1. How do species and communities evolve?

Does evolution significantly influence the

structure of the future community and population structure?

 Probably yes, one of the factors that significantly influence the structure of the future
community and population structure. A species is a plant or an animal that can enable the
creation of offspring through natural selection for future generations. The time pass by
the gene can be altered pass on to the next generation, in addition, evolution may have an
impact on the population structure of species in all the environments, for example, human
control and natural selection. For instance, the negative consequences of contamination
such dangerous chemicals) might affect population size and complicate the selection and
so on.

2. What is adaptation? How do organisms adapt to a pressing environmental

situation?

 Adaptation is the ability to adapt a physical or behavioral characteristic that helps it live
longer and more successfully in its environment. I could say the adaptability of organisms
to changing environmental conditions has been linked in some manner to the evolution of
species. According to the theory of natural selection, traits that can be passed on enable
people to react to their surroundings more quickly than other members of their species.
For example, the penguins now they can slowly adapt to our environment nowadays,
compare to the last generation.

3. Natural resources have an effect on the species composition, structure, and function.

 Definitely yes, the composition, structure, and function of organisms can be influenced
by environmental resources. For example, the water any living thing needs water, which
is a natural resource. Changes in water intake result in a reduction in the size of living
things and a shortening of their development and also for birds as we observe we have
many types of the beak from the birds it is because of the foods that they eat they change
over time because of its natural resources.

4. Why does speciation happen? How speciation affects biological diversity.

 Speciation is the process by which new and unique species emerge as a result of
evolution. The breaking of a single evolutionary lineage into two or more genetically
distinct lineages. Speciation occurs when a population separates from other members of
its group and develops its own unique characteristics. As far as I could say speciation is a
huge contribution to our diversity since speciation increases biodiversity, the number of
various species that live in an ecosystem is referred to as biodiversity.
5. What is ecological succession? Does succession happen in an urban environment? If
yes, how? If no, why?

 Ecological succession is the process by which the makeup of a biological community

evolves over time. Based on my understanding ecological successions happen in
Glaciated and volcanic sites, rather than urban sites such as in the stone and brick
barriers, construction sites, piles of hazardous trash, and deserted sidewalks. In contrast to
the vegetation patterns in nearby rural areas where secondary succession predominates,
both primary and secondary successional cycles constitute significant ecological
processes in urban ecosystems.

6. Why do organisms compete? Can competition favors or eliminate biological species.

 They compete because, in order to live, species fight because of the resources that they
need such as air, water, food, and space. When resources are plentiful, organisms coexist
peacefully, and locations with an abundance of resources have a high species diversity of
biodiversity. The population of the weaker competitor species will start to decrease if one
species outcompetes the other. For example, the plant sometimes, it is possible to
eradicate whole populations of a plant from the ecosystem where it was initially found.
This is called getting extirpated.

7. Differentiate primary succession and secondary succession. What are their

similarities and differences?

 Primary succession happens when new soil is created or bare rock is exposed, resulting in
an environment that can be colonized for the first time. Secondary succession, on the
other hand, occurs when a disorder wipes out most or all of an area's population. Primary
succession takes place when there is no vegetation, and secondary succession occurs
when there is soil. These processes result in dramatic changes in a region's composition
after both natural and human-caused catastrophes. Secondary succession may follow
primary succession when pioneer species have helped to produce soil during primary
succession. When an event results in a major loss of plant and animal life without
destroying the soil, secondary succession can nonetheless happen without primary
succession.

8. What are biomes? Identify and discuss at 3 types of biomes and their significant
features. and How these biomes support biological communities.

 A biome is a grouping of comparable ecosystems with similar climate conditions which

all of the biotic and abiotic components that exist in a specific environment make up an
ecosystem also it is a big land area with a unique climate, as well as vegetation, animals
 and, the organisms, do not interact with one another. Biomes include deserts, grasslands,
tundra, aquatic and tropical rainforests.
Aquatic: Underwater biomes can be found in both freshwater and marine biomes.
Waterbodies with a salt content of less than one percent, such as wetlands, rivers, and
reservoirs, are considered freshwater biomes. Three-quarters of the Earth's atmosphere is
made up of marine biomes. Aquatic biomes can be found in the oceans, coral reefs, and
estuaries.

Dessert: Any plants or animals that live in a desert must have special adaptations to
survive in the arid climate. Snakes and tiny mammals make up the majority of the desert's
wildlife. Deserts can be divided into four groups based on their geographic location or
climate: hot and dry, semiarid, marine, and cold.

Grassland: Grasslands are open areas with a moderate climate that is dry and covered in
grass. Tropical grasslands and temperate grasslands are the two different types of
grasslands (sometimes called savannas). Savannas, which can have a few scattered trees,
are found nearer the equator. They encompass various regions and roughly half of the
continent of Africa.

9. Differentiate marine ecosystems from terrestrial ecosystems?

 Marine ecosystems are found in a body of water whereas terrestrial ecosystems are
ecosystems that are found only on landforms. Because marine settings are so nutrient-
rich, they can support more living organisms than comparable terrestrial ecosystems. The
small drifting photosynthesis species of the ocean, generally known as phytoplankton, are
estimated to be the planet's biggest primary producers. Additionally, with smaller
temperature and other component fluctuations.

10. What is coral bleaching? How these phenomena affect biological diversity in marine
ecosystems.
 Coral bleaching is the warmer ocean temperatures If the water is excessively warm,
corals will eject the zooxanthellae algae dwelling in their tissues, causing the coral to turn
completely white. Some of the most biodiverse ecosystems in the world can be found in
coral reefs. Numerous species of sea turtles, whales, crabs, and shrimp, among other
aquatic creatures, number in the thousands they rely on coral reefs for survival. Then
when coral bleaching happens its already vulnerable species that may go extinct as a
result of the degradation of coral reefs. Both in marine parks and in regions where fishing
is permitted, a catastrophic decline in reef cover has contributed to a concurrent decline
in species diversity. The number of reef fish species has been decreasing,