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Slum typologies and public housing for poor in India

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 Slum Typologies, Aspiration of Dwellers
and Public Housing for Poor in India
Dr. A. K. Vinodia, Dr. Sanjeev singh
Asso. Prof & Professor
Deptt. Of Architecture, SPA, Bhopal
India
ajayvinodia@spabhopal.ac.in
Abstract- To tackle with the problem of housing for
urban poor, construction of mass public housing has
been the most preferred approach across the globe. Post
industrial cities of nineteenth and twentieth century has
mostly relied upon creating public housing stocks for in-
dustrial workers and other low income people however,
acceptance of public housing among the poor had been
selective. India also has started many initiatives to re-
solve issues of slums and have undergone many para-
digm shifts from forced evictions to upgrading and public
housing for poor. Recent approaches of slum interven-
tions are heavily relied upon mass scale public housing
for urban poor. However, many such housing projects
across the nation are failing to attract targeted population
and huge built stock is left unoccupied that has rising
questions on the adequacy of design of public housing.
On other hand, an insight of urban slums in India pres-
HQWV YHU\ VSHFL¿F SK\VLFDO DQG VRFLRFXOWXUDO FRQWH[W
These poor settlements may be considered as vernacu-
ODUVHWWOHPHQWHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKHSHRSOHIURPGLYHUVL¿HG
background and became peculiar in its characteristics
in due course of time. These settlements tend to vary
by size, location, physical and socio-economic charac-
teristics along with varying degree of potential and con-
straints. Literature evidence shows that policy interven-
tions mostly ignores ever existed contextual variations
among the slums thus, interventions have been relied
upon underlying principle of replicability through rigid or
VHPLULJLGSROLF\IUDPHZRUN+RZHYHUWKHVH³2QH¿WDOO´
approaches have been less effective.
A study conducted by author has evaluated multiple
layers of spatial, physical and socioeconomic complexi-
ties of the slums and found that slums are peculiar rather
than typical. It felts the need to evaluate design of hous-
ing in the light of housing needs of various slum typolo-
gies and dwellers aspirations.
Key words: Slum typology; Aspiration of slum dwellers; Public
housing for poor;
I. INTRODUCTION
It has been more than two hundred years to identify slums
and urban poor settlements as part of urban built mass across
the world. Over the period of time, perception towards the
slums and consequent policy intervention has also witnessed
many paradigm shifts. Numerous approaches including
eviction, direct and indirect public housing provision, envi-
ronmental improvements, service provisions etc, have been
experimented during various phases of interventions but, no
nation; mainly developing countries can claim to resolve their
problems by housing the poor. Slums are still considered as
threats to urban systems imposing many challenges for city
functioning. To resolve the problems of slums at fast rate,
construction of mass public housing for urban poor has been
SUDFWLFHGDV¿UVWVLQFHUHHIIRUWVWRUHKDELOLWDWHSRRUZLWKLQWKH
city. Earliest public housing for poor, elderly and vulnerable
Proceedings_ICTOAD_2017.indd 132
Dr. Yogesh K Garg
Professor,
Deptt. Of Arch. & Planning, MANIT Bhopal
India
ar_ykgarg@yahoo.com
sections was built in Britain during tenth century [1]. Similar-
ly, post industrial cities of nineteenth and twentieth century
DOVRFRQWULEXWHGVLJQL¿FDQWO\E\FUHDWLQJSXEOLFKRXVLQJVWRFNV
for industrial workers however, acceptance of public housing
among the poor had been selective. For example, in the era
of urban renewal in United States, mass public housing blocks
were demolished within few years of its construction because
unaccepted to the dwellers.However public housing has been
best way to provide mass scale housing in less time but, it has
received equal criticism for being sub-standard product. In re-
cent times India is also going with the public housing models
to address the issue of slum by providing dwellings in mid rise
housing block. Reviews on the performance of these housing
initiatives reveals that majority of prototype built housing units
across the nation are unoccupied and response of perspec-
tive dwellers are extremely poor. This paper is an attempt to
understand global and Indian approach for public housing for
poor and analyzing slum typologies and dwellers aspirations
for public housing with case study of Bhopal, India.
II. PUBLIC HOUSING INITIATIVES
Social or public housing is an comprehensive term that re-
IHUVWRDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJZKLFKEXLOWE\WKHVWDWHRUQRQSUR¿W
organizations for economically weaker sections of the society
those are unable to pay the full market cost of housing. These
KRXVLQJQRUPDOO\GHVLJQHGDFFRUGLQJWRRI¿FLDOO\GHWHUPLQHG
layouts, norms & standards and widely practiced in western
world to settle down industrial workers and other low income
population [1].
Great Britain is recognized as one of the earliest exam-
ple for providing charitable homes to poor, elderly or vulner-
able sections on a charitable basis during tenth century [1].
There was extreme demand for decent affordable housing in
nineteenth century when large industrial cities in Britain and
America were struggling with the problems of overcrowding
and inadequate sanitation conditions. During late nineteenth
century, housing for lower income peoples were created in
tenement blocks in London. Similarly, owners of industries
have also built entire villages such as, Saltaire, and Bourn-
ville, for their workers in the industrialized northern towns.
Beginning of twentieth century and post World War-I
situation brought real surge for social housing hence, British
Parliament passed the ambitious Housing Act which prom-
ised government subsidies for construction of public housing.
In response to this local councils built more than one million
homes between the two World Wars [2]. During mid 20th cen-
tury, Parker Morris Committee in its report “Homes for today
and tomorrow” recommended space standards for public
housing that in some respects actually were better than those
in private housing. However, these standards were scrapped
by the Conservative government in 1980.
     0RVW XUEDQL]HG DQG UHODWLYHO\ DIÀXHQW FRXQWULHV GHYHO-
oped their own approaches during the early twentieth century,
some of which became substantial components of total hous-
ing supply. The role of such housing varied considerably from
one country to another, though a few broad themes can be
LGHQWL¿HG>@
4/3/2017 2:37:17 PM
 Slum Typologies, Aspiraon of Dwellersand Public Housing for Poor in India  133
The key consideration in the type of public housing de-
signs has been governed by the political and economic struc-
ture of a country. Provision of large number of public housing
to countrymen was the most important task of government
during Post war period in Japan. Public housing has largely
been concerned with the number, rather than the quality thus,
UHIHUUHG WR DV µUDEELW KXWFKHV¶ >@ 6RFLDO KRXVLQJ LQ 8QLWHG
6WDWHVKDGLQÀXHQFHRIPDUNHWIRUFHVLQZKLFKPHUHO\¿YHSHU-
cent of the population those unable to meet their needs within
the wider market have a safety net.
In some of the mixed economy countries like Scandi-
navia, design and quality of public housing were equally at-
tractive as housing of higher classes and there was no social
stigma involved. Similarly in Germany, there has been variety
of ownership forms of rental housing available in the market
in which, one cannot distinguish difference between non-prof-
LWEDVHGDQGSUR¿WEDVHGKRXVLQJ7KHVHGLYHUVL¿HGKRXVLQJ
options also helped to reduce social stigma attached with so-
cial housing for poor. However, since 1990, many countries
started to prefer owner occupation rather than rentals for ex-
ample, overall level of owner occupation in the Netherlands
rose from 28% in 1945 to 47% in 1993 and 53% in 1998 [3].
Many public housing in UK were sold off or demolished and
subsidies were reduced or withdrawn. Government subsi-
III. RECENT SOCIAL HOUSING EFFORTS IN INDIA
Economic growth potential of cities has always acted
as magnet that attracts poor migrants into the urban centres.
This has been a characteristic feature of the development
process since the Industrial Revolution. Increase in urbaniza-
tion always been accompanied by the equally rapid growth of
slums, squatter and other informal settlements [5]. It has also
been recognized `that slum formation generally associates
with many social, economic and environmental problems [6].
Problems of housing to poor migrant and ever growing
slums and squatters in India has witnessed since indepen-
dence. Government of India has started many initiatives to
resolve issues related with slums and have undergone para-
digm shifts from forced evictions to provision of social housing
of recent times. According to estimates of national building or-
ganization (NBO) India, housing shortage in India was 10.56
million in 2001 and reached to 24.71 in 2007. Another report
submitted by a technical committee to the Ministry of Hous-
ing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA), declares that
,QGLD¶VXUEDQKRXVLQJVKRUWDJHLVHVWLPDWHGDVPLOOLRQ
in 2012 [7]. This reduction in housing shortage has been the
outcomes of the mass scale construction of public housing
for poor under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewable
dies in the UK switched from supporting social housing to
home-owners and due to this changing political and economic
approach a steady increase in home ownership became the
most common form of housing in the Europe [4].
The nations, who follow communist philosophy, gener-
ally had created mass public housing for all its population re-
gardless of income status. From Rasia to Chaina highly stan-
dardized, prototyped and faceless mass housing units was
SURGXFHGRYHUZKLFKFLWL]HQVKDYHOLWWOHRUQRFRQWURO4XDQ-
tity has often been achieved at the expense of quality. With
the collapse of the Soviet Union, housing market switched
towards a market economy and existing housing stock was
made private however, land ownership was retained by the
state so that residents cannot mortgage their properties.
In some countries like china, hong kong and Singapore
SXEOLFVHFWRUKDVH[HUWHGDVWURQJLQÀXHQFHRQHFRQRPLFSRO-
icies and resource allocation. Government took responsibility
for housing to their populations and privately owned housing
was restricted or banned altogether. In some cases, govern-
ments nationalized all land and most of the housing stock.
Concept of social housing in developing countries like
India has been introduced during colonial period by the British
rule and large number of public housing was created in New
Delhi, Calcutta and Lahore, mainly to accommodate colonial
civil servants [1]. These public housing were ranged from
modest to palatial mansions and allocation was according to
rank in which, best properties in terms of size and location
were offered to senior staff whereas, lower staff gets more
modest housing. After independence, existing public housing
VWRFNVZDVWDNHQRYHUE\JRYHUQPHQWRI¿FLDOV,QÀX[RIODUJH
number of people due to partition and migration of rural poor
to urban centres imposed greater challenges. Cities were not
in a position to provide decent housing to increased urban
population and migrants. Informal settlements started to grow
within the major cities in India. In next few decades efforts
have been made to increase housing stock and improve con-
dition of slums, but housing supply was very slow compared
with the demand. This shortfall has contributed to house price
LQÀDWLRQDQGH[FOXGHGWKHXUEDQSRRUIURPIRUPDOKRXVLQJUH-
sulting growth of slums and informal settlements.
Proceedings_ICTOAD_2017.indd 133
0LVVLRQ-11850DÀDJVKLSSURMHFWRI*RYHUQPHQWRI,QGLD
aimed to improving urban infrastructure and services. It was
launched in 2005 and implemented its proposals till 2015. The
programme consist of two major sub-components; (i) Basic
Services for Urban Poor (BSUP) applicable for million plus
cities and (ii) Integrated Housing and Slum Development Pro-
gramme (IHSDP) applicable in other cities, focused to improve
the conditions of Indian slums and providing affordable social
housing to urban poor. This scheme includes slum up-grada-
tion and construction of new houses along with infrastructure
facilities like roads, water supply and sewerages.
These models where based on heavily subsidized low-
cost housing programmes that rely on high economic growth
that will bring improvement of housing conditions and help to
eliminate urban slums. The favored approach during this era
of slum upgrading was demolition of slums and replacement
with mid and high-rise public housing blocks mostly at the out-
skirts of the city.
A report of Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alle-
viation, Government of India on the status of implementation
of public housing projects under BSUP and IHSDP during
2005- 2014 reveals that, BSUP was operational in 62 cities
of 32 states and a total of 479 projects were undertaken with
total cost of Rs. 2650 million. Another programme known as
IHSDP, was operational in 886 towns of 33 cities and a to-
tal of 1036 projects were undertaken costing a total of Rs.
1097 millions. Data shows that out of total 1.52 million houses
sanctioned under BSUP & IHSDP, only 51.8 % units could
construct in ten years (2005-2015) whereas, occupancy rate
of completed housing has been further poor at 38.6% only
[8]. Similar to the national trends, out of 38441 housing units
sanctioned for state of Madhya Pradesh, nearly 40% con-
structed units of BSUP and 75% built units of IHSDP pro-
grammes were reported unoccupied as on February, 2016 [9].
This Large scale social housing initiative was an appreciable
effort of the government of India to provide housing to urban
poor but, high rate of unoccupied constructed housing has
raised many questions on the success of the programme. This
mode of development have received many criticism for creat-
ing disruptions to the existing social, economic, and political
ties of existing neighborhoods. The guidelines provided under
the programme for housing developments were quite strin-
gent and rigid that does not allowed
4/3/2017 2:37:17 PM
 134 First Internaonal Conference on Theory of Architectural Design: Global Pracces Amid Local Milieu
much variation in the design of units. The cost ceiling also
do not allow quality of construction and forced to go with the
high density multi-storied cubical. The housing designs also
received criticism being unsupportive to the lifestyle and liveli-
hood practices of the poor.
A post occupancy evaluation was conducted in some of
the BSUP project of Bhopal city in 2013. Slum dwellers main-
ly those engaged in informal sector activities and use their
dwellings for means of livelihood reportedly suffered for eco-
nomic break down. Evaluation concluded that, dwellers had
VWURQJYLHZWKDWWKH\ZHUHPRUHVDWLV¿HGLQWKHLUVOXPV>@
6XFK¿QGLQJDJDLQUHLQIRUFHWKHLGHDWKDWGLUHFWSXEOLFKRXV-
LQJDSDUWPHQWVDVUHIXVHGHDUOLHULQVVWLOO¿QGLQJGLI¿FXO-
ties to become popular among poor. Another major criticism
was on the misinterpretation of urban poor settlement within
the policy framework that do not pays regards for contextual
variations of poor settlement, dynamics of life under scarcity,
composition, livelihood practices, socio-cultural behavior and
aspirations of the poor.
The experience of social housing for poor under BSUP
and IHSDP programme were not much successful even
though, Government of India in 2014 had introduced anoth-
er public housing scheme called as Rajiv Awas Yojona (RAY)
with a vision of slum-free cities. However, due to change in
political regime Rajiv Awas Yojona was stopped and new pro-
gramme called as Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) was
introduced in 2016 with aims to provide housing for all and
to create 20 million housing till 2022. Outcomes of these two
programmes are awaited till date.
IV. SLUM TYPOLOGIES AND DWELLERS
ASPIRATIONS
Wide criticism of public housing, Continuing marginal
success and low acceptance of public housing programmes
among the targeted population have provided scope to un-
derstand needs and aspirations of the poor. Social housing
for poor in India are usually based on underlying principle of
replicability and National regulatory framework often ignores
actual housing needs of the poor [10]. Review of slum policies
and programmes in India provides clear indications that many
national or state sponsored slum intervention programmes
ZHUH EDVHG RQ WZR PDLQ DVVXPSWLRQV ¿UVW VOXPV DUH W\SL-
FDOVHWWOHPHQWDQGWKHLUGH¿FLHQFLHVZRXOGEHVLPLODUVHFRQG
slum dwellers would have similar expectations. A study was
conducted by author to identify whether slums are typical or
not. Findings of study have been presented below.
A. Analysis and Findings
7KHFKLVTXDUHWHVWZDVFRQGXFWHGZLWKLGHQWL¿HGYDUL-
ables and parameters. Statistical analysis found that, out of
90 variables, 72 variables stood for rejection of null hypoth-
esis i.e. “Slums are typical settlements”. On the basis of
numbers, statistical analysis concluded that, empirical under-
standing that considers slums as “typical settlements” seems
to be incorrect.
Apart from the statistical analysis, qualitative analysis
also brought some evidence that, there have been wide varia-
WLRQVDPRQJWKHXUEDQSRRUVHWWOHPHQWLGHQWL¿HGDVVOXPVE\
the local administration. For example, if we look at the spatial
attributes that includes origin and growth of slums, its age,
land use, land ownerships, land values, land conditions/ con-
strains, tenure types and density etc. are not constant across
the slums. In fact condition of slums tends to vary from one
settlement to another. In Bhopal city, there have been some
twenty eight types of land ownerships on which slums and
squatters have their footprints.
Proceedings_ICTOAD_2017.indd 134
It ranged from highly insecure (erected over objectionable
land) to highly secure tenure.
Similarly, assessment for vulnerability of slums was car-
ried out by evaluating physical attributes that includes param-
eters and variables related to the conditions of housing and
infrastructure. It was noticed that housing and infrastructural
condition of slums also tends to very across the city. Dwelling
sizes were as low as 9 sq. m. one room unit to more than
100 sq. m. multiple room houses, material of dwellings rang-
HVIURPYHU\LQ¿UPOLNHSRO\WKHQHWRYHU\VWURQJOLNHFRQFUHWH
similarly, condition of houses ranged from unserviceable to
permanent structure. Inter slums variation also found for in-
house bathing and toilet facilities, availability of pipe water
supply and connectivity of roads, sewer & drainage electrical
and waste collection with city networks systems.
Inter slums variation for the parameters of affordability
was found relatively less but, majority of dwellers informed
that their family income has been very low that does not al-
lows them to own decent house in open housing market. How-
ever income of slums households are reported low and ma-
jority of them earns their livelihood from informal sector but,
income levels and livelihood patterns are not uniform across
the slums. In fact there is intra slum variation for income.
For the parameter of acceptability, aspirational attributes
includes psychological aspects such as, degree of satisfac-
tion with the conditions of slum, threats of relocation and
choice of development were evaluated. It was noticed that
responses of households at both inter and intra slum on as-
pirational attributes have been inconsistent. Opinion for the
choice of development options i.e. in-situ or relocation, major-
ity had preference for in-situ however, inclination towards the
relocation through subsidised public housing was also noticed
in the slums subjected to unsecured tenure and prone to evict.
On the basis of research analysis this was concluded that,
contrary to the popular wisdom, urban poor settlements were
found atypical. These settlements tend to vary by size, loca-
tion, physical and socio-economic characteristics along with
varying degree of potential and constraints. However, national
regulatory framework often ignores contextual needs of the
poor [10]. Interventions have been relied upon underlying
principle of replicability in which prototyped designs were im-
plemented irrespective of context. However, these top-down
DQG³2QH¿WDOO´DSSURDFKHVKDYHDOZD\VEHHQOHVVHIIHFWLYH
among the slum households. Infact, multiple layers and varied
dimensions of spatial, physical, socioeconomic and cultural
complexities of the urban poor settlements does not allow a
single or uniform strategy to tackle the problems of the slums.
Thus, it can be argues that, housing programmes for poor
VKRXOGEHFRQWH[WVSHFL¿FLQZKLFKUHVSHFWVKRXOGEHJLYHQ
to local contextual conditions. This may lead to increase wider
acceptance among the slum households [18].
V. DISCOURSE ON RECENT PUBLIC HOUSING
IN INDIA
Recently implemented large scale public housing scheme
for poor (BSUP & IHSDP) in India has been reported under-
performed. Through various researches major cause for mar-
ginal success and high rate of refusal from the intended pop-
XODWLRQDUHLGHQWL¿HGDVIROORZV
A. The BSUP, contrary to its intention, has become a hous-
ing construction project instead of a programme made to pro-
vide basic services to the urban poor. New unit construction is
the easiest approach to be followed for slum redevelopment/
4/3/2017 2:37:17 PM
 Slum Typologies, Aspiraon of Dwellersand Public Housing for Poor in India  135
rehabilitation, and in the absence of any guiding principle to
select an option for a particular slum, most cities have opted
for it [12].
%4XDOLW\RIFRQVWUXFWLRQLQWKHVHSURMHFWVZDVH[WUHPHO\
SRRU WKLV KDV EHHQ UHVXOW RI ORZHU VSHFL¿FDWLRQV RI EXLOGLQJ
material and construction methods governed by the proposed
ceiling on area and cost of the units. A housing unit of 25 sq.
m. carpet area or 32 sq. m. built up area was to be constructed
within 100 thousand rupees. Plinth area rate of unit account-
HG IRU ൠ  SHU VT P ZKLFK VWDQGV DW OHDVW WKUHH WLPHV
lower than the standard plinth area rates. To keep cost within
UDQJH PDQ\ FRPSURPLVHV GRQH ZLWK WKH VWUXFWXUH ¿QLVKLQJ
PDWHULDOVTXDOLW\DQGTXDQWLW\RI¿[WXUHV¿QDOO\UHVXOWHGLQWR
substandard product.
C. Delays in estimated time of execution have resulted in
escalation of the costs in compression to the initial estimates
by the government. For example, in case of Shabari Nagar
slum redevelopment project of Bhopal, the initial amount of
EHQH¿FLDU\VKDUHZDVSURSRVHGDVൠWKRXVDQGKRZHYHU
at the completion of project, cost escalations were passed on
WREHQH¿FLDU\WKXVWKHLUFRQWULEXWLRQUDLVHGIURPൠWRൠ
RULQIHZFDVHVൠ>@$VDUHVXOWWKHVHKRXV-
LQJXQLWVEHFDPHXQDIIRUGDEOHIRUPRVWEHQH¿FLDULHV
D. Huge housing stock of BSUP & IHSDP was found
unused and unoccupied in many cities and town in India. For
example, 57% BSUP housing in Bangalore city [14], and al-
most 90% in Greater Hyderabad was left unoccupied [15].
The reasons cited in Hyderabad were distance to workplaces,
and lack of schools and hospitals. This is not viable and does
QRWPHHWWKHFULWHULDRIµDGHTXDWHKRXVLQJ¶>@,QIDFWDVVLVWHG
in evicting the poor from the valuable lands located in the city
centre. [17]
E. High rate of unoccupied built housing has also been no-
ticed in cases where relocation projects have been developed
at or within close proximity of existing slums. For example,
41% BSUP and 75 % IHSDP housing in Madhya Pradesh
have also remained unoccupied [9].
F. According to the post occupancy evaluation and social
audit of few slums in Bhopal, lower preferences to shift into
the housing constructed at close proximity of existing slums
have been due to multiple reasons. Some are dissatisfaction
with the design and quality of unit whereas, for others cost is
unaffordable and to some size of units is smaller than what
they have in slums. It has been noticed that, net liveable area
in the initial approved plan was 23.21 sq. m., which was re-
duced to mere 20.8 sq. m., very much lower than the BSUP
standard of 25 sq. m. There was no glass panes on the win-
dows, front doors opened in dark tunnel-like corridors, stairs
does not reaches to terrace for maintenance of water tanks,
parapet wall was missing. Similarly, community facilities and
amenities were neglected [13]. Many had square view on the
multi-storied structure as unsupportive to their current home
based livelihood practices.
G. Poor infrastructure facilities and no maintenance by civic
increase in expenditures.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Slum interventions can broadly be divided into two types
i.e. In-situ interventions and relocation projects. Neither every
slum of the urban landscape can be upgraded at their existing
locations nor, each slum can be moved away from the city.
Under scarcity of urban land, ever growing migration and land
values in cities, public housing has been good option to tackle
with the problem of housing shortage. However, experience
with the recent public housing programmes (BSUP and IHS-
DP) was not exciting. A huge amount of money was spent in
large scale housing for urban poor. These subsidized housing
were succeeded to construct houses at faster rate but failed
to attract target population. Apart from the lower acceptance,
low occupancy rate and poor quality of housing stocks, major
drawback of these housing was that it could not succeeded
to abolish social stigma attached with the people occupied
these housing. Unlike western counterparts, where difference
between state assisted social housing for poor and other non
poor housing has been minimal. Many slum upgradation proj-
ects or newly developed housing for poor in India could not
PHUJHGZLWKWKHQRQVOXPGHYHORSPHQWDQGFDQEHLGHQWL¿HG
or regarded as slum. It may be due to in search of affordable
solutions, we are producing poor product for poor people.
Perception of slum dwellers for recent social/public housing
can be noticed from the statement received during interviews
conducted for social audit in Bhopal ”It is a zoo and we are
QRZEHHQWUHDWHGDVDQLPDOVZKRKDYHEHHQ¿OOHGLQWKHVH
cage-like houses with bad construction quality and without
proper amenities. We are poor. What could we do? Whom to
believe?” [13]
However, public housing (BSUP & IHSDP) were not much
successful to get popularity among the poor but, in 2014, gov-
ernment had introduced social housing programme called as,
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) and later Pradhan Mantri Awas Yo-
jana (PMAY), in 2016 with aims to create 20 million housing till
2022. PMAY, is a more open programme based on community
participation and provides many options to the cities to make
slums more habitable. Outcomes of these two programmes
are awaited however; one can only hope that new housing
programmes will facilitate a more reliable solution for slum
up-gradation and redevelopment. There is need to learn les-
son from the past experiences and future policies and pro-
grammes should be more realistic, pragmatic and inclusive.
3URMHFW IRUPXODWLRQ DQG GHVLJQV VKRXOG EH FRQWH[W VSHFL¿F
and proposals should be made by involving the actual tar-
geted population. New programmes either, upgradation or
redevelopment through social housing, focus should be on to
remove social stigma attached with the urban poor settlement.
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[1] Geoffrey payne- Social housing in a globalizing world, Built
Environment and Sustainable Development MACDES confer
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[2] http://www.parliament.uk/about/livingheritage/transformingsoci
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[3] Scanlon, K and Whitehead, C. (2004) LSE ‘International trends
authority have also major reason for dissatisfaction. Earlier
these households also enjoyed various other subsidies by
the State government which was now removed. Slums earlier
used to pay less water taxes and no property tax or mainte-
nance charges were collected. While living in BSUP housing
many subsidies were ended and scope of illegal tapping of
municipal services was limited in fact, each one are require
paying for all services and taxes resulting in comprehensive
Proceedings_ICTOAD_2017.indd 135
LQKRXVLQJWHQXUHDQG¿QDQFH¶3DJHQRWHSDJHWKDW
in the Netherlands, (http://www.urbancenter.utoronto.ca/pdfs/
elibrary/CML_Inter-Trends-Housing-Te.pdf).
[4] Wilcox, S. (2008) UK Housing review 200809, p 71, http://www.
ukhousingreview.org.uk/
[5] UNCHS-Habitat (2006) Upgrading of Urban Slums and
Squatter Areas available at http://cn.unhabitat.org/downloads/
docs/3617_80393_CHS-OP-81-4.pdf
4/3/2017 2:37:17 PM
 136 First Internaonal Conference on Theory of Architectural Design: Global Pracces Amid Local Milieu
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