UNDS Midterms Reviewer In Brazil, women want to appear fit and toned, and

things like waxing, sculpting massages, and

The Self: Western vs. Eastern Thought manicures are everyday treatments, not only
Western Thought - Is about the focus on oneself reserved for the spa.
and personal need.
Eastern Thought - Focuses less on individual basis In both Asia and Africa, skin lightening has risen in
but more of group basis. popularity. Korea, Thailand, and Japan have all
been
Western Thought Eastern Thought known to champion skincare products that smooth
Individualistic (self) Collectivistic (others) and brighten, as milky, unblemished skin is the
more of Tilted towards less ultimate beauty goal.
acquisition of material assets.
things Skin tone is a proxy for socioeconomic status.
obsessed with being Inclined towards long
successful. life. In western countries a tan means that you have
disposable income to take vacations into sunny
Enterprise and hard Fortune and luck climates or have free time away from a desk job to
work wisdom of years and lay on the beach and get a tan. A tan symbolizes
the youth and being seniority wealth.
young
subscribe to the idea Concept of Beauty in terms of art refers to an interaction
of theory of evolution reincarnation
between line, color, texture, sound, shape, motion,
and size that is pleasing to the senses.
Unpacking the Self: The Physical Self
The branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of
Cultural Traditions Can Help or Hurt
art, taste, and the creation and appreciation of
The culture in which we are surrounded by, has a
beauty.
significant impact on how we feel about ourselves
and
THE SEXUAL SELF
the manner in which we think about our body.
As we come to understand the beauty of physical
self, it is also proper to learn to understand the
Culture
sexual self. As psychoanalytic states that physical
Depending on the culture and overall emphasis of
body is the core of human experience as a form of
traditions involved, a person may find his
construction of self and personality.
surroundings either conducive or resistant to the
building of a healthy body image and self-esteem.
THE PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Culture is just one of the many factors.

While culture alone is not responsible for a poor or
negative body image, the influence and potential in
which it can impact how a person feels about
himself and his body is substantial.
Self-Esteem defined:
• The evaluative or affective
> consequence of one’s self-concept
• The extent to which one feels positive
> or negative about one’s self-concept
• “How I feel about who I am.”
Not all countries feel the same way about the
concept of beauty. In fact, cultures around the
world have different ideas of what is beautiful.
Some cultures in Africa, for example, do not
celebrate thinness the way Americans do.
(Famously, the
country of Mauritania has come to be known as
one that idolizes overweight women.) This is most
often
seen as a sign of wealth and fertility.
1. ORAL STAGE (Ages 0-1)
Most infants, pleasure comes from the
stimulation of the mouth.
2. ANAL STAGE (Ages 1-3)
Attention turns to process of elimination.
Child can gain approval or express aggression by
letting go or holding on.
3. PHALLIC STAGE (Ages 3-6)
It is the awakening of sexuality.
❖ Concept of the “Oedipus Complex”.
❖ Concept of the “Electra Complex”.
4. LATENCY STAGE (Ages 6-Puberty)
psychosexual development is dormant.
Same sex friendships and play occur here.
Pleasure is gained through same-sex peer
friendship.
5. GENITAL STAGE (Ages 12+ Puberty-on)
Realization of full adult sexuality occurs
here; sexual urges awaken.
Pleasure is gained through sexual
intercourse with non- relatives.

UNDERSTANDING REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Reproductive system is an organ system by which
we reproduce and bear live offspring. It requires
the union between male and female reproductive
system to which carries out to produce another life
form.
Male
Female
UNDERSTANDING THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Penis: This is the male organ used in sexual
intercourse.
Scrotum: This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin
that hangs behind and below the penis. It contains
the testicles (also called testes), as well as many
nerves and blood vessels. The scrotum acts as a
"climate control system" for the testes.
Testicles (testes): These are oval organs about
the size of large olives that lie in the scrotum,
secured at either end by a structure called the
spermatic cord. Most men have two testes. The
testes are responsible for making testosterone, the
primary male sex hormone, and for generating
sperm.
Epididymis: The epididymis is a long, coiled tube
that rests on the backside of each testicle. It
transports and stores sperm cells that are produced
in the testes. It also is the job of the epididymis to
bring the sperm to maturity, since the sperm that
emerge from the testes are immature and
incapable of fertilization. During sexual arousal,
contractions force the sperm into the vas deferens.
Vas deferens: The vas deferens is a long,
muscular tube that travels from the epididymis into
the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. The
vas deferens transports mature sperm to the
urethra, the tube that carries urine or sperm to
outside of the body, in preparation for ejaculation.
Urethra: The urethra is the tube that carries urine
from the bladder to outside of the body. In males,
it has the additional function of ejaculating semen
when the man reaches orgasm. When the penis is
erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from
the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated
at
orgasm.
Seminal vesicles: The seminal vesicles are sac-
like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near
the base of the bladder. The seminal vesicles
produce a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that provides
sperm with a source of energy to help them move.
The fluid of the seminal vesicles makes up most of
the volume of a man's ejaculatory fluid, or
ejaculate.
Prostate gland: The prostate gland is a walnut-
sized structure that is located below the urinary
bladder in front of the rectum. The prostate gland
contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate.
Prostate fluids also help to nourish the sperm. The
urethra, which carries the ejaculate to be expelled
during orgasm,
runs through the center of the prostate gland.
UNDERSTANDING THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Bartholin's glands: These glands are located
beside the vaginal opening and produce a fluid
(mucus) secretion.
Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris,
a small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to
the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold
of skin, called the prepuce, which is similar to the
foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the
clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can
become erect.
Vagina: The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix
(the lower part of uterus) to the outside of the
body. It also is known as the birth canal.
Uterus (womb): The uterus is a hollow, pear-
shaped organ that is the home to a developing
fetus. The uterus is divided into two parts: the
cervix, which is the lower part that opens into the
vagina, and the main body of the uterus, called the
corpus. The corpus can easily expand to hold a
developing baby. A channel through the cervix
allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit.
Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped
glands that are located on either side of the uterus.
The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.
Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are
attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve
as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the
ovaries to the uterus. Conception, the fertilization
of an
egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian
tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus,
where it implants into the lining of the uterine wall.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SEXUAL
EXCITEMENT
EROGENOUS ZONES
- These are part of the body that particularly
sensitive to touch, pressure and vibration
which contributes to sexual arousal
(hotspots)
PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE
- According to John and Master (1966),
sexual response follows a regular pattern
consisting of four phases, namely.
The AROUSAL Phase
- is subjective sense of sexual pleasure. The
physiological sign in males is penile
tumescence (erection) and vasocongestion
to female leads to vaginal lubrication and
nipple erection.
The PLATEAU Phase
- is a brief period of time before the orgasm.
It is the body’s preparation for orgasm.
The ORGASM Phase
- is an intense, highly pleasurable
experience. When this phase is reached, rhythmic
muscular contractions occur in the gentials.
*For males, contractions expel semen. (ejaculation)
*For females, contractions expel vaginal fluid.
(squirting).
The RESOLUTION Phase
a stage where the decrease of arousal
(particularly in males) happen. Genitals resume
their unaroused state and shape; blood pressure,
breathing and heart rate return to normal.
DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
Sexual behaviour transcends in different
forms. It may be influenced not only by
physiological aspects (biological) of sexuality but
also by different expectations, attitudes, beliefs,
and state of medical and biological knowledge.
Also, sexual behaviour also varies in terms of
preference, orientation and gender role
HETEROSEXUALITY
- is a sexual attraction and behaviour directed
to other sex. More than male-female
intercourse, it also includes kissing, petting,
caressing, massaging and other from of
sexual activities.
HOMOSEXUALITY
- is a romantic and/or sexual attraction
between members of the same sex. It may
be between Male-to-male relationship or
female-to-female relationship.
BISEXUALITY
- is a sexuality that can be romantically or
sexually attracted not just to the opposite
sex but also to the same sex.
PANSEXUALITY
- is a sexuality that can be applied to all of
the genders that are existing whether
romantically or sexually.
TRANSSEXUALITY
- these are the people who believed that they
were born with the body of the other
gender. Men transsexuals believe that they
being trapped in a woman’s body and vice
versa. these are also the people who have
undergone sexual surgeries or sex change.
TRANSGENDERISM
- these are the people who themselves as
belonging to the third gender. They may be
Transvestites or those people who wear
clothes of the opposite gender (cross-
dressing).
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
- as overpopulation and countless cases of
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) such as
Gonorrhoea, syphilis etc. along with the
threat of Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS), the government educates
people the importance of contraception.
NATURAL CONTRACEPTION
 ✓ are type of birth control that depend with
observations on woman’s body through monitoring
and recording different fertility signals during
menstrual cycle.

ARTIFICIAL CONTRACEPTION
✓ is a diverse method of contraception used
to prevent conception in women.

1. Body - The innermost part of our material self is

our BODY. Intentionally, we are INVESTING in our
body.

2. Clothes - Herman Lotze’s ‘Philosophy of Dress’

James believed that: Clothing is an essential part of
the material self.Lotze book: ‘Microsmus ’any time
we bring an object into the surface of our body, we
MATERIAL SELF invest that object into the consciousness of our
SELF personal existence taking in its contours to be our
William James conceptualized SELF as having 2 own and making it part of the self.’ (Watson 2014)
aspects- the “I” and the “me”.
The “I” is the thinking, acting, and feeling self and 3. Immediate Family - Our parents and siblings
the “me” on the other hand, is physical hold another great important part of our self. What
characteristics as well as psychological capabilities they do or become affects us.When an immediate
that makes who you are. family member dies, part of our self dies, too.
When their lives are in success, we feel their
The material self is a total of all of the tangible victories as if we are the one holding the trophy.In
things you own: their failures, we are put to shame or guilt. When
• your possessions they are in disadvantage situation, there is
• your home an urgent urge to help like a voluntary instinct of
• your body saving one’s self from danger.We place HUGE
The material self to tangible objects, people, or INVESTMENT in our immediate family when we see
places that carry the designation: “my or mine” them as the nearest
Two subclasses: REPLICA of our self.
• Bodily self
4. Home - Home is the earliest nest of our
selfhood. Our experiences inside the home were
recorded and marked on particular parts and things
in our home. The home thus is an extension of self,
because in it, we can directly connect our self.

Investment
The collections in different degree of investment of
•Extracorporeal self
self, becomes part of the self. As James (1890)
described self: “a man’s self is the sum total of all
what we CAN call his.” Possessions then become a
part or an extension of the self.

Russel Belk (1988) – “we regard our possessions

as part of ourselves.

WE ARE WHAT WE HAVE AND WHAT WE

POSSESS.
It includes all of the people, places, and things that
The identification of the self to things started in our
we regard as “ours.”
infancy stage when we make a distinction among
self and environment and others who may desire
our possessions.
Material possession gains higher value in our
lifetime if we use material possession to find
HAPPINESS, associate these things with significant
events, accomplishment, and people in our lives.
There are even times, when material possession of
a person that is closely identified to the person,
gains acknowledgement with high regard even if
the person already passed away.
Spiritual Self
William James define the spiritual self as
“the innermost workings of the person’s mind,
behavior, beliefs, and even morals that involves
every aspect of the human as a person.
Manifestation of the Spiritual Self
In relation to:
◦ Person’s will
◦ Intelligence and abilities
◦ Morals
◦ Values
Person’s will
Refers to one’s wishes, these are things that we
want to see and achieve in our lives.
Intelligence and abilities
These are the perceived strengths of a person, the
things that they have confidence in doing and
believe to have certain level of mastery.
Morals
It is the definition of what is right or wrong,
distinguishing the things that are acceptable for a
person and the society.
Values
Is the person’s ability to distinguish what is
important and what is not.
What is spirituality and spiritual self?
❖ Spiritual self is the most intimate, inner
subjective part of self. It is the most intimate
version of the self because of the satisfaction
experience when thinking of one’s ability to argue
and discriminate of one’s moral sensibility and
conscience, and of our unconquerable will.
❖ Spirituality does not mean any particular
practice. It is a certain way of being.
What is religion?
❖ Religion is an organized system of ideas
about spiritual reality, or the supernatural, along
with associated beliefs and ceremonial practices.
❖ A collective practice done by certain
community or society to praise the God that they
believe in.
Buddhism Believes that life is not a bed of roses.
Instead, there are suffering pain, and frustrations.
❖ They have this belief for reincarnation.
Christianism believes in Trinitarian God. One God
in three personas.
❖ They believe in the Holy Trinity.
Hinduism believes that existence is a cycle of
birth, death and rebirth, governed by karma.
Islam believed in Allah, who is their “One God”.
They believe in the unity and universality of God.
Religion
Rebecca Stein (Stein 2011) works on the
definition of religions as set of cultural beliefs and
practices that usually includes some or all the
characteristics.
1. A belief in supernatural being such as
Spirit and God
2. A focus on the sacred supernatural
3. The performance of ritual activities that
involves manipulation of sacred object.
Ritual is the performance of ceremonial acts
prescribed by a tradition or sacred law.
Viktor Frankl
He was the originator of Logotherapy. Frankl
indicates how his involvement in quest for the
significance of life in a Nazi death camp changed
his viewpoint of the world.
LOGOTHERAPY is about finding the meaning in
life. In short, we have to know our purpose.
DIGITAL SELF
Tim Berners-Lee - Made the world wide web
available to the public. The internet has already
become an integral part of everyday life for most of
the world’s population.
Philippines
▪ Almost two-thirds of the world’s
population now has a mobile phone.
▪ More than half of the world’s web traffic
now comes from mobile phones.
▪ More than half of all mobile connections
around the world are now: broadband”.
 ▪ More than one in five of the world’s
population shopped online in the past 30 days.
IDENTITY
The categories people use to specify who they are
– that is to locate themselves relative to other
people.
ONLINE IDENTITY
is actually the sum of all our characteristics and our
interactions.
Self- Presentation
▪ is the process of controlling how one is
perceived by other people.
▪ is the key to relationship inception and
development.
2 Types of Self- Presentation
Pleasing Audience - This tries to match one self
to the expectations and preferences of the
audience.
Self – construction - This tries to match oneself to
one’s own ideal self.
Multiple Aspect of the Self
Higgins (1987) argues that there are three domain
of the self:
❑ The Actual Self – refers to the attributes
an individual possess.
❑ The Ideal Self – attributes an individual
would ideally possess.
❑ The Ought Self – attributes an individual
ought to possess.
What do we like about the Internet?
1. Use for research.
2. Connect with friends.
3. Communicate with celebrities or famous
people.
4. Posts pictures.
5. Watch videos from all over the world.
6. Learn new skills.
7. Updated on news/current affairs and fads.
8. Play online games.
What Harm Can Internet Make?
1. Prone to deception.
2. Exposure to obscene language (i.e. curses),
pictures and videos.
3. Disclosure of private posts, pictures and/or
video.
4. Publicize secrets and private details.
5. Giving out/sharing of fake news.
POLITICAL SELF
DEVELOPING A FILIPINO IDENTITY
➢ The Philippines today has only emerged
in the 1980s after over three century colonization
of the Spaniards.
➢ The Japanese only occurred in 1946.
➢ Foreign cultures, beliefs, language and
religion have made a huge dent on our own by
setting a
foundation to the contemporary Filipino identity
and culture.
Does Filipinos have truly developed an identity of
their own? Or do we still live in the shadow of our
past
colonizers?
However, according to the 1987 Philippine
Constitution…
ARTICLE V: CITIZENSHIP, SECTION 1: The
following are citizens of the Philippines…
Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the
time of the adoption of this constitution.
Those whose father or mother are citizens of the
Philippines
Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino
mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching
the age of majority, and…
Those who are naturalized in accordance with the
law.
The individual’s race, ethnicity and physical
characteristics are not the only sole basis that
makes a person’s national identity. Consequently,
the importance of values and traits could not be
possibly set a part from one’s identity whether a
good or bad characteristics.
TRAITS VS. VALUES
TRAIT
Referred to as a distinguishing characteristics,
typically one belonging to a person.
VALUES
Is the regard that something is held to deserve; the
importance, worth, or usefulness of something.
WHO IS A FILIPINO?
❖ The Filipino values can best be seen from
the aspects of personal and social relationships.
Personally, the Filipinos value more their honor and
status than anything else.
Example:
✓ Karangalan
✓ Palabra de honor (Word of honor)
Filipinos have high respects in the elderlies, that is
why in decision-making, they usually consult them
and take into consideration the consensus of the
family members.
Socially speaking, Filipinos give more emphasis on
social relationship. This can be seen through the
hospitality they give to visitors, friends and even
strangers.
Example: Bayanihan.

WHAT ARE THE FILIPINO VALUES?

INDIVIDUAL ATTITUDES AND TRAITS OF
FILIPINOS.
❖ DUALISM OF FILIPINO TRAITS.
the positive and negative traits of Filipino people.
❖ ACCOMMODATIVE SURFACE VALUE
✓ Hiya
✓ Pakikisama
✓ Utang na loob
❖ CONFRONTATIVE SURFACE VALUE
✓ Bahala na
✓ Sama/Lakas ng loob
✓ Pakikibaka
❖ PIVOTAL INTERPERSONAL VALUE
✓ Pakikiramdam
❖ LINKING/SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUE
✓ Kagandahang loob
❖ ASSOCIATED SOCIETAL VALUE
✓ Karangalan
✓ Katarungan
✓ Kalayaan