Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

University Town, Northern Samar

GE 6: ARTS APPRECIATION

GESELLE R. PAJARES, LPT

CAC, Part Time Lecturer

NAME OF STUDENT: ________________________________________________________

COURSE & YEAR: ___________________________________________________________
PROFESSOR: ________________________________________________________________
 MODULE 9: ART HISTORY AND MOVEMENT (Part 2)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT 5: ART HISTORY ......................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Learning Outcomes…………………………………………………………………………… 3

Module 9: ART HISTORY/MOVEMENT (Part 2) …………………..…………..………. 4

9.5 THE FINE ART (17th - 19th CENTURY) …………………………….…………… 4

9.5.1 Baroque Period (1600 - 1750 AD) …………………...………………….……. 4
9.5.2 Rococo (1700 - 1750 AD) ….…………………………………………………… 5
9.5.3 Neo Classicism (1750 - 1830 AD) …………………………………………….. 5
9.5.4 Romanticism (1790 - 1880 AD) ………………………………………………... 5

9.6 MODERNISM (19TH CENTURY) ………..…………………………..………..…. 6

9.6.1 Impressionism (1860s - 1880 AD) ……………………….………………..….. 6
9.6.2 Post-Impressionism (1880 - 1905 AD) ……………………………………….. 6
9.6.3 Pointillism/Neo-impressionism (1880s - 1900 AD) ………………………… 7

9.7 NEW MEDIA, NEW ART FORMS (20TH - 21ST CENTURY …………………. 7
9.7.1 Fauvism and Expressionism (1890 - 1939 AD) …………………..………….. 7
9.7.2 Cubism (1907-1914 AD) ………………………………………………...…..…. 8
9.7.3 Dada (1916 - 1923 AD) ………………………………………………………… 8
9.7.4 Surrealism (1922 - 1939 AD) ..…………………………………….………….. 8
9.7.5 Abstract Expressionism (1940 - 1960s) ……………………………………… 9
9.7.6 Pop Art (1950 - 1960s) ………………………………………………………… 9
9.7.7 Optical Art (1960s) ……………………………………………………………. 9
9.7.8 Photorealism (1960s - 1970s) ………………………………………………… 10
9.7.9 Minimalism (1960s-1970s) …………………………………………………… 10

Learning Exercise #9.1 ………………………………………………………………….…… 12

Learning Exercise #9.2 ………………………………………………………………….…… 13

Rubrics ……………………………………………………………………………………......... 14
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………..... 15
References …………………………………………………………………………………...... 16

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 MODULE 9: ART HISTORY AND MOVEMENT (Part 2)

9 : ART HISTORY/MOVEMENT (Part 2)

INTRODUCTION

. Hi, Welcome to Module 9!

Are you ready for another lesson? Okay, let us get started!

In this module, we will talk continually about art historiography or the historical
study of the visual arts being concerned with identifying, classifying, describing, evaluating,
interpreting, and understanding the art products and historic development of the fields of
painting, sculpture, architecture, the decorative arts, drawing, printmaking, photography,
interior design, etc. We will tackle all about the art movements during the fine arts,
modernism until the new media art forms that rise during the 20th century.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

 Identify the underlying history and philosophy of the movements;

 Discuss the characteristics of the history and movements in art; and
 Classify the various art movements by citing important features.

Now, let us properly continue our discussion on Art History and Movements!

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 MODULE 9: ART HISTORY AND MOVEMENT (Part 2)

Module 9: ART HISTORY AND MOVEMENT (Part 2)

9.5 THE FINE ART (17th - 19th CENTURY)

Apelles painting Campaspe by Willem van Haecht;

an artwork which shows people surrounded by fine art;
c. 1630; oil on panel; height: 104.9 cm, width: 148.7 cm; 
Mauritshuis (The Hague, the Netherlands)

Fine Art or the Fine Arts, from the 17th century on, denote art forms developed
primarily for aesthetics and/or concept, distinguishing them from applied arts that also serve
some practical function. Some artists gained freedom by at the courts of monarchs and the
nobility, while others made art to sell directly to individual working collectors. As a result,
art academies became increasingly important as a way to enter into the profession without
conforming to guild regulations.

9.5.1 Baroque Period (1600 - 1750 AD)

It was an era in the history of
the Western arts that started around
1600 in Rome, Italy and spread mostly
to Europe. The term Baroque was
derived from a Portuguese word
meaning "a pearl of irregular shape." Its
qualities were mostly associated with
grandeur, extravagance, and sensuous
richness.

Title: The Judgment of Paris (1639)

Painted by: Peter Paul Rubens

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 MODULE 9: ART HISTORY AND MOVEMENT (Part 2)

9.5.2 Rococo (1700 - 1750 AD)

Rococo also referred to as
"Late Baroque", is an artistic
movement that developed in the
early part of the 18th century in
Paris. This movement was formed
as reaction against the grandeur,
symmetry and strict regulations of
the Baroque style in art. Rococo is
marked by elaborate ornamentation,
as with an abundance of scrolls,
greenery and animal forms while the
Baroque theme is politically
focused.
Title: The Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera (1717)
Painted by: Jean-Antoine Watteau

9.5.3 Neo Classicism (1750 - 1830 AD)

Neo classicism started in
1760 as a reaction against Baroque
and Rococo styles. It is a revival of
the styles and spirit of classic
antiquity inspired directly from the
classical period in 18th and 19th
centuries. This is based on the
imitation of surviving classical
models and types, especially in the
decorative arts. As initial reaction
against the excesses of the
preceding Rococo style. Neo
classicism is characterized by order,
symmetry, and simplicity of style.
Title: The Death of Socrates (1787)
Painted by: Jacques Louis David

9.5.4 Romanticism (1790 - 1880 AD)

Romanticism began as a literary and
philosophical movement. The term comes from
'romance', a prose or poetic narrative favoring
heroism that originated in medieval times. In
contrast to Neo-Classicism, Romanticism
favored wildness and expression, individuality
and unbridled creativity. It was full of raw
emotions, ranging from longing and awe to fear
and horror, and an uprising against
rationalism.
Title: The Raft of the Medusa (1818-19)
Painted by: Theodore Gericault

MAJOR ARTISTS IN THE 17TH TO 19TH CENTURY

BAROQUE ROCOCO NEO CLASSICISM ROMANTICISM
 Peter Paul Rubens  Antoine Watteau  Jacques-Lousi David  Theodore Gericault
 Gian Lorenzo Bernini  Jean-Baptise van Loo  Jean-Auguste Ingres  Eugene Delacroix
 Jean-Honoré Fragonard  Caspar David Friedrich

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 Turner
9.6. MODERNISM (19TH CENTURY)

Title: Guernica (1937)

Painted by: Pablo Picasso (Pablo Ruiz Picasso)

Art in the 19th century began with the continuation of Neo classicism and
Romanticism into the mid-century. After that, a new classification of art became popular:
modernism. The term Modernism applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental
and avant-garde trends in the arts that emerged from the middle of the 19th century, as
artists rebelled against traditional Historicism, and later through 20th century as the
necessity of an individual rejecting previous tradition, and by creating individual, original
techniques.

9.6.1 Impressionism (1860s - 1880 AD)

The movement away from art as imitation, or
representation, probably started in France with the work
of the impressionists in the 19th century. The word
impressionist is itself suggestive. The artist is not just
painting a representation, because the artwork is giving a
personal impression of what is seen. The artist is not trying
to be a photographic realist.
Title: Impression Sunrise (1872)
Painted by: Claude Oscar Monet

9.6.2 Post-Impressionism (1880 - 1905 AD)

It denotes the phase of modern art
wherein artists sought to progress beyond
the narrow imitative style of Impressionism.
This title wasn't a movement, but a group
(Cézanne, Van Gogh, Seurat, and
Gauguin, primarily) who moved past
Impressionism and on to other, separate
endeavors. The work of these painters
formed a basis for several contemporary
movements for early 20th-century

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modernism. The Post-Impressionists often exhibited together, but unlike the Impressionists,
they wanted to work alone.

9.6.3 Pointillism/Neo-impressionism
Title: Starry Night (1889)
Painted by: Vincent Van Gogh (1880s - 1900
AD)
Pointillism/Neo-Impressionism describes a
technique of painting in which hundreds of small dots or
dashes of pure color are applied to the canvas or other
ground in order to create maximum luminosity.
The term was first used to describe the
paintings of Georges and Paul Signac who developed
the technique in 1886.

Title: Les Andelys, the Riverbank (1886)

Painted by: Paul Signac

9.7. NEW MEDIA, NEW ART FORMS (20TH - 21ST CENTURY)

Title: Metamorphosis
Artist: Miao Xiaochun

The artists in this period used new materials, new techniques of painting and developed
new theories about how art should reflect the perceived world. They abandoned strict adherence to
traditional hierarchies of mediums and embraced any means, including technological, which
best served their purposes.

9.7.1 Fauvism and Expressionism (1890 - 1939 AD)

The Fauvism was the first twentieth-century movement in the modern art led by
Matisse and Rouault. The group called 'Les Fauves' or the "The Wild Beast" used wild colors and
depictions of primitive objects and people. This movement became known as Expressionism and
spread, notably, to Germany. Comparing the two art movements of Fauvism and German
Expressionism is like looking at two sides of a coin. Both rest on the value of color as applied
in painting, but where Fauvists used color to express joy, the artists of the German Expressionist

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movement manipulates color to convey the darker side of human emotions, ending up with a
much different result.

Art: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907)

9.7.2 Cubism (1907-1914 AD)
Art: Portrait of Madame Matisse. The Green Line (1905)
Artist: Henri Matisse
Art: The Scream (1893)
Artist: Edvard Munch Artist: Pablo Picasso
[Cubism]
Cubism was the first abstract art developed by
[Fauvism] [Expressionism]

Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Cubism has been

considered the most influential art movement of the 20 th century. In Cubist artwork, organic
forms were broken down into a series of geometric shapes and reassembled in an abstracted form .
Instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, Cubist artists view it from many angles
selected from sight, memory, and movement.
Cubism had two distinct stages: The Analytic Cubism and Synthetic Cubism. In
Analytic Cubism, the artist reduced natural forms to their basic geometric parts and reconstructed
it within a geometric framework in a two-dimensional picture plane. Synthetic Cubism explores
the use of foreign objects as abstract signs. The use of collage on a painting is one good example
of a "Synthetic Cubism".

9.7.3 Dada (1916 - 1923 AD)

Dada was an artistic and literary movement that
began in Zurich, Switzerland in the early 20th century. It
emerged out of negative reaction to the horrors of World
War I and rationalism, which many thought had brought
war about. Dada was a sort of revolution against the very
concept of art that rejected reason and logic, irrationality and
intuition. Marcel Duchamp, one of the leading dada artists,
used ready-mades or mass- produced objects. One of his
well-known works is the "Fountain", a urinal, turned upside
down to which he submitted to an exhibition in 1917. Art: Fountain (1917)
Artist: Marcel Duchamp
[Dada]

9.7.4 Surrealism (1922 - 1939 AD)

Surrealism is a
movement in art and
literature that began
which developed out of
Dadaism in the mid-
1920s. The movement
spread around the globe,
eventually affecting other
art forms in many
Art: The Persistence of Memory (1931)
Artist: Salvador Dalí
[Surrealism]

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countries and languages, as well as philosophy and social

theory. The works feature the element of surprise, evocative
juxtaposition of strange images in order to include unconscious
dream elements. In painting, it is expressed in two
techniques: the Naturalistic technique in the works of
Salvador Dali and the Abstract technique in the works of
Joan Miro.

9. 7.5 Abstract Expressionism (1940 - 1960s)

Abstract Expressionism was an American post-World. War art movement that
emerged in the 1940's and flourished in the 1950’s. Abstract Expressionism is regarded by
many as the golden age of American art and the first American movement to achieve
international influence. Although artists in this movement vary greatly in style, yet they all
share the same outlook in the freedom of individual expression.

Art: Woman V (1953) Art: Marilyn Diptych (1962)

Artist: Willem de Kooning Artist: Andy Warhol
[Abstract Expressionism] [Pop Art]

9.7.6 Pop Art (1950 - 1960s)

Pop Art is an art movement that emerged in the mid-1950s in United Kingdom and
became prevalent in the late 1950s in the United States of America. It depicts methods, styles,
and themes of popular culture and employs techniques of commercial art or popular illustration such
as comic strips and advertising.

9.7.7 Optical Art (1960s)

Also known as Op Art, a style of
visual art popularized in 1960s. The term is
used to describe artworks which seem to swell
and vibrate through their use of optical illusion.
This method of painting concerns with the
interaction between illusion and picture
plane that produces dramatic visual effects
that are difficult for the eye to resolve. Most
of the known Optical Art were created only
in black and white. Op Art is a dynamic
visual art, stemming from a discordant

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figure-ground relationship that causes the two planes to be in contradictory and the creation
of effects through the use of pattern and line.

Art: Movement in Squares (1961)

Artist: Bridget Riley
[Optical Art]

9.7.8 Photorealism (1960s - 1970s)

A figurative movement that is primarily applied to paintings from the United States
art movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The subject matter, usually everyday
scenes, is portrayed in an extremely detailed, exacting style. It is also called super realism,
especially when referring to sculpture. It is the genre of painting using cameras and
photographs to gather visual information and to create a painting that appears to be
photographic.

Art: Mark (1978-1979)

Artist: Chuck Close
Art: Schilderij No. 1 (1926)
[Photorealism] Artist: Piet Mondrian
[Minimalism]

9.7.9 Minimalism (1960s-1970s)

Also called ABC Art, Minimal Art, Reductivism, and Rejective Art. It is a school of
abstract painting and sculpture that emphasizes extreme simplification of form - Mainly from
American movement in the visual arts and music originating in New York City during the
late 1960s and displaying extreme simplicity of form and a literal, objective approach.
Minimal sculpture is composed of extremely simple, monumental geometric forms made of
fiberglass, plastic, sheet metal, or aluminum, either left raw or solidly painted with bright
industrial colors. Like the painter, minimalist sculptors attempted to make their works
totally objective, unexpressive, and non-referential.

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ART MOVEMENTS AND ARTISTS FROM 19TH TO 21ST CENTURY

MOVEMENTS ARTISTS
Impressionism  Claude Monet  Edgar Degas
 Edouard Manet  Camille Pissarro
 Paul Cezanne  Pierre Auguste Renoir

Post Impressionism  Vincent Willem van Gogh  Henri Rousseau

 Paul Cézanne  Paul Gauguin
 Georges Seurat  Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

Fauvism  Henri Matisse  Albert Marquet

 André Derain

Expressionism  Edvard Munch  Franz Marc

Cubism  Pablo Picasso  George Braque

 Juan Gris

Dada Art  Jean Arp  Marcel Duchamp

 Tristan Tzara

Surrealism  Salvador Dali  Joan Miró

 Max Ernst  André Breton

Abstract  Jackson Pollock  Mark Rothko

Expressionism  Paul Klee  Willem de Kooning
 Wassily Kandinsky

Pop Art  Andy Warhol  Roy Lichtenstein

Optical Art  M.C. Escher  Josef Albers

Photo Realism  Chuck Close  James Torlakson

 John Kacere

Minimalism  Barnett Newman  Frank Stella

 Piet Mondrian

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LET’S TAKE A BREAK!

LEARNING EXERCISE 9.1

Are you ready to test what you have learned? It’s simple. Just provide the answers on
each activity below. Discuss clearly your answers. LET’S DO THIS!

Complete the table below. On each item, write in the first column what art movement
does the second column describes. And write in the third column which are period
(whether it is Fine Art, Modernism, or New Media Art) it belongs to.

ART MOVEMENT DEFINITION ART PERIOD

1. This art movement consists of grandeur, i.
sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement,
tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency
to blur distinctions between the various arts.
2. This art is characterized by extreme simplicity ii.
of form and a literal, objective approach.
3. It is the practice of applying small strokes or iii.
dots of color to a surface so that from a
distance they visually blend together.
4. In this, artists use pure, brilliant color iv.
aggressively applied straight from the paint
tubes to create a sense of an explosion on the
canvas
5. It is seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, v.
calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and
rationality that typified Classicism in general
and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in
particular.
6. Artists in this art movement created highly vi.
illusionistic images that referred not to nature
but to the reproduced image.
7. It is based on the practice of painting out of vii.
doors and spontaneously ‘on the spot’ rather
than in a studio from sketches.
8. This is an artistic style in which the artist seeks viii.
to depict not objective reality but rather the
subjective emotions and responses that objects
and events arouse within a person.
9. It is characterized by lightness, elegance, and ix.
an exuberant use of curving natural forms in
ornamentation.
10. Its art style emphasized the flat, two- x.
dimensional surface of the picture plane,
rejecting the traditional techniques of
perspective, foreshortening, modeling, and
chiaroscuro and refuting time-honored
theories that art should imitate nature.

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ART MOVEMENT DEFINITION ART PERIOD

11. An art that can be achieved through the xi.
systematic and precise manipulation of shapes
and colors
12. This art movement was a means of reuniting xii.
conscious and unconscious realms of
experience so completely that the world of
dream and fantasy would be joined to the
everyday rational world in “an absolute
reality, a surreality.”
13. It is an art in which commonplace objects xiii.
(such as comic strips, soup cans, road signs,
and hamburgers) were used as subject matter
and were often physically incorporated into
the work.
14. In the desire to reject traditional modes of xiv.
artistic creation, many artists in this movement
worked in collage, photomontage, and found-
object construction, rather than in painting and
sculpture.
15. This art movement emphasizes free, xv.
spontaneous, and personal emotional
expression, and they exercise considerable
freedom of technique and execution to attain
this goal, with a particular emphasis laid on
the exploitation of the variable physical
character of paint to evoke expressive
qualities.

LEARNING EXERCISE 9.2

Are you ready to test what you have learned? It’s simple. Just provide the answers on
each activity below. Discuss clearly your answers. LET’S DO THIS!

ESSAY: What prominent changes happened in different art periods; starting from Fine
Art to Modernism to New Media Art? What specific details/art elements and techniques
had changed over time? Provide a cohesive elaboration of your answer on each art
period.
________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Rubrics for Essay Learning Exercises:

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CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
Information is Information is Information is The information
very organized in slightly organized but appears to be
a well- organized in a paragraph(s) are disorganized.
Organization
constructed well-constructed not well-
paragraph or paragraph or constructed.
paragraphs. paragraphs.
Information Information Information Information has
relates to the relates to the partially relates little or nothing
topic. It provides topic. It provides to the topic. No to do with the
Content a lot of few supporting details and/or topic.
supporting details and/or examples are
details and/or examples. given.
examples.
Main points well Main points well Main points are Main points lack
developed with developed with present with detailed
high quality and quality limited detail and development.
quantity support. supporting development. Ideas are vague
Development Reveals high details and Some critical with little
degree of critical quantity. Critical thinking is evidence of
thinking. thinking is present. critical thinking.
weaved into
points.
Essay is free of Essay has few Most spelling, Spelling,
distracting punctuation and punctuation, and punctuation, and
spelling, grammatical grammar correct grammatical
punctuation, and errors allowing allowing reader errors create
grammatical reader to follow to progress distraction,
Grammar errors; absent of ideas clearly. through essay. making reading
& Mechanics fragments, Very few Some errors difficult;
comma splices, fragments or run- remain. fragments,
and run-ons. ons. comma splices,
run-ons evident.
Errors are
frequent.
Meets all formal Meets format and Meets format and Fails to follow
and assignment assignment assignment format and
requirements and requirements; requirements; assignment
evidences margins, spacing, generally correct requirement;
attention to and indentations margins, spacing, cover format,
detail; all are correct; essay and indentations; incorrect
Format margins, spacing is neat and essay is neat but indentations;
and indentations correctly may have some neatness of essay
are correct; essay assembled. assembly errors. needs attention.
is neat and
correctly
assembled with
professional look.

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 MODULE 9: ART HISTORY AND MOVEMENT (Part 2)

SUMMARY

The history of art is almost as long as the beginning of the human habitation. The
first visible form of art began in the oldest period in human history which is categorized by
cave paintings and portable pieces of small figurines carved out of bone, modelled in clay or
stone. Since the time when people begun to draw a picture on the wall of the cave, the
method and style of art has constantly changed as time progressed. Artists in the past had
been using different techniques in various forms and have always been interested in the new
horizons of possibilities that is even something new to our understanding. The late 20 th
century and 21st century marked the emergence of a different kind of artist; an artist who
started using technology in creating or displaying ant throughout the course of history,
technologies are progressing, expanding and becoming less and less expensive, making it
more accessible almost to everyone. As new technologies become available, artists learn to
use them and traditional means of expression are transformed and entirely new means of
expression are being developed. Exploring new mediums this very day is just as exciting,
just as full of freshness and newness as it ever was. This trend towards greater use of
technology as a creative tool will continue into the future.

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REFERENCES

Books:
 Perez, T., Cayas, R. & Narciso, N. Alampat: An Introduction to Arts Appreciation.
Blue Patriach Publishing House. Davao City. 2013
 Leano, R., Agtani, J.M., Papel, R. O. Art Appreciation for College
Students. Mindshapers Co., Inc. Manila. 2017
 MacMillan, T. On State Street, “Maker Movement Arrives. New Haven
Independent. 2016.
 Vaughan, W. Encyclopedia of Artists: Art Movements, Glossary, and
Index. Oxford University Press.2000

Images and Artworks used in this Module:

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art#/media/File:Willem_van_Haecht_(II)_-
_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg
 https://www.peterpaulrubens.org/The-Judgment-Of-Paris-C.-1639.html
 https://www.theartstory.org/artist/watteau-jean-antoine/artworks/
 https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436105
 https://www.theartstory.org/artist/gericault-theodore/artworks/
 https://www.museoreinasofia.es/en/collection/artwork/guernica
 https://www.claude-monet.com/impression-sunrise.jsp
 https://www.vangoghgallery.com/painting/starry-night.html
 https://www.theartstory.org/artist/signac-paul/artworks/
 https://images.app.goo.gl/uG1CeNRVLceRcH3o7
 https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/portrait-of-madame-matisse-the-
green-line-henri-matisse/pQER-gMjYy2etA?hl=en
 https://www.edvardmunch.org/the-scream.jsp
 https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79766
 https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/duchamp-fountain-t07573
 https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79018
 https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/movement-in-squares/5gGo7raKbm-
NtQ?hl=en-GB
 https://www.willem-de-kooning.org/woman-v.jsp#prettyPhoto
 https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/warhol-marilyn-diptych-t03093
 https://www.pubhist.com/w26883
 http://portraitpainting2011.blogspot.com/2011/10/mark-by-chuck-close.html

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