
A. certain colours are more appealing than others.
B. something can seem to taste good because of its appearance.
C. one sense can strongly influence another.
D. some people can perceive taste better than others.
19. What does Heston say about bitterness?
A. It can give a false impression that something is harmful.
B. It can become the main reason why people like something.
C. Reactions to it can change over time.
D. Its function is widely misunderstood.
20. The problem with the dish Heston describes was caused by
A. its appearance.
B. the taste of it.
C. its combination of flavours.
D. the fact that people ate it repeatedly.
159
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
TENSES REVISION:
1. CHOOSE THE MOST SUITABLE TENSE:

a) What sort of work do you do / are you doing?
b) I can't talk now. I cook / I'm cooking the dinner.
c) What shall we have? Do you like / Are you liking fish?
d) Can I borrow this typewriter? Or do you use / are you using it?
e) What do the people here do / are the people here doing in the evenings?
f) Follow that bus. Then you turn / you are turning left.
g} A lot of people think that the Sun goes / is going around the Earth.
h) Excuse me, do you read / are you reading your newspaper? Could I borrow it?
i) Do you wait / Are you waiting for the bus to Newcastle?
j) Andy builds / is building his own house in the country.
2. PUT EACH VERB IN BRACKETS INTO PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS:

a) There's nobody here, and the door's locked. What (we do)………………………… now?
b) What (you look) ………………………… at? (I wear) ………………………… the wrong clothes again?
c) I (look after) ………………………… Jack's dog this weekend. (you want) ………………………… to
take it for a walk?
d) Who (drive) ………………………… that Mercedes that's parked outside?
e) I (still have) ………………………… a pain in my leg but it (get) ………………………… better.
f) Who (Sue dance) ………………………… with? That's not her brother, is it?
g) Harry (look) ………………………… very untidy! He (wear) ………………………… dirty jeans all the time.
h) I (write) ………………………… in reply to your advertisement in the Daily News.
i) That plant I bought (not grow) ………………………… very much. And I (water) ………………………… it every
day.
j) Which hotel (you stay) ………………………… in whenever you (come) …………………………here?

a) I suddenly remembered that I forgot / had forgotten my keys.
b) While Diana watched / was watching her favourite television programme, there was a power-
cut.
c) Tom used to live / would live in the house at the end of the street.
d) Who was driving / drove the carat the time of the accident?
e) By the time Sheila got back, Chris went / had gone.
f) David ate / had eaten Japanese food before, so he knew what to order.
160
g) I did / was doing some shopping yesterday, when I saw that Dutch friend of yours.
h) I used to like / was liking sweets much more than I do now.
i) What exactly were you doing / did you do when I came into your office yesterday?
j) Laura missed the party because no-one was telling / had told her about it.
k) Tanya would / used to be a doctor.
4. PUT EACH VERB IN BRACKETS INTO A SUITABLE TENSE:

a) While I (try) ... was trying... to get my car started, a passing car (stop) ……………………………… and
the driver (offer) ……………………………… to help me.
b) The police (pay) ……………………………… no attention to Clare's complaint because she (phone)
……………………………… them so many times before.
c) Mary (not wear) ……………………………… her glasses at the time, so she (not notice)
……………………………… what kind of car the man (drive) ………………………………
d) Nick (lie) ……………………………… down on the grass for a while, next to some tourists who (feed)
……………………………… the ducks.
e) Tony (admit) ……………………………… that he (hit) ……………………………… the other car, but said that he
(not damage) ……………………………… it.
f) Sorry, I (not listen) ……………………………… to you. I (think) ……………………………… about something else.
g) Helen (feel) ……………………………… very tired, and while she (finish) ……………………………… her
studying, she (fall) ……………………………… asleep.
h) The police (get) ……………………………… to Clare's house as fast as they could, but the burglars
(disappear) ………………………………
i) I (phone) ……………………………… you last night but you (not answer) ……………………………… What (you
do) ………………………………?
j) We (not go) ……………………………… out yesterday because it (rain) ………………………………
5. CHOOSE THE CORRECT SENTENCE:

a) You want to invite a friend to your party on Friday. You say:
1) I have a party on Friday. Do you want to come?
2) I'm having a party on Friday. Do you want to come?
b) You find a wallet on your desk and ask the people nearby:
1) Who does this wallet belong to?
2) Who is this wallet belonging to?
c) A friend invites you to a snack bar at lunch time. You say:
1) Thanks, but I always go home.
2) Thanks, but I'm always going home.
d) A friend opens the door and says: What are you doing? You reply:
1) I work as a secretary.
161
2) I'm repairing the computer.
e) A friend asks: Do you like lemon tea? You reply:
1) I prefer tea with milk.
2) I'm preferring tea with milk.
f) You haven't decided yet about buying a new bike. You say:
1) I think about it.
2) I'm thinking about it.
g) A friend asks you if you have finished the book she lent you. You say:
1) Sorry, I still read it.
2) Sorry, I'm still reading it.
h) It is a hot day, but a friend has a heavy coat on. You ask:
1) Why are you wearing a heavy coat?
2) Why do you wear a heavy coat?
6. CHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM:

a) That can't be right! I don't believe / I'm not believing it!
b) Carol can't swim today. She has / is having a cold.
c) See you in the morning. I leave / I'm leaving now.
d) What do you do / are you doing? If you drop it, it will explode!
e) Stop doing that, Billy! You are /You are being very silly.
f) I drive / I'm driving! You can sit in the back with Martin.
g) What do we eat / are we eating this evening? I'm really hungry!
h) You're a great cook! This cake tastes / is tasting wonderful.
i) Where do you go / are you going? I haven't finished speaking to you!
j) Chemistry is hard. I am not understanding / I don't understand it.
7. PUT EACH VERB INTO PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS:

a) Ugh, don't show me that picture! I (hate) .. hate .................... spiders!
b) Who (you, go with) ………………… to the match on Saturday?
c) In the winter, what (you, wear) …………………?
d) I can't stand horror films. I (think) ………………… they're really silly!
e) Diana (not, usually, sit) ………………… next to Ellen.
f) Why (you, look at) ………………… me like that? Have I done something wrong?
g) Excuse me, but (this bus, stop) ………………… outside the Post Office?
h) I (not take) ………………… the bus to school today. My mother (give) ………………… me a lift.
8. PUT EACH VERB INTO PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS:

a) What (usually, you, do) ...do you usually do.... at the weekend?
162
b) Don't worry about the cat. It (only eat) .................................. once a day.
c) I can't work out the answer. (you, know) .................................. what it is?
d) What's the matter? Why (you, stare) ............................... at me like that?
e) Excuse me, but (you, speak) .................................. English? I'm looking for a hotel.
f) Helen (stay) .................................. with her brother while her house is being repaired.
g) You should go on a diet. (you, put) .................................... on weight.
h) (they, speak) ................................. French or German? I can't tell the difference.
9. CHOOSE THE MOST SUITABLE TENSE.

a) Did you see / Have you seen my bag anywhere? I can't find it.
b) Larry is writing / has been writing / has written his novel for the last two years without
getting further than Chapter One.
c) From the minute he got up this morning Gary asked / has asked / has been asking silly
questions!
d) Have you given / Did you give Helen my message when you have seen / saw her?
e) Sorry, could you say that again? I didn't listen / haven't listened / haven't been listening to
you.
f} The police think that they found / have found your missing wallet, so call this number.
g) I don't think we'll go swimming after all because the weather changed / has changed / has
been changing.
h) How was your holiday in Italy? Did you visit / Have you visited lots of interesting places?
i) Did you two meet / Have you two met before? Eric, this is Amanda.
j) Did you meet / Have you met anyone interesting at the reception?
10. PUT EACH VERB IN BRACKETS INTO A SUITABLE TENSE:

a) I'm sorry about not coming last week. I (have) ……had………… a cold and so I (stay) …………………..
at home.
b) Wait a minute. I (have) ………………………………………… an idea. Let's go and see Roger. We last (see)
…………………………………… him a long time ago.
c) It's nice to be back here in London. This is the second time I (come) …………………………………………
here.
d) I'm phoning about your advertisement for a bicycle for sale, which I (see) ………………….. in the
local paper. (you sell) …………………………. it? Or is it still available?
c) This place is in a terrible mess! What on earth (you do) ………………………………?
f) And now for an item of local news. Hampshire police (find) …………………………………… the dangerous
snake which (go) …………………………………… missing earlier in the week.
g) This tooth (kill) ………………………… me lately! So I (make) …………………………an appointment with the
dentist for Tuesday.
163
h) I can't give you the report I (promise) …………………………………for today because I (not finish)
………………………………
i) Harry (not look) …………………………… well since he (go) ……………………………… on a diet.
11. PUT EACH VERB IN BRACKETS INTO EITHER THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS.
a) Someone (eat) ….has eaten ……… all the cakes. I'll have to buy some more.
b) What (you buy) ................................. your sister for her birthday?
c) My throat is really sore. I (sing) .............................. all evening.
d) Brenda (learn) ................................ Russian, but she finds it difficult.
e) How many people (you invite) ................................... to your party?
f) Those two cats (sit) ............................... on that branch for the last hour.
g) It (rain) .............................. all day! Why can't it stop!
h) Diana (wear) ................................ twelve different dresses in the past week!
i) I (do) ................................. everything you asked. What should I do now?
j) Graham and Pauline (try) .................................. to find a house for ages, but they can't find one
they can afford.
12. PUT A TIME WORD OR PHRASE FROM THE LIST INTO EACH SPACE.
YET FOR SINCE OFTEN EVER NEVER ALREADY

SO FAR JUST ALWAYS
a) Carlos has lived in the city centre ...since... 1996.

b) Thanks for the present! I've ........... wanted a pet goldfish!
c) Have you ............... drunk pineapple juice? It's fantastic!
d) I've ............ heard some fantastic news! I've passed my exams!
e) Hurry up! Haven't you finished .................? You are a slow-coach!
f) Nina has worked in this company ................ five years.
g) I've ............. been on a big ship before. It's an interesting experience!
h) We're very busy today .............. we've sold over a hundred bikes.
i) I've .............. passed this building, but this is the first time I've been inside.
j) Can I have a different book? I've ............ read this one.
13. COMPLETE THE SECOND SENTENCE SO THAT IT HAS A SIMILAR MEANING TO

THE FIRST SENTENCE.
a) We started working here three years ago.
We…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… three years.
164
b) This is the first time I've been on a plane.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… before.
c) That's strange! My pen isn't here!
That's strange! …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… disappeared!
d) Nicky and Jan aren't at this school any more.
Nicky and Jan …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… this school.
e) I saw a friend of yours a few moments ago.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… a friend of yours.
f) I'm still writing my letters.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… my letters yet.
g) Is this your first visit to South America?
Have …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… before?
h) Oh bother! My wallet is still in the car.
Oh bother! I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………my wallet in the car.
i) It's a long time since we spoke to your sister.
We ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… to your sister for a long time.
j) Is Anna still asleep?
Has …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… up yet?
14. CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD OR PHRASE UNDERLINED IN EACH SENTENCE.

a) I live here / have lived here since the end of last year.
b) Someone has just stolen / has just been stealing my bicycle.
c) I'm afraid the last train left / has left an hour ago.
d) Yesterday I lost / I have lost my wallet.
e) Thank you for your offer, but I've decided / I decided not to accept.
f) Take your umbrella with you. It's started / It started raining.
g) We're enjoying our trip. We have visited / visited two countries so far.
h) I'm standing here / I've been standing here for hours and I feel tired.
i) This has been / was a busy day and it isn't over yet!
j) I feel really tired. We went / have been to a party last night.
15. PUT EACH VERB GIVEN INTO EITHER PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE, PAST SIMPLE
OR PRESENT SIMPLE.
a) Last week I (lose) ...lost...............my scarf, and now I (just lose) ... have just lost ............ my
gloves.
b) I (work) …………………………………… for Blue Bank at the moment but I (decide) ……………………………………
to change jobs.
165
c) We(be) …………………………………… here for hours. Are you sure we (come) ……………………………………. to
the right place?
d) (you see) …………………………………… my calculator? I'm sure I (leave) …………………………………… it here
earlier.
e) We (have) …………………………………… some coffee after that and then (catch) ……………………………………
the bus home.
f) I (never eat) …………………………………… octopus, but once on holiday I (eat) ……………………………………
some squid.
g) I (hope) …………………………………… you aren't a vegetarian. I (cook) …………………………………… you some lamb
chops.
h)
i) Recently
When wea(reach)
lot of young people (take up)the
…………………………………… ……………………………………
cinema, there (notin-line skating.
be) …………………………………… any tickets left.

THE FIRST SENTENCE.
a) I came to live here three months ago.
I ...have been here ..................... for three months.
b) Mary is out at the shops at the moment.
Mary …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… to the shops.
c) I have had French lessons since March.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… French since March.
d) I'm still reading this book.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… reading this book yet.
e) Paul left the room a moment ago.
Paul has …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… the room.
f) Ten of the letters are ready.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ten letters so far.
g) It's ages since I last went to the cinema.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… to the cinema for ages.
h) This is the first time I've eaten snails.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… snails before.
i) I don't remember Helen's phone number.
I have …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Helen's phone number.
j) David has a different opinion now.
David …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… his mind.
17. UNDERLINE THE ERRORS IN THESE SENTENCES. REWRITE EACH SENTENCE.

a) My penfriend is writing to me for years but has never sent me a photo.
My penfriend has been writing to me for years but has never sent me a photo
166
b) We have started this course three weeks ago.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) `What have you been doing all day?' 'I've been written letters.'
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
d) When have you arrived in this city?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
e) You have ever been to India?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
f) Paula has been stayed in a hotel by the sea.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
g) I've been feeling ill three weeks ago.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
h) I live in this city since I was born.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
i) I wait here a long time. Where have you been?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
j) Tony has leaved his books on the bus.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

a) Why are you going to buy / will you buy a new mountain bike?
b) Don't phone between 8.00 and 9.00. I'll study/I'll be studying then.
c) Look out! That tree will fall / is going to fall!
d) Let me know as soon as Louise will get / gets here.
e) Great news! Jean and Chris will come / are coming to stay with us.
f) According to this timetable, the bus is going to arrive / arrives at 6.00.
g) I have a feeling that something strange is going to happen / is happening in a minute.
h) The doctor says I will have /am going to have a baby!
i) Can you call me at 7.00, because I'll leave / I'm leaving tomorrow.
j) If you arrive late at the sale, the best things will go / will have gone.
19. PUT EACH VERB IN BRACKETS INTO APPROPRIATE FUTURE FORM:

a) I can't see you on Thursday afternoon. I (visit) ………………………………… our Birmingham branch.
b) George (not be) ………………………………………… back until six. Can I take a message?
c) What (you buy) ………………………………………… with the money you won in the lottery?
d) I don't think you (have) …………………………………………… any problems at the airport.
e) (you take) ………………………………………… your dog with you to Scotland?
f) Can you answer the phone for me? I (lie down) …………………………………………… for a while.
167
g) All the hotels are full. Where (we spend) ………………………………………… the night?
h) You'd better not come in July. My mother (stay) ……………………………………… with me then.
i) What time (your plane leave) ……………………………………………?
j) Leave the car here. Maybe the police (not notice) …………………………………………… it.
20. PUT EACH VERB IN BRACKETS INTO APPROPRIATE FUTURE FORM:

a) By the time we reach home, the rain (stop) …………………………………
b) This time next week I (lie) ………………………………… on the beach in Spain.
c) In ten years' time I (work) …………………………………… for a different company.
d) If we don't get there by 6, Jack (leave) ………………………………………
e) In July they (be married) …………………………………………… for twenty years.
f) In the year 2500 a lot of people (live) …………………………………… on the moon.
g) When you get to the station, I (wait) …………………………………… for you outside.
h) Don't worry! The plane (land) ……………………………………… in a moment.
i) By the time you come home, I (finish) …………………………………… the decorating.
j) Come round between eight and nine. We (watch) ………………………………… the match on television
then.
21. USE THE CORRECT VERB FORM (FUTURE):

a) When I (see) ..See you tomorrow, I (tell) ................. you my news.
b) As soon as we (get) ............. there, we (phone) ............. for a taxi.
c) I (go) ............. to the library before I (do) ........... the shopping.
d) We (wait) ............. here until the rain (stop) ............
e) I (get) ............ some money from the bank when it (open) ...............
f) After you (take) ............. the medicine, you (feel) ............. better.
g) You have to stay until you (finish) .............. your work.
h) I (let) ............ you know the minute I (hear) .............. the results.
i) Before we (paint) .............. the wall, we (have) ............. a cup of tea.
j) We (climb) .............. over the wall as soon as it (get) ........... dark.
22. CHOOSE THE CORRECT SENTENCE, 1) OR 2), IN EACH MINI-DIALOGUE.

a) A: Can you come dancing tomorrow night?
B: 1) Sorry, I'll play basketball. 2) Sorry, I'm playing basketball.
b) A: What are your plans for the summer?
B: 1) I'll spend a month in the mountains. 2) I'm going to spend a month in the mountains.
c) A: What do you think about the weather?
B: 1) It'll probably rain tomorrow. 2) It's raining tomorrow.
d) A: What about tomorrow at about 5.30?
168
B: 1) OK, I'll see you then. 2) OK, I'm seeing you then.
e) A: Mary is buying a dog next week.
B: 1) Really? What is she going to call it? 2) Really? What is she calling it?
A: It would be nice to see you next week.
B: 1) Are you doing anything on Wednesday? 2) Will you do anything on Wednesday?

THE FIRST SENTENCE.
a) My party is on Thursday.
I ...am having a party ......on Thursday.
b) Tomorrow's weather forecast is for rain.
It's …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… tomorrow.
c) I predict a victory for our team.
I think …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… win.
d) Tomorrow I'll be absent, teacher.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… here tomorrow, teacher.
e) Terry intends to finish painting the kitchen this evening.
Terry ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… painting the kitchen this evening.
f) Meet me outside the station at 5.30.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… outside the station at 5.30.
g) What's our arrangement for lunch?
Where …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… for lunch?
h) Everyone expects lots of tourism in this country next summer.
Everyone thinks a large number …………………………………………………………………… this country next summer.
i) I don't plan to sell my bike after all.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… my bike after all.
j) Are you free tomorrow?
Are …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… anything tomorrow?
24. UNDERLINE THE SENTENCES WHICH ARE INCORRECT. REWRITE THEM.

a) I go swimming next Saturday. Would you like to come?
b) What are you going to discuss at the next meeting?
c) The boat is turning over! It will sink!
e) I've read the weather forecast, and it's definitely sunny tomorrow.
f) David and Helen will be here at 9.30.
g) There is a lot to do. Is anyone going to help you?
h) Sorry I'm not seeing you tomorrow. I have to go to London.
169
25. CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD OR PHRASE UNDERLINED IN EACH SENTENCE.
a) This time next week Billy will lie / will be lying on the beach.
b) Please stay in your seats until the bell will ring /rings.
c) We will have moved / will be moving to our new house on Tuesday.
d) What time does your train Ieave / will your train leave?
e) Don't forget to turn off the lights before you are leaving / leave.
f) Where will you work / will you be working in ten years' time?
g) Wait for me. I'll be / I'll have been ready in a moment.
h) John won't stop / won't have stopped talking all the time!
i) Stop teasing the dog, or it's biting / it'll bite you.
EXTRA SPEAKING PRACTICE
1. DISCUSS IN PAIRS:
WHEN…? WHAT TIME DO YOU…?

- is your birthday? - usually get up?
- do you go to English class? - have a shower or bath?
- do you usually read? - usually have lunch?
- do you watch TV? - finish work/school?
- is your favourite time to watch TV? - usually have dinner?
- do you do the housework? - usually go shopping?
- do you usually listen to music? - usually have summer holiday?
- do you usually do sport or exercise? - go to bed on a weekday?
- do you usually meet your friends? - go to bed at the weekend?
- is the next public holiday in your country?
WHAT…?
- is your favourite day of the week? Why?
2. WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN...

- you’re late for an important appointment?
- someone jumps the queue in front of you?
170
- you see a person hitting a child/a dog?
- you spot someone stealing in a supermarket?
- can’t find an important document?
- forget to take your mobile phone?
- oversleep for a test/exam?
- forget about your boyfriend’s/girlfriend’s birthday?
- you’re stuck in a traffic jam?
- you’re invited to a huge family gathering but you don’t feel like going?
- you’re at a party and don’t know anyone apart from the hosts
- you’re told a joke you don’t understand?
- watch a heartbreaking movie at the cinema?
3. QUESTIONS ABOUT THE PAST:
 When did you first go on holiday without your parents?

 When did you first drive a car?
 When did you first go on a date?
 When did you first get a (part-time job?
 When did you first eat raw fish/raw meat?
 When did you first travel to another country?
 When did you first ride a bicycle?
 When was the last time you went shopping?
 When was the last time you tidied your room?
 When was the time you last skip class/lecture?
 When was the last time you threw a party?
 When was the last time you argued with your parents/flatmate?
 When was the last time you lost money?
 When was the last time you screamed because you were scared?
 When was the last time you wanted to forget about everything?
 When was the last time you borrowed a book from the library?
 When was the last time you bought a CD/DVD/a book?
 When was the last time you drank coffee?
 When was the last time you felt really happy?
 When was the last time you got a gift?
 When was the last time you had a nightmare?
 When was the last time you lent money to someone?
 When was the last time you visited your hometown?
 When was the last time you went to a good restaurant?
171
4. HAVE YOU EVER...?
- been so angry with someone that you were dreaming of killing them?
- watched a film/TV program so dull that you fell asleep in the middle?
- been in a fight? beaten someone to a pulp?
- called your boyfriend/girlfriend by a wrong name?
- have you ever cheated during an exam?
- got on the bus/train etc. without a valid ticket?
- cried in public and embarrassed yourself?
- done something silly that you wish you had not done?
- eaten in a restaurant and realized you have no money with you?
- eaten something that you thought you wouldn't like, but found out that you actually liked
it?
- seen a ghost? an alien spaceship? had any other supernatural experience?
- received a present that you really hated?
- said yes when you meant no?
- tried any extreme sports?
- let your pet sleep in or on your bed with you?
- been mugged?
- fainted?
- hitchhiked?
5. DISCUSS YOUR PLANS FOR…
Christmas/Easter winter break
your next birthday New Year’s Eve
summer holiday next weekend
 What will the future be like in 50 years?
 Will robots replace humans?
 Will regular schools disappear?
 Will there be another world war?
 Will we drive regular cars, like today?
 Will humans live on another planet?
 Will any natural disaster happen?
 What will our future houses look like?

172
 Will regular currency (notes & coins) disappear?
 What will humans eat in future?
173

English For Dietetics, Part 1 (2020)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

English For Dietetics, Part 1 (2020)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty

STUDYING DIETETICS ABROAD ...................................................................................... 10

SPECIALIZATIONS IN DIETETICS ................................................................................ 15

HOSPITALS, CLINICS AND SPECIALISTS ................................................................. 20

HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN POLAND................................................................................. 26

FIRST AID ..................................................................................................................................... 31

BODY, ANATOMY, APPEARANCE....................................................................................... 39

HEALTH & ILLNESS .................................................................................................................. 47

HEALTHY EATING, HEALTHY LIFESTYLE ................................................................... 57

DOCTORS, HOSPITALS, VACCINATIONS - REVISION ..................................... 62

SPORT & FITNESS .................................................................................................................... 68

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ................................................................................................................ 75

DIGESTIVE DISORDERS ........................................................................................................ 83

FOOD PYRAMID ........................................................................................................................... 89

VITAMINS & MINERALS ....................................................................................................... 94

HEALTHY COOKING .................................................................................................................. 98

COOKING & FOOD PROCESSING .....................................................................................104

RUNNING A BUSINESS .......................................................................................................110

OBESITY – THE PLAGUE OF THE XXI CENTURY ..................................................121

OBESITY – DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT..............................................................127

COMMUNICATION WITH THE PATIENT ..................................................................133

HEALTHY DIET & BMI – SUMMARY ..............................................................................139

LISTENING EXERCISES .......................................................................................................143

GRAMMAR EXERCISES ..........................................................................................................160

EXTRA SPEAKING PRACTICE .............................................................................................170

EXERCISE 1. WARM UP – DISCUSS:

ENGLISH GEOGRAPHY PSYCHOLOGY

OTHER FOREIGN LANGUAGE BIOLOGY PHILOSOPHY

YOUR OWN LANGUAGE CHEMISTRY ASTRONOMY

LATIN LAW SOCIOLOGY

HOME ECONOMICS LITERATURE HISTORY

PHYSICAL EDUCATION HISTORY OF ART MUSIC

PHYSICS POLITICS ECONOMICS

COMPUTERS MATHEMATICS ARTS AND CRAFTS

WHICH OF THE SUBJECTS IS THE:

- most needed in the future

- least needed in the future

60 years of academic experience (founded in 1945) and great potential (2)…………………

University continues a several-centuries-long tradition of the natural and medical sciences of

Gdańsk Gymnasium (Gymnasium Gedanense, set (5)………………… in 1558).

of Medicine, Division of Dentistry, English Division), the Faculty of Pharmacy ( Department of

Public Health, Electroradiology, Physiotherapy, Emergency Medicine, Dietetics, Nursing,

Midwivery, Community Health, Health Psychology), and the Intercollegiate Faculty of

(8)………………… three years for students of Bachelor’s Degree courses.

operation with 3 State Teaching Hospitals affiliated (13)………………… the University.

Sciences Departments (Collegium Biomedicum) is noteworthy (15)………………… its three lecture

teaching and research.

of international congresses and conferences.

charge of research, Vice-Rector in charge of didactics, Vice-Rector in charge of clinical affairs,

Deans and Vice-Deans of specific faculties.

2. What’s the basic structure of the University?

3. How long do the students usually study there?

4. What is Collegium Biomedicum known for?

5. What is the role of Teaching Hospitals?

EXERCISE 3. MATCH THE SYNONYMS:

2. leading B. outstanding; remarkable

3. encompass C. finish school

4. vary D. establish; set up

5. carry out E. doctor

6. noteworthy F. conduct; perform

8. physician H. famous; prominent

9. graduate I. take part (in)