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    Introduction to Social Work ELEVENTH EDITION, O. William Farley University of Utah Larry Lorenzo Smith University of Utah Scott W. Boyle University of Utah Boston « New York # San Francisca ‘Mesico Cty + Montreal + Toronto * London « Madrid ® Munich + Paris Hong Kong « Singapore « Tokyo © CapeTonn © Sydney Preface ‘AIDS, gangs, youth suicide, drugs, batered wemen and children, welfare reform, the Social Security ersis, and distance learning forrwal social work. The country is struggling ‘with many health care concerns, the economy, andthe difficult war in Iraq. Social work is ‘Continually being called upon to render services and expertise in ll ofthese problem areas ‘This book encompasses the history and breadth of social work practice. Readers will hope- {ally come to appreciate tha the need for professional social workers i ever expanding and "we encourage students to strongly consider joining the ranks ofthe profession. ‘Several areas have been given special emphasis to update and enrich this edition. New ‘materials and references on drug courts, school violence, drug treatment and prevention, new programs for aging, welfare reform, the Sovial Security crisis, distance learning for tural social work, and President Bush’ faith-based social servce initiative have been added. Tn one sense, this book encompasses the sociology of social work. Case glimpses and case histories are used to illustrate traditional and innovative social work settings and services. "The authors want to thank and acknowledge the reviewers of the previous editions: ‘Stephen M. Aigner, Iowa State University; Patricia Albaugh, Southwest Oklahoma State University; Lessie Bass, East Carolina University; William C. Berleman, University of ‘Washington; Scot Burcham, Arkansas State University; George W. Caulton, Western New England College; Nancy Chavkin, Texas State University; Shirley Clark, Chattanooga ‘State Technical Community College; Mary A. Dowery, Ball State University; Ginger Edwards, Charles Stewart Mott Community College; Sharon Eisen, Mott Community College; Charles E. Grenier, Louisiana State University; Martin Hope, Winthrop College; Joan M, Jones, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Johnette G. McCracken, West Liberty State College; Thomas D. Oellerich, Ohio University; Gwenelle O'Neal, West ‘Chester University; and Paul Sanzenbach, Louisiana State University ‘We also want to thank our reviewers for their helpful suggestions and kind remarks for this new edition: Barrett Michelle Horton, University of Tennessee at Martin; Anita ‘Sharma, University of Louisiana; and Saman Yazhmaee, San Diego Community College. “The authors want to thank Karen Hanson, Editor-in-Chief, Social Science; Patricia Quinlin, Senior Series Editor, and Carly Czech, Editorial Assistant, at Allyn and Bacon. ‘These individuals have been a great help and support throughout the revision process. ‘Also, a special thanks goes to Connie Strassburg and GGS Book Services, who Kept us ‘organized and moving forward throughout this process. “The authors deeply appreciate the caring support and encouragement of their wives, Mary and Jane, and other family members, who made many helpful suggestions and dovoted ther time and talents to reading, editing, and typing the manuseript. Also, Cathy ‘Garber, an MSW student, should be thanked for her library esearch on the manuscript. ©. William Farley Larry Lorenzo Smith Scott W. Boyle What Is Social Work? 13:00 4.36. an ambulance pulled up to the med- ‘ical center emergency room. Attendants rushed to get a 17-year-old Hispanic teenager into the hos- pital and onto life support systems. The teenager ‘had desperately, but resolutely, driven his car into «solid brick wal. The social worker on duty during those carly hours was called tobe there when the boy's parents arrived The look of desperation on their {faces told the whole stor. This couple had come to the United Sates from Mexico some three years ‘ago, bringing their boy and his three younger sisters with them. The language, the school sys- tem, and the entre community had create subtle barriers fr this family. The father and mother Soho hey ond ed baa The 17-year-old tried to itn. His grades weren't bad, but he just didn't have friends. He couldn't get asense of who he was. His dad saved ‘some very hard-earned dollars to buy the young ‘man a car. Perhaps the car would help his son finda pace. It was that same car that now was a visted wreck. Th by ded tha night. The sci worker [pee beanbag palit the soil worker tated himsel the qustons, "iy coun hs raga hve bon prevented? What can do no help i fmiy?” “tsecond case gimp rts comma ny poems. Ros rocked Los Angeles ofr te cuit, ednesday, pi 29, 1983 ofr whte ole ofoas nthe ripe eating of ack motorist Roiny King. In lse then ene ‘But ons mols etnset pole Bogaert, ierier tor detest Fs dab oe tat eaten and hndrds of bsneses and homes som oe fed Sth Cota Eos ingle. nigh of ason, looting, and gunfire fle nne persons. By he lowing Tsay ‘hen fe ns “hack f norma theron had resid nie dead and $00 fies: More rent, Cincnat hs fred rom seers rns brow on bythe shooting af oun Bac men ty awhte police afer hat might have een done to poet sich dates? Can socal work plea pars facing ond heling sb commny pons ete in halen, iting ws We ve es wo se on ad seat amiloate son of retzed US astonaitonw Resin rocket ive on the obit international space ston, yt we oten hve diel reching someone inthe sme room, Welive ina fastmovng,put-uton space ag, yet we in that peop are sil the Center of he word ands vals. Mas andthe rings of Sat are imptnt, bu hans CHAPTER 1 are more important. As people live together, problems of relationship and interaction ‘emerge, Personal problems, family problems, and community problems appear on the horizon of everyday living. Drug abuse, homelessness, crime, delinquency, mental illness, suicide, school dropouts, AIDS, and numerous other social problems abound at every turn. Every day new scientific and technological discoveries enlarge our knowledge and sks, We not only rave in space and have apace stations but algo have one or more ears in the gerage for personal travel. We carry iPods, iPhones, video cell phones, laptop comput ers, and TY sets that bring instant news twenty-four hours a day, shrinking the world to 3 Small community. Fifteen-second ads channeled into our homes are common. Wonder drugs are used by millions everywhere searching for peace of mind as well as for treat- ‘ment Genetically-engineered foods are reaching dining tables for distinctive eating. Digital cameras, VCRs, computer chips, Internet, DVDs, and computer banking are alter~ ‘ng our recreational, educational, and business endeavors at every tur, “Medical triumphs surprise the imagination with use of lasers and miniature instra- iments under high magnification to restore eyesight, use of an artificial arm that gives ampetees lifelike dexterity, and testrube babies. ‘On the negative sie, all kinds of difficult situations exit. Terrorism is rampant; the rag |War has cost mach in human lives and money; no place on te globe is any longer free from attack. Single mothers are raising children in many women-dominated homes with no fathers ‘round. Use of drugs ison te increase around the world, bringing bizarre, uncertain behavior {nto tae lives of people, their families, and their communities. “Computer criminals” are on the scene. Movies, TV, radio, and current literature are continuing to increase in negativism and ‘oleace. The average child views TV about four hours a day. By the ag of sixteen he or she thas vatched more than 200,000 acts of violence—S0,000 of which are murders : In this high-fech uncertain world, personal, family, and community problems exist as neve: before. Emotional difficulties are rife, Teenage and senior citizen suicides are on the increase. There seems to be an overall ebb in meaningful human relationships—people enjoying people and helping each other. : ‘When serious difficulties in human relationships arise, the question immediately becomes, “Can we get help?” The answer is usually, “Yes.” Many professions, one of which is social work, are ready and eager to help. What is social work? What is social welfare? ‘What part do they play inthis satellite age? : Social work snd soci welfare are based on three premises: 1) thatthe person is impor= {@) that he oF she has personal, family, and community problems resulting from interac. ion with others; and (3) that something can be done to alleviate these problems and enrich individual’ ife-An introductory glimpse of two particular cases illustrates all three premises. Joe had been ina state hospital for nineteen years, confined to one ofthe back wards. Hospital ‘personnel were unsuccessfl in getting him involved in any type of interaction with staff or fl- Tow patient. ‘Then came a change. As a part of anew program, a social worker was assigned 10 meet with Je for thirty minutes daily withthe goal of encouraging him to be more active in his own treament. The worker explained toJoe that she was going to see him regularly and that she was ‘genuinely interested in him, Forth frst two weeks, he uttered nota word. Then one day he sur= prised the worker by saying, “Tike you.” What is Social Work? 3 The worker continued to spend about thirty minutes daily with Joe. She was sympathetic, interested in him, warm, friendly, and accepting. He responded steadily to her interest and efforts. Within sic months he was discharged from the hospital: and with he follow-up help ofthe Tocal community menial health center, Joe was placed in an independent-living situation where his quality of life improved dramatically over the next several years When Joe was asked bya clase frend what had happened to make the diffrence in hie ifs ‘he eageriy replied with muck seriousness, "The worker was just like a magnet—drawing me out ‘of my shel, I couldn't resist her” {A second case further illustrates these thre premises. A school of social work and a local businessman formed a parnership to bring both voluntcer and professional social services 0a small inert neighborkood that contained many senior citizen who were mot being served adequately fo meet ther needs. Neighborhood residents were helped to form a “neighborsto-neighbor” volunteer efort. The volunteers, assisted by soclal work students, hecame the “eyes and ears” ofthe local community and began to address the needs of many ofthe seniors. The needs ranged from having a friendly vst to the replacement of brokendown furnaces and rf. Th nding for these repairs came fromthe local businessman Many of th services were provide by voluters who lived inthe neighborhood wheres others ‘were provided by volunters recruited from the larger communi The socal work students were alo able to link senior citizens with professional services already avaiable. The quality of life and the independence ofthese senior ctzens were improved by this social work approach We ‘The terms social work and social welfare ae often confused and sometimes used synony~ ‘mously. Actually, social welfare has a broader meaning and encompasses social work, public welfare, and other related programs and activities. Social welfare, according to Friedlander.! “is the organized system of social services and institutions, designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and health, and personal and social relationships that permit them to develop their fll capacities and to promote their ‘well being in harmony with the needs of their families and the community.” Long and Holle state: “Social welfare is a necessary thread in the fabric of social structure, and society has a responsibility for the plight ofits members."= Social welfare, in a broad sense, encompasses the well-being and interests of lange ‘numbers of people, iluding their physical, educational, mental, emotional, spiritual, and ‘economic needs, Economically itis big business. For example, in August 1985, the Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance (OASDHI) program in the United States was paying $15. billion in monthly cash benefits to 36,787,000 beneficiaries. By July 1999 ‘monthly benefits in the amount of $31.96 billion were sent to 44,335,030 beneficiaries. As reported in the Social Security Bulletin, expenditures for social welfare under public law amounted to $1,434.6 billion in fiscal year 1994, an increase of $.0 percent over the previous year. Te 1994 amount represented 21.8 percent ofthe national output of goods and services as measured by the gross domestic product (GDP). Federal and tate governments spent $407.9 billion on health and medical care alone in 1994. A 2006 news article reported 4 (CHAPTER 1 that the Medicare trast nd wil run ou of money in 2018. The same article reported thatthe Social Security trust fund will be exaustd in 2040 The United States will have major social welfare problems ities trusts ar allowed to run out of money “Many professionals deliver social welfare services. but social. workers have Stays been prominent welfare service providers. In fet, they hve played sucha central role that dhe tenn of social welfare and social work have been interchanged ovr the years. kn 1970 fccording tothe US. Bureau of the Census, there were 216,000 social workers in the nite Sttes-136,000 female and 80,000 male, In 1995 there were more than 500,000 Social workers in the United States, two-thitds of whom were women. The National ‘Association of Social Workers (NASW) estimates that there are currently some 600,000 people who hold socal work degrees. It predicts the profession will grow by 30 percent by 20105 ‘Social welfare includes the basic institutions and processes related to facing and solving social problems—problems that affect large numbers of people and that require Some kind of concerted group effort to resolve. In this sense, social welfare includes not only qualified social workers, but also untrained personnel employed in public welfare, probation, and other areas where social problems are being faced and resolved. Minimum Traditional standards required a Master of Social Work degree for the professional social ‘worker, wit at least two years of work experience under adequate supervision “onevey ation by NASW. te Cauneil on Socal Work Education (CSWE), and chose wl or ax provided fo econo of undergraduate progam in soi sat nents who have complete these programs satsfactony re recognized a the Hosts el pafesioni socal woke Tse taining nclies supervised il expe as elas le no ge In alton, many vo-year ha ntoducd in commun and oer colleges tt provide two-year et society It minists fii nec or emotion diel It lp commanis Fane ee in fr afoncse meal wt ice Sie wise seve Io oat mes hes nsec pad sie to belp people with problems. schoo situations. It seeks to coret the causes underying delinquency and ada einai. yyenr®) “A gimee in the history of ssa welre reveals that serves hve Been vied scrote centres for disadvantaged persons an groups, Examples of such sevies ‘A muchas historical defintion of socal york appeared in the 1959 Cricut include the care ofthe sick and the poor administered by the early Christian Church, and ‘Study sponsored by CSWE: “Social work secks to enhance the social functioning of indi- Fae ee are Laan at herent a eet etre vidal singly and in groups, by activites focused upon thee Social elaonhis wich a5, "Social services came first, and methods of social work developed out of social welfare. At constitute the interaction between man and his environment. These activities can be the tum of the twentieth century, social work was becoming more formalized, and within grouped into three functions: restoration of impaired capacity, provision of individual and next several decades emerged into a profession—a specialized, modern segment of the social resources, and prevention of social dysfunction.”® ‘totality of social welfare, . ‘The underlying assumptions of social work are: 1. Socal work ike aloe profession as problen-slving functions — 2. Social work pact an et with cleniic and vac oundaion 5 Social work asa profession cae into being and conincs to develop because it ‘The next question that follows is, “What is social work?" An answer appeared in an edito- ‘meets human needs and aspirations recognized by society. ‘De ext quo ta il 4 Soci work patio tks ales fom hos held byte soley of which tt apa, weve, values are not cesar or altogee th yor predomi er those universally predominant | ‘tow profession hasbeen growing to maturity under our noses Is sci work, Once held or practiced in society. [ 4 Aguas bsetonse arm anetange oe pos ow ra ie, scien in 5 The scientific base of social work consists of three fypes of knowledge: a ested ren Sh a io anncr tht thes eed ation on problems a Svea ares of knowledge, (0) hypothetical knowledge that requires transformation imo teted * yemuadio® =, -prevention-—are intertwined and interdependent prewoctiane Bovebepoout CHAPTER 1 knowledge, and (c) assumptive knowledge (or “practice wisdom") that requires transformation into hypothetical and thence into tested knowledge. 6. The knowledge needed for social work practice is determined by its goals and func- tions and the problems it seeks to solve. +1. The internalization of professional knowledge and values is a vital characteristic of the professional social worker since he is himself the instrument of professional help. {8 Professional skill is expressed inthe activities of the social worker.” Fie nace oa eae a atin coated aan ‘liminate factors that have caused breakdown of functioning, and its rehabilitative aspects, Cae ena paca, Det oie al a Co ne cry cid eros cess Se a i Ltabenrernipetebipor tele che ein tet ocmrng oro or she adi {aster home. ‘of resources}social and individual, for more effective social functioning may be ino developmental and educational. The developmental aspects are designed to further th effectiveness of existing social resources orto bring (o fll owe personal ‘Gpocly for moe effective socal interaction. An example woul be the services ofa Family sevice Soviy tat help Me and Mis X, through individual and conjoint interviews, 0 Sdestnd cach ether beter and to open the channels of meaningful communication Serncen them, The educational spectrum is designed to aoa the pubic with specific {Shutons and need fornew or changing social resources Apsin,thiscouldbe stated by ‘ah tle hen by member ofa Family Service Sexe n which counscing services Fre desedbed a a resoure inal ad family problems The third function, Grevention of socal dysfunction) involves early discovery, con- ‘rol, and elimination.of conditions and situations that potentially could hamper effective al unctoning. The oo main divisions are prevention of problems ia the area of intr ‘action between individuals apd groups, and second, the prevention of social ills. Premarital wecctang would be an example of tn atempt to preven individ! and social problems in ‘Sion sci! feetoning Tope ta trough tis process couple wl beable to Tarkpate posible difficulties in maria interaction and, trough adequate consideration fd understanding oi he problems that might ene otherwise, Prevention of soca ils Sruinaiy als within the aea of community organization. An example ofthis function {tthe Community Services Counell approach othe reduction of juvenile delinquency through he uilization of al community organizations and economic rexourees (for exan- Fre ee buat a ae Youth Centr and provide i with professionally trained sao work vis boys and gil who are near-dlinguent or who live in “elinguency areas"). An ‘Neral contusion inthe Curicuum Sty states that “the focus on social relationships, oweves suggested as th distinguishing characteristic ofthe social work profession.” Tiers Bartlet claims that social work is“ configuation of elements none of which is unigue but which in combination, representa contribution quite distinct from that rendered by any other profession."* The 1992 CSWE Curriculum Policy Statement. indicates Distinguishing Characteristics of Social Work ‘Wha Is Social Work? 7 that “the profession of social work is committed to the enhancement of human well-being and to the alleviation of poverty and oppression. The social work profession receives its sanction from publi and private auspices and isthe primary profession in the provision of social services.” The 1995 edition of The Social Work Dictionary defines social work as “the applied science of helping people achieve an effective level of psychosocial functioning and effecting societal changes to enhance the well-being ofall people,”? A Current Definition Social work may be defined as an art, a science, a profession that helps people solve per= sonal, group (especially family), and community problems and attain satisfying personal, gr0up, and community relationships through social work practice (see Figure 1.1) Social ‘work practice today is often generic, involving all three of the traditional methods, The #? ‘major focus is on reducing problems in human relationships and on enriching living throug improved human interaction. a Certain the main fs of esc worker soning people improve thi sca ‘uncon, thir aby wo nractan relents On he cher hand thee ate any the related helping professions ho als asi wth interaconelpebems nation, and ohelp them to_ help themselves. rs a beginning scien because ofits problem-solving method and its attempt tobe objective in ascertaining fcis and in developing principle and operational concepts, Its a profession because it encompasses thaitrbues ofa profession ]— lah aehibntes Ce fescien > Comprehension of sc work may be nkanced by considering is dings teristics that follow: 4 oes 1 Tou none wens nd aly tena encompassing the person, environmental factors, and behavior. Social work Stresses Tenge inthe iota the total person inthe otal ment. 2. Emphasis ison the importance ofthe family in molding and influencing behavior workers atempt to une Social imbalanced family relation is often regarded as the casein social work, Althoug ships. The family changing and is sill the basic 3. Lito of Gomi esa in be 6 esque in helping people solve problems is very impor- tant Social works Rave #caMpreRense knowledge of community fesources anda able to tap them to meet the needs of their clients. They help get “Mr. or Mrs, Jones to the cuaPrer GOGA. won omen ae HE NOON Penson Fe, os, Shore. ncurs ae ABS, Spc. chide, social os sekSioe a 0 a b+ -< communes L_ EXHanceaenT o Soom, anche commun reseancn Sram comm. reset cme, = } ponousrraron FIGURE 1.1. What Is Social Work? =e is oer particular rob clinic? tothe agency that an help the mst inthe soliton oso er pati Jems. Making referrals is a major service of social workers. They also make significant (inst te larger commun wing ir sills a lanning and orgnizing, feling goverment and private ogainsions ad agencies be more. of inexperienced 4, Use ofthe supervisory process provides for guidance and direction of inexper “workers and for continuing growth of the experienced. Both in academic study and in prac- tice, social work provides supervision by qualified, professional personnel to help the worker continue to grow professionally and acquire increased understanding and skill. What Is Social Work? 9 “Te supervisor is availabe regulary to help the worker do a beter job and increase his or her understandings and skills in working with people. This process is particulary impor- tant because social workers themselves ae the tqls in helping troubled persons, and they need to grow professionally, Keeping abreast of new knowledge and skills Pattems of supervision have been changing so they are les rigid today than previously ‘The general ted i toward more sel-ection and less formalized supervisor-supevisee relationships. Participatory supervision, sel-upervsion, and peer supervision ae being tsed extensively 5. Social work has a unique educational program involving classwork and practical field work experience, which go hand in hand, To obtain a Master of Social Work (MSW) degree requires two years of graduate training—or its equivalent—in one of the 168 (2004) Master of Social Work Education programs in the United States. This program includes both academic classes and live field experiences working with clients, which gives an inte- ‘grated combination of theory and practice, Provision has been made for undergraduate programs in social work and/or social welfare to be accredited by CSWE. Thus, graduates in these programs with a Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) degree are recognized as beginning social workers, qualified to startin professional practice. {6 Traditional social work emphasizes three basic processes clinical work, group work, and community organization. Clinical work involves a close, face-to-face relationship ‘mainly on an individual-to-individual basis—in working with people and their problems. Group work utilizes the group a the tooo bring about desired changes in socal functioning ith troubled persons. Community organization i the intergroup approach toward facing and solving social pathologies. It aims to increase understanding of community needs and helps provide for them, Social workers often play an advocate role to strengthen and improve ‘community resources and bring desired socal changes. Some social workers believe there is only one social work provess—that of problem solving related to social relationships. They state thatthe method is basically the same whether working with individuals, groups, or communities. This new approach is called generalist social work practice. 17. Social work has distinctive professional bodies: the National Association of Social ‘Workers (NASW) and the Council on Social Work Education (SWE). NASW was estab- lished in 1955, after careful study, and brought together several smaller professional social work groups in a unified, dynamic organization, Its membership has increased rapidly, and in 2004 it enrolled more than 150,000 social workers, This organization is doing much to raise the standards of social work practice, reerut qualified persons for professional training, and interpret practice and values of social work to the public, CSWE, which originated in 1952, is helping improve training facilites, standards, and programs as well as helping with recruitment, public relations, and strengthening social ‘work practice. 8. The relationship is the key inthe social work process, Everything that i a part of the {interview is important, but to the social worker, the feeling tones between the worker and, -

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