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(PDF) Step-By-step Design and Calculations For Water Treatment Plant Units
(PDF) Step-By-step Design and Calculations For Water Treatment Plant Units
Authors:
This work presented the design steps and calculation for each units of the water treatment
plant (WTP), due to it’s important role domestically and drinking purpose. It also illustrated Discover the world's
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and designed the procedures of the water processing units by estimating water demand
and designing the unit process. The objectives of this work were to estimate the water 20+ million
demand for a certain comminuity and to present design steps and calculations for the members
required units of a WTP.The design of the WTP units was applied to Greater-Zab River
water for the selected location in Erbil City-Iraq. The quality and quantity of the Greater- 135+ million
Zab River water at various times were statistically analysed and presented.The units of the publications
treatment processes involved intake, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, adsorption 700k+ research
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(optional), filtration, disinfection, storage, and pumping. The calculations and detailed projects
drawings of the units were displayed, the average discharge and population of used for the
WTP design were 60,000 m3/day and 200,000, respectively. In addition, the calculation
required some of the parameters to be estimated as field data, which were taken into
consideration. The outline results of each unit of the WTP were tabulated. It can be
concluded that this work can be used as a source for designing other WTP units. A number
of factors such as age of WTP, maintenance, economical and political situations, technical
problems, and water demand had a graet impact on the removal efficiency of the WTP
units.
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Public Full-text 1
Correspondence Author: Shuokr Qarani Aziz, Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Salahaddin University–Erbil, Iraq
Email: shuokr.aziz@su.edu.krd
Received date: 20 June 2019, Accepted date: 2 August 2019, Online date: 25 August 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Shuokr Qarani Aziz et al., This is an ope n-access artic le distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Lice
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
This work presented the design steps and calculation for each unit of the water treatment plant (WTP), due to its
crucial role do mestically and drinking purpose. It also illustrated and designed th e procedures of the water
processing uni ts b y esti mating water demand and designing the unit process. The objectives of this work were to
evaluate the water demand fo r a certain community and to present design steps and c alculations for the required
units of a WTP. The design of the WTP units was applied to Greater -Zab River water for the selected location in Erbil
City-Iraq. The quality and quanti ty of the Greater-Zab River w ater at various times were statistically analyzed and
presented. T he units of the treatment processes involved intake, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation,
adsorption (optional), filtration, disinfection, storage, and pumping. The calculations and detailed drawings of the
units were displayed, the average discharge and population used for the WTP design were 60,000 m3/day and
200,000, respectively. Besides, t he calculation required some of the pa rameters to be estim ated as field data, which
were taken int o consideration. The outline results of each unit of the WTP were tabulated. It can be concluded that
this work can be used as a source for designing other WTP units. A number of factors such as the age of WTP,
maintenance, economical and political situati ons, technical problems, and water demand had a great impact on the
removal efficiency of the WTP units.
Keywords: Design, River Water, Treatment Plant, Greater Zab, Water Demand, Quality
INTRODUCTION
Water treatment processes are applied to surface water sources. Typically, a water treatment plant (WTP) comprises intake
pumping, pre-sedimentation (in some cases), coagulation, flocculation, clarification, adsorption, filtration, disinfection, storage
and pumping to treat water for consumption [1-4]. The designs of a unit or some units for WTPs are available [5-10]. However
forecasting the population size, estimating water demand, and step-by-step designing and drawing WTPs in one published wor
are currently unavailable The objectives of the current work were to determine water demand for an individual community
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are currently unavailable. The objectives of the current work were to determine water demand for an individual community,
design WTP units on river water step by step, and illustration the required calculations and details of the WTP units.
Water Demand
Calculations and designs should be applied to a natural river to obtain accurate and realistic results for a WTP design. Theref
the current work was applied to the Greater Zab River in Erbil City, Iraq (Figures 1 and 2). The data about the Greater Zab R
Advances in Environmental Biology
ISSN-1995-0756 EISSN-1998-1066
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Citation: Shuokr Qarani Aziz et al., 2019. Step-by-step design and calculations for water tr eatment plant units . Advances in Environmental Biology 13(8):
DOI:10.22587/aeb.2019.13.8.1
water were obtained from the Ministry of the Municipality and Tourism Directorate of Water in Erbil City, KRG, Iraq [11]
Greater Zab River is one of the main tributaries of the Tigris River, which is one of the large rivers that originated from Tur
and has a length of approximately 392 km [12]
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A population of 200,000 and an average water consumption of 300 liter per capita per day (LPCD) were proposed to design
appropriate WTP. The selection of the proposed value of 300 LPCD was based on previous studies [ ,3]. The minimum
maximum average consumption were suggested as 40% and 180%, respectively [10]. The discharges can be calculated as follo
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Citation: Shuokr Qarani Aziz et al., 2019. Step-by-step design and calculations for water tr eatment plant units . Advances in Environmental Biology 13(8):
DOI:10.22587/aeb.2019.13.8.1
Average discharge (Q avg.) = 200,000 × 300 LPCD = 60,000,000 L/day = 60,000 m3/day = 0.694 m3/s
Minimum discharge (Q min) = 60,000 × 0.4 = 24,000 m3/day = 0.278 m3/s
Maximum discharge (Q max) = 60,000 × 1.8 = 108,000 m3/day = 1.25 m3/s
Water Quality
The quality of the Greater Zab River water is summarized in Table 1. Water quality parameters, such as pH, electr
conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS), chloride (Cl-), alkalinity, Ca++, Na+, K+, Mg++, nitrate (NO3), and SO4, rema
within the allowable limits recommended by WHO standard [11] Turbidity and hardness surpassed the permissible levels
NTU and 200 mg/L based on WHO standards. Water treatment processes are essential for the Greater Zab River water to ad
all drinking water quality parameters to their acceptable levels to supply potable and safe water to consumers. Table 2 illustr
statistical analysis using SPSS for Greater-Zab River water quality. It can be noticed from Table 2 that the average values of
EC, TDS, Cl, Total alkalinity, Ca, Na, K, Mg, NO3, and SO4 are remaining within the allowable limits mentioned by W
standards [14]. While the parameters of turbidity and total hardness were surpassed the drinking water quality standards [14].
treatment processes for Greater-Zab River water are essential.
No Date Turbidity pH EC TDS Cl_ T. Alkalinity T. Hardness Ca++ Na+ K+ Mg++ NO3_ SO4 Ref.
1 22/01/2012 16.2 7.28 776 388 4 200 264 64 8.2 1.1 24.96 6 65.5
2 20/02/2012 323 6.66 702 351 6 132 257 82 8.4 1.3 12.48 12.5 152
3 18/03/2012 64.1 7.33 719 359.5 6 153 202 59 6.8 1.7 13.1 15 75
4 15/04/2012 352 7.61 734 367 5 129 181 64 3 1.1 5.04 13 65
5 13/05/2012 114 7.72 0 0 9 131 175 61 3.1 0.5 5.4 7.5 23
6 12/06/2012 31.1 7.4 338 169 10 133 178 51 3.7 0.6 12.1 6 61
7 16/07/2012 54 7.41 411 205.5 13 136 191 53 5.2 1.2 14 8.5 54
8 26/08/2012 106 7.63 478 239 11 136 209 32 14 1.3 31 7 96
9 16/09/2012 120 7.78 483 241.5 10 146 218 56 4.8 0.9 18.7 12 105
10 15/10/2012 108 7.64 438 219 7 202 226 68 7.5 1.7 13.4 12 200
11 18/11/2012 254 7.73 170 85 5 168 230 61 6 2.2 18.6 18.5 158
12 16/12/2012 12.3 6.69 295 147.5 6 154 194 68 6.8 1.5 5.76 13 121
13 14/01/2013 160 7.84 322 161 7 216 256 69 6.4 0.9 20 15 71 [11]
14 19/02/2013 70.3 8.01 352 176 8 231 239 83 5 5.4 7.56 12 103
15 13/03/2013 29.5 7.72 334 167 13 172 300 91 4.7 1.1 17.4 10.5 67
16 15/04/2013 411 8.32 303 151.5 6 171 183 48 3 1.1 15.1 13 56
17 12/05/2013 1.8 8.15 275 137.5 10 130 208 59 3.1 0.5 14.5 7 39
18 18/06/2013 111 7.63 307 153.5 11 182 208 69 3.9 0.8 8.52 7 46
19 15/07/2013 5.7 7.39 403 201.5 11 141 196 55 5.5 1.3 14 5 38
20 18/08/2013 32 1 8 02 424 212 12 166 215 57 7 7 1 4 17 4 5 60
21 15/09/2013 16.2 8.22 422 211 6 164 223 57 8.5 1.5 19.3 6.5 69
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Water Quantity
The quantity of the Greater-Zab River water is indicated in Table 3. Statistical analysis for Greater-Zab River Water quantit
shown in Table 4. The minimum value of Greater-Zab River water flow was 57 m3/s which was reported in September 2
Whilst, the maximum flow of 1182 m3/s was reported in February 2006. The minimum discharge of the Greater-Zab Rive
greater than the maximum water demand of 1.25 m3/s (Section 3).
M h
April 15
15 751
723 282
324 1033
1047 524 7333
612.0667 65 01659
52.56800 251 80817
203.59500 63407 352
41450.924
M 15 624 235 859 549 2000 41 57783 161 03025 25930 743
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May 15 624 235 859 549.2000 41.57783 161.03025 25930.743
June 15 513 153 666 382.7333 37.68509 145.95374 21302.495
July 15 279 89 368 227.9333 21.02911 81.44540 6633.352
August 14 143 67 210 129.1429 9.42166 35.25262 1242.747
September 15 128 57 185 105.8667 9.49580 36.77706 1352.552
October 15 143 59 202 110.9333 11.58014 44.84970 2011.495
November 15 192 70 262 135.9333 16.51333 63.95586 4090.352
December 16 234 75 309 173.7500 16.72760 66.91039 4477.000
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Intake
The basic function of the intake structure is to help safely withdraw water from the water source and to discharge this water
the withdrawal conduit (normally called intake conduit) through which it flows up to a WTP [13,16-17]. The water is dive
through a raw water gravity pipe into the wet well (intake).
The average discharge (Q avg.) used in the design of the intake is described as follows:
Q avg. = 0.694 m3/s
when four pipes were used to convey raw water.
Q per one gravity pipe = 0.694 / 4 = 0.17 m3/s.
Velocity inside the gravity pipe = 1 m/s.
Area (A) = Discharge (Q) / velocity (v)
(1)
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Citation: Shuokr Qarani Aziz et al., 2019. Step-by-step design and calculations for water tr eatment plant units . Advances in Environmental Biology 13(8):
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V = Q × t = 10.41 × 20 = 208.2 m3
The bottom of the well is located at 1.5 m below of lower water level (LWL) [13]
Effective depth of the intake well = 10 m [13]
Area of the well = 208.2 / 10 = 20.82 m3
To find the diameter of the circular well section:
The plan of the intakes is shown in Figure 4:
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Citation: Shuokr Qarani Aziz et al., 2019. Step-by-step design and calculations for water tr eatment plant units . Advances in Environmental Biology 13(8):
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On the basis of the provided data from the directorate of Erbil water of the Greater Zab River, we find that the high-water l
(HWL) is 6.3 m, the LWL is 3.4 m, and the groundwater level is 290 m.a.s.l. The following criteria are considered:
Total discharge (Q) = 0.694 m3/s
To design one strainer:
Total discharge / 4 = 0.17 m3/s
Velocity through strainer (v) = 0.15 m/s [13,16]
If the area of strainers is 50% of the total area (Figure 6).
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Coagulation
Coagulation is the process of adding a coagulant to water to destabilize colloidal suspensions, and the steps of the design crit
of the coagulation tank in accordance with previous studies [1,17] are as follows:
Q = 0.694 m3/s = 41.64 m3/min
using two flash mixers, we determined the discharge for one flash mixer as (41.64 m3/min) / 2 = 20.82 m3/min.
Use t = 1 min (60 sec), [13,17-18]
Volume of flash mixer (V) = 20.82 m3/min × 1 min= 20.82 m3
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Citation: Shuokr Qarani Aziz et al., 2019. Step-by-step design and calculations for water tr eatment plant units . Advances in Environmental Biology 13(8):
DOI:10.22587/aeb.2019.13.8.1
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Flocculation
Flocculation is the process of slow mixing that can be achieved in a basin, which is known as a flocculator. It is an essen
operation designed to agitate force in fluid and coagulation. The design criteria of the flocculation tank are based on prev
studies [2, 19]:
Q = 41.64 m3/min
t = 30 min [13]
V = 41.64 m3/min × 30 min = 1,249.2 m3.
Using six flocculation tanks (with two parallel tanks) = 1,249.2 / 6 = 208.2 m3
d=4m
A = V / d = 208.2 / 4 = 52.05m2
Then, to find the dimension of one square tank, we use the following:
Area = width × length
Using L = 3 W
A= W × 3 W
52.05 = 3 W2
W = 4.17 m
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Citation: Shuokr Qarani Aziz et al., 2019. Step-by-step design and calculations for water tr eatment plant units . Advances in Environmental Biology 13(8):
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P = G2µV
To find out the power of each of the paddle, we apply the following:
For (G = 60/s) rapid mixing P = (60)2 × (1.0087 × 10−3) × (208.2) = 756. 04 Watt
For (G=40/s) medium mixing P = (40)2 × (1.0087 × 10−3) × (208.2) = 336.02 Watt
For (G=20/s) slow mixing P = (20)2 ×(1.0087 × 10−3) × (208.2) = 84 Watt
The details of both the plan and side views of the flocculation tanks are illustrated in Figure 8:
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Clarification
Sedimentation, also known as settling or clarification, is the process of removing solid particles by gravity [4,17].
To design a clarification tank, we use the following:
Q = 0.694 m3/s
Using four clarification tanks, we used same numbers in Erbil WTP.
For the design of one tank:
Q per tank = Q / 4 = 0.17 m3/s = 10.2 m3/min
Detention time (t) =2 h = 120 min, according to the design criteria described [13]
Volume = discharge × time
V = 10.2 m3/min × 120 min
V = 1,224 m3
Depth of the clarification = 4 m, [13]
Therefore:
Area = Volume / depth
A = 1,224 m3 / 4 m
A = 306 m2
To find the diameter of the circular sedimentation tank shape, we use the following:
To check the settling velocity [19]
Assuming stock’s law is valid:
(4)
where Vs is the terminal settling velocity of the solid particle (m/s), g is the gravitational acceleration (m/s2), Gs is the spec
gravity of particles, Gw is the specific gravity of water, ds is the diameter of particle (m); and ʋ is the dynamic viscosity of w
(m2/s).
Specific gravity of particles (Gs) = 2.6
Specific gravity of water (Gw) = 1
Diameter of the particles (ds) = 0.02 mm, [13]
Dynamic viscosity of water at 20 °C = 1.009 × 10−3 pa/s
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Citation: Shuokr Qarani Aziz et al., 2019. Step-by-step design and calculations for water tr eatment plant units . Advances in Environmental Biology 13(8):
DOI:10.22587/aeb.2019.13.8.1
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(8)
where Vc refers to the scouring velocity (mm/s), g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2), f is the Darcy Weisbach fa
ranging from 0.02 to 0.03, β is the constant (0.05), and d is the smallest particle (0.02 mm).
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Citation: Shuokr Qarani Aziz et al., 2019. Step-by-step design and calculations for water tr eatment plant units . Advances in Environmental Biology 13(8):
DOI:10.22587/aeb.2019.13.8.1
Vs = 3.56 × 10-3 cm/s < (Vc= 6.47 cm/s), ok
Vs = 3.56 × 10-5 cm/s
Filtration
Filtration aims to remove the suspended solids that are not removed in the sedimentation unit or when the removal of th
particles take a long time outside the basin [2,20] Figure 11:
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Citation: Shuokr Qarani Aziz et al., 2019. Step-by-step design and calculations for water tr eatment plant units . Advances in Environmental Biology 13(8):
DOI:10.22587/aeb.2019.13.8.1
d manifold = 0.742 m, say 75 cm
Total length of the lateral = 450 − (2 × 17 + 5 + 2 × 3.5) = 404 cm
Length of each lateral = 404 / 4 = 101 cm
The details of one filter bed unit are illustrated in Figure 12:
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In this work, the adequate size and uniformity coefficient of the filter media was regarded as 0.5 and 1.6, respectively [9,21]
filter media depth of 50 cm was proposed.
The different supporting layers with 20 and 30 cm were recommended for this filter[13]
The head of water above the filter media is 2 m.
Air and water were proposed for the backwashing process for 15 min. Total backwashing time is 30 min.
The filter run time was assumed to be 24 h.
The section of the filter media is shown in Figure 13:
Backwashing
The amount of backwashing water should be less than or equal to the 5% rate of the filtered water [13].
Rate of wash water = (7 m3/h/m2) / (10 filter) = 0.7 m3/h/m2
Q backwash = 0.5 × 7 m3/h/m2 = 3.5 m3/h/m2
Two filter beds were washed at the same time.
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Citation: Shuokr Qarani Aziz et al., 2019. Step-by-step design and calculations for water tr eatment plant units . Advances in Environmental Biology 13(8):
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Wash area = 2 × 36 m2 = 72 m2
Amount of water needed for washing = 72 m2 × 7 m3/h/m2 = 504 m3/h
Head of wash water =10 m
Frictional resistance = 4 m [13]
Total head required = 10 + 4 = 14 m
We used two pumps in parallel, and each pump has a capacity of 700 m3/h with a head of 14 m.
Trough Design:
To determine the flow through the trough = (0.694 m3/s) / (2 trough × 10 filters)
Q = 0.0347m3/s
0.0347 m3/s = 2.49 × b × (0.15)3/2
b = 0.24 m
Total depth = 15 cm + 5 cm (freeboard) = 20 cm
The details of the trough are shown in Figure 14.
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Adsorption
Activated carbon is used to remove colors and tastes in water, resulting in the presence of dissolved gases. It is also porous
has many carbon atoms with free valencies. In addition, it is available in granular or powder form. Granular activated carbon h
surface area of 500–1400 m2/g [20,22]
Activated carbon can be applied to treat water in two ways:
As powder feed (during adding alum to mixing basin or after coagulation)
As filter media (instead of sand filter bed [13, 19].
Adsorption isotherm is a mathematical model that describes the distribution of adsorbate species among liquid and adsorb
based on the assumptions of heterogeneity/homogeneity of adsorbents.
Adsorption data are described by Langmuir or Freundlich adsorption isotherms.
Langmuir isotherm
This model is based on the assumption that maximum adsorption occurs when a saturated monolayer of solute molecule
present on the adsorbent surface. The energy of adsorption is constant, and adsorbate molecules do not migrate on the sur
plane [20,22-23]. The Langmuir isotherm equation is stated as follows:
The constants of the Langmuir isotherm can be determined by plotting (1/qe) versus (1/Ce), and the above equation is rewritte
follows:
Where
qe refers to weight of adsorbate (g)
qm is the Langmuir constant (mg/g)
KL is the Langmuir constant (L/mg)
Ce is the equilibrium concentration of adsorbate (mg/L).
Freundlich isotherm
This model is an empirical relationship describing the adsorption of solutes from a liquid to a solid surface and assumes
different sites with several adsorption energies are involved [20,22-23]. The equation is as follows:
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Citation: Shuokr Qarani Aziz et al., 2019. Step-by-step design and calculations for water tr eatment plant units . Advances in Environmental Biology 13(8):
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where (Kf) and (n) are Freundlich constants, the characteristics of the system. The settled water in the laboratory should
subjected to kinetic analysis to determine the optimum dosage of the adsorbent.
Disinfection
When the filtered water comes out from the filter unit, bacteria and other microorganisms, which may be pathogenic, may e
Thus, disinfection is necessary to eliminate bacteria and other microorganisms and consequently prevent waterborne disea
Disinfection involves a number of methods. The use of chlorine has become particularly common in disinfecting water.
inexpensive, reliable, and relatively safe to handle [19].
Water demand = 60,000 m3/day
Required chlorine and residual chlorine are 0.36 and 0.2 mg/L, respectively [19].
Chlorine demand = 0.36 mg/L – 0.2 mg/L = 0.16 mg/L
Consumed chlorine = 0.36 mg/L × (1/ 10 6) × 60,000 × 1000 = 21.6 kg/day
The time required to complete the disinfection performed in a storage tank is 0.5 h [13].
Q = Volume / time
Volume Q × time
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Volume = Q × time
Volume = 60,000 m3/day × (1/24) × 0.5 h = 1,250 m3
Using effective depth of 4 m and length (L) = 2× width (W)
A = 1,250 m3 / 4 m = 312.5 m2
L × W = 312.5 m2
2 W × W = 312.5 m2
W2 = 156.25 m2
W = 12.5 m and L = 2 × 12.5 = 25 m
Velocity = distance / time
Velocity = 25 m/0.5 h = 50 m/h = 0.0139 m/s
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Two pumps are used; the first pump is working, and the second one is on standby. The third pump is used during maxim
demand.
G=300s-1
Diameter=3m
2 Coagulation 2 circular P=21KW
Depth 3m
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g
Depth=3m
t= 1min
Width=4.17m G=20, 40, and 60 s-1
3 Flocculation 6 Rectangle Length=3*4.17=12.51m P=84, 336..02, and 756.04 watt
Depth=4m t= 30min
Vs=0.3594mm/s
Diameter=28m
4 Clarification 4 circular Vc=64.7mm/s
Depth=4m
dp= 0.02mm
Width=4.5m Filtration=6.94m/hr
5 Filtration 10 Rectangle Length=8m Rate=
Depth= 3m Backwashing=124.92m/hr
Width=12.5m
Time=30min
6 Disinfection 1 Rectangle Length=25m
Consumed chlorine=21.6kg/d
Depth= 4m
Q=2500m3/hr
Storage
7 3pumps V=1.57m/s Dosage
&pumping
Dpipe=0.75m
CONCLUSIONS
A typical step-by-step design for WTP units was presented. Procedures, detailed calculations, and drawings were illustrated.
average discharge of 60,000 m3/day and a population of 200,000 were used in the design of WTP. The outputs of the calculat
and the details of the WTP units were tabulated. The quality and quantity of the surface water source affected the WTP des
Surface water resource such as Greater-Zab River needs treatment due to high concentration of some pollutants. The parame
of each unit and the whole WTP by using the pilot scale should be optimized. Populations should be predicted using var
methods to use WTP services without any problems. Based on the obtained calculations and details it is concluded that, the st
can be used as a base reference for the future works and to design of any WTP units. A number of factors such as age of W
maintenance, economical and political situations, technical problems, and water demand had a great impact on the rem
efficiency of the WTP units.
REFERENCES
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Citation: Shuokr Qarani Aziz et al., 2019. Step-by-step design and calculations for water tr eatment plant units . Advances in Environmental Biology 13(8):
DOI:10.22587/aeb.2019.13.8.1
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... Increasing water requirements caused by population growth, urbanization, and economic development necessitates
an upgradation of water treatment plants (WTPs). Such upgradation requires an approximate prediction of future
populations using various methods (Aziz & Mustafa 2019) . In addition, the design of each typical unit of the water
treatment plant involves intake, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, storage, and pumping
(Warren Viessman & Hammer 1985;Hammer & Hammer 1996;Lomus et al. 2017;Aziz & Mustafa 2019). ...
... Such upgradation requires an approximate prediction of future populations using various methods (Aziz & Mustafa
2019). In addition, the design of each typical unit of the water treatment plant involves intake, coagulation, flocculation,
di i fil i di i f i d i (W Vi &H 198 H &H
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335336150_Step-by-step_design_and_calculations_for_water_treatment_plant_units 18/22
8/31/2022 (PDF) Step-by-step design and calculations for water treatment plant units
sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, storage, and pumping (Warren Viessman & Hammer 1985;Hammer & Hammer
1996;Lomus et al. 2017; Aziz & Mustafa 2019) . Some factors such as WTPs' lifetime, maintenance, economic and
political situation, technical problems, and water demand have a great impact on the design of WTP units. ...
Design and assessment of water source alternatives for Mariout 2 water treatment plant extension
Article Full-text available
Dec 2021 · J WATER SUPPLY RES T
Samia A. Abdelrahman Aly · Moamen Elbanouby · Sadek M. Eladwe
... Mainly, the sources of water in the city belong to two types, which are surface and groundwater sources. The Greater-
Zab River is the chief surface water source for water supply in Erbil City (Aziz and Mustafa, 2019) . Three water
treatment-plants (named Ifraz 1, Ifraz 2, and Ifraz 3) exist on the Greater-Zab River, Figure 2. The other source is
groundwater which supplies water throughout drilled wells for the consumers. ...
... Therefore, most of the drilled wells were dried and the people faced the draught problem in the area. Second point,
about the surface water which directly converted water from the existence Ifraz Water Treatment Plants on Greater Zab
River to Erbil City for water consumption purposes (Aziz and Mustafa, 2019) . Table 1 illustrates the details of Ifraz 1,
Ifraz 2, and Ifraz 3 Water Treatment Plants. ...
SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT FOR ERBIL CITY IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT AGENDA
Article Full-text available
Jan 2022
Shuokr Qarani Aziz · Jwan S. Mustafa
... The characteristics of Greater-Zab River water was aforementioned earlier from the published works (Aziz, 2004;Aziz,
2009;Shareef et al., 2009;Toma, 2013;Aziz and Fakhrey, 2016;Shekha, 2016; Aziz and Mustafa, 2019) . In addition, the
discharge of Greater-Zab River water was reported as well. ...
... In addition, the discharge of Greater-Zab River water was reported as well. It is clear that Greater-Zab river water
needs treatment, if used for water Supply system (Aziz and Mustafa, 2019) . Regarding BOD and NH3-N values,
Greater-Zab river water is considered as non-polluted water ( Table 3). ...
Applying mass balance dilution technique for wastewater disposal to Greater-Zab river in Erbil, Kurdistan Region-Iraq
Article Full-text available
Jun 2021
Shuokr Qarani Aziz · Bruska Sardar Mamand
... However, the sources of water supply depend on both surface water and the groundwater that supply water in the
form of wells, Figure 1. Ifraz 1, Ifraz 2, and Ifraz 3 water treatment plants are constructed on the Greater-Zab River and
supply drinking water to a big part of Erbil City (Aziz and Mustafa, 2019) . Erbil groundwater basin is divided into three
subbasins, Kapran in the northern part with the area of about 915 km 2 , central part is about 1,400 km 2 , and Bashtepa
area is about 885 km 2 , Figure 2. Based on the data on Erbil groundwater, the depletion in Erbil basin is about 100 m.
...
... Water treatment plant (WTP) can be described as water processing to attain water quality that meets specific end-
user or community objectives or norms through its regulatory organizations [1]. Most present drinking WTPs use
conventional treatment methods like coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation, sand filtration, and disinfection to produce
fresh potable water [2] [3] . The individual treatment plant units have been intended to take into account the drinking
water requirements and to identify areas that need enhancement to improve the functioning of WTP and to achieve
better outcomes in terms of water quality, operating costs, water wastage, etc. [4]. ...
Comparison and Assessment of Ifraz-2 and Qandil Drinking Water Treatment Plant Units
Conference Paper
Feb 2020
Shuokr Qarani Aziz · Imad Omar
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335336150_Step-by-step_design_and_calculations_for_water_treatment_plant_units 19/22
8/31/2022 (PDF) Step-by-step design and calculations for water treatment plant units
... During the last decade, general corruption in water quality of inland aquatic systems has been reported due to the
speedy enlargement of industries, agriculture, and urban sprawl (Puri et al., 2015). Most current drinking WTPs use
conventional treatment methods like coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation, sand filtration, and disinfection to produce
fresh portable water (Spellman, 2003;Doosti et al., 2012;Issa, 2017; Aziz and Mustafa, 2019) . The performance
evaluation of a WTP is a process to measure the functioning efficiencies based on some established performance
indicators such as a degree of removal of pollutants such as turbidity, color, suspended impurities etc. (Vieira et al.,
2008). ...
Performance Evaluation and Water Quality Index Analysis for Qandil Water Treatment Plant
Article Full-text available
Aug 2022
Shuokr Qarani Aziz · Imad Omar
Comparison between Design of Water Treatment Plant Manually and by Using Software with Reference to Yavatmal
City
Article
Sep 2021
Aditya A. Jadhao
Design of Water Treatment Plant for the City of Mithi District Tharparkar
Article
Jan 2021
Satesh Kumar Devrajani
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Project
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Project
Soil and Municipal Solid Waste Leachate Characterization at Erbil Anaerobic Landfill Site
Yousif Mawlood · Shuokr Qarani Aziz · Mohammed J k Bashir · [ ] · Salem Abu Amr
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335336150_Step-by-step_design_and_calculations_for_water_treatment_plant_units 20/22
8/31/2022 (PDF) Step-by-step design and calculations for water treatment plant units
Yousif Mawlood Shuokr Qarani Aziz Mohammed J.k Bashir [...] Salem Abu Amr
Abstract Soil and fresh leachate samples were collected from Erbil Landfill Site (ELS), Iraq. ELS is anaerobic landfill opened in 2001.
Field permeability test for soil hydraulic conductivity was ... [more]
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Environmental studies
Shuokr Qarani Aziz · Imad Omar · Jwan S. Mustafa
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Step-By-Step Design and Calculations for Water Treatment Plant Units: A Recent Study
December 2020
Shuokr Qarani Aziz · Jwan S. Mustafa
This work presented the design steps and calculation for each unit of the water treatment plant (WTP), due to its crucial role
domestically and drinking purpose. It also illustrated and designed the procedures of the water processing units by estimating water
demand and designing the unit process. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the water demand for a certain community and to
present ... [Show full abstract]
View full-text
Study of performance of water treatment plant (WTP) is essential to be assessed with all aspects and considerations including
physical, chemical and bacteriological so as to determine its efficiency and to produce quality water to the consumer. Performance of
any WTP is a crucial parameter to be evaluated to understand its operation, working, and efficiency. The present study aimed to
evaluate ... [Show full abstract]
View full-text
December 2020
Imad Omar · Shuokr Qarani Aziz
Study of performance of water treatment plant (WTP) is essential to be assessed with all aspects and considerations including
physical, chemical and bacteriological so as to determine its efficiency and to produce quality water to the consumer. Performance of
any WTP is a crucial parameter to be evaluated to understand its operation, working, and efficiency. The present study aimed to
evaluate ... [Show full abstract]
View full-text
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335336150_Step-by-step_design_and_calculations_for_water_treatment_plant_units 21/22
8/31/2022 (PDF) Step-by-step design and calculations for water treatment plant units
Evaluation of Water Quality and the Efficiency of Ifraz-2 Water Treatment Plant-Units
Water treatment plant (WTP) is essential for providing clean and safe water to the habitants. There is a necessity to evaluate the
performance of (WTP) for proper treatment of raw water. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the quality of treated water by
investigating the performance of Ifraz-2 (WTP) units located in Erbil City, Iraq. For assessment of the (WTP) units, samples were ...
[Show full abstract]
View full-text
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