SCIENCE WEEK 4-7

WEEK 4
A. .
1. MATTER- A common or traditional definition of matter is "anything that has mass
and volume (occupies space)". For example, a car would be said to be made of
matter, as it has mass and volume (occupies space).
2. chemical element, also called element, any substance that cannot be decomposed
into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes. Elements are the
fundamental materials of which all matter is composed. chemical element.
3. An atom is a particle of matter that uniquely defines achemical element. An atom
consists of a central nucleus that is usually surrounded by one or more electrons.
Each electron is negatively charged. The nucleus is positively charged, and
contains one or more relatively heavy particles known as protons and neutrons.
B.
1. Electrons are a type of subatomic particle with a negative charge. Protons are a
type of subatomic particle with a positive charge. Protons are bound together in an
atom's nucleus as a result of the strong nuclear force. Neutrons are a type of
subatomic particle with no charge (they are neutral).
2. Atomic mass is associated with the number of neutrons and protons that are present
in a particular nucleus of an element. Atomic number is usually the number of
protons present in an element's nucleus. It is the average weight of an element. It is
the total number of protons in the atom's nucleus.
C. .
1. Dalton hypothesized that the law of conservation of mass and the law of definite
proportions could be explained using the idea of atoms. He proposed that all
matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms, which he imagined as
"solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable particle(s)".
2. Thomson's atomic model, William Thomson (also known as Lord Kelvin)
imagined the atom as a sphere with a positive charge evenly distributed and
 embedded in it enough electrons to neutralize the positive charge.
Observations: According to Thomson's model, the atom is like a plum pudding
structurally.
3. Rutherford proposed the atomic structure of elements. He explained that a
positively charged particle is present inside the atom, and most of the mass of an
atom is concentrated over there. He also stated that negatively charged particles
rotate around the nucleus, and there is an electrostatic force of attraction between
them.
4. In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model, presented by Niels
Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913, is a system consisting of a small, dense
nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons—similar to the structure of the
Solar System, but with attraction provided by electrostatic forces in place of
gravity.

WEEK 5
1. SHORTHAND NOTATION - shorthand, also called stenography, a system for
rapid writing that uses symbols or abbreviations for letters, words, or phrases.
2. To calculate the numbers of subatomic particles in an atom, use its atomic
number and mass number:
 number of protons = atomic number.
 number of electrons = atomic number.
 number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number .
3. .
ELEMENT ATONOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER NUMBER OF
NEUTRONS
1. SODIUM (NA) 11 23 12
2. CALCIUM 20 40 20
(CA)
3. CHROMIUM 24 52 24
(CR)
4. SILICON (CA) 14 28 14
5. SULFUR (S) 16 32 16
ELEMENT ATOMIC ATOMIC NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
NUMBER MASS PROTON ELECTRON NEUTRON
1. MAGNESIUM 12 24 12 12 12
2. CESIUM 55 133 55 55 78
3. IRON 55.85 56 26 26 30
4. NICKEL 28 58.6934 28 28 31
 5. GOLD 79 197 79 79 79
ELEMENTS ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER NUMBER OF
NEUTRONS
1. ALUMINUM 13 27 14
2. CALCIUM 20 40 20
3. LEAD 82 207 125
4. GOLD 79 197 79
5. SILVER 47 108 61
ELEMENT ATOMIC MASS NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
NUMBER NUMBER PROTONS ELECTRONS NEUTRONS
BORON 5 11 5 2,3 5
COPPER 29 63 29 29 35
IRON 26 56 26 26 30
SULFUR 16 32 16 2,8,6 16
TIN 50 118 50 69
NITROGEN 7 14 7 2,5 7
NEON 10 20 10 2,8 20
MERCURY 80 201 80 2,8,18,32,18,2 198-202
POTASSIUM 19 39 19 19 20
BROMINE 35 80 35 35 45

WEEK 6
A. STOPE - each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal
numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and
hence differ in relative atomic mass but not
in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.
B. Isotope notation, also known as nuclear notation, is important because it allows
us to use a visual symbol to easily determine an isotope's mass number, atomic
number, and to determine the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus
without having to use a lot of words.
C. Stable isotopes are naturally occurring forms of elements that are non-
radioactive. Unstable isotopes are atoms having unstable nuclei. Therefore,
these elements undergo radioactivity. This is the main difference between
stable and unstable isotopes.
D. ,
Isotop Use
e
Co
60 gamma ray irradiation of tumors
99m Tc* brain, thyroid, liver, bone marrow, lung, heart, and intestinal scanning; blood
 volume determination
I
131 diagnosis and treatment of thyroid function
Xe
133 lung imaging

ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITY
 an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or
more electrons.
 There are specialized types of ions. Anions have more electrons than protons
and so have a net negative charge. Cations have more protons than electrons
and so have a net positive charge. Zwitterions are neutral and have both
positive and negative charges at different locations throughout the molecule.
 The atom that has lost an electron becomes a positively charged ion (called a
cation), while the atom that picks up the extra electron becomes a negatively
charged ion (called an anion). Opposite charges attract one another while
similar charges repel one another.
 Atoms that gain extra electrons become negatively charged

ISOTOPES SYMBOL ATOMIC NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER MASS

NUMBER OF OF OF NUMBER
PROTONS ELECTRONS NEUTRONS
OXIGEN-16
OXIGEN-17
168O 8 8 8 9 16
OXIGEN-18
178O 10 18
188O
MAGNESIUM-
24
2412MG 12 12 12 12 25
MAGNESIUM- 2512MG 14 14
25 2512MG
MAGNESIUM-
26
SILICON-28
SILICON-29
SI
2814
SI
2914 14 14 2
8 14 29
SILICON-30 3014 SI 4
CARBON-12
CARBON-13
126 C 6 6 2 7 12
CARBON-14
136 C 4
146 C
URANUM- 22392U 92 92 2 146 223
223 23592U 8
URANUM- 18
235 23892U 32
 URANUM- 21
238 9
2
WEEK 7
ELEMENTS
1. SODIUM
2. CHROMIUM
3. TITANIUM
4. BARIUM
5. ARGON
6. MERCURY
7. XENON
8. TUNGSTEN
9. IODINE
10. LITHIUM
11. COPPER
12. BORON
13. BROMINE
14. CESIUM
15. SILICON
16. TIN
17. LEAD
18. NICKEL
19. ALUMINUM
20. NEON
SHORTHAND NOTATION
1. [Ne]3s 1

2. Cr, Cr2+, Cr3+

3. Ti ,2Ti3+, and Ti4+
4. BA + 2 6
5. [NE] 3s143p 10 2
6. [XE] 4f 145d 2 6s6
7. [XR] 4d14 5s4 5p2
8. [XE] 4f 105d 26s 5
9. [KR] 4d 15s 5p
10. 2s
11. CU, 3+CU+, CU2+
12. B, B -
13. BR, BR
14. CS,2 CS+
15. 1s 2s22p 63s23p2
16. SN,2SN2+14, SN104+ 2
17.  6s  4f2+  5d3+  6p
18. NI, NI 3+, NI
19. AL, AL
ATOMIC NUMBER
1. 11
2. 24
3. 22
4. 56
5. 18
6. 80
7. 54
8. 74
9. 53
10. 3
11. 29
12. 5
13. 35
14. 55
15. 14
16. 50
17. 82
18. 28
19. 13
20. 10
NUMBER OF PROTONS
1. 11
2. 24
3. 22
4. 56
5. 18
6. 80
7. 54
8. 74
9. 53
10. 3
11. 29
12. 5
13. 35
14. 55
15. 14
16. 50
17. 82
18. 28
19. 13
20. 10
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
1. 11
2. 24
3. 2,8,10,2
 4. 56
5. 2,8,8
6. 2,8,18,32,18,2
7. 2,8,18,18,8
8. 74
9. 53
10. 2,1
11. 29
12. 2,3
13. 35
14. 55
15. 2,8,4
16. 2,8,18,18,4
17. 2,8,18,32,18,4
18. 28
19. 13
20. 2,8
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
1. 12
2. 28
3. 24
4. 82
5. 22
6. 122
7. 54
8. 184
9. 74
10. 4
11. 34
12. 5
13. 45
14. 78
15. 14
16. 69
17. 204
18. 30
19. 14
20. 10
MASS NUMBER
1. 23
2. 52
3. 46
4. 137
5. 40
6. 200
7. 131
 8. 183
9. 126
10. 7
11. 63
12. 11
13. 80
14. 134
15. 28
16. 118
17. 207
18. 58
19. 27
20. 19
PERIOD NUMBER
1. Period 3
2. Period 4
3. Period 4
4. Period 6
5. Period 3
6. Period 6
7. Period 5
8. Period 6
9. Period 5
10. Period 2
11. Period 4
12. Period 2
13. Period 4
14. Period 6
15. Period 3
16. Period 5
17. Period 6
18. Period 4
19. Period 3
20. Period 2
GROUP NUMBER
1. Group 1
2. Group 6
3. Group 4
4. Group 2
5. Group 8A
6. Group 12
7. Group 8A
8. Group 6
9. Group 17
10. Group 1
11. Group 11
12. Group 3A
13. Group 7A
14. Group 1
15. Group 14
16. Group 14
17. Group 14
18. Group 10
19. Group 13
20. Group 8A