Term 1 (2019 – 2020) Civil Engineering Hydrology (CEHDROL) November 13, 2019

Evaporation and Transpiration

Net Solar Radiation Albedo Water Balance Δ𝑆
𝐸pan = 𝑃 −
𝑆net = 𝑆in − 𝑆out 𝑆out 𝐸total = 𝑃 − 𝑅 Δ𝑡
𝛼= Lysimeter
𝑆out = 𝑆in (𝛼) 𝑆in Evaporation Pan
𝑆net = 𝑆in (1 − 𝛼) Total Evaporation 𝐸 = 𝑘pan ∙ 𝐸pan PE = R + A − P
𝐸total = 𝐸S + 𝐸I + 𝐸T
Evaporation Estimation
Energy Balance
Δ𝑄 E J
𝐿𝐸 = 𝐾 + 𝐿 − 𝐺 − 𝐻 + 𝐴𝑤 − , in units of 2 𝜆𝑣 = 2495 at 0° C
Δ𝑡 LT g
Δ𝑄 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑄𝑒 = 𝐸𝜌𝑤 ∙ 𝜆𝑣
𝐾 + 𝐿 − 𝐺 − 𝐻 + 𝐴𝑤 −
𝐸= Δ𝑡 𝑅𝑛
𝜌𝑤 ∙ 𝜆𝑣 𝐸= [Neglecting heat transfer]
MJ 𝜌𝑤 ∙ 𝜆𝑣
𝜆𝑣 = 2.495 − (2.36 × 10−3 )𝑇𝑎 𝑅𝑛 − 𝐻𝑠 − 𝐺
kg 𝐸=
𝑙𝑣 𝜌𝑤 𝐴
Aerodynamic/Mass Transfer
𝐸𝑎 = 𝐵(𝑒𝑎𝑠 − 𝑒𝑎 ) 0.622𝑘 2 𝜌𝑎 𝑢2 𝑒𝑎 17.3𝑇
𝐵= 𝑅ℎ = 𝑒𝑠 [mb] = 6.11𝑒 𝑇+237.3
𝑧 2 𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝜌𝑤 [ln ( 2 )] 𝑒𝑠 [mb]
𝑧𝑜 𝑒𝑠 [mmHg] =
1.36
Penman Combination
Δ 𝛾 𝐶𝑝 𝑃 𝑃
𝐸= 𝐸 + 𝐸 𝛾= × 10−3 = 0.00163 ( )
Δ+𝛾 𝑟 Δ+𝛾 𝑎 ελ 𝜆
𝐸𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑢)(𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒𝑎 ) 𝐶𝑝 𝐾ℎ 𝑝
𝛾= = 66.8 pa at 0° C
0.622𝑙𝑣 𝐾𝑤

Formulas compiled by: Kyle Michael Sy

Term 1 (2019 – 2020) Civil Engineering Hydrology (CEHDROL) November 13, 2019
17.27𝑇𝑎
𝑒𝑠∗ − 𝑒𝑎∗ 2508.3𝑒 𝑇𝑎+237.3 4098𝑒𝑠
Δ= = 2
=
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 (𝑇𝑎 + 237.3) (237.3 + 𝑇)2
Priestly-Taylor
Δ
𝐸 = 1.3 𝐸
Δ+𝛾 𝑟
Infiltration
Porosity
𝑉𝑣 𝑉𝑠
𝑛= =1−
𝑉𝑡 𝑉𝑡
Infiltration Rate Determination
Infiltration Capacity Cumulative Infiltration Green-Ampt Infiltration
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐 when 𝑖 ≥ 𝑓𝑐 𝑡 𝛹𝑓
𝐹(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑓(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 𝐾𝑡 = 𝐿Δ𝜃 − Δ𝜃𝛹𝑓 ln
𝑓 = 𝑓 when 𝑖 < 𝑓𝑐 0
𝛹𝑓 + 𝐿
Direct Measurement Horton’s Equation 𝐹
𝐹(𝑡) = 𝐾𝑡 + Δ𝜃𝛹𝑓 ln (1 + )
𝑓𝑝 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑝 = 𝑓𝑐 + (𝑓0 − 𝑓𝑐 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 Δ𝜃𝛹𝑓
Infiltration into a Soil Water Column 𝑓0 − 𝑓𝑐 −𝑘𝑡 Δ𝜃𝛹𝑓
ℎ1 − ℎ2 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑓𝑐 (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 ) + (𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 ) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐾 ( + 1)
𝑘 𝐹
𝑓 = 𝐾[ ] 𝜃 − 𝜃𝑟
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 Philips Equation 𝑠𝑒 = [Eff. saturation]
𝐹 = 𝐿Δ𝜃 𝑆 𝜃𝑒
𝑓(𝑡) = +𝐾 𝜃𝑒 = 𝑛 − 𝜃𝑟 [Eff. porosity]
Infiltration Rate 2√ 𝑡
𝑑𝐹(𝑡) 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑆√𝑡 + 𝐾𝑡 Δ𝜃 = (1 − 𝑠𝑒 )𝜃𝑒
𝑓(𝑡) = Δ𝜃𝛹𝑓
𝑑𝑡 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑆√𝑡 [Horizontal soil] 𝑡𝑝 = 𝐾 [Ponding time]
𝑖(𝑖 − 𝐾)

Formulas compiled by: Kyle Michael Sy