Formulas

Kyle Michael Sy
April 4, 2017

12th Update
July 2019 Update 1
(7/1/2019)
DISCLAIMER (Must Read)
This document is solely for review purposes only. Distribution of this copy is solely due to
aid the students in their studies relevant to this document. This document is not
recommended to be used as an instrument/medium for teaching on official lectures and/or
classes; since the author couldn’t guarantee 100% accuracy of the document as some minor
mistakes could’ve been made during the production of this document. Editing this
document by removing, changing, or adding anything is strictly prohibited as this is my own
work and it took me a really long time to make this 80-page document.

If you -
1. Want me to add more equations;
2. Want me to change anything wrong in the document;
3. Have any other comments/suggestions;
4. Simply just want to thank me;
Just contact me via:
Gmail – sykylemichael@gmail.com
Messenger – Kyle Michael Sy
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Changelog
August 2018
1: 8/18
1. Added conversion table. 4. Added Disclaimer.
2. Added Statistics. 5. Added first page.
3. Added Table of Contents.
September 2018
2: 9/11
1. Added changelog.
2. Added temperature to the conversion table.
3: 9/18
1. Added Propositional Calculus and Logical Equivalence.
2. Renamed Conversions section to Tables.
3. Added truth table to Tables.
January 2019
4: 1/15
1. Previous formulas for velocity, acceleration, and UAM moved to new section called
Rectilinear Motion.
2. Renamed Universally Accelerated Motion to Constant Linear Acceleration.
3. Added Rotational Motion.
February 2019
5: 2/7
1. Fixed formulas for the derivative.
2. Added derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions and hyperbolic functions.
6: 2/12
1. Rearranged sections alphabetically.
2. Table of contents condensed.
3. Added Surveying section. Data correction, traverse adjustment, and area.
7: 2/14
1. Corrected formula of derivative of a logarithm to a base a.
March 2019
8: 3/21
1. Added a lot of surveying formulas. So much that I can’t name all of them.

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June 2019
9: 6/4
1. Added more integral formulas.
2. Changed margin to narrow (0.5 in.) to accommodate more space.
3. Changed integral variables from x to u.
10: 6/24
1. Changed link to bit.ly/allformulas for easier access.
2. Changed 1 to any possible constant a in integral of inverse trig functions.
3. Added trigonometric integrals with 5 cases.
4. Added more trigonometric identities necessary for trigonometric integrals.
11: 6/25
1. Changed a minor mistake in trigonometric integrals double-angle identity.
July 2019
12: 7/1
1. Changed CALCULUS to MATHEMATICS.
2. Added Wallis Formula.
3. Added Case IV and V for Integration of Powers of Trigonometric Functions.
4. Added Integration thru Trigonometric Substitution.

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Clickable Table of Contents – for PDF and Word

DISCLAIMER (Must Read) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2
Changelog--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
August 2018
September 2018
January 2019
February 2019
March 2019
June 2019
MATHEMATICS 11
Variables and Symbols ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Trigonometric Identities ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Reciprocal Identities
Pythagorean Identities
Negative Identities
Co-Function Identities
Sum and Difference
Double-Angle Identities
Half-Angle Identities
Limits Involving Trigonometric Functions
Differentiation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
Basic Formulas
Trigonometric Functions
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
Integration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Simple Integration Formulas
Substitution Methods
Trigonometric Functions
Integration of Powers of Trigonometric Functions
Definite Integrals

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Propositional Calculus ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

Logical Equivalences
Basic and Derived Argument Forms
CHEMISTRY 23
Chemical Kinetics ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
Rate Law
Integrated Rate Law
Half Life
Temperature and Reaction Rate
Chemical Equilibrium ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
Equilibrium Constant
Equilibrium Constants in Terms of P
Reaction Quotient
Acids and Bases ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
Autoionization of Water
pH Scale
pOH Scale
Concentration Constant
Acid Ionization Constant
Per Cent Ionization
Additional Aqueous Equilibria ----------------------------------------------------------------- 28
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
Modified Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
Solubility Product Constant
ELECTROMAGNETISM 29
Electric Field ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
General Formulas
Charge Densities
Other Equations for Electric Field
Electric Flux
Electric Potential Energy ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
Electric Potential ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32

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Electrical Work ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33

Capacitors and Capacitance --------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
Spherical Capacitor
Cylindrical Capacitor
Capacitance in a Circuit
Energy Stored in a Capacitor
Dielectrics
Induced Charge and Polarization
Charging Capacitor
Discharging Capacitor
Ohm’s Law -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
Resistance and Resistivity ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
Electrical Power ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 36
Current ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 36
Next Section ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 36
GEOMETRY 37
Variables and Symbols ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
Surface Area ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
3-Dimensional Objects
2-Dimensional Objects
Volume ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 39
MECHANICS 40
Variables and Symbols ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
Rectilinear Motion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
Constant Linear Acceleration
Velocity
Acceleration
Uniform Circular Acceleration
Rotational Motion of a Rigid Body ------------------------------------------------------------- 42
Constant Angular Acceleration
Velocity

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Acceleration
Energy
Moment of Inertia
Parallel Axis Theorem
Projectile --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
X-Component
Y-Component
Force --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
General Formulas
Friction
Charge
Electric Field
Work and Energy ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
Momentum ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
STATISTICS 47
Descriptive Statistics ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 48
Measures of Center
Measures of Spread
Measure of Relative Position
Measure of Skewness
Measure of Kurtosis
Sample Size------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
Point Estimation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 49
Point Estimator for μ1-μ2
Other Point Estimators
Interval Estimation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
Confidence Interval for μ1-μ2
Confidence Interval for p1-p2
Confidence Interval for μ
Confidence Interval for p
Discrete Probability Distribution-------------------------------------------------------------- 50
Binomial Distribution

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Hypergeometric Distribution
Poisson Distribution
Geometric Probability Distribution
Negative Binomial Probability Distribution
Continuous Probability Distribution --------------------------------------------------------- 52
Normal Probability Distribution
Hypothesis Testing -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
SURVEYING 53
Data Correction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
Tape Correction
Temperature Correction
Tension Correction
Sag Correction
Normal Tension
Traverse Adjustment ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 55
Compass Rule
Transit Rule
Area ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
Area by Triangle
Double Meridian Distance (DMD)
Double Parallel Distance
Trapezoidal Rule
Simpson’s One-third Rule
Coordinate Method
Leveling ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
Curvature and Refraction

Reciprocal Leveling
Differential Leveling
Trigonometric Leveling
Stadia Leveling
Simple Curve ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
Degree of Curve (D)

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Tangent Distance (T)

Long Chord (LC)
Subchord (SC)
Length of Curve (Lc)
External Distance (E)
Middle Ordinate
Stationing of Point of Curvature
Stationing of Point of Tangency
Stationing of Point of Intersection
Compound Curve ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67
If Common Tangent is not Parallel to the Long Chord
If Common Tangent is Parallel to Long Chord
Spiral Curve ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 69
Elements of a Spiral Curve

Properties of Spiral Curves

Formulas
Earthworks Engineering ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72
Volume Computation
CONSTANTS 74
TABLES 76
Mass
Length
Volume
Temperature
Truth Table

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MATHEMATICS
April 4, 2017

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Variables and Symbols

1. Theta (θ) - Angle 5. e - Natural number

2. u - Function 6. a - Any positive integer

3. A - Angle A 7. C - Arbitrary Constant

4. B - Angle B 8. k - Constant

Trigonometric Identities
Reciprocal Identities
Sine Tangent Cotangent
1 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Cosine 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 =
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
Pythagorean Identities
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥

Negative Identities
Sine Cosine Tangent
𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛(−𝜃) = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃

Co-Function Identities
Sine Secant
𝑠𝑖𝑛(90° − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐(90° − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃

Tangent Cosine
𝑡𝑎𝑛(90° − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠(90° − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

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Cotangent Cosecant
𝑐𝑜𝑡(90° − 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐(90° − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃

Sum and Difference

Sine
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵

Cosine
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵

𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵

Tangent
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵

Double-Angle Identities
Sine 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝐴) = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
sin(2A) = 2 sin A cos A

Cosine Tangent
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝐴) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛(2𝐴) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝐴) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 1

Half-Angle Identities

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Sine Tangent
𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
𝐴 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = ±√ 2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
2 2
𝐴 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
Cosine 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴

𝐴 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = ±√
2 2

Limits Involving Trigonometric Functions

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 =1 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

Differentiation
Basic Formulas
Notes to remember:
Derivative of a Constant 𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝑦 𝑑(𝑐) can be rewritten as 𝑦′
𝒅𝒙
= =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 u is a function of x

Derivative of 𝒙 With Respect to 𝒙

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= =1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of a Constant Multiplied by 𝒇(𝒙)

𝑑 𝑑[𝑓(𝑥)]
[𝑐 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑐 ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of a Sum and Difference of a Function

𝑑 𝑑[𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑑[𝑔(𝑥)]
[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Derivative of the Product of Two Functions

𝑑 𝑑[𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑[𝑓(𝑥)]
[𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ + 𝑔(𝑥) ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of the Quotient of Two Functions

𝑑[𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑑[𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) ⋅ − 𝑓(𝑥) ⋅
[ ]= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)] 2

General Power Formula

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

Trigonometric Functions
Derivative of Sine Derivative of Cotangent
𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 ⋅ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of Cosine Derivative of Secant

𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
= − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 ⋅ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of Tangent Derivative of Cosecant

𝑑(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑(𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 ⋅ = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of Arcsine Derivative of Arccosine
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
[𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢] = ∙ [𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑢] = − ∙
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

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Derivative of Arctangent Derivative of Arcsecant

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
[𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑢] = ∙ [𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑢] = ∙
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of Arccotangent
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
[𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑢] = − ∙
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of Arccosecant
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
[𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑢] = − ∙
𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥

Logarithmic Functions
Derivative of the Logarithm of 𝒖 to the Base 𝒂
𝑑(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑢) 1 𝑑𝑢
= ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of the Logarithm of 𝒖 to the Base 𝒆

𝑑(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑢) 1 𝑑𝑢
= ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑(𝑙𝑛 𝑢) 1 𝑑𝑢
= ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of 𝒂 Raised to 𝒖 Derivative of 𝒆 Raised to 𝒖

𝑑(𝑎𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑(𝑒 𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑎𝑢 ⋅ 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 ⋅ = 𝑒𝑢 ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Hyperbolic Functions
Derivative of Hyperbolic Sine Derivative of Hyperbolic Cosine
𝑑 𝑑
[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Integration
Simple Integration Formulas
Notes to remember:
Integral of 1
u is a function
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶
C is the constant of integration
C is an arbitrary constant
Integral of a Function Multiplied by a Constant
∫ 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 ⋅ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)

Integral of the Sum and Difference of Two Functions

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)

Integral of the Function 𝒖

1
∫ ⋅ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢| + 𝐶 Wherein: 𝑛 = 1
𝑢

∫ 𝑢−1 ⋅ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢| + 𝐶

Integral of 𝒆 raised to u Integral of the Natural Logarithm

∫ 𝑒 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑙𝑛 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑙𝑛(𝑢) − 𝑢 + 𝐶

Integral of a constant raised to u

𝑢
𝑎𝑢
∫ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑙𝑛 𝑎

General Formula
𝑢𝑛+1
𝑛
∫ 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 Wherein: 𝑛 ≠ 1
𝑛+1

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Substitution Methods
Trigonometric Substitution

If √𝑎2 − 𝑢2 occurs in the integrand, let 𝑢 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃

If √𝑎2 + 𝑢2 occurs in the integrand, let 𝑢 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃
If √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 occurs in the integrand, let 𝑢 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃

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Trigonometric Functions
Integral of Sine Integral of 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶

Integral of Cosine Integral of 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶

𝟏
Integral of Tangent Integral of
√𝒂𝟐 −𝒖𝟐
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢| + 𝐶 1 𝑢
∫ ∙ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 +𝐶
√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎

Integral of Cotangent
𝟏
Integral of 𝟐 𝟐
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢| + 𝐶 𝒂 +𝒖
1 1 −1
𝑢
∫ 2 ∙ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
𝑎 + 𝑢2 𝑎 𝑎
Integral of Secant
𝟏
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢| + 𝐶 Integral of
|𝒖|√𝒖𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
1 1 𝑢
∫ ∙ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 + 𝐶
Integral of Cosecant |𝑢|√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢| + 𝐶

Integral of Hyperbolic Sine
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶
Integral of 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖
𝟐

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶
Integral of Hyperbolic Cosine
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶
Integral of 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒖
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 + 𝐶

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Integration of Powers of Trigonometric Functions

Case 1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 Wherein: m or n is an odd integer > 1
Use identity: Pythagorean identities:
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
Case 2
Wherein: m or n is a positive even integer
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Use identity: Double-angle identities:
1+cos 2𝜃
cos 2 𝜃 =
2
1−cos 2𝜃
sin2 𝜃 =
2
sin 2𝜃
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 =
2
Case 3
Wherein: n is an even integer > 2
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑚 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Use identity: Pythagorean identities:
sec 2 𝜃 = tan2 𝜃 + 1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑚 𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 csc 2 𝜃 = cot 2 𝜃 + 1

Case 4
Wherein: m and n are odd integers > 1
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑚 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Use identity: Pythagorean identities:
sec 2 𝜃 = tan2 𝜃 + 1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑚 𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 csc 2 𝜃 = cot 2 𝜃 + 1

Case 5
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Use identity: Sum and difference identities:
1
sin 𝐴𝑥 cos 𝐵𝑥 = [sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2
1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑥 cos 𝐵𝑥 = [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2
1
sin 𝐴𝑥 sin 𝐵𝑥 = [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Definite Integrals
Wallis Formula
2 2
𝜋 (𝑚 (𝑛
[ − 1)(𝑚 − 3) … or] [ − 1)(𝑛 − 3) … or]
2 1 1 ∙𝛼
∫ sin𝑚 𝜃 cos n 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
0
2
(𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 4) … or
1

𝜋
Wherein: 𝛼 = if m and n are both even
2

𝛼 = 1 if otherwise

Propositional Calculus
Logical Equivalences
Identity Law 𝑝∨𝑞 ⇔𝑞∨𝑝
𝑝∧𝑇 ⇔𝑝
Associative Law
𝑝∨𝐹 ⇔𝑝 (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∧ 𝑟 ⇔ 𝑝 ∧ (𝑞 ∧ 𝑟)

Domination Law (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ∨ 𝑟 ⇔ 𝑝 ∨ (𝑞 ∨ 𝑟)
𝑝∨𝑇 ⇔𝑇
Distributive Law
𝑝∧𝐹 ⇔𝐹 𝑝 ∨ (𝑞 ∧ 𝑟) ⇔ (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ∧ (𝑝 ∨ 𝑟)

Idempotent Law 𝑝 ∧ (𝑞 ∨ 𝑟) ⇔ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑟)
𝑝∧𝑝⇔𝑝
De Morgan’s Law
Double Negation ¬(𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ⇔ ¬𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞
¬(¬𝑝) ⇔ 𝑝
¬(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ⇔ ¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞
Commutative Law
𝑝∧𝑞 ⇔𝑞∧𝑝 Absorption Law
𝑝 ∨ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ⇔ 𝑝

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𝑝 ∧ (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ⇔ 𝑝 Negation Law
𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑝 ⇔ 𝑇

𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑝 ⇔ 𝐹
Basic and Derived Argument Forms
Modus Ponens
((𝑝 →) ∧ 𝑝) ⇔ 𝑞

Modus Tollens
((𝑝 →) ∧ −𝑞) ⇔ −𝑝

Hypothetical Syllogism
Disjunctive Syllogism
Constructive Dilemma
Destructive Dilemma
Bi-directional Dilemma
Simplification
Conjunction
Addition
Composition
De Morgan’s Theorem
Commutative
Associative
Double Negation
Transposition
Material Implication
Material Equivalence
Exportation
Importation
Tautology

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CHEMISTRY
August 3, 2017

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Chemical Kinetics
Rate Law
Reaction Rate
∆[𝐶𝑣 + ] Wherein: ∆[Cv + ] change in concentration of Cv+
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 change in time

Overall Rate of the Reaction

For any general reaction:

𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐵 → 𝑐𝐶 + 𝑑𝐷

The overall rate of the reaction is:

1 ∆[𝐴] 1 ∆[𝐵] 1 ∆[𝐶] 1 ∆[𝐷]
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = − =− =+ =+
𝑎 ∆𝑡 𝑏 ∆𝑡 𝑐 ∆𝑡 𝑑 ∆𝑡

Reactants decrease with Products increase with time.

time. Thus the negative sign. Thus the positive sign.
Rate Law
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]𝑚 [𝐵]𝑛 …

[𝐴]𝑚 [𝐵]𝑛 …
𝑘=
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
Wherein: 𝑘 is the rate constant
𝑚, 𝑛 is the order for 𝑎 and 𝑏, respectively
𝑚 + 𝑛 + ⋯ is the overall order of the reaction

Integrated Rate Law

First-Order Reaction
𝑙𝑛[𝐴]𝑡 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑙𝑛[𝐴]0

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Half Life
First-Order Reaction
0.693
𝑡1 =
2 𝑘

Temperature and Reaction Rate

Arrhenius Equation
𝐸𝑎
𝑘 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑒 −𝑅⋅𝑇 Wherein: 𝐸𝑎 is the activation energy
𝑅 is the gas constant (8.3145 J K-1 mol-1)
𝑇 is a kelvin unit
𝐴 is the frequency factor

Determining Activation Energy

𝐸𝑎 1
𝑙𝑛 𝑘 = (− ) ( ) + 𝑙𝑛 𝐴
𝑅 𝑇

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Chemical Equilibrium
Equilibrium Constant
General Reaction
𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐵 → 𝑐𝐶 + 𝑑𝐷

𝑘𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 [𝐶]𝑐 [𝐷]𝑑

𝐾𝑐 = =
𝑘𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 [𝐴]𝑎 [𝐵]𝑏

Combined Reaction
𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 1) ⋅ 𝐾𝑐 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 2)

Equilibrium Constants in Terms of P

Gas-Phase Reaction
𝑎𝐴(𝑔) + 𝑏𝐵(𝑔) → 𝑐𝐶(𝑔) + 𝑑𝐷(𝑔)

𝑃𝐶𝑐 ⋅ 𝑃𝐶𝑑
𝐾𝑝 = 𝑎 𝑏 Wherein: 𝐾𝑝 is pressure-based
𝑃𝐴 ⋅ 𝑃𝐵

General
𝐾𝑝 = 𝐾𝑐 ⋅ (𝑅 ⋅ 𝑇)∆𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑠

∆𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − 𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

= (𝑐 + 𝑑) − (𝑎 + 𝑏)

Reaction Quotient
[C]c [D]d Note:
Q=
[A]a [B]b 𝐾𝑐 = 𝑄 whenever a
system is at equilibrium

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Acids and Bases

Autoionization of Water
General
𝐾𝑤 = [𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝑂𝐻− ]

At Room Temperature (25° Celsius)

𝐾𝑤 = 1.14 × 10−14

pH Scale Note:
𝑝𝐻 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] A pH > 7.00 is more basic
A pH < 7.00 is more acidic
pOH Scale
𝑝𝑂𝐻 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝑂𝐻 − ]

Concentration Constant
𝑝𝐾𝑤 = 𝑝𝐻 + 𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 14.00

Acid Ionization Constant

When an acid ionizes in water:
𝐻𝐴 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻3 𝑂+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐴− (𝑎𝑞)

The acid ionization constant is used to report the degree of ionization:

[𝐴− ] ⋅ [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] Note:
𝐾𝑎 =
[𝐻𝐴]
Strong acids have large 𝐾𝑎 values
Weak acids have small 𝐾𝑎 values
Per Cent Ionization
𝑥
% 𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 = ( ) ⋅ 100%
0.100

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Additional Aqueous Equilibria

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
[𝐴− ]
𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 Wherein: 𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 when [𝐻𝐴] = [𝐴− ]
[𝐻𝐴]

Modified Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

Buffer + Acid (A)
𝑏−𝐴
𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑎+𝐴

𝑏𝑛𝑜. 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝐴𝑛𝑜. 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑎𝑛𝑜. 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 + 𝐴𝑛𝑜. 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

Buffer + Base (B)

𝑏+𝐵
𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑎+𝐵

𝑏𝑛𝑜. 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝐵𝑛𝑜. 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑎𝑛𝑜. 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 + 𝐵𝑛𝑜. 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

Solubility Product Constant

𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙 (𝑠) ↔ 𝐴𝑔+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑞)

𝐾𝑠𝑝 = [𝐴𝑔+ ][𝐶𝑙− ]

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ELECTROMAGNETISM

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Electric Field
General Formulas
𝐹𝑒 = 𝐸𝑞 𝑞 𝑞𝐸
𝐸=𝑘 𝑎=
𝑟2 𝑚
Charge Densities
Line Surface Volume
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
𝜆= 𝜎= 𝜌=
𝑙 𝐴 𝑉

𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄
𝜆= 𝜎= 𝜌=
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑉

𝑑𝑄 = 𝜆𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑄 = 𝜎𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑄 = 𝜌𝑑𝑉

Other Equations for Electric Field

Ring with Uniform Charge Infinite Plane Disk
𝑞𝑥 𝜎
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 𝐸=
3 2𝜀0
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )2

Electric Field at the Surface of a

Rod
Charged Conductor
𝑘𝑒 𝑄 𝜎
𝐸= 𝐸=
𝑎(𝑙 + 𝑎) 𝜀0

Disk with Uniform Charge Electric Field at the Center between

𝑥
𝐸 = 2𝜋𝑘𝑒 𝜎 (1 − ) Two Dipoles
√𝑥 2 + 𝑟 2 𝜎
𝐸=
𝜀0

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Electric Flux
General Formula Gaussian Sphere (r = a)
𝛷 = 𝐸𝐴 𝑄
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 2
𝑎
𝛷 = 𝐸𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

Gauss’s Law a
𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝛷 = ∮ 𝐸 ⋅ 𝑑𝐴 = r
𝜀0

Gaussian Sphere (r > a) Conducting Sphere (r < R)

𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝐸=0
𝐸=
𝜀0

a
R
r r

Gaussian Sphere (r < a) Conducting Sphere (r > R)

𝑄𝑟 𝑞
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 3 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 2
𝑎 𝑟

a R
r r

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Sphere inside a Conducting Sphere inside a Conducting

Spherical Shell (r<a) Spherical Shell (r<c, r<b)
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑄𝑟 𝑄
𝑎2 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 2
𝑟
c
c
b a b
r a

Sphere inside a Conducting

Spherical Shell (b<r<c)
𝐸=0 Sphere inside a Conducting
Spherical Shell (r>c)
c 𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 2
b
𝑟
a
c
r b a

Electric Potential Energy

General Formula Electric Potential Energy with
𝑄𝑞 Several Point Charges
𝑈 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑛
𝑟 𝑞𝑖
𝑈 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑞 ∑
𝑟𝑖
𝑖=1

Electric Potential
General Formula Potential Due to a Continuous
𝑈 Distribution of Charge
𝑉= 𝑑𝑞
𝑞 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑒 ∫
𝑟

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Electrical Work
General Formula
𝐵
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑙 𝑊 = ∫|𝐹| 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) ⋅ 𝑑𝑠
𝐴

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Capacitors and Capacitance

Spherical Capacitor
Potential Capacitance
𝑄 𝑟𝑏 − 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑏
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = ( )( ) 𝐶 = (4𝜋𝜖0 ) ( )
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑏 𝑟𝑏 − 𝑟𝑎
Cylindrical Capacitor
Potential Capacitance
𝜆 𝑟0 2𝜋𝜖0 𝑙
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = ( ) (𝑙𝑛 ) 𝐶= 𝑟
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 𝑙𝑛 𝑏
𝑟𝑎
Capacitance in a Circuit
Capacitance in Series Capacitance in Parallel
1 1 1 1 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯
= + + +⋯
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3

Energy Stored in a Capacitor

Work needed to Transfer Charge Work done in Charging the
from one Plate to Another Capacitor
𝑄2 1
𝑊= 𝑈 = 𝐶(∆𝑉)2
2𝐶 2

Dielectrics
Insulators
𝐴
𝐶 = 𝜖0
𝑑
𝑄
𝐶=
𝑉
𝐶
𝐾=
𝐶0

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Induced Charge and Polarization

Without Dielectric With Dielectric
𝜎 𝜎 − 𝜎𝑖
𝐸= 𝐸=
𝜖0 𝜖0
Charging Capacitor
1
Charging Capacitor q(t) = Q max (1 − e−τ )
𝜀 𝑞
𝑖= −
𝑅 𝑅𝐶

Instantaneous Charge Instantaneous Current

1
𝑞(𝑡) = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶 ) 𝜀 −1
𝜏(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
𝑅

Discharging Capacitor
𝑡 𝑄𝑖 − 𝑡
−
𝑞(𝑡) = 𝑄𝑖 ∙ 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 𝜏(𝑡) = − ∙ 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝐶

Ohm’s Law
General Formula Conductivity
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 𝐽 = 𝜎𝐸

Resistance and Resistivity

General Formula 1
𝑅 = 𝜌( )
𝑉 𝐴
𝑅=
𝐼
𝑙
𝑅 = 𝜌( )
𝑎
Resistivity
1
𝜌=
𝜎

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Resistance of a Hollow Cylinder of Internal Resistance

Silicon 𝜀 − 𝑣𝑎𝑏
𝑅=
𝜌 𝑟𝑏 𝐼
𝑅= ∙ 𝑙𝑛 ( )
2𝜋𝑙 𝑟𝑎
Temperature Coefficient for
Resistance at a Given Temperature Resistivity
𝑅 = 𝑅0 [1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )] 1 ∆𝜌
𝛼= ∙
𝜌 ∆𝑇
Electrical Power
General Formula Power Output of a Source
𝑊 𝑃 = 𝜀𝐼 − 𝐼 2 𝑟
𝑃=
𝑡
Power Input to a Source
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉𝑎𝑏
𝑃 = 𝜀𝐼 + 𝐼 2 𝑅

Power Input to a Pure Resistance

2
𝑉𝑎𝑏
𝑃=
𝑅
Current
General Formula Drift Velocity
𝑞 𝐼 = 𝑛𝑞𝑉𝑑 𝐴
𝐼=
𝑡

Vector Current Density

𝑛𝑞 2 𝐸
𝐽=( )𝜏
𝑚

𝐼
𝐽=
𝐴
Next Section

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GEOMETRY
January 23, 2018

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Variables and Symbols

1. A - Area 6. b - Base

2. l - Length 7. s - Slope length

3. w - Width 8. r - Radius

4. h - Height 9. d - Diagonal length

5. a - Side length

Surface Area
3-Dimensional Objects
Cuboid Right Prism
𝐴 = 2(𝑙𝑤 + 𝑤ℎ + ℎ𝑙) 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ + 2𝑙𝑠 + 𝑙𝑏

Cube Cylinder
𝐴 = 6𝑎2 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + ℎ)
Right Pyramid
2
𝑤 2 𝑙
𝐴 = 𝑙𝑤 + 𝑙 √( ) + ℎ2 + 𝑤 √( ) + ℎ2
2 2

Cone Sphere
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟) 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2

2-Dimensional Objects
Square Parallelogram Trapezoid
𝐴 = 𝑙2 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 1
𝐴 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ
2
Rectangle Circle
𝐴=𝑙×𝑤 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 Rhombus
Sector 1
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2
θ 2
Triangle A=(
360
) πr 2
1
A = bh
2

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Volume
Cuboid Cylinder Cone
𝑉 = 𝑙𝑏ℎ 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
Cube Right Pyramid
𝑉 = 𝑎3 𝑙𝑤ℎ Sphere
𝑉= 4
3 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
Right Prism
1
𝑉 = 𝑏𝑙ℎ
2

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MECHANICS

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Variables and Symbols

v - Velocity Fg - Gravitational force

vx/vy -Velocity at a given Fe - Electric force

point/height Fs - Static friction force

vox/voy - Initial velocity Fk - Kinetic friction force

d - Distance μs - Coefficient of static friction

t - Time μk - Coefficient of kinetic friction

r - Radius G - Gravitational constant

a - Acceleration k - Coulomb’s constant

ax - Acceleration at a point q - Electric charge

x - Displacement ε0 - Permittivity of free space

xo - Starting point E - Electric field

g - Gravitational acceleration W - Work

m - Mass PE/U - Potential energy

F - Force KE- Kinetic energy

Fn - Normal force p - Momentum

Rectilinear Motion
Constant Linear Acceleration
Equation 1 Equation 3
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 𝑣𝑥 2 = 𝑣𝑜𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 ⋅ (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 )

Equation 2 Equation 4
1 𝑣𝑜𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑣𝑜𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 = ( )⋅𝑡
2 2
Velocity

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General Equation Velocity of an Object Traversing a

𝑑 Circular Path
𝑣= 2𝜋𝑟
𝑡 𝑣=
𝑡

Acceleration
Average Acceleration Instantaneous Acceleration
𝛥𝑣 dv dx
𝑎= = ⋅( )
𝛥𝑡 dt dt
d2 x
= 2
dt

Uniform Circular Acceleration

Circular Acceleration
𝑣2 4π2 r
𝑎= a=
t
𝑟
Rotational Motion of a Rigid Body
Angular Coordinate
𝑠
𝜃=
𝑟

Constant Angular Acceleration

Equation 1 Equation 3
2
𝜔𝑧 = 𝜔0𝑧 + 𝛼𝑧 𝑡 𝜔𝑧2 = 𝜔0𝑧 + 2𝛼𝑧 (𝜃 − 𝜃0 )

Equation 2
1
𝜃 = 𝜃0 + 𝜔0𝑧 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑧 𝑡 2 Equation 4
2
1
𝜃 − 𝜃0 = (𝜔0𝑧 + 𝜔𝑧 )𝑡
2
Velocity

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Average Angular Velocity Instantaneous Angular Velocity

𝛥𝜃 𝛥𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜔𝑎𝑣−𝑧 = 𝜔𝑧 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡→0 𝛥𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Linear Speed of a Point

𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
Acceleration
Average Angular Acceleration [Linear] Tangential Acceleration
𝜔2𝑧 − 𝜔1𝑧 𝛥𝜔𝑧 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝜔
𝛼𝑎𝑣−𝑧 = = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 = =𝑟 = 𝑟𝛼
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝛥𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Instantaneous Angular Acceleration [Linear] Centripetal Acceleration

𝛥𝜔𝑧 𝑑𝜔𝑧 𝑣2
𝛼𝑧 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 = = 𝜔2 𝑟
𝛥𝑡→0 𝛥𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑟

Energy
Rotational Kinetic Energy
1 1
𝐾 = (𝑚1 𝑟12 + 𝑚2 𝑟22 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 )𝜔2 = (∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 ) 𝜔2
2 2
𝑖

1
𝐾 = 𝐼𝜔2
2

Gravitational Potential Energy for an Extended Body

𝑈 = 𝑀𝑔𝑦𝑐𝑚

𝑈 = (𝑚1 𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑦2 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑖 𝑦𝑖 )𝑔

Moment of Inertia
Standard Formula
𝐼 = 𝑚1 𝑟12 + 𝑚2 𝑟22 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖2
𝑖

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Slender Rod, Axis through Center Hollow Cylinder

1 1
𝐼= 𝑀𝐿2 𝐼 = 𝑀(𝑅12 + 𝑅22 )
12 2

Slender Rod, Axis through one end Solid Cylinder

1 1
𝐼 = 𝑀𝐿2 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅2
3 2

Rectangular Plane, Axis through Thin-walled Hollow Cylinder

Center 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅2
1
𝐼= 𝑀(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
12 Solid Sphere
2
𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅2
Thin Rectangular Plane, Axis along 5
Edge
1 Thin-walled Hollow Sphere
𝐼 = 𝑀𝑎2
3 2
𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅2
3
Parallel Axis Theorem
𝐼𝑃 = 𝐼𝑐𝑚 + 𝑀𝑑 2

Projectile
X-Component
Position on the x-axis Vertically Launched Projectile
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑣𝑥𝑜 𝑡 𝑣𝑥𝑜 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

Time
𝑇 = 2(𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐻 )

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Y-Component
General Equations Time
1 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑣𝑦𝑜
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑣𝑦𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐻 =
2 𝑔

𝑣𝑦 2 = 𝑣𝑦𝑜 𝑡 + 2𝑔∆𝑦 Vertically Launched Projectile

𝑣𝑦𝑜 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦𝑜 + 𝑔𝑡
Force
General Formulas
Force Weight Centripetal Force
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹=
𝑟

Friction
Static Friction Kinetic Friction
𝐹𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐹𝑘
𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛 =
𝜇𝑠 𝜇𝑘

Charge
Newton’s Universal Law of Coulomb’s Law
Gravitation |𝑞1 𝑞2 |
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘
𝐹𝑔 = 𝐺 𝑟2
𝑟2
1
𝑘=
4𝜋𝜀0
Electric Field
General Formula
𝐹𝑒 = 𝐸𝑞

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Work and Energy

General Formula Kinetic Energy Potential Energy
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 1 𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 Mechanical Energy
𝑀𝐸 = 𝐾 + 𝑈
Momentum
General Formulas
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣

∆𝑝 = 𝐹∆𝑡

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STATISTICS
August 9, 2018

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Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Center
Mean of a Sample Mean of a Population
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 ∑𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
̅
𝑋= 𝜇̅ =
𝑛 𝑁
Measures of Spread
Range Standard Deviation
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑛
∑𝑖=1(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋̅)2
𝑠= √
𝑛−1
Variance
𝑛
∑𝑖=1(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋̅)2
𝑠2 = Coefficient of Variation
𝑛−1 𝑠
𝑐𝑣 = ( ) ∙ 100%
𝑋̅
Measure of Relative Position

*Section under construction* *Still Googling the formulas*

Measure of Skewness
Skewness (Pearson’s Second Skewness Coefficient)
3(𝑋̅ − 𝑀𝑒)
𝑆𝑘 =
𝑠

Measure of Kurtosis
*Still Googling the formulas, hoping you don’t need this yet 😊*

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Sample Size
Sample Size for μ (Mean) Sample Size for p (Proportion)
𝑍𝛼 ∙ 𝜎 2 𝑍𝛼2 ∙ 𝑝𝑞
𝑛=( 2 ) 𝑛= 2 2
𝑒 𝑒

Point Estimation
Point Estimator for μ1-μ2
Independent Samples Related Samples
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑑𝑖
𝑑=̅
𝑛

Other Point Estimators

p1-p2 Mean (μ) Proportion (p)
𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝑛 𝑥
𝑝=
𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑋𝑖 𝑛
𝑖=1
Interval Estimation
Confidence Interval for μ1-μ2
𝝈𝟐𝟏 and 𝝈𝟐𝟐 Known
𝜎12 𝜎22
[(𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) − 𝑒, (𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) + 𝑒] Wherein: 𝑒 = 𝑍𝑎 √ +
2 𝑛1 𝑛2

𝝈𝟐𝟏 and 𝝈𝟐𝟐 Unknown, and 𝒏𝟏 , 𝒏𝟐 Large

2 2
[(𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) − 𝑒, (𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) + 𝑒] Wherein: 𝑒 = 𝑍𝑎 √ 𝑠1 + 𝑠2
2 𝑛1 𝑛2

𝝈𝟐𝟏 and 𝝈𝟐𝟐 Unknown but Assumed Equal

1 1
[(𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) − 𝑒, (𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) + 𝑒] Wherein: 𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎(𝑛 +𝑛 −2) √𝑠𝑝2 ( + )
1 2 2 𝑛1 𝑛2

(𝑛1 −1)𝑠12 +(𝑛2 −1)𝑠22

𝑠𝑝2 =
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2
𝝈𝟐𝟏 and𝝈𝟐𝟐 Unknown and Assumed Unequal
[(𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) − 𝑒, (𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) + 𝑒]

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 𝑠12 𝑠22 50
Wherein: 𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎(𝑣) √ +
2 𝑛1 𝑛2

𝑠 𝑠2 2 2
( 1+ 2)
𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑣= 2 2
𝑠2 𝑠2
(𝑛1 ) (𝑛2 )
1 2
+
Related Samples 𝑛1 −1 𝑛2 −1
𝑆𝑑
[𝑑̅ − 𝑒, 𝑑̅ + 𝑒] Wherein: 𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎,𝑣
2 √𝑛

v = degrees of freedom = n-1

Confidence Interval for p1-p2
Sufficiently Large 𝒏𝟏 and 𝒏𝟐
𝑝̂1 𝑞̂1 𝑝̂2 𝑞̂2
[(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) − 𝑒, (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) + 𝑒] Wherein: 𝑒 = 𝑍𝑎 √ +
2 𝑛1 𝑛2

Confidence Interval for μ

σ Known
𝜎
[𝑥̅ − 𝑒, 𝑥̅ + 𝑒] Wherein: 𝑒 = 𝑍𝑎
2 √𝑛

σ Unknown and n Large

𝑠
[𝑥̅ − 𝑒, 𝑥̅ + 𝑒] Wherein: 𝑒 = 𝑍𝑎
2 √𝑛

σ Unknown and n Small

𝑠
[𝑥̅ − 𝑒, 𝑥̅ + 𝑒] Wherein: 𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎,𝑣
2 √𝑛

v = degrees of freedom = n-1

Confidence Interval for p
Sufficiently Large n
𝑝̂𝑞̂
[𝑝 − 𝑒, 𝑝 + 𝑒] Wherein: 𝑒 = 𝑍𝑎 √
2 𝑛

Discrete Probability Distribution

Expected Value
𝑛

𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜇 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 )
𝑖=1

Variance
𝑛

𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑥) = 𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇)2 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 )

𝑖=1

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Binomial Distribution
Function Variance
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝐶𝑥𝑛 𝑝 𝑥 (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝑛 ∙ 𝑝 ∙ 𝑞

Expected Value Standard Deviation

𝐸(𝑋) = 𝑛 ∙ 𝑝 𝑆𝑑(𝑋) = √𝑛 ∙ 𝑝 ∙ 𝑞
Hypergeometric Distribution
Function Expected Value
𝐶𝑥𝑘 𝐶𝑛−𝑥
𝑁−𝑘 𝑘
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝐸(𝑥) = 𝑛 ( )
𝐶𝑛𝑁 𝑁

Variance
𝑘 𝑘 𝑁−𝑛
𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑛 ( ) (1 − ) ( )
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁−1

Poisson Distribution
Function Variance
𝑒 −𝜆 ∙ 𝜆𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝜆
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) =
𝑥!
Standard Deviation
Expected Value 𝑆𝑑(𝑋) = √𝜆
𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜆
Geometric Probability Distribution
Function Variance
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = (𝑞 𝑥−1 )(𝑝) 𝑞
𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) =
𝑝2
Expected Value
1
𝐸(𝑋) =
𝑝

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Negative Binomial Probability Distribution

Function Variance
𝑥−1 𝑟𝑞
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = (𝐶𝑟−1 )(𝑞 𝑥−𝑟 )(𝑝𝑟 ) 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) =
𝑝2
Expected Value
𝑟
𝐸(𝑋) =
𝑝
Continuous Probability Distribution
Normal Probability Distribution

Hypothesis Testing

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SURVEYING
February 9, 2019

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Data Correction
Tape Correction
Correction per Tape Length
𝐶𝑑 = 𝑇𝐿 − 𝑁𝐿 Wherein: TL is the tape length
NL is the nominal length

Total Correction to be Applied

𝑀𝐿
𝐶𝑙 = 𝐶𝑑 ( ) Wherein: ML is the measured length
𝑁𝐿
NL is the nominal length
Corrected Length 𝐶𝑙 is the total correction to be applied
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑀𝐿 ± 𝐶𝑙
CL is the corrected length

Temperature Correction
𝐶𝑡 = 𝛼𝐿(𝑇 − 𝑇0 ) Wherein: L is the measured length.
T is the observed temperature of the tape
T0 is the temperature at which the tape was standardized
0.0000116 0.00000645
α= OR 𝛼 =
°𝐶 °𝐹

Tension Correction
𝐿(𝑃 − 𝑃0 ) Wherein: L is the measured length
𝐶𝑝 =
𝑎𝐸
P is the applied tension
P0 is the standardized tension for the tape
a is the cross-sectional area
E is the elastic modulus of the steel

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Sag Correction
𝑤 2 𝐿3
𝐶𝑠 = Wherein: L is the distance between supports
24𝑃2
w is the weight of the tape
2
𝑊 𝐿
𝐶𝑠 = W is the total weight of tape between supports
24𝑃2
P is the applied tension
Normal
Tension

𝑎𝐸
𝑃𝑛 = 0.204 ∙ 𝑊√
𝑃𝑛 − 𝑃0

Traverse Adjustment
Compass Rule
Latitude Correction
𝑑
𝑐𝑙 = 𝐶𝐿 ( ) Wherein: 𝑑 is the length of any course
𝐷
D is the perimeter of the traverse
Departure Correction CL is the total closure in latitude
𝑑
𝑐𝑑 = 𝐶𝐷 ( ) CD is the total closure in departure
𝐷

Transit Rule
Latitude Correction
𝐿𝑎𝑡
𝑐𝑙 = 𝐶𝐿 ( ) Wherein: Lat is the latitude of a given length
∑𝑁𝐿 − ∑𝑆𝐿
Dep is the departure of a given length
Departure Correction CL is the total closure in latitude
𝐷𝑒𝑝
𝑐𝑑 = 𝐶𝐷 ( ) CD is the total closure in departure
∑𝐸𝐷 − ∑𝑊𝐷

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Area
Area by Triangle
Known base and altitude
1
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
2

Two sides and included angle known/measured

1
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
2

Three sides known/measured

𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

1
𝑠 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
2

Double Meridian Distance (DMD)

Double Area Area
2𝐴 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷 × 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 1
𝐴 = (𝐷𝑀𝐷 × 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒)
2
Double Parallel Distance
Double Area Area
2𝐴 = 𝐷𝑃𝐷 × 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 1
𝐴 = (𝐷𝑃𝐷
2

× 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)
Trapezoidal Rule
ℎ1 + ℎ𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑑[ + ℎ2 + ℎ3 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑛−1 ]
2

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Simpson’s One-third Rule

When n is odd
𝑑
𝐴= [(ℎ1 + ℎ𝑛 ) + 2(ℎ3 + ℎ5 + ℎ7 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑛−2 ) + 4(ℎ2 + ℎ4 + ℎ6 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑛−1 )
3

When n is even
𝑑
𝐴= [(ℎ1 + ℎ𝑛−1 ) + 2(ℎ3 + ℎ5 + ℎ7 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑛−3 ) + 4(ℎ2 + ℎ4 + ℎ6 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑛−2 )]
3

ℎ1 + ℎ𝑛−1
+ 𝑑
2

Coordinate Method
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛 𝑥1
𝐴= × [𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦3 … 𝑦1 𝑦1 ]
2 1

Leveling
Curvature and Refraction
Note that K is in kilometers and h is in meters.

Curvature Height Curvature and Refraction Height

ℎ𝑐 = 0.0675𝐾 2 ℎ𝑐𝑟 = 0.0785𝐾 2

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Reciprocal Leveling
Mean Diff. in Elev. at Left
𝐷𝐸𝐴 = 𝑎 − 𝑏
Mean Diff. in Elev. at Right
𝐷𝐸𝐵 = 𝑎′ − 𝑏′
Differential Leveling
Height of Instrument
𝐻𝐼 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵𝑀𝑎 + 𝐵𝑆
Elevation of the Turning Point
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑇𝑃1 = 𝐻𝐼 − 𝐹𝑆
Trigonometric Leveling
Vertical Distance
𝑉 = 𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼
𝑉 = 𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
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58
True Mean Diff. in Elev.
𝐷𝐸𝐴 + 𝐷𝐸𝐵
𝑇𝐷𝐸 =
2
Elevation of Benchmark 2
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵𝑀2 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵𝑀1 ± 𝑇𝐷𝐸
Wherein: HI is the height of the instrument
BM is the benchmark
BS is the backsight
FS is the foresight
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Upward Line of Sight

𝐷𝐸𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉 + 𝐻𝐼
Without curvature (hcr = 0)
− 𝑅𝑅

+ ℎ𝑐𝑟

With curvature (hcr ≠ 0)

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐴 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵 + 𝑅𝑅 − 𝑉 − ℎ𝑐𝑟 − 𝐻𝐼

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐴 + 𝐻𝐼 + 𝑉 + ℎ𝑐𝑟 − 𝑅𝑅

Wherein: HI is the instrument height

hcr is the effect of curvature and refraction
RR is the rod reading
V/VD is the vertical dist. from the horizontal to the line of sight

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Downward Line of Sight

Without curvature (hcr = 0)

With curvature (hcr ≠ 0)

𝐷𝐸𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉 − 𝐻𝐼 − 𝑅𝑅 − ℎ𝑐𝑟

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐴 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵 + 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑉 − 𝐻𝐼 − ℎ𝑐𝑟

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐴 + 𝐻𝐼 + ℎ𝑐𝑟 − 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑅

Wherein: HI is the instrument height
hcr is the effect of curvature and refraction
RR is the rod reading
V/VD is the vertical dist. from the horizontal to the line of sight

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Stadia Leveling
Horizontal Sights

Wherein: c is the distance from the instrument center

𝑑 𝑓 to the objective lens center
=
𝑠 𝑖
C = 0.0m for internal, C = 0.3m for external
𝑓 focusing telescope
𝐾=
𝑖 d is the distance from the focal point to the
𝐶 =𝑓+𝑐 face of the rod
D is the distance from the instrument
𝐷 =𝐶+𝑑 center to the face of the rod

𝐷 =𝐾×𝑆+𝐶 f is the focal length

i is the spacing between stadia hairs
K is the stadia constant
S is the stadia intercept/interval

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Inclined Sights

𝐻 = 𝐾 × 𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼

𝑉 = 𝐾 × 𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 + 𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼

1
𝑉 = 𝐾 × 𝑆 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛼 + 𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
2

𝐷 = 𝐾 × 𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝐶
Wherein: D is the line of sight from the instrument to
the rod
C = 0.0m for internal, C = 0.3m for external
focusing telescope
H/HD is the horizontal distance
K is the stadia constant
S is the stadia intercept/interval
V/VD is the vertical distance
α is the angle of the inclined stadia

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Simple Curve
Degree of Curve (D)
Arc Basis (Metric)
20 2𝜋𝑅
=
𝐷 360°

1145.916
𝐷=
𝑅

Arc Basis (English)

5(20) 2𝜋𝑅
=
𝐷 360°

5(1145.916)
𝐷=
𝑅

Chord Basis (Metric)

𝐷 10
𝑠𝑖𝑛 =
2 𝑅
10
𝑅=
𝐷
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2

Chord Basis (English)

𝐷 50
𝑠𝑖𝑛 =
2 𝑅

50
𝑅=
𝐷
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2

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Tangent Distance (T)

𝛥 𝐼 𝑇
𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
2 2 𝑅
𝐼
𝑇 = 𝑅 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2

Long Chord (LC)

𝐿𝐶
𝐼
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 2
2 𝑅
𝐼
𝐿𝐶 = 2𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2

Subchord (SC)
𝑆𝐶
𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 2
2 𝑅
𝜃
𝑆𝐶 = 2𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2

Length of Curve (Lc)

From Arc Definition,
𝜋
𝐿𝑐 = 𝑅𝛥 ( )
180°

Metric
Lc 20
=
𝐼 𝐷
𝐼
Lc = 20 ( )
𝐷

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English
𝐿𝑐 100
=
𝐼 𝐷
𝐼
𝐿𝑐 = 100 ( )
𝐷

External Distance (E)

𝐸 = 𝑂𝑃𝐼 − 𝑅

𝐼
𝑂𝑃𝐼 = 𝑅 𝑠𝑒𝑐
2
𝐼
𝐸 = 𝑅 𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 𝑅
2
𝐼
𝐸 = 𝑅(𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 1)
2

Middle Ordinate
𝑀 = 𝑅 − 𝑂𝐹

𝐼
𝑀 = 𝑅 − 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
𝐼
𝑀 = 𝑅(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
2

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Stationing of Point of Curvature

If STA PI is known
𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐼 − 𝑇

IF STA PT is known
𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝑇 − 𝐿𝑐

Stationing of Point of
Tangency
If STA PC is known
𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐶 + 𝐿𝑐

IF STA PI is known
𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝑇 = (𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐼 − 𝑇) + 𝐿𝑐

Stationing of Point of Intersection

If STA PC is known
𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐼 = 𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑇

IF STA PT is known
𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐼 = (𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝑇 − 𝐿𝑐 ) + 𝑇

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Compound Curve
If Common Tangent is not Parallel to the Long Chord

Triangle PC-V-PT Triangle PC-PCC-PT

Triangle V1-V-V2

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If Common Tangent is Parallel to Long Chord

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Spiral Curve
Elements of a Spiral Curve

TS: Point of change from tangent to spiral

SC: Point of change from spiral to circle
CS: Point of change from circle to spiral
ST: Point of change from spiral to tangent
L: Spiral arc length from TS to any point on the spiral
Lc: Total length of spiral from TS to SC
Sc: Central angle of spiral (from TS to SC)

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S: The spiral angle from TS to any point on the spiral

i: Spiral deflection angle at the TS from initial tangent to any point on the
spiral
D: Degree of curve of the spiral at any point, and R = its radius
Dc: Degree of curve of the shifted circle to which the spiral becomes
tangent at the SC, and R-c the radius of the circle
I: Total central angle of the circular curve
Ic: Central angle of circular arc of Lc extending from the SC to the CS
xc: Tangent offset of the SC with reference to the TS and
the initial tangent
x: Tangent offset
yc: Tangent distance for the SC
y: Tangent distance
q: Distance along tangent to the point perpendicular to
the PC of the shifted curve
p: Offset from the initial tangent to the PC of the shifted circular curve or
throw
Ts: Total tangent distance = distance from PI to TS or ST
Es: T otal external distance = distance from PI to midpoint of curve
Rc: Radius of simple curve
R: Radius of spiral at any point
e: Superelevation
k: Velocity of vehicle in kph
v: Velocity of vehicle

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Properties of Spiral Curves

At the end of the spiral adjacent to the tangent, the radius of the spiral is large;
along the curve it decreases gradually until at the point where the spiral joins the
circular curve, the radii of the curves are equal, hence, the radius of the spiral
varies inversely proportional to the radius of the circular curve.
𝑅 𝐿𝑐
=
𝑅𝑐 𝐿

The spiral angle varies as the squares of the lengths along the spiral.
𝑆 𝐿 2
=( )
𝑆𝑐 𝐿𝑐

The tangent offset varies as the cubes of the lengths along the spiral.
𝑥 𝐿 3
=( )
𝑥𝑐 𝐿𝑐

The deflection angle varies as the squares of the lengths along the spiral.
𝑖 𝐿 2
=( )
𝑖𝑐 𝐿𝑐

Formulas
Superelevation Spiral Angle
0.0079𝑘 2 ∙ 𝑊 𝑆 = 𝐿2 /2𝑅𝑐 𝐿𝑐
𝑒=
𝑅
Spiral Angle at the SC
Desirable Length of Spiral 𝐿𝑐
𝑆𝑐 =
0.036𝑘 3 2𝑅𝑐
𝐿𝑐 =
𝑅
Tangent Offset
Radius of Spiral 𝐿3
1145.916𝐿𝑐 𝑥=
𝑅= 6𝑅𝑐 𝐿𝑐
𝐷𝑐 𝐿

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Tangent Offset at the SC Distance Along Tangent at the SC

𝐿2
𝑥𝑐 = 𝐿3𝑐
6𝑅𝑐 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐿𝑐 −
40𝑅𝑐2

Deflection Angle Angle of Intersection

1 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑐 + 2𝑆𝑐
𝑖= 𝑆
3
Length of Ghost Curve
Deflection Angle at the SC 1
1 𝑄 = 𝐿𝑐
2
𝑖𝑐 = 𝑆𝑐
3
Throw
Distance Along Tangent 𝑥𝑐 𝐿2𝑐
𝑝= =
4 24𝑅𝑐
𝐿5
𝑦=𝐿− Tangent Distance
40𝑅𝑐2 𝐿2𝑐
𝐿𝑐 𝐼
External Distance 𝑇𝑠 = + (𝑅𝑐 + 𝑝) 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2
𝐼
𝐸𝑠 = (𝑅𝑐 + 𝑝) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 𝑅𝑐
2
Earthworks Engineering
Volume Computation
End Area Method Prismoidal Correction
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝑉 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝑐𝑝
𝑉=( )𝐿
2
𝐿
𝑉𝑐𝑝 = (𝐶 − 𝐶2 )(𝐷1 − 𝐷2 )
Prismoidal Formula 12 1
𝐿
𝑉 = (𝐴1 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 ) Volume of Regular Prism
6
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑉 = 𝐴( )
4
Assembly of Regular Prism
𝐴
𝑉 = [∑ℎ1 + 2∑ℎ2 + 3∑ℎ3 + 4∑ℎ4 ]
4

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Truncated Prism
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑉 = 𝐴( )
3

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CONSTANTS
January 23, 2018

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Euler’s Number Coulomb’s Constant/Electrostatic

𝑒 = 2.718 Constant
𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚2
𝑘𝑒 = 8.987 × 109
Pi 𝐶2
𝜋 = 3.142
Permittivity of Free Space
Gravitational Acceleration −12
𝐶2
𝜀0 = 8.854 × 10
𝑚 𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚2
𝑔 = 9.807 2
𝑠
Gravitational Constant
Elementary Charge −11
𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚2
𝐺 = 6.67 × 10
𝑞 = 1.602 × 10−19 𝐶 𝑘𝑔2

Mass of a Proton Electron-volt

𝑚𝑝 = 1.673 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔 𝑒𝑉 = 1.602 × 10−19 𝐽

Mass of an Electron Speed of Light

𝑚𝑒 = 9.109 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑐 = 2.998 × 108
𝑠2
Mass of a Neutron
𝑚𝑛 = 1.675 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔 Faraday’s Constant
𝐶
ℱ = 9.649 × 104
𝑚𝑜𝑙

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TABLES
August 17, 2018

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Metric Prefixes and Symbols

Prefix Symbol Factor Scientific
yotta Y 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1024

zetta Z 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1021

exa E 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 1018

peta P 1,000,000,000,000,000 1015
tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012

giga G 1,000,000,000 109

mega M 1,000,000 106

kilo k 1,000 103

hecto h 100 102

deka da 10 101
1 100

deci d 0.1 10-1

centi c 0.01 10-2

milli m 0.001 10-3

micro μ 0.000001 10-6

nano n 0.000000001 10-9
pico p 0.000000000001 10-12

femto f 0.000000000000001 10-15

atto a 0.000000000000000001 10-18

zepto z 0.000000000000000000001 10-21

yocto y 0.000000000000000000000001 10-24

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Mass
Hundred-
Kilogram Pound Stone Quarter Ton
weight

1 kilogram = 1 2.2046 0.1575 0.0787 0.0197 0.0011

1 pound = 0.4536 1 0.0714 0.0357 0.0089 0.0004

1 stone = 6.3503 14 1 0.5 0.125 0.0063

1 quarter = 12.7006 28 2 1 0.25 0.0125

1 hundred-
50.8024 112 8 4 1 0.05
weight =
1 ton = 1,016.0469 2240 160 80 20 1

Length
Meter Inch Foot Yard Chain Furlong Mile League
1 meter = 1 39.3701 3.2808 1.0936 0.0497 0.0050 0.0006 0.0002
1 inch = 0.0254 1 0.0833 0.0278 0.0013 0.0001 1.6e-5 4.6e-6
1 foot = 0.3048 12 1 0.3333 0.0152 0.0015 0.0002 5.5e-5
1 yard = 0.9144 36 3 1 0.0455 0.0045 0.0006 0.0002
1 chain = 20.1168 792 66 22 1 0.1000 0.0125 0.0036
1 furlong = 201.168 7920.02 660.001 220 10 1 0.125 0.0362
1 mile = 1609.34 63360 5280 1760 80 8.0000 1 0.2897
1 league = 5556 218740 18228.3 6076.12 276.187 27.6187 3.4523 1
1 fathom = 1.8288 72 6 2 0.0909 0.0091 0.0011 0.0003
1 naut. mi. = 1852 7.3e4 6.1e3 2.03e3 92.0624 9.2062 1.1508 0.3333
1 rod = 5.0292 198 16.5 5.5 0.25 0.025 0.0031 0.0009

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Volume

ml l fl. oz. pt qt gal in3

1 milliliter = 1 0.001 0.0338 0.0021 0.0011 0.0002 0.0610

1 liter = 1000 1 33.8140 2.1134 1.0567 0.2641 61.0237

1 fluid ounce = 29.5735 0.0296 1 0.0625 0.0313 0.0078 1.8047

1 pint = 473.1765 0.4732 16 1 0.5 0.125 28.875

1 quart = 946.3529 0.9464 32 2 1 0.25 57.75

1 gallon = 3785.4118 3.7854 128 8 4 1 231

1 in3 = 16.3871 0.0164 0.5541 0.0346 0.0173 0.0043 1

Temperature
Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine Réaumur
5 5 5
°C = 1 ([°F] − 32) [K] − 273.15 ([°R] − 491.67) × [°Ré] ×
9 9 4
9 9 9
°F = [°C] + 32 1 [K] × − 459.67 [°R] − 459.67 [°Ré] × + 32
5 5 4
9 5 5
K= [°C] + 273.15 ([K] + 459.67) × 1 [°R] × [°Ré] × + 273.15
5 9 4
9 9 9
°R = ([°C] + 273.15) × [°F] + 459.67 [K] × 1 [°Ré] × + 491.67
5 5 4
4 4 4 4
°Ré = [°C] × ([°F] − 32) × ([K] − 273.15) × ([°R] − 491.67) × 1
5 9 5 9

Truth Table

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