(18144) Sheet 01 Limit Continuity and Derivability B

Limits, Continuity & Derivability
Calculus required continuity, and continuity was supposed to require the infinitely little; But nobody could discover what t he infinitely little
might be............Russell, Bertrand
Definition : Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist, as x  a when,

im f (a  h) =

im

f (a + h) = Finite
h0 h0
(Left hand limit) (Right hand limit)

Note that we are not interested in knowing about what happens at x = a. Also note that if L.H.L. &
R.H.L. are both tending towards '  ' or ‘–’, then it is said to be infinite limit.
Remember, ‘x  a’ means that x is approaching to ‘a’ but not equal to ‘a’.
Fundamental theorems on limits :

Let im f (x) = and im g (x) = m. If  & m are finite, then:
xa xa
(A) im { f (x) ± g (x) } =  ± m

xa
(B) im { f(x). g(x) } = . m

xa
f (x)
(C) im = , provided m  0
xa g (x) m
(D) im k f(x) = k im f(x) = k; where k is a constant.

xa xa
 
(E) im f (g(x)) = f  im g (x)  = f (m); provided f is continuous at g (x) = m.
xa
 xa 
Example # 1 : Evaluate the following limits : -

(i) im (x + 2) (ii) im cos (sin x)
x 2 x 0
Solution : (i) x + 2 being a polynomial in x, its limit as x  2 is given by im (x + 2) = 2 + 2 = 4

x 2
(ii) im cos (sin x) = cos

x 0
 imsin x  = cos 0 = 1
x 0
Self practice problems
Evaluate the following limits : -

x2  4
(1) im x(x – 1) (2) im
x 2 x 2 x2
Ans. (1) 2 (2) 2
Indeterminate forms :
0 
If on putting x = a in f(x), any one of , , 0 , º, 0º, 1form is obtained, then the limit
0 
has an indeterminate form. All the above forms are interchangeable, i.e. we can change one form to
other by suitable substitutions etc.
In such cases im f(x) may exist.
x a
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x2  4
Consider f(x) = . Here im x2 – 4 = 0 and im x – 2 = 0
x2 x 2 x 2
0
 im f(x) has an indeterminate form of the type
x 2 0
nx
im has an indeterminate form of type .
x  x
im (1 + x)1/x is an indeterminate form of the type 1
x 0
NOTE :
(i) +=
(ii)  x  = 
a
(iii) = 0, if a is finite.

(iv) is not defined for any a  R.
x [x 2 ]
(v) im is an indeterminate form whereas im is not an indeterminate form
x 0 x x 0 x2
(where [.] represents greatest integer function) Students may remember these forms along with
tending to zero
the prefix ‘tending to’ i.e. is an indeterminate form where as
tending to zero
exactly zero
is not an indeterminate form, its value is zero.
tending to zero
Similarly (tending to one)tending to  is indeterminate form whereas (exactly one)tending to  is not an
indeterminate form, its value is one.
To evaluate a limit, we must always put the value where ' x ' is approaching to in the function. If we get a
determinate form, then that value becomes the limit otherwise if an indeterminate form comes, we have
to remove the indeterminancy, once the indeterminancy is removed the limit can be evaluated by
putting the value of x, where it is approaching.
Methods of removing indeterminancy
Basic methods of removing indeterminancy are
(A) Factorisation (B) Rationalisation
(C) Using standard limits (D) Substitution
(E) Expansion of functions.
Factorisation method : -
We can cancel out the factors which are leading to indeterminancy and find the limit of the remaining
expression.
x 2  2x  3
Example # 2 im
x 3 x 2  4x  3
x 2  2x  3 (x  3)(x  1)
Solution : im 2 = im =2
x 3 x  4x  3 x 3 (x  3)(x  1)
Rationalisation method :-
We can rationalise the irrational expression in numerator or denominator or in both to remove the
indeterminancy.
Example # 3 : Evaluate :
3  8x  1 x
(i) im (ii) im
x 1
5  24x  1 x 0
1 x  1 x
ADVLCD - 2
3  8x  1  9  8x  1  5  24x  1 5
Solution : (i) im = im =
x 1
5  24x  1 x 1
3  8x  1  25  24x  1 9
(ii) The form of the given limit is when x  0. Rationalising the

numerator, we get
x  x 1  x  1 x 
im = im   
x 1
1 x  1 x x 1
 1  x  1  x 1 x  1 x 
 x ( 1  x  1 x )   x ( 1 x  1  x )   1 x  1 x  2
= im   = xim   = xim  = = 1
x 1
 (1  x)  (1 x)  1
 2x  1
 2  2

1  (sin x)1/ 3 x h  x
(3) im (4) im
x
 1  (sin x)2 / 3 h 0 h
2
x b  ab x
(5) im (6) im
x a x 2  a2 x 0
4 x  x
1 1 1
Ans. (3) (4) (5) (6) 0
2 2 x 4a a  b
Standard limits :
sin x tan x
(a) (i) im = im =1 [ Where x is measured in radians ]
x0 x x0 x
tan1 x sin1 x
(ii) im = im =1
x0 x x0 x
1 1
(iii) im (1  x) x = e ; im (1  ax) x  ea
x 0
x0
x x
 1 im  1  a   ea
(iv) im  1   = e ; im x  
x0
 x x0
 x 
ex  1 ax  1
(v) im =1 ; im = logea = na ,a > 0
x0 x x0 x
n(1  x)
(vi) im =1
x0 x
xn  an
(vii) im = nan – 1
x a xa
(b) If f(x)  0, when x  a, then
sin f(x)
(i) im =1 (ii) im cos f(x) = 1
x a f(x) x a
tan f(x) ef ( x )  1
(iii) im =1 (iv) im =1
x a f(x) x a f(x)
bf ( x )  1 n(1  f(x))
(v) im = n b, (b > 0) (vi) im =1
x a f(x) x a f(x)
1
(vii) im (1  f(x)) f ( x)  e
x a
(c) im f(x) = A > 0 and im (x) = B(a finite quantity), then im [f(x)](x) = AB.
x a x a x a
ADVLCD - 3
(1  x)n  1
Example # 4 : Evaluate : im
x 0 x
(1  x)  1
n
(1  x)n  1
Solution : im = im =n
x 0 x x  a (1  x)  1
3x  1
2x  1 x 0
3 1 x
3x  1 1 n3
Solution : im x = im . x =
x 0
2 1 x 0 x 2 1 n2
x
1  cos3x
x 0
x2
2
 3x 
3 sin
1  cos3x 1  2  9
Solution : im = im .   =
x 0
x2 x 0 2
 3x  2
 2 
sin2 x
x 0 sin 4x.tan x
2
 sin x 
x2  
sin2 x  x  1
Solution : im = im =
x 0 sin 4x.tan x x  0  sin 4x  tan x  4
4x   x  x
 4x  
Example # 8 : Evaluate : im (1 + 2x)1/x
x 0
2
im .x
x 0x
Solution : im (1 + 2x) = e 1/x
= e2.
x 0
Example # 9 : Evaluate :
ex  ey x(e x  1)
(i) im (ii) im
xy xy x 0 1  cos x
x y
e e
x y
e (ey
 1)
Solution : (i) im = im = ey
xy xy xy xy
 
x(e x  1) x(ex  1) 1  ex  1 x2 
(ii) im
x  0 1  cos x
= im = . im  . =2
x 0 x 2 x 0
 x x
2 sin2 sin2 
2  2 
sin7x 8  x2 x2 x2 x2 
(7) im (8) im 8 
1– cos – cos  cos cos 
x0 3x x0 x  2 4 2 4
1  sin2x 5x  9x
(9) im (10) im
x
   4x x 0 x
4
b
(11) im (1 + a2)x sin , where a  0
x  (1  a2 )x
7 1 5
Ans. (7) (8) (9) does not exist (10) n (11) b
3 32 9
ADVLCD - 4
Use of substitution in solving limit problems

Sometimes in solving limit problem we convert im f(x) into im f(a + h) or im f(a – h) according as
x a h 0 h 0
need of the problem. (here h is approaching to zero.)
cos x  sin x
x

4
cosx  2  2sin x 
cos x  sin x 1 1  tan x 
Solution : im = im . Put x= +h
x

4
cosx  2  2sin x  x

4
2 1  2 sin x 4

 x  h0
4
  1  tan h 2 tan h
1  tan   h  1
1 4  = im 1 1  tan h 1 1  tan h
im = im
h 0
2 1  2 sin    h  h 0
2 1  sin h  cos h h 0
2 2sin2 h  2sin h cos h
4 
  2 2 2
tanh
2
1 2 tan h 1 1 h 1
= im = im
h 0
2 2sin h sin h  cos h  (1  tanh) h 0
2 sin h (1  tanh)
2  2 2  2 sin h  cos h 
h  2 2 
2
2 1
= . = 2
1 2
Limits using expansion

x n a x 2 n2a x3 n3a
(a) ax  1     ........., a  0
1! 2! 3!
x x 2 x3
(b) ex 1     ......
1! 2! 3!
x 2 x3 x 4
(c) n (1+x) = x     ........., for  1  x  1
2 3 4
x3 x5 x7
(d) sin x  x     .....
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6
(e) cos x  1     .....
2! 4! 6!
x3 2x5
(f) tan x = x    ......
3 15
n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3
(g) for |x| < 1, n  R; (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + ............
1 . 2 1 . 2 . 3
 
1
x 11 2
(h) (1  x) x
= e 1   x  ............. 
 2 24 
tan x  x
Example # 11: Evaluate : im
x3x0
x3 2 5
x  x  ....  x
tan x  x 3 15 1
Solution : im 3
= im 3
=
x0 x x  0 x 3
ADVLCD - 5
14  x  4  2
x2 x2
1 1 1
Solution : im
14  x   2
4
= im
14  x  4  16 4
=
1 1
1
. 16 4 =
1
x2 x2 x2 14  x   16 4 32
x2
n(1  x)   sin x 
Example # 13 : If im 2 = 1 then find .
x0
x tan2 x 2
 x 2 x3   x3 x5  x2
x2  x    .....     x    .....  
n(1  x)   sin x  2 3   3! 5!  2
im    
2 = 1
Solution : im 2
=
x0
x tan2 x x0 tan x 2
x3 . 2
x
  = –1
1
e  (1  x) x
x0 tan x
 x 
1
e  e  1   ...... 
e  (1  x) x  2  = im x e
Solution : im = im × =
x0 tan x x0 tan x x0 tan x 2
ex   cos x  e x

Example # 15 : Find the values of  + 2 + 3 if im =2
x 0 x tan x
ex   cos x  e x
Solution : im =2 .....(1)
x 0 x tan x
at x 0 numerator must be equal to zero
  –+=0  =+ .....(2)
ex  (   ) cos x  e x
From (1) & (2), im =2
x 0 tan x
x2
x
 x x 2
x 3   x2 x 4   x x2 x3 
 1     ......  – (   )  1    ......     1     ...... 
 1! 2! 3!   2! 4!   1! 2! 3! 
  im   
2
  =2
x 0
x
2  (   ) x 
x   (   )  (   )  .....
 im  x 3!  =2
x 0 2
x
Since R.H.S is finite,

0  2  0  ....
 –=0  = , then =2   = 1 then  = 1
1
From (2), =+=1+1=2
So,  + 2 + 3 = 8
Limit when x 

In these types of problems we usually cancel out the greatest power of x common in numerator and
1
denominator both. Also sometime when x , we use to substitute y = and in this case y  0+.
x
ADVLCD - 6
cos x
x  x
cos x
Solution : im =0
x  x
1
Example # 17: Evaluate im x.tan
x  x
1
tan
1 x =1
Solution : im x.tan = im
x  x x  1
x
4x  3
x  x8
3
4
4x  3 x = 4.
Solution : im  im
x  x  8 x  8
1
x
4x 2  8
Example # 19 : Evaluate im
7x  x5  1
x 
4 8
 5
4x 2  8 x 3
x
Solution : im = im =0
x 
7x  x5  1 x   7  1  1
x x5
x8
x  
4x 2  x  1
Solution : Replace x by –t
8
1 
t  8 t 1
im = im =–
t  t  2
4t  t  1
2 1 1
4  2
t t
Some important notes :
nx x xn
(i) im =0 (ii) im =0 (iii) im =0
x  x x  ex x  ex
 nx 
n
(iv) im =0 (v) im x(nx)n = 0

x  x x  0
As x  , n x increases much slower than any (positive) power of x where as ex increases much faster
than any (positive) power of x.
(vi) im (1  h)n = 0 and im (1 + h)n  where h  0+.
n n
x10  7x 2  1
x 
ex
x10  7x 2  1
Solution : im =0
x 
ex
Limits of form 1, 00, 0
0
(A) All these forms can be converted into form in the following ways
0
(a) If x  1, y  , then z = (x)y is of 1 form
  n z = y n x
ADVLCD - 7
nx  0  1
  n z = form  As y     0 and x  1  nx  0
1  0  y
y
(b) If x  0, y  0, then z = xy is of (00) form
y 0 
   n z = y n x   n z =  0 form 
1  
nx
(c) If x   , y  0, then z = xy is of ()0 form
y 0 
   n z = y n x  0 form   n z =
1  
nx
(B) (1) type of problems can be solved by the following method
1
(a) im (1  x) x
=e
x 0
(b) im [f(x)] g(x)

; where f(x)  1 ; g(x) as x  a
x a
(f(x) 1) g(x)
 
1
{ f ( x ) 1} . g( x )
im[f (x) 1] g(x)
= im 1  f(x)  1
f ( x ) 1 1
= im  [1  (f(x) 1) ] f(x) 1  = exa
x a x a  
 
 x2  1 
 x 1
2
Example # 22 : Evaluate im  2 
x  
x 3
Solution : Since it is in the form of 1
 x2  1 
 x 1
2
  x2  1  x2  3  2 
 2  = exp  lim 
x2  3
 x 1    = e–4
x 3
x 
   
Example # 23 : Evaluate im (tan x)tan 2x


x
4
2 tan x
im (tan x 1) tan2x im(tan x 1)
  1 tan2 x
x x

Solution : Since it is in the form of 1 so im (tan x) tan 2x
=e 4
= e 4

x
4
tan  / 4
2 1
1(1 tan  / 4)
= e = e–1 =
e
x
tan
 a 2a
Example # 24 : Evaluate im  2  
x a
 x
x
tan
 a 2a
Solution : im  2   put x=a+h
x a
 x
  h   h 
tan    cot   h  h 
 h   2 2a   h   2a  im  cot . 1
2a  a h
 1
 im  1    im  1   = eh0 
h 0
 (a  h)  h 0
 ah
 h  2a
 
im   2a  . 
h0  h  a  h 2
 tan  –
  e  2a 
= e 
Example # 25 : Evaluate im (tanx)tanx
x 0
Solution : Let y = im (tanx)tanx

x 0
1
n
n y = im tanx n tanx = im – tan x = 0, as 1  y=1
x 0 x  0 1 tan x
tan x
ADVLCD - 8
Sandwitch theorem or squeeze play theorem:

Suppose that f(x)  g(x)  h(x) for all x in some open interval containing a,
except possibly at x = a itself. Suppose also that
h
g
im f(x) = = im h(x), f
xa xa
Then im g(x) = .
xa
[x]  [4x]  [7x]  ....  (3n  2)x 

Example # 26 : Evaluate im , where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
n
n2
Solution : We know that, x – 1 < [x]  x
4x – 1 < [4x]  4x
7x – 1 < [7x]  7x
. . .
. . .
(3n – 2)x – 1 < [(3n – 2)x]  (3n – 2)x
 (x + 4x + 7x + .... + (3n – 2)x) – n < [x] + [4x] + .....
+[(3n – 2)x]  (x + 4x + .... + nx)
n

n n
 (3n – 1)x – n < [(3r  2)x]   (3n – 1)x
2 r 1
2
n  3n  1 1 [x]  [4x]  ....  [(3n  2)x] n  3n  1

 im 2
x– < im  im x
n 2 n n n
n2 n 2 n2
3x [x]  [4x]  ....  [(3n 2)x] 3x
 < im 2

2   2
n
n
[x]  [4x]  ....  [(3n  2)x] 3x
 im =
n
n2 2
Continuity & Derivability :
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c, if Limit f(x) = f(c)
xc
i.e. f is continuous at x = c
if Limit

f(c  h) = Limit

f(c+h) = f(c).
h 0 h 0
If a function f (x) is continuous at x = c, the graph of f (x) at the corresponding point ( c, f (c)) will not be
broken. But if f (x) is discontinuous at x = c, the graph will be broken when x = c
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

((i), (ii) and (iii) are discontinuous at x = c)
((iv) is continuous at x = c)
A function f can be discontinuous due to any of the following three reasons :
(i) Limit f(x) does not exist i.e. Limit

f(x)  Limit

f (x) [figure (i)]
xc xc xc
(ii) f (x) is not defined at x = c [figure (ii)]
(iii) Limit f(x)  f (c) [figure (iii)]

xc
Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit a break at x= c.

ADVLCD - 9
cos2x , x  1
Example # 27 : If f(x) =  , then find whether f(x) is continuous or not at x = 1, where
 [x] , x 1
[ . ] is greatest integer function.
cos2x , x  1
Solution : f(x) = 
 [x] , x 1
For continuity at x = 1, we determine f(1) , lim– f(x) and lim f(x).
x 1 x 1
Now, f(1) = [1] = 1

lim– f(x) = lim– cos 2x = cos 2 = 1
x 1 x 1
and lim f(x) = lim [x] = 1

x 1 x 1
so f(1) = lim– f(x) = lim f(x) = 1

x 1 x 1
 f(x) is continuous at x = 1
Self practice problems :

(12) If possible find value of  for which f(x) is continuous at x =
2
 1  sin x 
 1  cos 2x , x
2

 
f(x) =  , x
 2
 (2x  )2 
 , x
 tan2x 2
(13) Find the values of p and q such that the function


 x  p sin x ; 0  4x  
  
f(x)   2x cot x  q ;   4x  2 is continuous at x = and x =
 p 4 2
 cos 2x  qsin x ; 2  4x  4
 2
 
Ans. (12) discontinuous (13) p= ,q=
3 2 12
Theorems on continuity :
(i) If f & g are two functions which are continuous at x = c, then the functions defined by:
F1(x) = f(x)  g(x) ; F2(x) = K f(x), K is any real number ; F3(x) = f(x).g(x) are also continuous at
f(x)
x = c. Further, if g (c) is not zero, then F4(x) = is also continuous at x = c.
g(x)
(ii) If f(x) is continuous & g(x) is discontinuous at x = a, then the product function 
(x) = f(x). g(x) may or may not be continuous but sum or difference function (x) = f(x)  g(x)
will necessarily be discontinuous at x = a.
sin  x  0
e.g. f (x) = x & g(x) =  x
0 x0
(iii) If f (x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a, then the product function(x) = f(x). g(x) is not
necessarily be discontinuous at x = a.
ADVLCD - 10
 1 , x0
e.g. f (x) = g(x) = 
 1 , x  0
and atmost one out of f(x) + g(x) and f(x) – g(x) is continuous at x = a.

Example # 28 : If f(x) = [sin(x–1)] – {sin(x–1)}. Comment on continuity of f(x) at x = 1
2
(where [ . ] denotes G.I.F. and { . } denotes fractional part function).
Solution : f(x) = [sin (x – 1)] – {sin (x – 1)}
Let g(x) = [ sin (x – 1)] + {sin (x – 1)} = sin (x – 1)

which is continuous at x = +1
2

as [sin (x – 1)] and { sin (x – 1)} both are discontinuous at x = +1
2

 At most one of f(x) or g(x) can be continuous at x = +1
2

As g(x) is continuous at x = + 1, therefore, f(x) must be discontinuous
2
 
Alternatively, check the continuity of f(x) by evaluating lim f(x) and f.   1

x  1
2
2 
Continuity of composite functions :
If f is continuous at x = c and g is continuous at x = f(c), then the composite g[f(x)] is continuous at
x sin x
x = c. eg. f(x) = 2 & g(x) = x are continuous at x = 0, hence the composite function
x 2
x sin x
(gof) (x) = 2 will also be continuous at x = 0.
x 2
Self practice problem :
 1
1  8x 3 , x  0 (2x  1) 3
, x0
 
(14) f(x)   1 , x0 and g(x)   1 , x0
4x 2 – 1 , x  0 
  2x  1 , x  0

Then define fog (x) and comment on the continuity of gof(x) at x = 1/2
16x  7 ; x  0

Ans. [ fog(x)   3 ; x  0 and gof(x) is discontinous at x = 1/2]
 8x  3 ; x  0

Continuity in an Interval :
(a) A function f is said to be continuous in (a, b) if f is continuous at each & every point (a, b).
(b) A function f is said to be continuous in a closed interval [ a, b ] if:
(i) f is continuous in the open interval (a, b),
(ii) f is right continuous at ‘a’ i.e. Limit

f(x) = f(a) = a finite quantity and
x a
(iii) f is left continuous at ‘b’ i.e. Limit


f(x) = f(b) = a finite quantity.
x b
(c) All Polynomial functions, Trigonometrical functions, Exponential and Logarithmic functions are
continuous at every point of their respective domains.
On the basis of above facts continuity of a function should be checked at the following points
(i) Continuity of a function should be checked at the points where definition of a function
changes.
(ii) Continuity of {f(x)} and [f(x)] should be checked at all points where f(x) becomes integer.
(iii) Continuity of sgn (f(x)) should be checked at the points where f(x) = 0 (if f(x) = 0 in any
open interval containing a, then x = a is not a point of discontinuity)
ADVLCD - 11
(iv) In case of composite function f(g(x)) continuity should be checked at all possible points of
discontinuity of g(x) and at the points where g(x) = c, where x = c is a possible point of
discontinuity of f(x).
 [2x] 0  x 1
Example # 29: If f(x)   , where { . } represents fractional part function and
{3x} sgn(–x) 1  x  2
[ . ] is greatest integer function, then comment on the continuity of function in the interval [0, 2].
Solution : The given function is
 1
 0 0x
2

 1 1
 x 1
 2

3(1– x) 1  x  4
f(x)   3
 4 5
 4 – 3x x
 3 3
 5
 5 – 3x x2
 3
 0 x2
so discontinous at x = 1/2 , 1,4/3, 5/3, 2
x3 1
Example # 30 : If f(x) = and g(x) = , then discuss the continuity of f(x), g(x) and fog (x).
x 1 x3
x3
Solution : f(x) =
x 1
f(x) is a rational function it must be continuous in its domain
and f is not defined at x = 1
 f is discontinuous at x = 1
1
g(x) =
x3
g(x) is also a rational function. It must be continuous in its domain and g is not defined at
x=3
 g is discontinuous at x = 3
Now fog (x) will be discontinuous at
(i) x=3 (point of discontinuity of g(x))
(ii) g(x) = 1 (when g(x) = point of discontinuity of f(x))
1
if g(x) = 1  =1  x=4
x3
 discontinuity of fog(x) should be checked at x = 3 and x = 4
at x = 3
1
1
fog (x) = x  3
1
1
x3
fog (3) is not defined
1
1
x  3 1 x  3
lim fog (x) = lim = lim = 1  fog (x) is discontinuous at x = 3
x 3 x 3 1 x 2 1  x  3
1
x3
fog (4) = not defined
lim fog (x) = 
x 4
lim fog (x) = –  fog (x) i s discontinuous at x = 4.

x  4
ADVLCD - 12

  1
[ n x] . sgn   x    ; 1  x  3
(15) If f(x) =   2  . Find the pointswhere the continuity of f(x),
 2
3  x  3.5
 {x } ;
should be checked, where [ . ] is greatest integer function and {.} fractional part function.
3 5
Ans. { 1, , , e, 3 , 10 , 11 , 12 ,3.5 }
2 2
Intermediate value theorem :
A function f which is continuous in a,b possesses the following properties:
(i) If f(a) & f(b) possess opposite signs, then there exists at least one solution of the equation
f(x) = 0 in the open interval (a, b).
(ii) If K is any real number between f(a) & f(b), then there exists at least one solution of the
equation f(x) = K in the open interval (a, b).
Example # 31: Prove that the equation 3(x – 1) (x – 2) + 4(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0
will have real and distinct roots.
Solution : 3(x – 1) (x – 2) + 4(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0
f(x) = 3(x – 1) (x – 2) + 4 (x + 1) (x – 4)
f(–1) = + ve
f(1) = –ve –1 1 2 4
f(2) = –ve
f(4) = +ve
hence 3(x – 1) (x – 2) + 4(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0
have real and distinct roots
(16) If f(x) = xnx – 2, then show that f(x) = 0 has exactly one root in the interval 1, e).
1 
Example # 32: Let f(x) = Lim , then find f   and also comment on the continuity at x = 0
n  1  nsin2 x
4
1
Solution : Let f(x) = lim
n  1  nsin2 x
 1 1
f   = lim = lim =0
 
4 n   n   1
1  n . sin 2
1 n  
4 2
Now
1 1  1 
f(0) = lim = = 1  lim f(x) = lim  lim  =0
n  n . sin2 (0)  1 1 0 x 0 x  0 n  1  n sin2 x
 
{here sin2x is very small quantity but not zero and very small quantity when multiplied with 
  becomes }
 f(x) is not continuous at x = 0
1
(17) If f(x) = Lim (1 + x)n. Comment on the continuity of f(x) at x = 0 and explain Lim (1  x) x  e .
n  x 0
Ans. Discontinous (non-removable)
Example # 33: f(x) = minimum (2 + cos t, 0  t  x), 0  x  2discuss the continuity of this function at x= 
Solution : f(x) = minimum (2 + cos t, 0  t  x), 0  x  2
2  cos x 0  x  
f(x)  
 1   x  2
ADVLCD - 13
y
x
which is continuous at x =    

f(x)
x


Differentiability of a function at a point :

 (i) The right hand derivative of f (x) at x = a denoted by f (a+) is defined by:
f (a  h)  f (a)
R.H.D. = f (a+) = Limit , provided the limit exists.
h  0 h
(ii) The left hand derivative of f(x) at x = a denoted by
f (a–) is defined by:
f (a  h)  f (a)
L.H.D. = f  (a– ) = Limit , provided the limit exists.
h  0 h
A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at x = a if f (a+) = f  (a–) = finite
f (a  h)  f (a)
By definition f (a) = Limit
h  0 h
2x  3 , x  1
Example # 34 : Comment on the differentiability of f(x) =  2 at x = 1.
4x – 1 , x  1
f(1  h)  f(1)
Solution : R.H.D. = f (1+)= Limit =8
h  0 h
f(1  h)  f(1)
L.H.D. = f(1–)= Limit =2
h  0 h
As L.H.D.  R.H.D. Hence f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
 ax  b , x  1
Example # 35: If f(x) =  3 , then find a and b so that f(x) become differentiable at x = –1.
ax  x  2b , x  1
Solution : –a + b = –a – 1 + 2b using continuity
 b=1
 a , x  1
f' (x) = 
3ax  1 , x  1
2
1
a = 3a + 1  a = –
2
 3
[sin x], x 1
Example # 36 : If f(x) =  2 , then comment on the derivability at x = 1,
 2{x}  1, x 1

where [ . ] is greatest integer function and {.} is fractional part function.
 3 
f(1  h)  f(1) sin 2 (1 h)  1
Solution : f(1–) = lim = lim   = 0
h0 h h0 h
ADVLCD - 14
f(1  h)  f(1) 2{1  h}  1  1 2h

f(1+) = lim = lim = lim =2
h0 h h  0 h h  0 h
 f(1+)  f(1–)
f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
Self Practice Problems :
  2x  x
   2 , x  3
 3  3
(18) If f(x) =  , then comment on the continuity and differentiable at
 x  3 , x  3
  3 
x = 3, where [ . ] is greatest integer function and {.} is fractional part function.

 x sin1 1/ x, x  0
(19) If f(x) =  , then comment on the derivability of f(x) at x = 0.

 0 , x0
Ans. (18) Discontinuous and non-differentiable at x = 3

(19) non-differentiable at x = 0
Concept of tangent and its association with derivability :

 Tangent :- The tangent is defined as the limiting case of a chord or a secant.
f(a  h)  f(a)
slope of the line joining (a,f(a)) and (a + h, f(a + h)) =
h
f(a  h)  f(a)
Slope of tangent at P = f(a) = Lim
h 0 h
The tangent to the graph of a continuous function f at the point P(a, f(a)) is
(i) the line through P with slope f(a) if f(a) exists ;
(ii) the line x = a if L.H.D. and R.H.D. both are either or – .
If neither (i) nor (ii) holds then the graph of f does not have a tangent at the point P.
In case (i) the equation of tangent is y – f(a) = f(a) (x – a).
In case (ii) it is x = a
Note : (i) tangent is also defined as the line joining two infinitesimally close points on a curve.
(ii) A function is said to be derivable at x = a if there exist a tangent of finite slope at that point.
f(a+) = f(a–) = finite value
(iii) y = x3 has x-axis as tangent at origin.

(iv) y = |x| does not have tangent at x = 0 as L.H.D.  R.H.D.

Example # 37 : Find the equation of tangent to y = (x)1/3 at x = 1 and x = 0.
Solution : At x = 1 Here f(x) = (x)1/3
f(1  h)  f(1) (1  h)1/ 3  1 1
L.H.D = f(1–) = lim = lim =
h0 h h0 h 3
f(1  h)  f(1) (1  h)1/ 3  1 1
R.H.D. = f(1+) = lim = lim =
h0 h h0 h 3
ADVLCD - 15
1
As R.H.D. = L.H.D. =
3
1 1
  slope of tangent =  y – f(1) = (x – 1)
3 3
1
y–1= (x – 1)
3
 3y – x = 2 is tangent to y = x 1/3at (1, 1)
At x = 0
(0  h)1/ 3  0
L.H.D. = f(0–) = lim =+
h0 h
(0  h)1/ 3  0
R.H.D. = f(0+) = lim =+
h 0 h
As L.H.D. and R.H.D are infinite.y = f(x) will have a vertical tangent at origin.
  x = 0 is the tangent to y = x 1/3 at origin.
(20) If possible find the equation of tangent to the following curves at the given points.
(i) y = x3 + 3x2 + 28x +1 at x = 0.
(ii) y = (x – 8)2/3 at x = 8.
Ans. (i) y = 28x + 1 (ii) x=8
Relation between differentiability & continuity:
 (i) If f (a) exists, then f(x) is continuous at x = a.
 (ii) If f(x) is differentiable at every point of its domain of definition, then it is continuous in that
domain.
Note : The converse of the above result is not true i.e. "If 'f' is continuous at x = a, then 'f' is differentiable at
x = a is not true.
e.g. the functions f(x) =  x  2  is continuous at x = 2 but not differentiable at x = 2.
If f(x) is a function such that R.H.D = f(a+) =  and L.H.D. = f(a–) = m.

Case - 
If  = m = some finite value, then the function f(x) is differentiable as well as continuous.
Case - 
if   m = but both have some finite value, then the function f(x) is non differentiable but it is continuous.
Case - 
If at least one of the  or m is infinite, then the function is non differentiable but we can not say about
continuity of f(x).
(i) (ii) (iii)

continuous and differentiable continuous but not differentiable neither continuous nordifferentiable
Example # 38 : If f(x) is differentiable at x = a, prove that it will be continuous at x = a.
f(a  h)  f(a)
Solution : f(a+) = lim =
h 0 h
lim [f(a+h) – f(a)] = h
h 0
as h  0 and  is finite, then lim f(a + h) – f(a) = 0

h 0
 lim f (a + h) = f(a).
h 0
ADVLCD - 16
Similarly lim [f(a – h)– f(a)] = – h  lim f(a – h) = f(a)

h 0 h 0
 lim f(a + h) = f(a) = lim f(a – h)

h 0 h 0
Hence, f(x) is continuous.

  x2 sgn[x]  {x  4} , 2  x  2
Example # 39 :  If f(x) = , comment on the continuity and differentiability
   sin(x  ) | x  3 |, 2  x  6

of f(x), where [ . ] is greatest integer function and {.} is fractional part function, at x = 1, 2.
Solution : Continuity at x = 1
lim f(x) = lim ( + x2 sgn[x] + {x – 4}) = 1 + 
x 1 x 1
lim f(x) = lim ( + x2 sgn [x] + {x – 4})

x  1 x 1
=1 sgn (0) + 1 +  = 1 + 
  f(1) = 1 + 
  L.H.L = R.H.L = f(1). Hence f(x) is continuous at x = 1.
Now for differentiability,
f(1  h)  f(1)
R.H.D. = f(1+) = lim
h 0 h
  (1  h)2 sgn[1 h]  {1 h  4}  1 
= lim
h 0 h
(1  h)2  h  1 1  h2  2h  h  1 h2  3h
= lim = lim = lim =3
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
f(1  h)  f(1)   (1  h)2 sgn[1  h]  1  h  1  
and L.H.D. = f(1–) = lim = lim =1
h 0 h h 0 h
 f(1 )  f(1 ).
+ –
Hence f(x) is non differentiable at x = 1.

Now at x=2
lim f(x) = lim ( + x2 sgn [x] + {x – 4}) = + 4 . 1 + 1 = 5 + 
x 2 x 2
lim f(x) = lim (+ sinx + |x – 3|) = 1 + + sin 2

x  2 x 2
Hence L.H.L  R.H.L

Hence f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2 and then f(x) also be non differentaible at
x = 2.
Self Practice Problem :
 e[ x]  | x | 1 
  x0
(21) If f(x) =  [x]  {2x}  , comment on the continuity at x = 0 and differentiability at

 1/ 2 x0
x = 0, where [ . ] is greatest integer function and {.} is fractional part function.
Ans. discontinuous hence non-differentiable at x = 0
Differentiability of sum, product & composition of functions :
(i) If f(x) & g(x) are differentiable at x = a, then the functions f(x)  g(x), f(x). g(x) will also be
differentiable at x = a & if g (a)  0, then the function f(x)/g(x) will also be differentiable at x = a.
(ii) If f(x) is not differentiable at x = a & g(x) is differentiable at x = a, then the product function
F(x) = f(x) . g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a
e.g. f(x) = x and g(x) = x2.
(iii) If f(x) & g(x) both are not differentiable at x = a, then the product function
F(x) = f(x) . g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x.
ADVLCD - 17
(iv) If f(x) & g(x) both are non-differentiable at x = a, then the sum function F(x) = f(x) + g(x) may be
a differentiable function. e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x.
Example # 40 : Discuss the differentiability of f(x) = x + |x|.
Solution :
Non-differentiable at x = 0.
Example # 41 : Discuss the differentiability of f(x) = x|x|

 x2 , x  0
Solution :  f(x) =  2
 x , x  0
Differentiable at x = 0
Example # 42 : If f(x) is differentiable and g(x) is differentiable, then prove that f(x) . g(x) will be differentiable.
Solution : Given, f(x) is differentiable
f(a  h)  f(a)
i.e. lim = f(a)
h0 h
g(x) is differentiable
g(a  h)  g(a)
i.e. lim = g(a)
h  0 h
let p(x) = f(x) . g(x)
p(a  h)  p(a) f(a  h).g(a  h)  f(a).g(a)
Now, lim = lim
h0 h h  0 h
f(a  h)g(a  h)  f(a  h).g(a)  f(a  h).g(a)  f(a).g(a)
= lim
h0 h
 f(a  h) (g (a  h)  g(a)) g (a)(f(a h) f(a))
= lim   
h0  h h 
 g(a  h)  g(a) f(a  h)  f(a) 
= lim  f(a  h).  g(a). 
h0  h h 
= f(a) . g(a) + g(a) f(a) = p(a)
Hence p(x) is differentiable.
 2x  1
 , x0
Example # 43 : If f(x) =  2 then comment on the continuity and differentiability of g(x) by
2x  4x , x  0

drawing the graph of f(|x|) and, |f(x)| and hence comment on the continuity and differentiability
of g(x) = f(|x|) + |f(x)|.
ADVLCD - 18
Solution : 2 x
–1
–2
Graph of f(|x|) and |f(x)|
y=f(|x|) y=|f(x)|
2
1
–2 2 x 2 x
–2 –2
If f(|x|) and |f(x)| are continous, then g(x) is continuous. At x = 0 f(|x|) is continuous, and |f(x)| is
discontinuous therefore g(x) is discontineous at x = 0.
 g(x) is non differentiable at x = 0, 2 (find the reason yourself).
Differentiability over an Interval :
 f (x) is said to be differentiable over an open interval if it is differentiable at each point of the interval and
f(x) is said to be differentiable over a closed interval [a, b] if:
(i) for the points a and b, f (a+) and f (b–) exist finitely
(ii) for any point c such that a < c < b, f (c+) & f(c–) exist finitely and are equal.
All polynomial, exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric (inverse trigonometric not included) functions
are differentiable in their domain.
2x
Graph of y = sin–1 Graph of y = sin–1 x.
1  x2
Non differentiable at x = 1 & x = – 1 Non differentiable at x = 1 & x = – 1
Note : Derivability should be checked at following points

(i) At all points where continuity is required to be checked.
(ii) At the critical points of modulus and inverse trigonometric function.
  7 1
 2x   [sin2x] , 0x
  3 2
Example # 44 : If f(x) =  , find those points at which continuity and
 [4x]   x   .sgn  2x  4  , 1
 x 1
 4
 

 3  2

differentiability should be checked, where [ . ] is greatest integer function and {.} is fractional
part function. Also check the continuity and differentaibility of f(x) at x = 1/2.
ADVLCD - 19
  7 1
 2x   [sin2x] , 0x
  3 2
Solution : f(x) = 
 [4x]   x   .sgn  2x  4  , 1
 x 1
 4
 

 3  2

The points, where we should check the continuity and
1 1 1 2 3
differentiability are x = 0, , , , , ,1
4 3 2 3 4
At x = 1/2
 7
L.H.L. = lim f(x) = lim 2x   [sin 2x] = 0
1 1  3
x x
2 2
 4
R.H.L. = lim f(x) = lim [4x] sgn 2x   = 2(– 1) = – 2
x
1
x
1  3
2 2
  L.H.L  R.H.L. hence f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1/2 and hence it is non diffferentiable
at x = 1/2.
Self Practice Problems:
 x  1  1  x 
(22) If f(x) =    , –3  x  5, then draw its graph and comment on the continuity and
 2   2 
differentiability of f(x), where [ . ] is greatest integer function.

 | 4x  6x  3 | ,
2
–2  x  1
(23) If f(x) =  , then draw the graph of f(x) and comment on the
 [x  2x] 1  x  0
2
 ,
differentiability and continuity of f(x), where [ . ] is greatest integer function.
Ans. (22) f(x) is discontinuous at x = –3, –1, 1, 3, 5 hence non-differentiable.
(23) f(x) is discontinuous at x = –1, 0 & non differentiable at x = –1, 0.
Problems of finding functions satisfying given conditions :
Example # 45: If f(x) is a function satisfies the relation for all x, y  R, f(x + 2y) = f(x) + f(2y) and if f(0) = 3 and
function is differentiable every where, then find f(x).
f(x  2h)  f(x) f(x)  f(2h)  f(x)  f(0)

Solution : f(x) = lim = lim ( f(0) = 0)
h 0 2h h 0 2h
f(2h)  f(0)
= lim
h 0 2h
= f(0)  f(x) = 3   f (x) 
dx  3 dx
f(x) = 3x + c
  f(0) = 2.0 + c as f(0) = 0
   c=0   f(x) = 3x
Example # 46 : f(x + ) = f(x) . f()  x,   R and f(x) is a differentiable function and f(0) = 1/3, f(x)  0 for
any x. Find f(x)
Solution : f(x) is a differentiable function
f(x  h)  f(x) f(x).f(h)  f(x).f(0)
 f(x) = lim = lim ( f(0) = 1)
h 0 h h 0 h
f(x).(f(h)  f(0)) f (x) 1
= lim
h 0 h
= f(x). f(0) = f(x)  f(x) = f(x)  
f(x)
dx =
3
dx 
x x
  n f(x) = + c n 1 = 0 + c  c = 0 n f(x) = f(x) = ex/3
3 3
ADVLCD - 20
xy
Example # 47 : 3f   = f(x) + f(y)  x, y  R and f(0) = 4 and f(0) = 2 and function is differentiable for
 3 
all x, then find f(x).
 3x  3h   3x  3.0 
f f
f(x  h)  f(x)  3   3 

Solution : f(x) = lim = lim
h 0 h h 0 h
f(3h)  f(0)
= lim = f(x) = 2
h 0 3h
f '(x) = 2  f(x) = 2x + c c = 4 f(x) = 2x + 4
Self Practice Problem:
x
(24) f   = f(x) – f(y)  x , y  R+ and f(1) = 1 , then show that f(x) = nx.
y
Result of Some Known Functional Equation :-
Let x, y are independent variables and f(x) is differentiable function in its domain :
(i) If f(xy) = f (x) + f (y)  x, y  R+, then f(x) = k ln x or f (x) = 0.
(ii) If f(xy) = f (x). f (y)  x, y  R, then f(x) = xk, k  R
(iii) If f(x + y) = f (x). f (y)  x, y  R, then f(x) = akx.
(iv) If f(x + y) = f (x) + f (y)  x, y  R, then f(x) = kx,
where k is a constant in all four parts.
 1  1
Example # 48 : If f(x) is a polynomial function satisfying f(x) . f   = f(x) + f    x  R – {0} and f(2) =9,
x x
then find f (3)
Solution : f(x) = 1 ± xn
As f(2) = 9  f(x) = 1 + x3
Hence f(3) = 1 + 3 = 283

 1  1
(25) If f(x) is a polynomial function satisfying f(x) . f   = f(x) + f  x   x  R – {0} and
x  
f(3) = – 8, then find f(4)
f(x)
(26) If f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) for all real x, y and f(0)  0, then prove that the function, g(x) = is
1  f 2 (x)
an even function.
Ans. (25) – 15
f(  9h)  f(  h2 )

Example # 49 : Evaluate lim , if f() = 2
h 0 h
 f(  9h)  f(  h2 ) 
Solution :  lim   .( 9h  h ) = lim
2
f'() . (–9 – h) = 2 × –9 = –18
h 0 
 ( 9h  h2
)h 
h 0

(27) If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable, then prove that f(x) ± g(x) will be differentiable.
f(3  h)  f(3  sinh)
(28) If f(3) = 12, then find the value of lim .
h 0
h.tan2h
Ans. (28) 2
ADVLCD - 21
lhek,sa, lrr~rk vkSj vodyuh;rk
lhek,sa] lrr~rk vkSj vodyuh;rk (Limits, Continuity & Derivability)

Calculus required continuity, and continuity was supposed to require the infinitely little; But nobody could discover what t he infinitely little
might be............Russell, Bertrand
ifjHkk"kk (Definition) : Qyu f(x) dh lhek fo|eku (exist) gksxh ;fn x  a ds fy;s
im f(a  h)

= im f (a + h) =

ifjfer
h0 h0
(ck¡;ha lhek) (nk¡;ha lhek)

/;ku j[ksa] ;g egRoiw.kZ ugha gS fd x = a ij D;k gksrk gSA ;g Hkh /;ku j[ksa fd ck¡;ha lhek vkSj nk¡;ha lhek nksu ksa ;k
rks '  ' ;k ‘–’ dh vksj vxzlj gks jgh gS rks bls *vuUr lhek* dgk tkrk gSA
/;ku jgs x  a dk vFkZ gS fd x, 'a' dh vksj vxzlj gS fdUrq 'a' ds cjkcj ugha gSA
lhekvksa dh ewyHkwr izes; (Fundamental theorems on limits) :

ekuk im f (x) = vkSj im g (x) = m. ;fn  vkSj m ifjfer gks] rc
xa xa
(A) im { f (x) ± g (x) } =  ± m

xa
(B) im { f(x). g(x) } = . m

xa
f (x)
(C) im = , tcfd m  0
xa g (x) m
(D) im k f(x) = k im f(x) = k; tgk¡ k ,d fu;rkad gSA

xa xa
 
(E) im f (g(x)) = f  im g (x)  = f (m); tcfd g (x) = m ij f lrr~ gSA
xa
 xa 
mnkgj.k # 1 : fuEu lhekvksa dk eku Kkr dhft,&

(i) im (x + 2) (ii) im cos (sin x)
x 2 x 0
gy : (i) x + 2, x esa cgqin gS] bldh lhek dk eku] x  2 gksus ij im (x + 2) = 2 + 2 = 4 gksxkA

x 2
(ii) im cos (sin x) = cos

x 0
 imsin x  = cos 0 = 1
x 0
vH;kl&dk;Z :
fuEu lhekvksa dk eku Kkr dhft,&
x2  4
(1) im x(x – 1) (2) im
x 2 x 2 x2
Ans. (1) 2 (2) 2
vfu/kkZ;Z :i (Indeterminate forms) :

0 
;fn f(x) esa x = a j[kus ij , , 0 , º, 0º, 1esa ls dksbZ ,d :i izkIr gksrk gS] rks lhek ,d
0 
vfu/kkZ;Z :i dgykrh gSA mijksDr lHkh :i ijLij :ikUrj.kh; gSa vFkkZr~ ,d :i dks mi;qDr izfrLFkkiu }kjk nwljs
:i esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA
bu fLFkfr;ksa es xim
a
f(x) fo|eku gks ldrh gSA
Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
ADVLCD -1
x2  4
ekuk f(x) = . ;gk¡ im x2 – 4 = 0 rFkk im x – 2 = 0
x2 x 2 x 2
0
 im f(x) ,d :i okyk vfu/kkZ;Z :i gS
x 2 0
n x 
im , :i okyk vfu/kkZ;Z :i gSA
x  x 
im (1 + x)1/x :i okyk vfu/kkZ;Z :i gSA
x 0
uksV :
(i) +=
(ii)  x  = 
a
(iii) = ;fn a ifjfer gS

a
(iv) ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS  a  R.
0
x [x 2 ]
(v) im vfu/kkZ;Z :i gS tcfd xim vfu/kkZ;Z :i ugha gSA tgk¡a [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr
x 0 x 0 x2
djrk gSA
mijksDr :iksa esa fo|kFkhZ ^vxzlj gks* dks iwoZyXu ds :i esa ;kn j[ksaxsA
'kwU; dh vksj vxzlj gks
vFkkZr~ is an indeterminate form whereas vfu/kk;Z :i ugha gS] bldk eku 'kwU; gSA blh
'kwU; dh vksj vxzlj gks
izdkj ¼,d dh vksj vxzlj gks½ dh vksj vxzlj gks ,d vfu/kk;Z :i gS
tcfd ¼Bhd ,d ½ dh vksj vxzlj gks ,d vfu/kk;Z :i ugha gS] bldk eku ,d gSA lhek Kkr djus ds fy,] gesa lnSo ' x '
dk og eku j[kuk pkfg, tks Qyu dh vksj vxzlj gksA ;fn gesa dksbZ fu/kkZfjr eku izkIr gksrk gks] rks og eku ml
Qyu dh lhek gksrh gS vU;Fkk ;fn vfu/kkZ;Z :i izkIr gksrk gS] rks gesa vfu/kkZ;Z :i dks gVkuk gksrk gS] tc ,d ckj
vfu/kkZ;Z :i gV tk;s rks x dk eku j[kdj lhek Kkr dh tk ldrh gSA
vfu/kkZ;Zrk dks gVkus dh fof/k;k¡ (Methods of removing indeterminancy) :

(i) xq.ku[k.M fof/k (ii) ifjes;dj.k ;k f}ifjes;dj.k fof/k
(iii) ekud lhekvksa dk mi;ksx dj (iv) izfrLFkkiu }kjk
(v) Qyuksa ds izlkj }kjk
xq.ku[k.M&fof/k (Factorisation method) :

ge mu xq.ku[k.Mksa dks gVk ldrs gS tks vfu/kk;Zrk dk dj.k gSa vkSj 'ks"k O;atd dh lhek Kkr djrs gSaA
x 2  2x  3
mnkgj.k # 2 : im
x 3 x 2  4x  3
x 2  2x  3
gy : im 2
x 3 x  4x  3
(x  3)(x  1)
= im =2
x 3 (x  3)(x  1)
ifjes;dj.k&fof/k (Rationalisation method) :

vfu/kk;Zrk dks gVkus ds fy, ge vifjes; O;atd ds gj dk vFkok va'k dk vFkok nksuksa dks mlds la;qXeh ls xq.kk
rFkk Hkkx djds ifjes;dj.k dj ldrs gSA
ADVLCD -2

3  8x  1 x
(i) im (ii) im
x 1
5  24x  1 x 0
1 x  1 x
3  8x  1  9  8x  1  5  24x  1 5
gy : (i) im = im =
x 1
5  24x  1 x 1
3  8x  1  25  24x  1 9
(ii) nh x;h lhek :i okyh gS tc x  0, va'k dk ifjes;dj.k djus ij

x  x 1  x  1 x 
im = im   
x 1
1 x  1 x x 1
 1  x  1  x 1 x  1 x 
 x ( 1  x  1 x )   x ( 1 x  1  x )   1 x  1 x  2
= im   = xim   = xim  = = 1
x 1
 (1  x)  (1 x)  1
 2x  1
 2  2
vH;kl dk;Z :
fuEu lhekvksa dk eku Kkr dhft,&
1  (sin x)1/ 3 x h  x
(3) im (4) im
x
 1  (sin x)2 / 3 h 0 h
2
x b  ab x
(5) im (6) im
x a x 2  a2 x  0
4 x  x
1 1 1
Ans. (3) (4) (5) (6) 0
2 2 x 4a a  b
ekud&lhek,sa (Standard limits) :

sin x tan x
(a) (i) im = im =1 [ tgk¡ x, jsfM;u esa ukik x;k gS]
x0 x x0 x
tan1 x sin1 x
(ii) im = im =1
x0 x x0 x
1 1
(iii) im (1  x) x = e ; im (1  ax) x  ea
x 0
x0
x x
 1 im  a
(iv) im  1   = e ; im x  1  x   e
a
x0
 x x0
 
ex  1 ax  1
(v) im =1 ; im = logea = na ,a > 0
x0 x x0 x
n(1  x) xn  an
(vi) im =1 (vii) im = nan – 1
x0 x x a xa
(b) ;fn f(x)  0, tc x  a, rks
sin f(x) tan f(x)
(i) im =1 (ii) im cos f(x) = 1 (iii) im =1
x a f(x) x a x a f(x)
ef ( x )  1 bf ( x )  1 n(1  f(x))
(iv) im =1 (v) im = n b, (b > 0) (vi) im =1
x a f(x) x a f(x) x a f(x)
1
(vii) im (1  f(x)) f ( x)  e
x a
(c) im f(x) = A > 0 rFkk im (x) = B (,d ifjfer la[;k), rks im [f(x)](x) = AB.
x a x a x a
ADVLCD -3
(1  x)n  1
mnkgj.k # 4 : im
x 0
dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x
(1  x)n  1 (1  x)n  1
gy : im = im =n
x 0 x x  a (1  x)  1
3x  1
mnkgj.k # 5 : im dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x 0
2x  1
3x  1 3x  1 1 n3
gy : im = im . x =
x 0
2 1x x 0 x 2 1 n2
x
1  cos3x
mnkgj.k # 6 : im dk eku Kkr dhft,A:
x 0
x2
2
 3x 
3 sin
1  cos3x 1  2  9
gy : im 2
= im .   =
x 0
x x 0 2
 3x  2
 2 
sin2 x
mnkgj.k # 7 : im
x 0
dk eku Kkr dhft,A
sin 4x.tan x
2
 sin x  2
x  
sin2 x  x  1
gy : im = im =
x 0 sin 4x.tan x x  0  sin 4x  tan x  4
4x   x  x
 4x  
mnkgj.k # 8 : im (1 + 2x)1/x dk eku Kkr dhft,A

x 0
2
im .x
gy : im (1 + 2x)1/x = e x 0 x = e2.
x 0

ex  ey x(e x  1)
(i) im (ii) im
xy xy x 0 1  cos x
x y
e e
x y
e (ey
 1)
gy : (i) im = im = ey
xy xy xy xy
 
x(e x  1) x(ex  1) 1  ex  1 x2 
(ii) im = im = . im  . =2
x  0 1  cos x x 0 x 2 x 0  x x
2 sin2 sin2 
2  2 
vH;kl&dk;Z :
fuEu lhek,sa Kkr dhft,&
sin7x 8  x2 x2 x2 x2 
(7) im (8) im  1– cos – cos  cos cos 
x0 3x x0 x8  2 4 2 4
1  sin2x 5x  9x
(9) im (10) im
x
   4x x 0 x
4
b
(11) im (1 + a2)x sin , tgk¡ a  0
x  (1  a2 )x
7 1 5
Ans. (7) (8) (9) fo|eku ugha (10) n (11) b
3 32 9
ADVLCD -4
izfrLFkkiu dk mi;ksx dj lhek dk eku Kkr djuk (Use of substitution in solving limit problems) :
dHkh&dHkh lhek leL;kvksa dks gy djrs le;] ge leL;k dh vko';drkuqlkj xim f(x) dks x = a + h ;k x = a – h
a
izfrLFkkiu }kjk im f(a + h) ;k f(a – h) esa ifjofrZr djrs gSA ¼;gk¡ h, 'kwU; dh vksj vxzlj gSA½
h 0
cos x  sin x
x

4
cosx  2  2sin x 
cos x  sin x 1 1  tan x 
gy : im = im . , x= + h j[kus ij
x

4
cosx  2  2sin x  x

4
2 1  2 sin x 4

 x  h0
4
  1  tan h 2 tan h
1  tan   h  1
1  4  = im 1 1  tan h 1  tan h 1
im = im
h 0
2 1  2 sin    h  h  0
2 1  sin h  cos h h 0
2 2sin2 h  2sin h cos h
4 
  2 2 2
tanh
2
1 2 tan h 1 1 h 1
= im = im
h 0
2 2sin h sin h  cos h  (1  tanh) h 0
2 sin h (1  tanh)
2  2 2  2 sin h  cos h 
h  2 2 
2
2 1
= . = 2
1 2
izlkj lw=kks dk mi;ksx dj lhekvksa dk eku Kkr djuk (Limits using expansion) :
x n a x 2 n2a x3 n3a
(a) ax  1     ........., a  0
1! 2! 3!
x x 2 x3
(b) ex 1     ......
1! 2! 3!
x 2 x3 x 4
(c) n (1+x) = x     ........., for  1  x  1 ds fy,
2 3 4
x3 x5 x7
(d) sin x  x     .....
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6
(e) cos x  1     .....
2! 4! 6!
x3 2x5
(f) tan x = x    ......
3 15
n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3
(g) for |x| < 1, n  R; (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + ............
1 . 2 1 . 2 . 3
 
1
x 11 2
(h) (1  x) x
= e 1   x  ............. 
 2 24 
tan x  x
x0 x3
x3 2 5
x  x  ....  x
tan x  x 3 15 1
gy : im
x0 3
= im
x0 3
=
x x 3
ADVLCD -5
1
mnkgj.k # 12 : im
14  x  4  2 dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x2 x2
1 1 1
gy : im
14  x  4  2 = im
14  x  4  16 4
=
1 1
1
. 16 4 =
1
x2 x2 x2 14  x   16 4 32
x2
n(1  x)   sin x 
mnkgj.k # 13 : ;fn im 2 = 1 rks dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x0
x tan2 x 2
 x 2 x3   x3 x5  x2
x2  x    .....     x    .....  
n(1  x)   sin x  2 3   3! 5!  2
im    
2 = 1
gy : im 2
=
x0
x tan2 x x0
tan x 2
x3 . 2
x
  = –1
1
e  (1  x) x
x0 tan x
 x 
1
e  e  1   ...... 
e  (1  x) x
 2  = im e x e
gy : im = im × =
x0 tan x x0 tan x x0 2 tan x 2
ex   cos x  e x

mnkgj.k # 15 : ;fn im = 2 gS rks]  + 2 + 3 dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x 0 x tan x
ex   cos x  e x
gy : im =2 .....(1)
x 0 x tan x
x 0 ij va'k dk eku 'kwU; gksuk vfuok;Z gS
  –+=0  =+ .....(2)
x
e  (   ) cos x  e
x
(1) & (2) ls, im =2
x 0 tan x
x2
x
 x x 2
x 3   x2 x 4   x x2 x3 
 1     ......  – (   )  1    ......     1     ...... 
 1! 2! 3!   2! 4!   
  im      1! 2! 3!  = 2
x 0
x2
 (   ) x 
x2   (   )  (   )  .....
 im  x 3!  =2
x 0 2
x
 R.H.S. ifjfer gS
0  2  0  ....
 –=0   = , rks =2
1
  = 1 rks  = 1
(2) ls]  =  +  = 1 + 1 = 2
vr%  + 2 + 3 = 8
lhek tc x  (Limit when x 
bl izdkj dh leL;kvksa esa va'k ,oa gj nksuksa esa ls x dh egÙke ?kkr dks mHk;fUk"B ysrs gSaA dbZ ckj tc x   gks]
1
rks y = izfrLFkkfir djus ij y  0+
x
ADVLCD -6
cos x
x  x
cos x
gy : im =0
x  x
1
mnkgj.k # 17: im x.tan dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x  x
1
tan
1 x
gy : im x.tan = im =1
x  x x  1
x
4x  3
x  x  8
3
4
4x  3 x = 4.
gy : im  im
x  x  8 x  8
1
x
4x  8
2
x 
7x  x5  1
4 8
 5
4x 2  8 x 3
x
gy : im = im =0
x 
7x  x5  1 x   7  1  1
x x5
x8
x  
4x 2  x  1
gy : x dks –t j[kus ij
8
1 
t  8 t 1
im = im =–
t 
4t 2  t  1 t   4  1  1 2
t t 2
dqN egRoiw.kZ fcUnq (Some important notes) :

nx x xn
(i) im =0 (ii) im =0 (iii) im =0
x  x x  ex x  ex
 nx 
n
(iv) im =0 (v) im x(nx)n = 0

x  x x  0
tc x   gks] rks n x, x dh fdlh Hkh /kukRed ?kkr dh rqyuk esa dkQh de xfr ls c<+rk gS tcfd ex, x dh
/kukRed ?kkr dh rqyuk esas dkQh rsth ls c<+rk gSA
(vi) im (1  h)n = 0 vkSj im (1 + h)n  tgk¡ h  0+.
n n
x10  7x 2  1
mnkgj.k # 21 : x 
im dk eku Kkr dhft,A
ex
x10  7x 2  1
gy : im =0
x 
ex
1, 00, 0 :i dh lhek,¡ (Limits of form 1, 00, 0) :
0
(A) bu lHkh :iksa dks fuEu rjhdksa ls :i esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
0
(a) ;fn x  1, y  gks, rks z = (x)y , (1) :i dk gS
  n z = y n x
ADVLCD -7
nx  0  1
  n z = form  tSls y     0 and x  1  nx  0
1  0  y
y
(b) ;fn x  0, y  0 gks, rks z = xy, (00) :i dk gSA
y 0 
 n z = y n x  n z =  0 form 
1  
nx
(c) ;fn x   , y  0 gks, rks z = xy, (0) :i dk gSA   
y 0 
 n z = y n x   n z =  0 form 
1  
nx
(B) (1):i dh leL;kvksa ds fy, Hkh ge fuEu fu;eksa dks ykxw dj ldrs gS&
1
(a) im (1  x) x
=e
x 0
(b) im [f(x)]g(x) ; tgk¡ f(x)  1 ; g(x) tc x  a

x a
(f(x) 1) g(x)
 
1
{ f ( x ) 1} . g( x )
im[f (x) 1] g(x)
= im 1  f(x)  1
f ( x ) 1 1
= im  [1  (f(x) 1) ] f(x) 1  = exa
x a x a  
 
 x2  1 
 x 1
2
mnkgj.k # 22 : x 
im  2
 x  3 
dk eku Kkr dhft,A
 
gy : pw¡fd ;g 1 :i esa gS
 x2  1 
 x 1
2
  x2  1  x2  3  2 
 2  = exp  lim    x  1  = e
–4
x 3 
x 
 x 2
 3  
mnkgj.k # 23 : im (tan x)tan 2x


dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x
4
2 tan x
im (tan x 1) tan2x im(tan x 1)
  1 tan2 x
x x
gy : pw¡fd ;g 1 :i esa gS vr%

im (tan x)

tan 2x
=e 4
= e 4
x
4
tan  / 4
2 1
1(1 tan  / 4)
= e = e–1 =
e
x
tan
 a 2a
mnkgj.k # 24 : im  2   dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x a
 x
x
tan
 a 2a
gy : im  2   x = a + h j[kus ij
x a
 x
  h   h 
tan    cot   h  h 
 h   2 2a   h   2a  im  cot . 1
2a  a h
 1
 im  1    im  1   = e h0 
h 0
 (a  h)  h 0
 ah
 h  2a
 
im   2a  . 
h0  tan h  a  h 2
  –
  e  2a 
= e 
mnkgj.k # 25 : im (tanx)tanx dk eku Kkr dhft,A

x  0
gy : ekuk y = im (tanx)tanx
x  0
1
n
n y = im tanx n tanx = im – tan x = 0, as 1  y=1
x 0 x  0 1 tan x
tan x
ADVLCD -8
lSaMfop izes; ;k LDohth Iys ¼fu"ihfM+r [ksy½ izes;

(Sandwitch theorem or squeeze play theorem) :
ekuk fdlh [kqys vUrjky esa x ds lHkh ekuksa] ftlesa a fufgr gS] ds fy,
f(x)  g(x)  h(x)  x, lEHkor;k x = a dks NksM+djA
h
g
vkSj ekuk im f(x) = = im h(x), f

xa xa
gks] rks im g(x) = .

xa
[x]  [4x]  [7x]  ....  (3n  2)x 

mnkgj.k # 26 : im , dk eku Kkr dhft, tgk¡a [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks
n
n2
iznf'kZr djrk gSA
gy : ge tkurs gS fd x – 1 < [x]  x
4x – 1 < [4x]  4x
7x – 1 < [7x]  7x
. . .
. . .
(3n – 2)x – 1 < [(3n – 2)x]  (3n – 2)x
 (x + 4x + 7x + .... + (3n – 2)x) – n < [x] + [4x] + .....
+[(3n – 2)x]  (x + 4x + .... + nx)
n

n n
 (3n – 1)x – n < [(3r  2)x]   (3n – 1)x
2 r 1
2
n  3n  1 1 [x]  [4x]  ....  [(3n  2)x] n  3n  1

 im 2
x– < im  im x
n 2 n n n  
n2 n 2 n2
3x [x]  [4x]  ....  [(3n 2)x] 3x
 < im 2

2   2
n
n
[x]  [4x]  ....  [(3n  2)x] 3x
 im =
n
n2 2
lrr~rk ,oa vodyuh;rk

dksbZ Qyu f(x), x = c ij lrr~ dgykrk gS ;fn Limit f(x) = f(c)
xc
gks] ladsrkRed :i esa f, x = c ij lrr~ gksrk gS ;fn Limit f(c  h) = Limit f(c+h) = f(c) gksA
h  0 h  0
;fn Qyu f (x), x = c ij lrr~ gS rc laxr fcUnq { c, f (c) } ij Qyu f (x) dk ys[kkfp=k VwVk gqvk ugha gksxk] ijUrq
;fn x = c ij Qyu f(x) vlrr~ gS rc x = c ij xzkQ VwVk gqvk gksxkA
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

((i), (ii) vkSj (iii), x = c ij vlrr~ gS)
((iv) x = c ij lrr~ gS)
dksbZ Qyu f fuEu fdlh Hkh rhu fLFkfr;ksa esa vlrr~ gks ldrk gS&
(i) Limit f(x) dk vfLrRo u gks vFkkZr~ Limit f(x)  Limit f (x) [fp=k (i)]
xc x  c x  c
(ii) x = c ij Qyu f (x) ifjHkkf"kr u gks [fp=k (ii)]
ADVLCD -9
(iii) Limit f(x)  f (c) [fp=k (iii)]

xc
vFkkZr T;kfefr; :i ls ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Qyu dk vkys[k x= c ij VwVu dks iznf'kZr djsxkA
cos2x , x  1
mnkgj.k # 27 : ;fn f(x) =  ks] rks Kkr dhft, fd x = 1 ij f(x) lrr~ gS ;k ugha
 [x] , x 1
tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA
cos2x , x  1
gy : f(x) = 
 [x] , x 1
x = 1, ij lrr~rk dh tk¡p djus ds fy,] f(1), lim– f(x) ,o lim f(x) Kkr djrs gSA
x 1 x 1
vc f(1) = [1] = 1
lim– f(x) = lim– cos 2x = cos 2 = 1
x 1 x 1
rFkk lim f(x) = lim [x] = 1

x 1 x 1
vr% f(1) = lim– f(x) = lim f(x) = 1  x = 1 ij f(x) lrr~ gSA

x 1 x 1
vH;kl dk;Z %

(12) ;fn laHko gks rks  dk og eku Kkr dhft,] ftlds fy;s x = ij f(x) lrr~ gks tcfd
2
 1  sin x 
 1  cos 2x , x
2

 
f(x) =  , x
 2
 (2x  )2 
 , x
 tan2x 2
(13) p ,oa q dk eku Kkr dhft,] ftuds fy;s Qyu


 x  p sin x ; 0  4x  
  
f(x)   2x cot x  q ;   4x  2 ,x = ,oa x = ij lrr~ gksA
 p 4 2
 cos 2x  qsin x ; 2  4x  4
 2
 
Ans. (12) vlrr~ (13) p= ,q=
3 2 12
lrr~rk ij izes; (Theorems on continuity) :

(i) ;fn f ,oa g nks Qyu gS tks x = c ij lrr~ gS] rc fuEu izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr Qyu &
F1(x) = f(x)  g(x) ; F2(x) = K f(x), K dksbZ okLrfod la[;k gS] ,oa F3(x) = f(x).g(x) Hkh x = c ij lrr~
f(x)
gksrs gSA ;fn g (c) 'kwU; ugha gS rks F4(x) = Hkh x = c ij lrr~ gksxkA
g(x)
(ii) ;fn x = a ij f(x) lrr~ gks vkSj g(x) vlrr~ gks rc xq.ku Qyu (x) = f(x) . g(x) lrr~ gks ldrk gS vkSj
ugha Hkh] ysfdu ;ksx ,oa vUrj Qyu (x) = f(x)  g(x), x = a ij fuf'pr :i ls vlrr~ gksxkA
sin x x0
mnkgj.kr% f (x) = x ,oa g(x) = 
0 x0
ADVLCD -10
(iii) ;fn x = a ij f (x) ,oa g(x) nksuksa vlrr~ gS rc x = a ij xq.ku Qyu (x) = f(x). g(x) lrr~ gksuk
vko';d ugh gSA
 1 , x0
mnkgj.kr% f (x) = g(x) = 
 1 , x  0
rFkk x = a ij f(x) + g(x) ,oa f(x) – g(x) esa ls vf/kd ls vf/kd ,d lrr~ gSA

mnkgj.k # 28 : ;fn f(x) = [sin(x–1)] – {sin(x–1)} gks] rks x =  1 ij f(x) dh lrr~rk ij fVIi.kh dhft,A
2
(tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu rFkk {.} fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks n'kkZrk gS )
gy : f(x) = [sin (x – 1)] – {sin (x – 1)}
ekuk g(x) = [ sin (x – 1)] + {sin (x – 1} = sin (x – 1)

tks fd x = + 1 ij lrr~ gSA
2

tcfd [sin (x – 1)] ,oa { sin (x – 1)} nksuksa x = + 1 ij vlrr~ gSA
2

 f(x) ;k g(x) esa ls vf/kd ls vf/kd ,d x = + 1 ij lrr~ gks ldrk gSA
2

tSlk fd g(x), x = + 1 ij lrr~ gS] vr% f(x) vlrr~ gksuk pkfg,A
2
 
fodYir% lim f(x) ,oa f.   1 dk eku Kkr djds Hkh f(x) dh lrr~rk dh tk¡p dj ldrs gSaA

x  1
2
2 
la;qDr Qyu dh lrr~rk (Continuity of Composite Functions) :

;fn x = c ij f lrr~ gS ,oa x = f(c) ij g lrr~ gS] rc la;qDr Qyu g(f(x)), x = c. ij lrr~ gksrk gSA mnkgj.kr%
x = c. eg.
x sin x x sin x
f(x) = 2 ,oa g(x) = x, x = 0 ij lrr~ gS vr% x = 0 ij la;qDr Qyu (gof) (x) = 2 Hkh lrr~
x 2 x 2
gksxkA
vH;kl dk;Z %
 1
1  8x 3 , x  0 (2x  1) 3
, x0
 
(14) ;fn f(x)   1 , x0 rFkk g(x)   1 , x0
4x 2 – 1 , x  0 
  2x  1 , x  0

gks] rks fog (x) ifjHkkf"kr dhft, rFkk x = 1/2 ij gof(x) dh lrr~rk ij fVIi.kh dhft,A
16x  7 ; x  0

Ans. [ fog(x)   3 ; x  0 ,oa x = 1/2 ij gof(x) vlrr~ gSA ]
 8x  3 ; x  0

vUrjky esa lrr~rk (Continuity in an Interval) :

(a) Qyu f vUrjky (a, b) esa lrr~ dgykrk gS] ;fn ;g bl vUrjky (a, b) ds izR;sd fcUnq ij lrr~ gksA
(b) Qyu f cUn vUrjky [ a, b ] esa lrr~ dgykrk gS ;fn :
(i) f [kqys vUrjky (a, b) esa lrr~ gS vkSj
(ii) f, ‘a’ ij nk;sa ls lrr~ gS vFkkZr~ Limit f(x) = f(a) = fuf'pr la[;k rFkk
x a
(iii) f, ‘b’ ij ck;sa ls lrr~ gS vFkkZr~ Limit


f(x) = f(b) = fuf'pr la[;k
x b
ADVLCD -11
(c) lHkh cgqin Qyu] f=kdks.kferh; Qyu] pj?kkrkadh Qyu ,oa y?kqx.kdh; Qyu vius&vius izkUrksa esa izR;sd
fcUnq ij lrr~ gSA
mijksDr rF; ds vk/kkj ij Qyu dh lrr~rk dk fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa ij ijh{k.k djuk
pkfg,&
(i) Qyu dh lrr~rk mu fcUnqvksa ij tk¡puk pkfg, tgk¡ ij Qyu dh ifjHkk"kk ifjofrZr gksrh gSA
(ii) {f(x)} ,oa [f(x)] dh lrr~rk mu lHkh fcUnqvksa ij tk¡puk pkfg, tgk¡ f(x) iw.kkZad gks tk,A
(iii) sgn (f(x)) dh lrr~rk mu fcUnqvksa ij tk¡puk pkfg, tgk¡ f(x) = 0 (;fn fdlh [kqys vUrjky esa]
ftlesa 'a' fo|eku gS] f(x) gS tcfd x  a, rc x = a vlrr~rk dk fcUnq ugha gSA)
(iv) la;qDr Qyu f(g(x)) dh fLFkfr esa lrrrk~ dk mu fcUnqvksa ij ijh{k.k djuk pkfg,] ftu ij g(x)
vlrr~ gks ,oa mu fcUnqvksa ij tgk¡ g(x) = c gks] tgk¡ x = c, f(x) dh vlrr~rk dk lEHkkfor fcUnq
gSA
 [2x] 0  x 1
mnkgj.k # 29 : ;fn f(x)   , tgk¡ { . } fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu rFkk [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks
 {3x} sgn(–x) 1 x2
iznf'kZr djrk gS rks vUrjky [0, 2] esa Qyu dh vlrr~rk ij fVIi.kh dhft,A
gy : fn;k gqvk Qyu gS
 1
 0 0x
2

 1 1
 x 1
 2

3(1– x) 1  x  4
f(x)   3
 4 5
 4 – 3x x
 3 3
 5
 5 – 3x x2
 3
 0 x2
vr% vlrr~ gS x = 1/2 , 1,4/3, 5/3, 2 ij
x3 1
mnkgj.k # 30 : ;fn f(x) = ,oa g(x) = , gks] rks f(x), g(x) ,oa fog (x) dh lrr~rk ij fVIi.kh dhft,A
x 1 x3
x3
gy : f(x) =
x 1
f(x) ifjes; Qyu gSA ;g blds izkUr esa lrr~ gksuk pkfg,A rFkk x = 1 ij f ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
  x = 1 ij f vlrr~ gSA
1
g(x) =
x3
g(x) Hkh ifjes; Qyu gS] ;g blds izkUr esa lrr~ gksuk pkfg, rFkk x = 3 ij Qyu 'g' ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
  x = 3 ij g vlrr~ gSA
blh izdkj fog (x) fuEu ekuksa ij vlrr~ gksxk &
(i) x = 3 ij (g(x) dh vlrr~rk dk fcUnq)
(ii) g(x) = 1 ij (tc g(x) = f(x) dh vlrr~rk dk fcUnq)
;fn g(x) = 1
1
;fn g(x) = 1  =1  x=4
x3
 x = 3 ,oa x = 4 ij fog(x) dh vlrr~rk dh tk¡p djuh pkfg,A
ADVLCD -12
x = 3 ij
1
1
fog (x) = x  3
1
1
x3
fog (2) ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
1
1
x  3 1 x  3
lim fog (x) = lim = lim =1
x 3 x 3 1 x 2 1  x  3
1
x3
 x = 3 ij fog (x) vlrr~ gS
fog (4) ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
lim fog (x) = 
x 4
lim fog (x) = –  fog (x) i  x = 4 ij fog (x) vlrr~ gS

x  4
vH;kl dk;Z %
  1
[ n x] . sgn  x    ; 1 x  3
(15) ;fn f(x) =   2 .
 2
3  x  3.5
 {x } ;
og fcUnq Kkr djksa tgk¡ Qyu f(x) dh lrr~rk dh tk¡p dh tkuh pkfg,A tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu
rFkk {.} fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA
3 5
Ans. { 1, , , e, 3 , 10 , 11 , 12 ,3.5 }
2 2
e/;eku izes; (Intermediate Value Theorem) :
Qyu f tks a,b esa lrr~ gS] fuEufyf[kr xq.k/keZ j[krk gSA
(i) ;fn f(a) ,oa f(b) foifjr fpUg ds gks rks [kqys vUrjky (a, b) esa lehdj.k f(x) = 0 dk de ls de ,d gy
fo|eku gksrk gSA
(ii) ;fn f(a) ,oa f(b) ds e/; dksbZ okLrfod la[;k K gS rc [kqys vUrjky (a, b) esa lehdj.k f(x) = K dk de
ls de ,d gy fo|eku gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k # 31 : fl) dhft, fd lehdj.k 3(x – 1) (x – 2) + 4(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0 ds ewy okLrfod ,oa vleku gksaxsA
gy : 3(x – 1) (x – 2) + 4(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0
f(x) = 3(x – 1) (x – 2) + 4 (x + 1) (x – 4)
f(–1) = + ve
–1 1 2 4
f(1) = –ve
f(2) = –ve
f(4) = +ve
vr % 3(x – 1) (x – 2) + 4(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0 ds ewy okLrfod ,oa vleku gSA
vH;kl dk;Z %
(16) ;fn f(x) = xnx – 2 gks] rks iznf'kZr dhft, fd f(x) = 0 dk vUrjky (1, e) esa Bhd ,d ewy gSA
1 
mnkgj.k # 32 : ekuk f(x) = Lim , gks] rks f   Kkr dhft, rFkk x = 0 ij lrr~rk ij fVIi.kh Hkh dhft,A
n  1  nsin x
2
4
1
gy : ekuk f(x) = nlim
 1  nsin2 x
 1 1
f   = lim = lim =0
4 n   n   1
1  n . sin2 1 n  
4 2
ADVLCD -13
1 1  1 
vc f(0) =f(0) = nlim = = 1  lim f(x) = lim  lim  =0
 n . sin (0)  1
2
1 0 x  0 x  0
 n  1  n sin x 
2
{;gk¡ sin2x cgqr NksVh jkf'k gS ijUrq 'kwU; ugha gS rFkk cgqr NksVh jkf'k dks tc  ls xq.kk fd;k tkrk gS]
rks ;g gks tkrh gS}
  x = 0 ij f(x) lrr~ ugha gSA
vH;kl dk;Z %
(17) ;fn f(x) = Lim
n 
(1 + x)n.
1
x = 0 ij f(x) dh lrr~rk dh tk¡p djks ,oa fl) djksa fd Lim (1  x) x  e .
x 0
Ans. vlrr~ (vfoLFkkiuh;)
mnkgj.k # 33 : ;fn f(x) = U;wUre (2 + cos t, 0  t  x), 0  x  2gks] rks x=  ij bl Qyu dh lrr~rk ij fVIi.kh
dhft,A
gy : f(x) = U;wUre (2 + cos t, 0  t  x), 0  x  2
2  cos x 0  x  
f(x)  
 1   x  2
y
tks x = ij lrr~ gS   

x


f(x)

x

Qyu ds fdlh fcUnq ij vodyuh;rk (Differentiability of a function at a point) :
 (i) fcUnq x = a ij Qyu f (x) dk nk;k¡ vodyt f (a+) ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS] tks fuEu izdkj ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k tkrk gS&
f (a  h)  f (a)
R.H.D. = f (a+) = Limit

, tcfd lhek fo|eku gSA
h 0 h
(ii) fcUnq x = a ij Qyu f(x) dk ck;k¡ vodyt f (a–) ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS tks fuEu izdkj ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k tkrk gS&
f (a  h)  f (a)
L.H.D. = f  (a– ) = Limit , tcfd lhek fo|eku gSA

h 0 h
x = a ij ,d Qyu f(x) vodyuh; dgykrk gS ;fn f (a+) = f  (a–) = ifjfer ifjHkk"kk ls]
f (a  h)  f (a)
f (a) = Limit
h  0 h
ADVLCD -14
mnkgj.k # 34 : x = 1 ij fn;s x;s Qyu dh vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p dhft,A

2x  3 , x  1
f(x) =  2 at x = 1.
4x – 1 , x  1
f(1  h)  f(1)
gy : R.H.D. = f (1+)= Limit 
=8
h 0 h
f(1  h)  f(1)
L.H.D. = f(1–)= Limit =2
h 0 
h
pw¡fd L.H.D.  R.H.D.vr% x = 1 ij f(x) vodyuh; ugha gSA
 ax  b , x  1
mnkgj.k # 35 : ;fn f(x) =  rks A rFkk B ds eku Kkr dhft, ftuds fy, x = 1 ij f(x)
ax  x  2b , x  1
3
vodyuh; gSaA
gy : –a + b = –a – 1 + 2b lrr~rk dk mi;ksx djus ij
  b=1
  b=1
 a , x  1
f' (x) = 
3ax  1 , x  1
2
1
a = 3a + 1  a = –
2
 3
[sin x], x  1
mnkgj.k # 36 : f(x) =  2 , dh x = 1 ij vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p dhft,A
 2{x}  1, 
 x 1
tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu rFkk {.} fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA
 3 
 sin (1 h)  1
f(1  h)  f(1)
= lim  
2
Solution : f(1–) = lim = 0
h0 h h0 h
f(1  h)  f(1) 2{1  h}  1  1 2h
f(1+) = lim = lim = lim =2
h0 h h0 h h0 h
 f(1+)  f(1–)
vr% x = 1 ij f(x) vodyuh; ugha gSA
vH;kl dk;Z %
  2x  x
   2 , x  3
;fn f(x) =  
3 3
(18)  , gks] rks x = 3 ij lrr~rk rFkk vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p djsaA tgk¡ [ . ]
 x  3 , x  3
  3 
egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu rFkk {.} fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA

 x sin1 1/ x, x  0
(19) f(x) =  , gks] rks x = 0 ij f(x) dh vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p dhft,A

 0 , x0
Ans. (18) x = 3 ij vlrr~ rFkk vodyuh; ugha gS
(19) x = 0 ij vodyuh; ugha gSaA
ADVLCD -15
Li'kZ js[kk dh vo/kkj.kk vkSj bldk vodyuh;rk ls lEcU/k

(Concept of Tangent and its Association with Derivability) :
 Li'kZ js[kk - Li'kZ js[kk dks thok ;k Nsnu js[kk dh lhekUr fLFkfr ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
f(a  h)  f(a)
(a, f(a)) vkSj (a + h, f(a + h)) dks feykus okyh js[kk dh izo.krk =
h
f(a  h)  f(a)
P ij Li'kZ js[kk dh ço.krk = f(a) = Lim
h 0 h
,d lrr Qyu ds xzkQ ij fcUnq P(a, f(a) ij Li'kZ js[kk gS&
(i) fcUnq P ls xqtjus okyh js[kk ftldk <ky f(a) gS ;fn f(a) fo|eku gks
(ii) js[kk x = a ;fn ck;k¡ vodyt ,oa nk;k¡ vodyt nksuksa ;k rks  gks ;k –  gksA
;fn u rks fLFkfr (i) vkSj u gh fLFkfr (ii) fo|eku gks] rks Qyu f dk xzkQ fcUnq P ij Li'kZ js[kk ugh j[krk
fLFkfr (i) esa Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k y – f(a) = f(a) (x – a) ls fn;k tkrk gS vkSj fLFkfr (ii) esa x = a ls
uksV : (i) Li'kZ js[kk dks oØ ij fLFkr nks vR;Ur lfUudV fcUnqvksa dks feykus okyh js[kk ls Hkh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk
gSA
 (ii) ,d Qyu fcUnq x = a ij vodyuh; dgykrk gS ;fn ml fcUnq ij ,d ifjfer <+ky dh Li'kZ js[kk
fo|eku gksA
f(a+) = f(a–) = ifjfer eku
(iii) y = x3 dh ewy fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[ kk x-v{k gh gksrh gSA
 (iv) y = |x| dh fcUnq x = 0 ij dksbZ Li'kZ js[kk ugha gksrh gSa D;ksafd L.H.D.  R.H.D
mnkgj.k # 37 : x = 1 rFkk x = 0 ij y = (x)1/3 dh Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A

gy : x = 1 ij ;gk¡ f(x) = (x)1/3]]
f(1  h)  f(1) (1  h)1/ 3  1 1
L.H.D = f(1–) = lim = lim =
h0 h h  0 h 3
f(1  h)  f(1) (1  h)1/ 3
 1 1
R.H.D. = f(1+) = lim = lim =
h0 h h0 h 3
1
R.H.D. = L.H.D. = ds vuqlkj
3
1 1
  Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk =  y – f(1) = (x – 1)
3 3
1
y–1= (x – 1)
3
 y = x1/3 dh fcUnq (1, 1) ij Li'kZ js[kk 3y – x = 2
x = 0 ij
(0  h)1/ 3  0
L.H.D. = f(0–) = lim =+
h0 h
(0  h)1/ 3  0
R.H.D. = f(0+) = lim =+
h 0 h
L.H.D. ,oa R.H.D vifjfer gS vr% y = f(x) ds fy;s ewy fcUnq ij m/okZ/kj Li'kZ js[kk fo|eku gSA
  y = x1/3 dh ewyfcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk x = 0 gSA
ADVLCD -16
vH;kl dk;Z %
(20) ;fn lEHko gks rks fn;s x;s oØksa dh ewyfcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk Kkr dhft,A
(i) y = x3 + 3x2 + 28x +1 , x = 0 ij
(ii) y = (x – 8)2/3 , x = 8 ij
Ans. (i) y = 28x + 1 (ii) x=8
vodyuh;rk vkSj lrr~rk ds e/; lEcU/k&

(Relation between Differentiability & Continuity) :

 (i) ;fn f (a) fo|eku gS rks f(x), x = a ij lrr~ gSA


 (ii) ;fn f(x) vius izkUr ds lHkh fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; gS] rks ;g ml izkUr esa lrr~ Hkh gksrk gSA
uksV : mijksDr ifj.kkeksa dk foykse lR; ugha gS] vFkkZr~ " ;fn x = a ij f(x) lrr~ gS rks x = a ij f(x) vodyuh; gS] lR;
ugha gSA
mnkgj.k% Qyu f(x) =  x  2  x = 2 ij lrr~ gS fdUrq x = 2 ij vodyuh; ugha gSA
 ;fn Qyu f(x) bl izdkj gS fd R.H.D = f '(a+) =  vkSj L.H.D. = f '(a–) = m
fLFkfr - 
;fn  = m = dksbZ ifjfer eku] rks Qyu f(x) vodyuh; ds lkFk&lkFk lrr~ Hkh gSA
fLFkfr - 
;fn   m = fdUrq nksuksa fdlh ifjfer eku ds cjkcj gSa] rks f(x) vodyuh; ugha gksxk fdUrq lrr~ gksxkA
fLFkfr - 
;fn  ;k m esa ls de ls de ,d Hkh vuUr gS] rks Qyu vodyuh; ugha gksrk gS fdUrq ge f(x) dh lrr~rk ds ckjs
esa ugha dg ldrs gSaA
(i) (ii) (iii)

lrr~ vkSj vodyuh; lrr~ fdUrq vodyuh; ugh gS u rks lrr~ u ugha vodyuh;
mnkgj.k # 38 : ;fn x = a ij f(x) vodyuh; gS rks fl) dhft;s fd x = a ij ;g lrr~ Hkh gksxkA
f(a  h)  f(a)
gy : f(a+) = lim =
h 0 h
lim [f(a+h) – f(a)] = h
h 0
pw¡fd h  0+ ,oa  ifjfer gS] rks lim f(a + h) – f(a) = 0

h  0
 lim f (a + h) = f(a).
h  0
blhizdkj lim [f(a – h)– f(a)] = – h ifjfer gS vr  lim f(a – h) = f(a)
h  0 h  0
 lim f(a + h) = f(a) = lim f(a – h)

h  0 h 0
vr% f(x) lrr~ gSA
ADVLCD -17

;fn f(x) =   x sgn[x]  {x  4} , 2  x  2 gks] rks
2
mnkgj.k # 39 : x = 1, 2 ij f(x) dh lkarR;rk rFkk
   sin(x  ) | x  3 |, 2  x  6

vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p dhft,A tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu rFkk {.} fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks çnf'kZr
djrk gSA
gy : x = 1 ij lkarR;rk ds fy,
lim f(x) = lim ( + x2 sgn[x] + {x – 4}) = 1 + 
x  1 x 1
lim f(x) = lim ( + x2 sgn [x] + {x – 4})

x 1 x 1
= 1 sgn (0) + 1 +  = 1 + 
  f(1) = 1 + 
 vr% x = 1 ij f(x) lrr~ gSA vc vodyuh;rk ds fy,
f(1  h)  f(1)   (1  h)2 sgn[1 h]  {1 h  4}  1 
R.H.D. = f(1+) = lim = lim
h 0 h h 0 h
(1  h)  h  1
2
1  h2  2h  h  1 h2  3h
= lim = lim = lim =3
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
f(1  h)  f(1)   (1  h)2 sgn[1  h]  1  h  1  
vkSj L.H.D. = f(1–) = lim = lim =1
h 0 h h 0 h
 f(1+)  f(1–).
vr% x = 1 ij f(x) vodyuh; ugha gSA
x = 2 ij
lim f(x) = lim ( + x2 sgn [x] + {x – 4}) = + 4 . 1 + 1 = 5 + 
x 2 x 2
lim f(x) = lim (+ sinx + |x – 3|) = 1 + + sin 2

x 2 x 2
vr% L.H.L  R.H.L

vr% L.H.L  R.H.L vr% x = 2 ij f(x) lrr~ ugh gS vr% x = 2 ij f(x) vodyuh; Hkh ugha gSA
vH;kl dk;Z %
 e[ x]  | x | 1 
 x0
(21) ;fn f(x) = 
 [x]  {2x}  , gks] rks x = 0 ij lrr~rk rFkk vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p djsaA

 1/ 2 x0
Ans. vlrr~] vr% x = 0 ij vodyuh; ugha gSA
Qyuksa ds ;ksx] xq.ku vkSj la;kstu dh vodyuh;rk

(Differentiabilty of sum, product & composition of functions) :
(i) ;fn f(x) vkSj g(x), x = a ij vodyuh; gS rks Qyu f(x)  g(x), f(x). g(x) Hkh x = a ij vodyuh; gksxsa
vkSj ;fn g (a)  0 gks] rks Qyu f(x)/g(x) Hkh x = a ij vodyuh; gksxkA
(ii) ;fn f(x), x = a ij vodyuh; ugha gS vkSj g(x), x = a ij vodyuh; gS] rks xq.kuQy F(x) = f(x). g(x),
x = a ij vHkh Hkh vodyuh; gks ldrk gSaA
mnkgj.k % f(x) = x vkSj g(x) = x2
(iii) ;fn f(x) ,oa g(x) nksuksa x = a ij vodyuh; ugha gS rks xq.kuQy F(x) = f(x). g(x), x = a ij vHkh Hkh
vodyuh; gks ldrk gS mnkgj.kkFkZ f(x) = x & g(x) = x.
(iv) ;fn f(x) ,oa g(x) nksuksa x = a ij vodyuh; ugh gS rks ;ksxQy F(x) = f(x) + g(x) vodyuh; Qyu
gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k % f(x) = x & g(x) = x.
ADVLCD -18
mnkgj.k # 40 : f(x) = x + |x| dh vodyuh;rk dh foospuk dhft,A
gy : x = 0 ij vodyuh; ugha gSA .
mnkgj.k # 41 : f(x) = x|x| dh vodyuh;rk dh foospuk dhft,A

 x2 , x  0
gy :  f(x) =  2
 x , x  0
x = 0 ij vodyuh; gSA
mnkgj.k # 42 : ;fn f(x) rFkk g(x) vodyuh; gSa rks fl) dhft, fd f(x) . g(x) Hkh vodyuh; gSaA
f(a  h)  f(a)
gy : fn;k x;k gS fd f(x) vodyuh; gSA vFkkZr lim = f(a)
h  0 h
g(a  h)  g(a)
g(x) vodyuh; gSA vFkkZr lim = g(a)
h0 h
ekuk p(x) = f(x) . g(x)
p(a  h)  p(a) f(a  h).g(a  h)  f(a).g(a)
vc, lim = lim
h0 h h  0 h
f(a  h)g(a  h)  f(a  h).g(a)  f(a  h).g(a)  f(a).g(a)
= lim
h0 h
 f(a  h) (g (a  h)  g(a)) g (a)(f(a h) f(a))
= lim   
h0  h h 
 g(a  h)  g(a) f(a  h)  f(a) 
= lim  f(a  h).  g(a). 
h0  h h 
= f(a) . g(a) + g(a) f(a) = p(a) vr% p(x) vodyuh; gSA
 2x  1 x0
;fn f(x) =  2
,
mnkgj.k # 43 : rc f(|x|) rFkk |f(x)| ds vkjs[k [khapdj g(x) = f(|x|) + |f(x)| dh
2x  4x ,
 x0
lrr~rk rFkk vodyuh;rk ij fVIi.kh dhft,A
y
gy : 2 x
–1
–2
y=|f(x)|
y=f(|x|)
2
1
2 x
–2 2 x
f(|x|) rFkk |f(x)| dk oØ –2 –2
ADVLCD -19
g(x) dk lkarR; % g(x) ds lrr~ gksus ds fy, f(|x|) rFkk |f(x)| lrr~ gksus pkfg, rFkk x = 0 ij f(|x|) lrr~
gS ysfdu |f(x)| vlrr~ gSA
vr% g(x), x = 0 ij vlrr~ gSa rFkk blh izdkj x = 0, 2 ij vodyuh; Hkh ugha gSA
vUrjky esa vodyuh;rk (Differentiability Over an Interval) :


 fdlh foo`r vUrjky esa f (x) vodyuh; dgykrk gS ;fn ;g vUrjky ds izR;sd fcUnq ij vodyuh; gks vkSj fdlh
lao`Ùk vUrjky [a, b] esa f(x) vodyuh; dgykrk gS ;fn %
(i) fcUnqvksa a vkSj b ds fy,, f (a+) vkSj f (b–) ifjfer :i ls fo|eku gksA
(ii) dksbZ fcUnq c tks bl izdkj gS fd a < c < b, ds fy,] f (c+) ,oa f(c–) ifjfer :i ls fo|eku gS rFkk cjkcj
gSA
lHkh cgqinh;] ?kkrkadh] y?kqx.kdh; vkSj f=kdks.kferh; (izfrykse f=kdks.kfefr; 'kkfey ugha ) Qyu vius izkUr
esa vodyuh; gksrs gSaA
2x
y = sin–1 dk vkjs[k y = sin–1 x dk vkjs[k
1  x2
x = 1 vkSj x = – 1 ij vodyuh; ugha gSaA x = 1 ,oa x = – 1 ij vodyuh; ugha gSaA

uksV : fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p djuh pkfg,&
(i) mu lHkh fcUnqvksa ij tgk¡ ij lrr~rk dh tk¡p vko';d gSA
(ii) izfrykse o`rh; Qyu ,oa ekikad ds Økafrd fcUnqvksa ij
  7 1
 2x   [sin2x] , 0x
 3
;fn f(x) = 
2
mnkgj.k # 44 : , gks] rks os fcUnq Kkr dhft, tgk¡ lrr~rk rFkk
 [4x]   x   .sgn  2x  4  , 1  x  1
 4
 

 3  2

vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p djuh pkfg, rFkk x = 1/2 ij f(x) dh vodyuh;rk rFkk lrr~rk dh tk¡p dhft;sA
  7 1
 2x   [sin2x] , 0x
  3 2
gy : f(x) = 
 [4x]   x   .sgn  2x  4  , 1
 x 1
 4
 

 3  2

fcUnq tgk¡ ij gesa lrr~rk ,oa vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p djuh pkfg,
1 1 1 2 3
x = 0, , , , , , 1 gSA
4 3 2 3 4
x = 1 ij
 7
L.H.L. = lim f(x) = lim 2x   [sin 2x] = 0
1 1  3
x x
2 2
 4
R.H.L. = lim f(x) = lim [4x] sgn 2x   = 2(– 1) = – 2
x
1
x
1  3 
2 2
  L.H.L  R.H.L. vr% x = 1/2 ij f(x) vlrr~ gS rFkk x = 1/2 ij ;g vodyuh; ugha gSA
ADVLCD -20
vH;kl dk;Z %
x  1  1  x 
(22) ;fn f(x) =    –3  x  5 gks] rks f(x) dk oØ cukb;s rFkk bldh lrr~rk rFkk
 2   2 
vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p dhft,A tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA

 | 4x  6x  3 | , –2  x  1
2
(23) f(x) =  , f(x) dk oØ cuk;s rFkk bldh lrr~rk rFkk vodyuh;rk dh
 [x  2x] , 1  x  0
2

tk¡p dhft,A tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA
Ans. (22) f(x), x = –3, –1, 1, 3, 5 ij vlrr~ gSa vr% x = –3, –1, 1, 3, 5 ij vodyuh; ugha gSA
(23) x = –1, 0 ij vlrr~ rFkk x = –1, 0 ij vodyuh; ugha gSA
nh xbZ 'krZ dks lUrq"V djus okyk Qyu Kkr djuk

(Problems of finding functions satisfying given conditions) :
mnkgj.k # 45 : ;fn lHkh x, y  R ds fy, Qyu f(x) lEcU/k f(x + 2y) = f(x) + f(2y) dks larq"V djrk gS vkSj ;fn
f(0) = 3 gks rFkk Qyu izR;sd fcUnq ij vodyuh; gS] rks f(x) dk eku Kkr dhft,A
f(x  2h)  f(x) f(x)  f(2h)  f(x)  f(0)

gy : f(x) = lim = lim ( f(0) = 0)
h 0 2h h  0 2h
f(2h)  f(0)
= lim = f(0)
h 0 2h
f(x) = 3   f (x) dx  3 dx
f(x) = 3x + c
  f(0) = 2.0 + c as f(0) = 0
  c=0   f(x) = 3x
mnkgj.k # 46 : f(x + ) = f(x) . f()  x,   R vkSj f(x) ,d vodyuh; Qyu gS rFkk lHkh x ds fy, f(0) =1/3,
f(x)  0 gS] rks f(x) dk eku Kkr dhft,A
gy : f(x) vodyuh; Qyu gSA
f(x  h)  f(x) f(x).f(h)  f(x).f(0)
  f(x) = lim = lim ( f(0) = 1)
h 0 h h 0 h
f(x).(f(h)  f(0)) f (x) 1
= lim
h 0 h
= f(x). f(0) = f(x)  f(x) = f(x)  
f(x)
dx =
3
dx 
x
  n f(x) = +c  n 1 = 0 + c 
3
x
  c=0  n f(x) =  f(x) = ex/3
3
xy
mnkgj.k # 47 : 3f   = f(x) + f(y)  x, y  R vkSj f(0) = 4 rFkk f(0) = 2. ;fn Qyu x ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy,
 3 
vodyuh; gS] rks f(x) dk eku Kkr dhft,A
 3x  3h   3x  3.0 
f f
f(x  h)  f(x) 3   
 = lim f(3h)  f(0) = f(x) = 2
= lim 
3
gy : f(x) = lim
h 0 h 0 h 0
h h 3h
f '(x) = 2  f(x) = 2x + c c = 4  f(x) = 2x + 4
vH;kl dk;Z %
x
(24) f   = f(x) – f(y)  x , y  R+ vkSj f(1) = 1 rks çnf'kZr dhft, fd f(x) = nx.
y
ADVLCD -21
dqN Qyuh; lehdj.k ds ifj.kke (Result of Some Known Functional Equation) :-

ekuk x, y Lora=k pj gS rFkk f(x) blds izkUr es vodyuh; Qyu gS :
(i) ;fn f(xy) = f (x) + f (y)  x, y  R+, rc f(x) = k n x ;k f (x) = 0.
(ii) ;fn f(xy) = f (x). f (y)  x, y  R, rc f(x) = xk, k  R
(iii) ;fn f(x + y) = f (x). f (y)  x, y  R, rc f(x) = akx.
(iv) ;fn f(x + y) = f (x) + f (y)  x, y  R, rc f(x) = kx,
tgk¡ k lHkh Hkkxksa es vpj gSA
mnkgj.k # 48 : ;fn f(x), f(x) . f   = f(x) + f    x  R – {0} dks lUrq"V djus okyk cgqin Qyu gks rFkk
1 1
x x
f(2) = 9 gS rc f (3) Kkr dhft,A
gy : f(x) = 1 ± xn
rFkk f(2) = 9  f(x) = 1 + x3
vr% f(3) = 1 + 33 = 28
vE;kl dk;Z %
;fn f(x), f(x) . f   = f(x) + f  1
1
(25)  x   x  R – {0} dks lUrq"V djus okyk cgqin Qyu gks rFkk
x  
f(3) = –8 gS rc f(4) Kkr dhft,A
(26) ;fn x, y ds lHkh okLrfod ekuksa ds fy, f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) ,oa f(0)  0 gks] rks fl) dhft, fd Qyu
f(x)
g(x) = le Qyu gSA
1  f 2 (x)
Ans. (25) – 15
f(  9h)  f(  h2 )

mnkgj.k # 49 : lim
h 0
, dk eku Kkr dhft, ;fn f() = 2
h
 f(  9h)  f(  h2 ) 
gy :  lim   .( 9h  h ) = lim
2
f'() . (–9 – h) = 2 × –9 = –18
h 0 
 ( 9h  h 2
)h 
h 0
vH;kl dk;Z %
(27) ;fn f(x) rFkk g(x) vodyuh; gSa rks fl) dhft, fd f(x) ± g(x) Hkh vodyuh; gSaA
f(3  h)  f(3  sinh)
(28) ;fn f(3) = 12 gS] rks lim dk eku Kkr dhft,A
h 0
h.tan2h
Ans. (28) 2
ADVLCD -22
 Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.

 fpfUgr iz'u nksgjkus ;ksX; iz'u gSA
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Hkkx - I : fo"k;kRed iz'u ¼SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS½
Section (A) : Definition of LHL/RHL and Indeterminate forms
[k.M (A) : ck¡;ha lhek@nk¡;ha lhek dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj vfu/kkZ;Z :i
A-1. Examine the graph of y = f(x) as shown and evaluate the following limits :
y = f(x) ds fn, x, vkys[k dk voyksdu djds fuEufyf[kr lhekvksa ds eku Kkr dhft,&
(i) im f(x) (ii) im f(x)

x 1 x 2
(iii) im f(x) (iv) im f(x)

x 3 x 1.99
(v) im f(x)
x  3
Ans. (i) Limit does not exist

lhek fo|eku ugha gSA
(ii) 3 (iii) 3 (iv) 3 (v) 3
A-2. Evaluate the following limits :

fuEufyf[kr lhekvksa ds eku Kkr dhft,A
(i) im (x + sin x) Ans. 2 + sin 2
x 2
(ii) im (tan x – 2 ) x
Ans. tan 3 – 23
x 3
3 3
(iii) im x cos x Ans. cos
x
3 4 4
4
(iv) im xx Ans. 55
x 5
ex e
(v) im Ans.
x 1 sin x sin1
A-3. Evaluate the following limits,

where [ . ] represents greatest integer function and { . } represents fractional part function
fuEufyf[kr lhekvksa ds eku Kkr dhft,]
tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu vkSj { . } fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS &
x
(i) im [sin x] (ii) im   (iii) im sgn [tan x]
x

2
x 2
2 x 
(iv) im sin–1 (n x)

x 1
Ans. (i) 0
(ii) Limit does not exist ¼lhek fo|+eku ugha gS½
(iii) Limit does not exist ¼lhek fo|+eku ugha gS½ (iv) 0
Corp. & Reg. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
ADVLCD - 1
 x 1 , x 1
A-4. (i) If f(x) =  , evaluate im f(x).
2x  3 , x 1 x 1
 x 1 , x 1
;fn f(x) =  gks, rks im f(x) dk eku Kkr dhft,A
2x  3 , x 1 x 1
 x , x 1
(ii) Let f(x) =  , if im f(x) exist, then find value of .
2x  3 , x 1 x 1
 x , x 1
ekuk f(x) =  , ;fn im f(x) fo|eku gks] rks  dk eku Kkr dhft,A
2x  3 , x 1 x 1
Ans. (i) Limit does not exist ¼lhek fo|+eku ugha gS½
(ii)  = –2
x2  2 , x  2  2x , x  1
A-5. If f(x) =  and g(x) =  , evaluate im f (g(x)).
 1 x , x  2 3  x , x  1 x 1
x2  2 , x  2  2x , x  1
;fn f(x) =  vkSj g(x) =  gks, rks im f (g(x)) dk eku Kkrdhft,A
 1 x , x  2 3  x , x  1 x 1
Ans. 6
A-6. Which of the followings are indeterminate forms. Also state the type.
[x]
(i) im , where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function
x  0 x
(ii) im x2  1 – x (iii) im  (tan x)tan2x

x  
x  
2
1
(iv) im ,
x 1
x nx
where { . } denotes the fractional part function
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdudk :i vfu/kkZ;Z :i gSa \ izdkj Hkh crkb, &

[x]
(i) im , tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
x  0 x
(ii) im x2  1 – x (iii) im (tan x)tan2x

x  
x
2
1
(iv) im ,
x 1
x nx
, tgk¡ { . } fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
Ans. (i) No (ii) No (iii) Yes, 0 form(iv) No
(i) ugha (ii) ugha (iii) gk¡] 0 :i (iv) ugha
ADVLCD - 2
SECTION (B) : Evaluation of limits of form 0/0, /,  – , 0 × , Use of L-Hospital

Rule & Expansion
[k.M (B) : 0/0, /,  – , 0 × :i okyh lhekvksa ds eku Kkr djuk] L-Hospital fu;e dk mi;ksx
,oa foLrkj lw=kksa dk mi;ksx
B-1. Evaluate each of the following limits, if exists
;fn lhek fo|eku gks] rks fuEufyf[kr lhekvksa ds eku Kkr dhft,&
x3  3x  1 4x3  x 2  2x  5
(i) im (ii) im
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 6  5x3  2x  4
a  2x  3x
(iii) im ,a0
x a
3a  x  2 x
3 12 2
Ans. (i) – (ii) (iii)
2 19 3 3
B-2. Evaluate the following limits, if exists

;fn lhek fo|eku gks] rks fuEufyf[kr lhekvksa ds eku Kkr dhft, &
1  cos 4x 3 sin x  cos x
(i) im (ii) im
x 0 1  cos5x  
x
6 x
6
tan3x  2x (a  x)2 sin(a  x)  a2 sina
(iii) im (iv) im
x 0 3x  sin2 x x 0 x
ebx  eax
(v) im , where 0 < a < b
x 0 x
ebx  eax
im
x 0
] tgk¡ 0 < a < b
x
x  e2  x  e2  n(1  3x)
(vi) im (vii) im
x 0 1  cos x x 0 3x  1
n (2  x)  n 0.5 xn  2n
(viii) im (ix) Find n  N, if im = 80.
x0 x x 2 x2
x 2n n
n  N gks rks n dk eku Kkr dhft, ;fn im = 80
x 2 x2
1  cos 2x
(x) im 2
x  0 x
( n (1  x)  n2)(3.4 x 1  3x)
(xi) im 1 1
x 1
[(7  x) 3  (1  3x) 2 ].sin(x  1)
16 1
Ans. (i) (ii) 2 (iii)
25 3
(iv) 2a sina + a2 cos a (v) (b – a) (vi) 2e2
3
(vii)
n3
1
(viii) (ix) 5 (x) limit does not exist.lhek fo|eku ugha gSA
2
9 4
(xi)  n
4 e
ADVLCD - 3
B-3. Evaluate the following limits.

fuEufyf[kr lhekvksa dks Kkr dhft, &
 1 2 x  n3  2n2  1  3 n4  1
(i) im  2  2  ....  2  (ii) im , nN
x 
x x x  n  
n6  6n5  2  5 n7  3n3  1
4
 
x 5 tan  12   3 | x |2  7
(iii) im
x 
 x 2  8x  x  (iv) im
x  
 x 
| x |3  7 | x |  8
1 1
Ans. (i) (ii) 1 (iii)  (iv) 
2 
B-4. Evaluate the following limits.

fuEufyf[kr lhekvksa dks Kkr dhft, &
5 5
 2 2
 (x  2) 2  (a  2) 2
(i) im   x  1 3 – (x – 1)3  (ii) im
x  
  x a x a
(iii) im cos
x
 x 1   cos  x
1
 
 (x  1) (x  2) (x  3) (x  4)  
4
(iv) im x
x  
 
3
5
Ans. (i) 0 (ii)  a  2 2 (iii) 0 (iv) 5/2
2
B-5. Evaluate the following limits using expansions :

izlkj dk mi;ksx djrs gq, fuEu lhekvksa ds eku Kkr dhft, %&
1 1 tan2 x
ex  1  sin x 
(x  2)  (15x  2)
2 5
2
(i) im 1
(ii) im
x 2 x 0 x3
(7x  2)  x 4
2 1
Ans. (i) – (ii)
25 3
a  bsin x  cos x  cex

B-6 If im exists, find the values of a, b, c. Also find the limit
x 0 x3
a  bsin x  cos x  cex

;fn xim fo|eku gks] rks a, b, c ds eku Kkr dhft, rFkk lhek Hkh Kkr dhft,A
0 x3
1
Ans. a = 2, b = 1, c = –1 and limit = –
3
1
a = 2, b = 1, c = –1 rFkk lhek = –
3
B-7. Find the values of a and b so that:

1  a x sin x  b cos x
(i) im may have a finite limit.
x0 x4
(ii) im
x
 x 4  ax3  3x2  bx  2  x 4  2x3  cx2  3x  d  =4
ADVLCD - 4
axex  b n (1  x)  cxe x
(iii) im  2
x0 x 2 sin x
a vkSj b ds eku Kkr dhft, rkfd
1  a x sin x  b cos x
(i) im dk ,d ifjfer eku gks ldrk gksA
x0 x4
(ii) im
x
 x 4  ax3  3x2  bx  2  x 4  2x3  cx2  3x  d  =4
axex  b n (1  x)  cxe x
(iii) im  2
x0 x 2 sin x
1
Ans. (i) a= ,b=1 (ii) a = 2, b  R, c = 5, d  R
2
(iii) a = 3, b = 12, c = 9
 n 1  x  1
(1 x)
B-8. Find the following limit using expansion im   :

x0  x 2
x
 
 n 1  x  1
(1 x)
izlkj lw=k dk mi;ksx djrs gq, im    dk eku Kkr dhft,A

x0  x 2
x
 
1
Ans.
2
(cos )x  (sin )x  cos 2   

B-9. Prove that im = cos4  n (cos )  sin4  n (sin ),  0 , 
x4 x4  2 
tan(a  2h)  2tan(a  h)  tana

B10_. Find the value of lim .
h 0 h2
tan(a  2h)  2tan(a  h)  tana

lim dk eku Kkr dhft,A
h 0 h2
Ans. 2(sec2a)tana
x n x
SECTION (C) : Limit of form 00 , 0 , 1 , x 
im x
, x 
im , Sandwitch theorem and
e x
Miscellaneous problems on limits.
x n x
[k.M (C) : 00 , 0 , 1 , im , x 
im , :i okyh lhek dk eku Kkr djuk] ls.Mfop izes;]
x  ex x
lhekvksa ij fofo/k iz'u
C-1 Evaluate the following limits :

fuEu lhekvksa ds eku Kkr dhft, &
im  x 
x2
(i) (ii) im (tan x)cosx
x 0 
x
2
(iii) im ([x])1–x , where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function

x 1
im ([x])1–x , tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA

x 1
(iv) im etanx


x
2
Ans. (i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 0 (iv) 0

ADVLCD - 5
C-2. Evaluate the following limits :

fuEu lhekvksa ds eku Kkr dhft, &
x
 1  2x 
(i) im (tan x)tan2x (ii) im  
x

4
x 
 1  3x 
x 1
sec
   x
im 1  nx 
2
(iii) (iv) im  tan   x  
x 1 x 0
 4 
2


Ans. (i) e–1 (ii) 0 (iii) e (iv) e2
C-3 
If im 1  ax  bx
x 1

2 x 1
= e3 , then find conditions on a, b and c.
c
;fn 
im 1  ax  bx
x 1

2 x 1
= e3 gks, rks a, b vkSj c esa izfrcU/k Kkr dhft,A
Ans. a + b = 0 and (vkSj) bc = 3
C-4. Evaluate following limits :
fuEu lhekvksa ds eku Kkr dhft,&
 n x  xn 
x n 1  x  e x sin  x 
(i) im   (ii) im e 
x  x  n
n x x
 n x
x n 1  x 
Ans. (i) im   1 (ii) 1
x  n x
[1 . 2x]  [2 . 3x]  .....  [n . (n  1) x]

C-5. Evaluate im , where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function.
n  n3
[1 . 2x]  [2 . 3x]  .....  [n . (n  1) x]
im dk eku Kkr dhft,] tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr
n  n3
djrk gSA
x
Ans.
3

x 2n  1
C-6. If f(x) = im 2n ,nN find range of f(x).
n   x 1
x 2n  1
;fn f(x) = im 2n , nN gks, rks f(x) dk ifjlj Kkr dhft,A
n   x 1
Ans. {–1, 0, 1}
Section (D) : Continuity at a point

[k.M (D) : fcUnq ij lrr~rk
 sin (a  1) x  sin x
 x for x  0

D-1. Determine the values of a, b & c for which the function f (x) =  c for x  0
 (x  bx2 )1/2  x1/2
 for x  0
 b x3/2
is continuous at x = 0.
ADVLCD - 6
 sin(a  1)x  sin x

 ;fn x  0
x

a, b ,oa c ds eku Kkr dhft, ftuds fy;s Qyu f (x) =  c ;fn x  0

 (x  bx )  x
2 1/ 2 1/ 2
 3 / 2
;fn x  0
bx
x = 0 ij lrr~ gksA
3 1
Ans. a =  , b  0, c =
2 2
 1  sin3 x , x  /2
 3 cos2 x

D-2. Find the values of ' a ' & ' b ' so that the function, f (x) =  a , x   / 2 is continuous at
 b (1  sin x)
 , x  /2
 (   2 x)
2
x = /2.
 1  sin3 x , x  /2
 3 cos2 x

a ,oa b ds eku Kkr dhft, ftuds fy;s Qyu f (x) =  a , x   / 2 , x = /2. ij lrr~ gksA
 b (1  sin x)
 , x  /2
 (   2 x)
2
1
Ans. a= ,b=4
2
D-3. If f(x) = {x} & g(x) = [x] (where {. } & [.] denotes the fractional part and the integral part functions
respectively), then discuss the continuity of :
(i) h(x) = f(x). g(x) at x = 1 and 2 (ii) h(x) = f(x) + g(x) at x = 1
(iii) h(x) = f(x) – g(x) at x = 1 (iv) h(x) = g(x) + f(x) at x = 1 and 2
;fn f(x) = {x} ,oa g(x) = [x] , tgk¡ { .} ,oa [. ] Øe'k% fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu ,oa egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrs
gks] rks fuEufyf[kr dh lrr~rk dh foospuk dhft, :
(i) h(x) = f(x). g(x), x = 1 ,oa 2 ij (ii) h(x) = f(x) + g(x), x = 1 ij
(iii) h(x) = f(x) – g(x) , x = 1 ij (iv) h(x) = g(x) + f(x) , x = 1 ,oa 2 ij
Ans. (i) continuous at x = 1 (ii) continuous
(iii) discontinuous (iv) continuous at x = 1, 2
Ans. (i) x = 1 ij lrr~ (ii) lrr~ (iii) vlrr~ (iv) x = 1, 2 ij lrr~
 f(x)
, x3
D-4. Suppose that f(x) = x  3x  4x + 12 and h(x) =  x  3
3 2
, then

 K , x3
(a) find all zeros of f
(b) find the value of K that makes h continuous at x = 3
(c) using the value of K found in (b), determine whether h is an even function.
 f(x)
, x3
;fn f(x) = x3  3x2  4x + 12 ,oa h(x) =  x  3 gks] rks
 K , x3
(a) f ds lHkh 'kwU; Kkr dhft,A
(b) x = 3 ij h lrr~ cuus ds fy, K dk eku Kkr dhft,A
(c) (b) esa izkIr K ds eku dk mi;ksx dj Kkr dhft, fd D;k h ,d le Qyu gSA
Ans. (a) 2, 2, 3 (b) K=5 (c) even (le)
ADVLCD - 7
sin3x  A sin 2x  B sin x

D-5. If f(x) = (x  0) is continuous at x = 0. Find A & B. Also find f (0).
x5
sin3x  A sin 2x  B sin x
ekuk f(x) = tcfd x  0, ;fn x = 0 ij f lrr~ gks] rks A ,oa B ds eku Kkr
x5
dhft,A
f (0) Hkh Kkr dhft,A
Ans. A =  4, B = 5, f(0) = 1
D6_. If graph of function y = f(x) is
0 1 2 3
and graph of function
y = g(x)is
1 2
then discuss the continuity of f(x) g(x) at x = 3 and x = 2.
;fn y = f(x) dk vkjs[k gS
0 1 2 3
rFkk y = g(x) dk vkjs[k gS
1 2
rc f(x).g(x) dh x = 3 vkSj x = 2 ij lrr~rk dh foospuk dhft,A
Ans. Continuous at x = 1 but discontinuous at x = 2

x = 1 ij lrr~ ijUrq x = 2 ij vlrr~A
Section (E) : Continuity in an interval, Continuity of composite functions, IMVT

ADVLCD - 8
[k.M (E) : vUrjky esa lr~rrk] la;qDr Qyu dh lrr~rk] e/;eku izes;
E-1. Find interval for which the function given by the following expressions are continuous :
og vUrjky Kkr dhft, tgk¡ ij fuEufyf[kr O;atd okys Qyu lrr~ gks :
3x  7 1 x2
(i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) = –
x  5x  6
2
| x | 1 2
x2  1  x 
(iii) f(x) = (iv) f(x) = tan  
1  sin2 x  2 
Ans. (i) x  R – {2, 3} (ii) x  R – {– 1, 1}

(iii) xR (iv) x  R – {(2n + 1), n }
E-2. If f(x) = x + { x} + [x], where [ . ] is the integral part & { . } is the fractional part function. Discuss the
continuity of f in [  2, 2 ]. Also find nature of each discontinuity.
;fn f(x) = x + { x} + [x], tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu ,oa { . } fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA
vUrjky [  2, 2 ] esa f dh lrr~rk dh foospuk dhft,A izR;sd vlrr~rk dh izÑfr Hkh Kkr dhft,A
Ans. discontinuous at all integral values in [ 2, 2]
[ 2, 2] esa lHkh iw.kk±dks ij vlr~r
x2  1
E-3. If f(x) = and g(x) = tan x, then discuss the continuity of fog (x).
x2  1
x2  1
;fn f(x) = 2 ,oa g(x) = tan x gks] rks fog (x) dh lrr~rk dks crkb,A
x 1
 
Ans. discontinuous at n ± , (2n + 1) , n
4 2
 
  n ± , (2n + 1) , nij vlrr~ gSA
4 2
1  x , 0  x  2
E-4. Let f(x) =  . Determine the composite function g(x) = f (f(x)) & hence find the point
3  x , 2  x  3
of discontinuity of g , if any.
1  x , 0  x  2
;fn f(x) =  gks] rks la;qä Qyu g(x) = f (f(x)) Kkr dhft, ,oa g dh vlrr~rk dk dksbZ
3  x , 2  x  3
fcUnq gks rks mls Kkr dhft,A
Ans. g(x) = 2 + x ; 0  x  1,
= 2  x ; 1 < x  2,
= 4  x ; 2 < x  3,
g is discontinuous at x = 1 & x = 2
x = 1, 2 ij g vlrr~ gSA
3 1
E-5. Find the point of discontinuity of y = f(u), where f(u) = and u = .
2u2  5u – 3 x2
3 1
y = f(u), tgk¡ f(u) = vkSj u = ds vlrr~rk ds fcUnq Kkr dhft,A
2u2  5u – 3 x2
7
Ans. – , – 2, 0
3
ADVLCD - 9
x3 7
E-6. Show that the function f(x) = – sin  x + 3 takes the value within the interval
4 3
[–2, 2].
x3 7
çnf'kZr dhft, fd Qyu f(x) = – sin  x + 3 vUrjky [–2, 2] esa eku Hkh xzg.k djrk gSA
4 3
1 5
E-7_. If g(x) = (|x – 1| + |4x – 11|) [x2 – 2x – 2], then find the number of point of discontinuity of g(x) in  , 
2 2
{where [.] denotes GIF}
;fn g(x) = (|x – 1| + |4x – 11|) [x2 – 2x – 2] gS rc  ,  es g(x) dh vlrrrk ds fcUnqvksa dh la[;k Kkr
1 5
2 2
dhft,A {tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu gS}
Ans. 2
Section (F) : Derivability at a point

[k.M (F) : fcUnq ij vodyuh;rk
F-1. Test the continuity & differentiability of the function defined as under at x = 1 & x = 2.
 x ; x  1

f (x) =  2  x ; 1  x  2
 2  3 x  x 2 ; x  2

 x ; x  1

Qyu f(x) =  2  x ; 1  x  2 dh fcUnq x = 1 vkSj x = 2 ij lrr~rk vkSj vodyuh;rk dh
 2  3 x  x 2 ; x  2

tk¡p dhft,A
Ans. continuous at both points but differentiable only at x = 2
nksuksa fcUnqvksa ij lrr~ ijUrq flQZ x = 2 ij vodyuh;


 1 for    x  0
 
F-2. A function f is defined as follows: f(x) =  1  sin x for 0  x 
 2
  
2

2   x   for  x  
  2  2
Discuss the continuity & differentiability at x = 0 & x = /2.


 1    x  0 ds fy;s
 
,d Qyu f bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd f(x) =  1  sin x 0  x  ds fy;s
 2
  
2

2   x   x   ds fy;s
  2  2
x = 0 vkSj x = /2 ij Qyu dh lrr~rk vkSj vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p dhft,A
Ans. continuous but not differentiable at x = 0; differentiable & continuous at x = /2
x = 0 ij lrr~ ijUrq vodyuh; ugha gS] x = /2 ij lrr~ vkSj vodyuh; gSA
ADVLCD - 10
F-3. Prove that f (x) = |x| cos x is not differentiable at x = 0

fl) dhft;s fd x = 0 ij f (x) = |x| cos x vodyuh; ugha gSA
F-4. Show that the function f (x) =  x 

 xm sin 1 ; x  0

is,

 0 ; x  0
(i) differentiable at x = 0, if m > 1.
(ii) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0, if 0 < m  1.
(iii) neither continuous nor differentiable, if m  0.
iznf'kZr dhft, fd Qyu f (x) =  x 

 xm sin 1 ; x  0

0 ; x  0
(i) x = 0 ij vodyuh; gS] ;fn m > 1 gksA
(ii) x = 0 ij lrr~ fdUrq vodyuh; ughaa gS] ;fn 0 < m  1 gksA
(iii) u rks lrr~ u gh vodyuh; gSa] ;fn m  0 gksA
1  e x at x = 0.
2
F-5. Examine the differentiability of f (x) =
1  e x dh x = 0 ij vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p dhft,A
2
f (x) =
Ans. not differentiable at x = 0
x = 0 ij vodyuh; ugha gSA
 a x 2  b if | x |  1

F-6. If f(x) =  1 is derivable at x = 1. Find the values of a & b.
 | x | if | x |  1

 a x2  b ;fn | x |  1
;fn f(x) =  1 , x = 1 ij vodyuh; gS] rks a vkSj b ds eku Kkr dhft,A
 | x | ;fn | x |  1

Ans. a = 1/2, b = 3/2
Section (G) : Derivability in an interval

[k.M (G) : vUrjky esa vodyuh;rk
G-1. Draw a graph of the function, y = [x] + |1  x| , 1  x  3. Determine the points, if any, where this
function is not differentiable, where [. ] denotes the greatest integer function.
Qyu y = [x] + |1  x| , 1  x  3 dk vkjs[k cukdj mu fcUnqvksa dks Kkr dhft;s ¼;fn dksbZ gks½] tgk¡ ;g Qyu
vodyuh; ugha gS] tgk¡ [. ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSaA
Ans. f is not derivable at all integral values in 1 < x  3
f, 1 < x  3 esa lHkh iw.kk±d ekuksa ij vodyuh; ugha gSA
 1
 x  ; 0  x  1
G-2. Discuss the continuity & derivability of f (x) =  2
 x . [x] ; 1 x  2

where [ x ] indicates the greatest integer x.
 1
 x  ; 0  x  1
f (x) =  2 dh lrr~rk ,oa vodyuh;rk dh foospuk dhft,] tgk¡ [x] egÙke iw.kkZad
 x . [x] ; 1 x  2

Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
ADVLCD - 11
Ans. f is continuous but not derivable at x = 1/2, f is neither differentiable nor continuous at x = 1 & x
=2
x = 1/2 ij f lrr~ gS ysfdu vodyuh; ugha gSA x = 1, 2 ij f lrr~ rFkk vodyuh; ugha gSA
G-3. Discuss continuity and differentiability of y = f(x) in [–2, 5] where [.] denotes GIF & {.} denotes FPF
 [x] , x  [–2, 0]
 {x} , x  (0, 2)

 x2
f(x) =  , x  [2, 3)
 4
 1
 , x  [3, 5]
 log4 (x  3)
vUrjky [– 2, 5] esa y = f(x) dh lr~rrk ,oa vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p dhft;s tcfd [.] egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu dks ,oa {}
 [x] , x  [–2, 0]
 {x} , x  (0, 2)

 x 2
fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks n'kkZrk gSA f(x) =  , x  [2, 3)
 4
 1
 , x  [3, 5]
 log4 (x  3)
Ans. discontinuous and non-differentiable at –1, 0, 1, 3, 4
x = –1, 0, 1, 3, 4 ij vlrr~ ,oa vodyuh; ughaA
  x2 
G-4. Check differentiability of f(x) = sgn (x 2/3) + cos  2 
+ |x – 1|5/3 in [–2, 2] where [.] denotes GIF.
  1  x 
  x2 
vUrjky [– 2, 2] esa f(x) = sgn (x2/3) + cos  2 
+ |x – 1|5/3 dh vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p dhft;s tcfd
  1  x  
[.] egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
Ans. Differentiable in [–2, 2] esa vodyuh;
G-5_. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of h(x) = f(x) g(x) in (0, 3) if
 | x  1|  | x  2 |
 , x  (0, 1)
 2
e e
x

f(x) = {where [.] denot GIF} and g(x) =  | x  1|  | x  2 | , x  [1, 2)
[x]  1  3 | x  1|  | x  2 |
  
, x  [2, 3)
 2
ex  e
Qyu h(x) = f(x) g(x) dh vUrjky (0, 3) es lrrrk o vdyuh;rk ij fVIi.kh dhft, tgk¡ f(x) =
[x]  1
 | x  1|  | x  2 |
 , x  (0, 1)
 2
{tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks O;Dr djrk gSA } rFkk g(x) =  | x  1|  | x  2 | , x  [1, 2)
 3 | x  1|  | x  2 |
  
, x  [2, 3)
 2
Ans. Continuos everwhere in (0, 3) but non differentiable at x= 2
ADVLCD - 12
Section (H) : Functional equations and Miscellaneous

[k.M (H) : Qyuh; lehdj.k rFkk fofo/k
7
H-1. If f : R  R satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), for all x, y  R and f(1) = 2, then r 1
f(r) is :
7
;fn f : R  R, f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y),  x, y  R dks larq"V djrk gS ,oa f(1) = 2 gks] rks r 1
f(r) gS&
Ans. 56
f(1  cos x)  f(2)

H-2. If f(2) = 4 then, evaluate lim ..
x 0 tan2 x
f(1  cos x)  f(2)
;fn f(2) = 4 gks] rks lim dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x 0 tan2 x
Ans. – 2
H-3. Let a function f : R  R be given by f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x, y  R and f(x)  0 for any x  R. If the
function f (x) is differentiable at x = 0, show that f(x) = f(0) f(x) for all x  R. Also, determine f(x).
izR;sd x, y  R ds fy, ,d Qyu f : R  R esa f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) ds }kjk fn;k tkrk gS vkSj izR;sd x  R ds
fy, f(x)  0 gSA ;fn Qyu f (x) fcUnq x = 0 ij vodyuh; gS] rks iznf'kZr dhft, fd izR;sd x  R ds fy,
f(x) = f(0) f(x) rFkk f(x) Hkh Kkr dhft,A
Ans. f(x) = exf(0)  x  R
 1  1
H-4. Let f(x) be a polynomial function satisfying the relation f(x). f   = f(x) + f    x  R – {0} and
x x
f(3) = –26. Determine f(1).
;fn f(x), lEcU/k f(x). f   = f(x) + f    x  R – {0} ,oa f(3) = –26 dks lUrq"V djus okyk cgqin Qyu gks
1 1
x x
rks f(1) dks Kkr dhft,A
Ans. – 3
H-5. Let function f(x) satisfying the relation f(x + y)+ f(x – y) = 2f(x).f(y), then prove that it is even function
ekuk Qyu f(x) lEcU/k f(x + y)+ f(x – y) = 2f(x).f(y) dks lUrq"V djrk gS] rks fl) dhft, fd f(x) ,d le Qyu
gSA
H-6. Let f(x) be a bounded function. L1 = im (f(x) – f(x)) and L2 = im f(x) where  > 0. If L1, L2 both
x   x  
L
exist and L1 = L, then prove that L2 = – .

ekuk f(x) ifjc) Qyu gS rFkk L1 = im (f(x) – f(x)) ,oa L2 = im f(x), tgk¡  > 0. ;fn L1, L2 nksuksa fo|eku
x   x  
L
gks rFkk L1 = L gks] rks fl) dhft, fd L2 = –

H-7. Let R be the set of real numbers and f: RR be such that for all x & y in R
|f(x) – f(y)|  |x – y|3. Prove that f(x) is constant.
;fn R okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gks vkSj R esa lHkh x vkSj y ds fy, f: R  R bl izdkj gS fd
|f(x) – f(y)|  |x – y|3, fl) dhft, fd f(x) vpj gSA
ADVLCD - 13
PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
Hkkx - II : dsoy ,d lgh fodYi çdkj (ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE)
Section (A) : Definition of LHL/RHL and Indeterminate forms

[k.M (A) : ck¡;ha lhek@nk¡;ha lhek dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj vfu/kk;Z :i
A-1. im sin1 ((sec x)) is equal to

x0

(A) (B) 1 (C) zero (D*) none of these
2
im sin1 ((sec x)) dk eku gS –
x0

(A) (B) 1 (C) 'kwU; (D*) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
2
A-2. Consider the following statements :

fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, :
[x]
S1 : im is an indeterminate form (where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function).
x  0 x
[x]
S1 : im vfu/kkZ;Z :i esa gSA ¼tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS½
x  0 x
sin (3 x )
S2 : im =0
x   3x
sin (3 x )
S2 : im =0
x   3x
x – sin x
S3 : im does not exist.
x   x  cos2 x
x – sin x
S3 : im fo|eku ugha gSA
x   x  cos2 x
(n  2) !  (n  1) !
S4 : im (n  N) =0
n (n  3) !
(n  2) !  (n  1) !
S4 : im (n  N) =0
n (n  3) !
State, in order, whether S1, S2, S3, S4 are true or false
S1, S2, S3, S4 ds lR; (T) ;k vlR; (F) gksus dk lgh Øe gS &
(A*) FTFT (B) FTTT (C) FTFF (D) TTFT
A-3. im (1  x + [x  1] + [1  x]) is equal to (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)

x 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C*)  1 (D) does not exist

im (1  x + [x  1] + [1  x]), tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks fu:fir djrk gS] dk eku gS&
x 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C)  1 (D) fo|eku ugha gSA
cos1(cos x)
A4_. lim is equal to : cjkcj gS&
x 0 sin1(sin x)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C*) –1 (D) Does not exist fo|eku ugha gS
ADVLCD - 14
SECTION (B) : Evaluation of limits of form 0/0, /,  – , 0 × , Use of L-Hospital

Rule & Expansion
[k.M (B) : 0/0, /,  – , 0 ×  :i okyh lhekvksa ds eku Kkr djuk] L-gkfLiVy fu;e dk mi;ksx
,oa izlkj lw=kkas dk mi;ksx
(x3  27) n (x  2)
B-1. im is equal to
x 3 (x 2  9)
(x3  27) n (x  2)
im dk eku gS&
x 3 (x  9)
2
(A)  8 (B) 8 (C*) 9 (D)  9
(4 x  1)3
B-2. im is equal to
x 0 x  x2 
sin   n  1  
p  3 
(4 x  1)3
im dk eku gS&
x 0 x  x2 
sin   n  1  
p  3 
(A) 9 p (n 4) (B*) 3 p (n 4)3 (C) 12 p (n 4)3 (D) 27 p (n 4)2
B-3. im

sin e x  2  1  is equal to
x2 n (x  1)
im

sin e x  2  1  dk eku gS&
x2 n (x  1)
(A) 0 (B)  1 (C) 2 (D*) 1
sin  n(1  x)

B-4. The value of im is equal to
x  0 n(1  sin x)
sin  n(1  x)
im dk eku gS&
x  0 n(1  sin x)
1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D*) 1
2 4
1  cos2(x  1)
B-5. im
x 1 x 1
(A) exists and it equals 2
(B) exists and it equals  2
(C) does not exist because x  1 
 (D*) does not exist because left hand limit is not equal to right hand limit.
1  cos2(x  1)
im
x 1 x 1
(A) fo|eku gS vkSj 2 ds cjkcj gSA
(B) fo|eku gS vkSj  2 ds cjkcj gSA
(C) fo|eku ugha gS D;ksfa d x  1 
 (D) fo|eku ugha gS D;ksafd ck¡;ha lhek] nk¡;ha lhek ds cjkcj ugha gSA
ADVLCD - 15
3
1  x 2  4 1  2x
B-6. The value of lim is equal to
x 0 x  x2
1  x  4 1  2x
3 2
lim cjkcj gS&
x 0 x  x2
1 1
(A*) (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) –
2 2
2  1  cos x
B-7. The value of lim is equal to
x 0 sin2 x
2  1  cos x
lim cjkcj gS&
x 0 sin2 x
2 2  2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D*)
2 4 8 8
cos1 (1  x)
B-8. im  is equal to
x  0 x
1
cos (1  x)
im dk eku gS&
x  0 x
1
(A) (B*) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
2
 100 
  xk   100
im  
k 1
B-9. is equal to
x 1 x 1
 100 
  xk   100
im  
k 1
dk eku gS &
x 1 x 1
(A) 0 (B*) 5050 (C) 4550 (D)  5050
1
x 3 sin  x  1
B-10. im x is equal to
x x2  x  1
1
(A) 0 (B) (C*) 1 (D) none of these
2
1
x 3 sin  x  1
im x dk eku gS&
x x2  x  1
1
(A) 0 (B) (C*) 1 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
2
 1
x 2 sin  
B-11.  x  is equal to
im
x   
9x  x  1
2
1 1
(A) (B*) – (C) 0 (D) does not exist
3 3
ADVLCD - 16
 1
x 2 sin  
im
 x  dk eku gS &
x   
9x  x  1
2
1 1
(A) (B*) – (C) 0 (D) fo|eku ugha gS
3 3
5n  1  3n  22n
B-12. im , n N is equal to
n   5n  2n  32n  3
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D*) zero

n 1
5 3 2 n 2n
im , n N dk eku gS&
n   5n  2n  32n  3
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D*) 'kwU;
     
B-13. im n cos   sin   , n N is equal to:
n  
 4n   4n 
  
(A) (B*) (C) (D) none of these
3 4 6
     
im n cos   sin   , n N dk eku gS&
n  
 4n   4n 
  
(A) (B*) (C) (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
3 4 6
 
x  2 
B-14. im   is equal to (where [ . ] represents greatest integer function)
 cos x 
x 
 
2
(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C*) – 2 (D) does not exist

 
x  2 
im 

 ] tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSa] dk eku gS&
x  cos x 
 
2
(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) – 2 (D) fo|eku ugha gSA
3n  ( 1)n
B-15. im is equal to (n  N)
n  4n  ( 1)n
3 3 3
(A*) – (B) – if n is even ; if n is odd
4 4 4
3
(C) not exist if n is even ; – if n is odd (D) 1 if n is even ; does not exist if n is odd
4
3n  ( 1)n
im  n  N, dk eku gS&
n  4n  ( 1)n
3
(A) –
4
3 3
(B) – ;fn n le gS; ;fn n fo"ke gSA
4 4
ADVLCD - 17
3
(C) ;fn n le gS rks fo|eku ugha gS; – ;fn n fo"ke gSA
4
(D) 1 ;fn n le gS; ;fn n fo"ke gS rks fo|eku ugha gSA
 2 1 
B16_. lim   is equal to :
x 1 1  x 2
 x  1 
 2 1 
lim   cjkcj gS&
x 1 1  x 2
 x  1 
1 1
(A*) (B) – (C) –1 (D) Does not exist fo|eku ugha gSA
2 2
  1 
B-17. im  x  x 2 n  1   is equal to :
x 
  x  
  1 
im  x  x 2 n  1   dk eku gS&
x 
  x  
1 3 1
(A*) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 2 3
x2
–
e 2
– cos x
B-18. im 3
is equal to
x0 x sin x
x2
–
e 2
– cos x
im dk eku gS&
x0 x 3 sin x
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C*) (D)
4 6 12 8
sin(6x 2 )
B-19. im is equal to
x  0 ncos(2x 2  x)
sin(6x 2 )
im dk eku gS&&
x  0 ncos(2x 2  x)
(A) 12 (B*)  12 (C) 6 (D)  6
sin(a  3h)  3sin(a  2h)  3sin(a  h)  sina

B-20_. lim is equal to :
h 0 h3
sin(a  3h)  3sin(a  2h)  3sin(a  h)  sina
lim cjkcj gS&
h 0 h3
(A) cosa (B*) –cosa (C) sina (D) sina cosa
x n x
SECTION (C) : Limit of form 00 , 0 , 1 , x 
im , x 
im , Sandwitch theorem and
ex x
Miscellaneous problems on limits.
x n x
[k.M (C) : 00 , 0 , 1 , im
x  x
, x 
im , :i okyh lhekvksa ds eku Kkr djuk] lS.Mfop izes; ,oa
e x
lhekvksa ij fofo/k iz'u
x 1
 x  2
C-1. im   is equal to
x
 x  2
(A*) e4 (B) e 4 (C) e2 (D) none of these
ADVLCD - 18
x 1
 x  2
im   dk eku gS&
x
 x  2
(A) e4 (B) e 4 (C) e2 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
 
5
C-2. im  1  tan2 x x
is equal to
x  0
(A*) e5 (B) e2 (C) e (D) none of these
1  tan 
5
im 2
x x
dk eku gS&
x  0
(A) e5 (B) e2 (C) e (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

1
C-3. The value of im (1  [x]) n (tan x) is equal to (where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function)

x
4
(A) 0 (B*) 1 (C) e (D) e1

1
im (1  [x]) n (tan x)
, tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks fu:fir djrk gS] dk eku gS &

x
4
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) e (D) e1
x
 x 2  2x  1 
C-4. im  2  is equal to
x
 x  4x  2 
x
 x 2  2x  1 
im  2  dk eku gS&
x
 x  4x  2 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C*) e2 (D) e
1
C-5. The limiting value of (cos x) sin x at x = 0 is:
(A*) 1 (B) e (C) 0 (D) none of these
1
x = 0 ij] (cos x) sin x
dk lhekUr eku gS &
(A) 1 (B) e (C) 0 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
 x 
tan  
 a  2a 
C-6. im  2   is equal to
xa
 x
 x 
tan  
 a  2a 
im  2   dk eku gS&
xa
 x
a 2a 2
  
  
(A) e (B) e (C*) e (D) 1
n
 x 
C-7. im  cos  is
n 
 n
n
 x 
im  cos  gS &
n 
 n
 x2 x2
 x2 2 x2 2
(A) e (B*) e (C) e (D) e
ADVLCD - 19
C-8. If [x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x, then im

n
1
n4
 [13 x]  [23 x]  ...  [n3 x]  is
equal to
;fn [x], x ls NksVs ;k cjkcj egÙke iw.kk±d dks iznf'kZr djrk gS] rks im
n
1
n4
 [13 x]  [23 x]  ...  [n3 x] 
dk eku gS&
x x x x
(A) (B) (C) (D*)
2 3 6 4
Section (D) : Continuity at a point

[k.M (D) : fcUnq ij lrr~rk
cos(sin x)  cos x
D-1. A function f(x) is defined as below f(x) = , x  0 and f(0) = a
x2
f(x) is continuous at x = 0 if 'a' equals
cos(sin x)  cos x
Qyu f(x) bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd f(x) = , x  0 ,oa f(0) = a gks] rks x = 0 ij f(x) lrr~
x2
gksxk ;fn a =
(A*) 0 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
 1
D-2. Let f(x) =  x   [x] , when – 2  x  2. where [ . ] represents greatest integer function. Then
 2 
(A) f(x) is continuous at x = 2 (B) f(x) is continuous at x = 1
(C) f(x) is continuous at x = – 1 (D*) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0
Qyu f(x) =  x   [x] tc – 2  x  2. gks rks &

1
 2
¼tgk¡”[ . ] egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS½
(A) x = 2 ij f(x) lrr~ gS (B) x = 1 ij f(x) lrr~ gS
(C) x = – 1 ij f(x) lrr~ gS (D) x = 0 ij f(x) vlrr~ gS
D-3.

log
The f unction f (x) is def ined by f (x) =  (4x 3)
 x2  2x  5 , if 34  x  1 or x  1

 4 , if x  1
(A) is continuous at x = 1
(B) is discontinuous at x = 1 since f (1 + ) does not exist though f (1  ) exists
(C) is discontinuous at x = 1 since f (1  ) does not exist though f (1 + ) exists
(D*) is discontinuous since neither f (1  ) nor f (1 + ) exist s.
 3
log ( x 2  2x  5) , ; fn  x  1 ;k x  1
f (x) =  ( 4 x 3 ) 4 }kjk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu f (x)

 4 , ; fn x  1
(A) x = 1 ij lrr~ gS
(B) x = 1 ij vlrr~ gS D;ks a f d f (1 + ) fo|eku ugha gS tcfd f (1  ) fo|eku gS A
(C) x = 1 ij vlrr~ gS D;ks a f d f (1  ) fo|eku ugha gS tcfd f (1 + ) fo|eku gS A
(D) vlrr~ gS D;ks a f d u rks f(1  ) u gh f (1 + ) fo|eku gS
 
D-4_. If f(x) = x sin   x  2[x]   , then f(x)is {where [.] denotes GIF}
 2 
(A) Discontinuous at x = 2 (B*) Discontinuous at x = 1
(C) Continuous at x = 1 (D) Continuous at x = 3
ADVLCD - 20

;fn f(x) = x sin   x  2[x]   , rc f(x) gS& {tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu gS }
2 
(A) x = 2 ij vlrr gSA (B) x = 1 ij vlrr gSA
(C) x = 1 ij lrr gSA (D) x = 3 ij lrr gSA
Section (E) : Continuity in an interval, Continuity of composite functions, IMVT

[k.M (E) : vUrjky esa lrr~rk] la;qDr Qyu dh lrr~rk ,oa e/;eku izes;
 (1  p x)  (1  p x)
 x , 1  x  0
E-1. f (x) =  is continuous in the interval [  1, 1 ], then ' p' is
 2x  1 , 0  x 1
 x  2
equal to:
 (1  p x)  (1  p x)
 x , 1  x  0
vUrjky [  1, 1 ] esa Qyu f (x) =  lrr~ gks] rks ' p' dk eku gS
 2x  1 , 0  x 1
 x  2
&
(A)  1 (B*)  1/2 (C) 1/2 (D) 1
E-2. Let f(x) = Sgn(x) and g(x) = x (x 2 – 5x + 6). The function f(g(x)) is discontinuous at
(A) infinitely many points (B) exactly one point
(C*) exactly three points (D) no point
;fn f(x) = Sgn(x) ,oa g(x) = x (x2 – 5x + 6) gks] rks Qyu f(g(x)) dgk¡ ij vlrr~ gS&
(A) vifjfer ekuksa ij (B) Bhd ,d fcUnq ij (C) Bhd rhu fcUnqvksa ij (D) fdlh fcUnq ij ugha
1 1
E-3. If y = where t = , then the number of points of discontinuities of y = f(x), x  R is
t2  t  2 x 1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C*) 3 (D) infinite
1 1
;fn y = 2 tgk¡ t = gks] rks y = f(x), x  R dh vlrr~rk ds fcUnqvksa dh la[;k gS &
t t2 x 1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) vuUr
E-4. The equation 2 tan x + 5x – 2 = 0 has

(A) no solution in [0, /4] (B*) at least one real solution in [0, /4]
(C) two real solution in [0, /4] (D) None of these
lehdj.k 2 tan x + 5x – 2 = 0 ds fy,&
(A) vUrjky [0, /4] esa dksbZ gy ugha gSA (B*) vUrjky [0, /4] esa de ls de ,d okLrfod gy gSA
(C) vUrjky [0, /4] esa nks okLrfod gy gSA (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
Section (F) : Derivability at a point

[k.M (F) : fcUnq ij vodyuh;rk
F-1. If f(x) = x  
x  x  1 , then indicate the correct alternative(s):
(A) f(x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(B*) f(x) is differentiable at x = 0
(C) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
(D) none
ADVLCD - 21
;fn f(x) = x  x  x  1 gks] rks fuEu dFkuksa esa ls lR; dFku gSa &
(A) x = 0 ij f(x) lrr~ gS fdUrq vodyuh; ugha gS
(B) x = 0 ij f(x) vodyuh; gS
(C) x = 0 ij f(x) vodyuh; ugha gS
(D) buesa ls dksbZ ughaa
 x(3e1/ x  4)
 , x0
F-2. If f(x) =  2  e1/ x , then f(x) is
 x0
 0 ,
(A) continuous as well differentiable at x = 0
(B*) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(C) neither differentiable at x = 0 nor continuous at x = 0
(D) none of these
 x(3e1/ x  4)
, x0
;fn f(x) =  2  e1/ x gks] rks f(x) gS &
 
 0 , x 0
(A) x = 0 ij lrr~ vkSj vodyuh; (B) x = 0 ij lrr~ fdUrq vodyuh; ughaa
(C) x = 0 ij u rks vodyuh; u gh lrr~ (D) buesa ls dksbZ ughaa
x
F-3. If f(x) = be a real valued function, then
x 1 x
(A) f(x) is continuous, but f(0) does not exist (B*) f(x) is differentiable at x = 0
(C) f(x) is not continuous at x = 0 (D) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
x
;fn f(x) = ,d okLrfod eku Qyu gS] rks
x 1 x
(A) f(x) lrr~ gS] fdUrq f(0) fo|eku ugha gS (B) x = 0 ij f(x) vodyuh; gS
(C) x = 0 ij f(x) lrr~ ugha gS (D) x = 0 ij f(x) vodyuh; ugha gSA
F-4. The function f(x) = sin1 (cos x) is:

(A) discontinuous at x = 0 (B*) continuous at x = 0
(C) differentiable at x = 0 (D) none of these
Qyu f(x) = sin1 (cos x) gS &
(A) x = 0 ij vlrr~A (B) x = 0 ij lrr~A
(C) x = 0 ij vodyuh;A (D) buesa ls dksbZ ughaaA
 x  {x}  x sin{x} for x  0

F-5. If f(x) =  , where { . } denotes the fractional part function, then:
0 for x  0
(A) f is continuous & differentiable at x = 0 (B) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(C) f is continuous & differentiable at x = 2 (D*) none of these.
 x  {x}  x sin{x} for x  0
;fn f(x) =  , tgk¡ { . } fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks çnf'kZr djrk gS] rks &
0 for x  0
(A) x = 0 ij f lrr~ vkSj vodyuh; gSA (B) x = 0 ij f lrr~ gS fdUrq vodyuh; ugha gSA
(C) x = 2 ij f lrr~ vkSj vodyuh; gSA (D) buesa ls dksbZ ughaaA
ADVLCD - 22
   [x] 2[  x]   5 
   x  
log a [x]  [  x] x  a  for x  0 ; a  1
F-6.

Given f(x) =  a
   1 
  3  a
x 
 
  
 0 for x  0
where [.] represents the integral part function, then:
(A) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(B*) f is continuous & differentiable at x = 0
(C) the differentiability of 'f' at x = 0 depends on the value of a
(D) f is continuous & differentiable at x = 0 and for a = e only.
   [x] 2[  x]   5 
   x  
log a [x]  [  x] a  for x  0 ; a  1
 
x
fn;k gS f(x) =  a  1 
  
x 
 3 a 
  
 0 for x  0
tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS] rks
(A) x = 0 ij f lrr~ gS ysfdu vodyuh; ugha gSA
(B*) x = 0 ij f lrr~ rFkk vodyuh; gSA
(C) x = 0 ij f dh vodyuh;rk a ds eku ij fuHkZj gSA
(D) x = 0 vkSj dsoy a = e ds fy, f lrr~ rFkk vodyuh; gSA
 x2  1
 , 0  x  2
x2  1

 , 2  x  3
F-7. If f (x) = 
4
(
1 x3  x2 ) , then:

9
4  x  4  2  x  , 3  x  4

(A) f (x) is differentiable at x = 2 & x = 3 (B*) f (x) is non-differentiable at x = 2 & x = 3
(C) f (x) is differentiable at x = 3 but not at x = 2 (D) f (x) is differentiable at x = 2 but not at x = 3.
 x2  1
 , 0  x  2
x2  1

2  x  3
;fn f (x) = 
,
4
(
1 x3  x2 ) gks] rks &

9
4  x  4  2  x  , 3  x  4

(A) x = 2 vkSj x = 3 ij f (x) vodyuh; gSA
(B) x = 2 vkSj x = 3 ij f(x) vodyuh; ugha gSA
(C) x = 3 ij f(x) vodyuh; gS fdUrq x = 2 ij ughaaA
(D) x = 2 ij f (x) vodyuh; gS fdUrq x = 3 ij ughaaA
ADVLCD - 23
Section (G) : Derivability in an interval

[k.M (G) : vUrjky esa vodyuh;rk
x
G-1. The set of all points where the function f(x) = is differentiable is:
1 |x|
x
mu lHkh fcUnqvksa dk leqPp;] tgk¡ f(x) = vodyuh; gS] gSa &
1 |x|
(A*) (  ) (B) [ 0, ) (C) ( , 0)  (0, ) (D) (0, )
G-2. If f (x) is differentiable everywhere, then :

(A) f  is differentiable everywhere
2
(B*) f is differentiable everywhere
(C) f f is not differentiable at some point (D) f + f  is differentiable everywhere
;fn f (x) lHkh fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; gks] rks
(A) f  lHkh fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; gSA
2
(B*) f lHkh fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; gSA
(C) f f dqN fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; ugha gSA (D) f + f  lHkh fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; gSA
G-3. Let f (x) be defined in [ 2 , 2] by

f (x) = 

max 4  x 2 ,

1  x2 ,  2  x  0
, then f (x) :
 
 min 4  x 2 , 
1  x2 , 0  x  2
(A) is continuous at all points
(B) is not continuous at more than one point .
(C) is not differentiable only at one point
(D*) is not differentiable at more than one point
ekukfd vUrjky [ 2 , 2] esa f(x) bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd :
f (x) = 
 
max 4  x 2 ,

1  x2 ,  2  x  0
=
 
 min 4  x 2 , 
1  x2 , 0  x  2
gks] rks f (x) :

(A) lHkh fcUnqvksa ij lrr~ gSA
(B) ,d ls vf/kd fcUnqvksa ij lrr~ ugha gSA
(C) dsoy ,d fcUnq ij vodyuh; ugha gSA
(D) ,d ls vf/kd fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; ugha gSA
G-4. The number of points at which the function f(x) = max. {a  x, a + x, b},   < x < , 0 < a < b cannot be
differentiable is:
(A) 1 (B*) 2 (C) 3 (D) none of these
Qyu f(x) = max. {a  x, a + x, b},   < x < , 0 < a < b dqy fdrus fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; ugha gks ldrk gS \
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ughaa
ADVLCD - 24
max f(t), 0  t  x, 0  x  1
G-5. Let f(x) = x – x2 and g(x) =  , then in the interval [0, )
 sin x , x  1
(A) g(x) is everywhere continuous except at two points
(B) g(x) is everywhere differentiable except at two points
(C*) g(x) is everywhere differentiable except at x = 1
(D) none of these
max f(t), 0  t  x, 0  x  1
ekuk fd f(x) = x – x2 vkSj g(x) =  gks] rks vUrjky [0, ) esa
 sin x , x  1
(A) g(x) nks fcUnqvksa ds vfrfjDr lHkh fcUnqvksa ij lrr~ gSA
(B) g(x) nks fcUnqvksa ds vfrfjDr lHkh fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; gSA
(C) g(x), x = 1 ds vfrfjDr lHkh fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; gSA
(D) buesa ls dksbZ ughaa
G-6. Consider the following statements :
S1 : Number of points where f(x) = | x sgn (1 – x2) | is non-differentiable is 3.

 
a sin 2 (x  1) , x  0
S2 : Defined f(x) =  , In order that f(x) be continuous at x = 0, 'a' should be
 tan x  sin x , x  0
 x3
1
equal to
2
S3 : The set of all points, where the function 3
x 2 | x | is differentiable is (–, 0)  (0, )
1
S4 : Number of points where f(x) = –1
is non-differentiable in the interval (0, 3) is 3.
sin (sin x)

S1 : f(x) = | x sgn (1 – x2) | ftu fcUnqvks ij vodyuh; ugha gS] mudh la[;k 3 gSA
 
a sin 2 (x  1) , x  0 1
S2 : f(x) =  bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd f(x), x = 0 ij lrr~ gSA a dk eku
 tan x  sin x , x  0 2
 x3
gksxkA
S3 : mu lHkh fcUnqvksa dk leqPp; tgk¡ Qyu 3
x 2 | x | vodyuh; gks] (–, 0)  (0, )gSA
1
S4 : f(x) = –1
vUrjky (0, 3) esa ftu fcUnqvks ij vodyuh; ugha gS] mudh la[;k 3 gSA
sin (sin x)
(A*) TTTF (B) TTTT (C) FTTF (D) TFTT
ADVLCD - 25
G-7. Consider the following statements :

sin (  [x  ])
S1 : Let f(x) = , where [ . ] stands for the greatest integer function. Then f(x) is
1  [x]2
discontinuous at x = n + , n 
S2 : The function f(x) = p[x + 1] + q [x – 1], (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function) is
continuous at x = 1 if p + q = 0
S3 : Let f(x) = |[x] x| for – 1  x  2, where [.] is greatest integer function, then f is not differentiable
at x = 2.
S4 : If f(x) takes only rational values for all real x and is continuous, then f(10) = 10.
sin (  [x  ])
S1 : ekuk f(x) = , tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS] rc f(x), x = n + ,
1  [x]2
n  ij vlrr~ gSA
S2 : Qyu f(x) = p[x + 1] + q [x – 1], (tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks n'kkZrk gS) x = 1 ij lrr~ gksxk ;fn
p+q=0
S3 : ekuk – 1  x  2 ds fy, f(x) = |[x] x|, tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS] rc f, x = 2
ij vodyuh; ugha gSA
S4 : ;fn f(x) lHkh okLrfod x ds fy, dsoy ifjes; eku xzg.k djrk gks rFkk lrr~ gks] rks f(10) = 10.
(A) FTTT (B) TTTF (C*) FTTF (D) FFTF
G-8. For what triplets of real numbers (a, b, c) with a 0 the f unction

 x , x  1
f (x) =  is diff erentiable f or all real x?
2
ax  bx  c , otherwise

,s l h okLrfod la [ ;kvks a ds f=kd (a, b, c), tgk¡ a 0 ftlds fy, Qyu

 x , x 1
f (x) =  2 iz R ;s d okLrfod la [ ;k x ds fy, vodyuh; gS ?
ax  bx  c , vU;Fkk

(A*) {(a, 12a, a)  a  R, a 0 } (B) {(a, 12a, c)  a, c  R, a 0 }

(C) {(a, b, c)  a, b, c  R, a + b + c = 1 } (D) {(a, 12a, 0)  a  R, a 0}
Section (H) : Functional Equations and Miscellaneous

[k.M (H) : Qyuh; lehdj.k rFkk fofo/k
f(2h  2  h2 )  f(2)
H-1. Given that f(2) = 6 and f(1) = 4, then lim =
h 0 f(h  h2  1)  f(1)
(A) does not exist (B) is equal to –3/2 (C) is equal to 3/2 (D*) is equal to 3
f(2h  2  h2 )  f(2)
fn;k x;k gS fd f(2) = 6 vkSj f(1) = 4 gks] rks lim =
h 0 f(h  h2  1)  f(1)
(A) fo|eku ugha gSA (B) –3/2 ds cjkcj gS (C) 3/2 ds cjkcj gS (D) 3 ds cjkcj gS
ADVLCD - 26
10
H-2. If f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y),  x & y  N and f(1) = 2, then the value of  f(n) is
n 1
10
;fn f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y),  x & y  N vkSj f(1) = 2 gks] rks 
n 1
f(n) dk eku gS&
(A) 2036 (B*) 2046 (C) 2056 (D) 2066
H-3. If f(1) = 1 and f(n + 1) = 2f(n) + 1 if n  1, then f(n) is equal to

;fn f(1) = 1 ,oa f(n + 1) = 2f(n) + 1 rFkk n  1, rks f(n) cjkcj gS&
(A) 2n + 1 (B) 2n (C*) 2n – 1 (D) 2n–1 – 1
H-4. If y = f(x) satisfies the condition f x  1  1


x = x + 2 (x  0), then f(x) is equal to
2
x
  1
;fn y = f(x) izfrcU/k f x  1x = x2 + 2 (x  0) dks lUrq"V djrk gS] rks f(x) cjkcj gS&
x
(A)  x2  2 (B)  x2  2
(C) x – 2, x  R – {0}
2 (D*) x2  2, |x|  [2, )
H-5. A function f : R  R satisfies the condition x 2 f(x) + f(1  x) = 2x  x4. Then f(x) is:
Qyu f : R  R }kjk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu] izfrcU/k x2 f(x) + f(1  x) = 2x  x4 dks lUrq"V djrk gS] rks f(x) gS&
(A) – x2 – 1 (B*) – x2 + 1 (C) x2  1 (D) – x4  1
H-6. If f: R  R be a differentiable function, such that f(x + 2y) = f(x) + f(2y) + 4xy  x, y  R. then
;fn f : R  R ,d vodyuh; Qyu bl izdkj gS fd f(x + 2y) = f(x) + f(2y) + 4xy  x, y  R gks] rks&
(A) f(1) = f(0) + 1 (B) f(1) = f(0) – 1 (C) f(0) = f(1) + 2 (D*) f(0) = f(1) – 2
PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN
Hkkx - III : dkWye dks lqesfyr dhft, (MATCH THE COLUMN )
1. Let [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
Column – I Column – II
(A) If P(x) = [2 cos x], x  [–, ], then P(x) (p) is discontinuous at exactly 7 points
(B) If Q(x) = [2 sin x], x  [–, ], then Q(x) (q) is discontinuous at exactly 4 points
  
(C) If R(x) = [2 tan x/2], x    , , then R(x) (r) is non differentiable at some points
 2 2 
 x  
(D) If S(x) = 3cosec  , x   , 2 , then S(x)(s) is continuous at infinitely many values
 3  2 
Ans. (A)  (p, r, s), (B)  (p, r, s), (C)  (q, r, s), (D)  (r, s)

 ekuk [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
LrEHk – I LrEHk – II
(A) ;fn P(x) = [2 cos x], x  [–, ] gks] rks P(x) (p) Bhd 7 fcUnqvksa ij vlrr~ gSA
(B) ;fn Q(x) = [2 sin x], x  [–, ] gks] rks Q(x) (q) Bhd 4 fcUnqvksa ij vlrr~ gSA
ADVLCD - 27
 
(C) ;fn R(x) = [2 tan x/2], x    , gks] rks R(x) (r) dqN fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; ugha
 2 2 
gSaA

;fn S(x) = 3cosec  , x   , 2 gks] rks S(x)
x
(D) (s) vuUr ekuksa ij lrr~ gSA
 3   2 
Ans. (A)  (p, r, s), (B)  (p, r, s), (C)  (q, r, s), (D)  (r, s)
2. Column – I Column – II
(A) f(x) = |x3| is (p) continuous in (–1, 1)
(B) f(x) = | x | is (q) differentiable in (–1, 1)
(C) f(x) = |sin–1 x| is (r) differentiable in (0, 1)
(D) f(x) = cos–1 |x| is (s) not differentiable atleast at one point
in (–1, 1)
Ans. (A)  (p, q, r), (B)  (p, r, s), (C)  (p, r, s), (D)  (p, r, s)
LrEHk – I LrEHk – II
(A) f(x) = |x3| gS & (p) (–1, 1) eas lrr~
(B) f(x) = | x | gS & (q) (–1, 1) esa vodyuh;
(C) f(x) = |sin–1 x| gS & (r) (0, 1) esa vodyuh;
(D) f(x) = cos–1 |x| gS & (s) (–1, 1) esa de ls de ,d fcUnq ij

vodyuh; ugha gSA
Ans. (A)  (p, q, r), (B)  (p, r, s), (C)  (p, r, s), (D)  (p, r, s)
ADVLCD - 28

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
Hkkx-I : dsoy ,d lgh fodYi çdkj (ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE)
 | x |3  x  3 
1. im      (a < 0), where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x,
x a  a  a  

is equal to
 | x |3  x  3 
im      (a < 0), tgk¡ [x], x ls Nks V s ;k cjkcj egÙke iw . kkZ a d dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS a ] dk
x  a  a  a  

eku gS &
(A) a 2 1 (B*) – a 2 – 1 (C) a 2 (D) – a 2
x x x x x
2. im cos cos 2 cos 3 cos 4 .......cos n is equal to (x 0)
n   2 2 2 2 2
x x x x x
im cos cos 2 cos 3 cos 4 .......cos n dk eku gS &
n   2 2 2 2 2
sin x x
(A) 1 (B)  1 (C*) (D)
x sin x
  nsin    n tan   
3. im       , where [.] represents greatest integer function and n N, is equal to
0
       
(A) 2n (B) 2n + 1 (C*) 2n – 1 (D) does not exist
  nsin    n tan   
im       , tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS vkSj n dk eku gS &
0
       
(A) 2n (B) 2n + 1 (C) 2n – 1 (D) fo|eku ugha gS
im  sin x 
4. 
x0  1  e
x
  , where [] represents greatest integer function, is equal to
x 

(A*) – 1 (B) 1 (C) log 2 1

(3  2) (D) does not exist
im  1  e x sin x 
x0     (tgk¡ [] egÙke
x 
iw.kkZad Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS ) dk eku gS&

(A) – 1 (B) 1 (C) log 2 1

(3  2) (D) fo|eku ugha gS
cos (sin x)  cos x

5. The v alue of im is equal to
x 0 x4
cos (sin x)  cos x
im dk eku gS &
x 0 x4
tan x 1 sin x  x 1
(A) im 3 (B*) (C) im (D)
x 0 x 6 x 0 x3 3
ADVLCD - 29
sin x – (sin x)sin x

6. The value of im is
x 
 1– sin x  n sin x
2
sin x – (sin x)sin x

im
x 
 1– sin x  n sin x
2
(A) 1 (B*) 2 (C) 3 (D) /2
7. The value of im tan2 x

x 
  2 sin2 x  3 sin x  4  sin2 x  6 sin x  2 is equal to:
2
im tan2 x
x 
  2 sin2 x  3 sin x  4  sin2 x  6 sin x  2  dk eku gS&
2
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C*) (D)
10 11 12 8
1
8. If  and  be the roots of equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then
x

im 1  ax 2  bx  c  x  is equal to
1
;fn lehdj.k ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ds ew y  vkS j  gks ] rks im 1  ax2  bx  c  x   dk eku gS &
x
(A) a () (B) n |a (| (C*) ea(  ) (D) ea| |
 n 
   
1 1
n
e x  2x ex
 3x ex


9. im   , n  N, is equal to
x  xn
2 3
(A) 0 (B*) n   (C) n   (D) none of these
3 2
 n 
   
1 1
n
e x  2x ex
 3x ex


im   , n  N, dk eku gS &
x  xn
2 3
(A) 0 (B*) n   (C) n   (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
3 2
10.


im  im
exp x  n 1 
ay
x   
exp  x



b y  
n 1  x   
 
is equal to
y 0 x  y 
 
 


im  im
exp x  n 1 
ay
x   
exp  x



b y  
n 1  x   
 
dk eku gS &
y 0 x  y 
 
 
(A) a + b (B*) a  b (C) b  a (D)  (a + b)
 2x x
11. The graph of the f unction f (x) = im  cot 1 2  is
t 0   t 
Qyu f (x) = im  cot 1 2  dk vkjss[k gS&

2x x
t 0   t 
ADVLCD - 30
(A) (B) (C*) (D)
12. Let [x] denote the integral part of x  R and g(x) = x  [x]. Let f (x) be any continuous
f unction with f (0) = f(1), then the f unction h(x) = f (g(x)) :
(A) has f initely many discontinuities (B*) is continuous on R
(C) is discontinuous at some x = c (D) is a constant f unction.
;fn [x], x  R ds egÙke iw.kkZad eku dks iznf'kZr djrk gS ,oa g(x) = x – [x] gSA ;fn f(x) dksbZ lrr~ Qyu gS
ftlds fy, f(0) = f(1) gks] rks Qyu h(x) = f(g(x)) :
(A) dbZ fcUnqvksa ij vlrr~ gSA (B) x  R ij lrr~ gS A
(C) fdlh x = c ij vlrr~ gS A (D) ,d vpj Qyu gS A

 a(1  x sin x)  bcos x  5
 x0
x2

13_. Let f(x) =  3 x0
 1/ x
   cx  dx 3  
  1   x2
  x0
   
If f(x) is continuous at x = 0 then find (a – b – c + ed)
(A) 0 (B*) 6 (C) –6 (D) 2

 a(1  x sin x)  bcos x  5
 x0
x2

ekuk f(x) =  3 x0
 1/ x
   cx  dx 3  
  1   x2
  x0
   
;fn f(x), x = 0 ij lrr~ gS rc (a – b – c + ed)
(A) 0 (B*) 6 (C) –6 (D) 2
x 2 if x is irrational

Let f (x) = 
1 if x is rational
14. , then:
(A) f (x) is discontinuous f or all x
(B) discontinuous f or all x except at x = 0
(C*) discontinuous f or all x except at x = 1 or  1
(D) none of these
x2 ;fn x vifjes; gS

;fn f (x) =  gks ] rks
1 ;fn x ifjes; gS
(A) x ds lHkh ekuks a ij f (x) vlrr~ gS A
(B) x = 0 dks Nks M + d j x ds lHkh ekuks a ij vlrr~ gS A
(C) x = 1 ;k  1 dks Nks M + d j x ds lHkh ekuks a ij vlrr~ gS A
(D) bues a ls dks b Z ugha
ADVLCD - 31
15. A point (x, y), where f unction f (x) = [sin [x]] in (0, 2 ) is not continuous, is ([ .] denotes
greatest
integer  x).
;fn f (x) = [sin [x]] ; x  (0, 2) gks ] rks vUrjky es a og fcUnq (x, y) tgk¡ f (x) lrr~ ugh gS ] gS a &
¼ [.], x ls Nks V k ;k cjkcj egÙke iw . kkZ a d dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS ½
(A) (3, 0) (B) (2, 0) (C) (1, 0) (D*) (4, –1)
 (1  sin x)t  1
16. The f unction f def ined by f (x) = lim   . is
 (1  sin x)  1
t t
(A) ev erywhere continuous (B*) discontinuous at all integer v alues of x

(C) continuous at x = 0 (D) none of these
 (1  sin x)t  1
f (x) = lim   }kjk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu f gS
 (1  sin x)  1
t t
(A) lHkh txg lrr~ (B) x ds lHkh iw . kkZ a d ekuks a ij vlrr~

(C) x = 0 ij lrr~ (D) bues a ls dks b Z ugha
  1
 x  1  x sin x  , x  0
  
  1
17. If f (x) =   x  1  x sin  , x  0 , then f (x) is
  x
 0 , x0


(A) continuous as well as diff . at x = 0 (B*) continuous at x = 0, but not diff. at
= 0
(C) neither continuous at x = 0 nor diff. at x = 0 (D) none of these
  1
 x  1  x sin x  , x  0
  

;fn f (x) =   x  1  x sin  , x  0 gks] rks f (x) gS &
1
  x
 0 , x0


(A) x = 0 ij lrr~ ,oa vodyuh; (B) x = 0 ij lrr~ gS fdUrq vodyuh; ugha
(C) x = 0 ij u rks lrr~ u gh vodyuh; (D) buesa ls dksbZ ughaa
18. The f unctions def ined by f (x) = max {x 2 , (x  1) 2 , 2x (1  x)}, 0  x  1

(A) is diff erentiable f or all x
(B) is diff erentiable f or all x except at one point
(C*) is diff erentiable f or all x except at two points
(D) is not diff erentiable at more than two points.
Qyu f (x) = max {x 2 , (x  1) 2 , 2x (1  x)}, 0  x  1
(A) lHkh x ds fy, vodyuh; gS A
(B) ,d fcUnq dks Nks M + d j lHkh x ds fy, vodyuh; gS A
(C) nks fcUnq v ks a dks Nks M + d j lHkh x ds fy, vodyuh; gS A
(D) nks fcUnq v ks a ls vf/kd fcUnq v ks a ij vodyuh; ugha gS A
19. [x] denotes the greate st integer less than or equal to x. If f (x) = [x] [sin x] in (1,1), then
f (x) is:
(A) continuous at x = 0 (B*) continuous in (1, 0)
(C) diff erentiable in (1,1) (D) none
ADVLCD - 32
;fn [x], x ls Nks V k ;k cjkcj egÙke iw . kkZ a d dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS ] vkS j Q yu f (x) = [x] [sin x],
vUrjky (– 1, 1) es a ifjHkkf"kr gS ] rks f (x) gS &
(A) x = 0 ij lrr~ (B) (1, 0) es a lrr~
(C) (1,1) es a vodyuh; (D) bues a ls dks b Z ugha a
20. Let f (x) = [n + p sin x], x  (0, ), n  Z, p is a prime number and [x] is greatest integer
less than or equal to x. The number of points at which f (x) is not diff erentiable is
ekuk f (x) = [n + p sin x], x  (0, ), n  Z, p ,d vHkkT; la[;k gS vkSj [x] egÙke iw.kk±d gS tks x ls
NksVk ;k cjkcj gSA ,sls fcUnqvksa dh la[;k ftu ij f (x) vodyuh; ugha gS ?
(A) p (B) p – 1 (C) 2p + 1 (D*) 2p – 1
1
21. Let f: R  R be any function and g (x) = . Then g is
f(x)
(A) onto if f is onto (B*) one-one if f is one-one
(C) continuous if f is continuous (D) differentiable if f is differentiable
1
ekukfd f: R  R dksbZ Qyu gS vkSj g (x) = gS] rks g gSa &
f(x)
(A) vkPNknd] ;fn f vkPNknd gS (B) ,dSdh] ;fn f ,dSdh gS
(C) lrr~] ;fn f lrr~ gS (D) vodyuh;] ;fn f vodyuh; gS
max f (t) for 0  t  x for 0  x  1
22. Let f (x) = x 3  x 2 + x + 1 and g(x) =,  then:
 3 x  x for 1  x  2
2
(A) g(x) is continuous & deriv able at x = 1

(B) g(x) is continuous but not deriv able at x = 1
(C*) g(x) is neither continuous nor deriv able at x = 1
(D) g(x) is deriv able but not continuous at x = 1
ekuk fd f(x) = x 3  x 2 + x + 1 ,oa g(x) = 

 vf/kdre f(t); 0  t  x 0  x  1
gSa] rks %
 3 x  x 1  x  2
2

(A) x = 1 ij g(x) lrr~ ,oa vodyuh; gSA
(B) x = 1 ij g(x) lrr~ gS fdUrq vodyuh; ugha gSA
(C) x = 1 ij g(x) u rks lrr~ gS u gh vodyuh; gSA
(D) x = 1 ij g(x) vodyuh; gS fdUrq lrr~ ugha gSA
 x  y  f ( x ) f ( y
23. Let f : R  R be a f unction such that f  = , f (0) = 0 and f (0) = 3, then
 3  3
f(x)
(A) is diff erentiable in R
x
(B) f (x) is continuous but not diff er entiable in R
(C*) f (x) is continuous in R
(D) f (x) is bounded in R
x  y  f ( x ) f ( y
ekukfd f : R  R ,d Qyu bl izdkj gS fd f  = , f (0) = 0 vkSj f (0) = 3 gks] rks
 3  3
f(x)
(A) , R esa vodyuh; gSA
x
(B) f (x), R esa lrr~ gS fdUrq vodyuh; ugha gSA
(C) f (x), R esa lrr~ gSA
(D) f (x), R esa ifjc) gSA
ADVLCD - 33
xy 4  2(f(x)  f(y))

24. If a diff erentiable f unction f satisf ies f  =  x, y  R, then f (x) is
 3  3
equal to
x  y  4  2(f(x)  f(y))
;fn ,d vodyuh; Qyu f , x,y ds lHkh okLrfod ekuksa ds fy, f  = dks lUrq"V djrk
 3  3
gks] rks f (x) =
1 2 8 4
(A) (B) (C) (D*)
7 7 7 7
PART - II : SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE

Hkkx - II : ,dy ,oa f}&iw.kk±d eku izdkj ¼SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE½
2
 im f(x) 
sin1(1  {x}) . cos1(1  {x})
, then   
x 0 
1. Let f (x) =
2{x} (1  {x}) 
 im f(x) 
 x 0 
(where {.} denotes the f ractional part f unction)
2
 im f(x) 
sin1(1  {x}) . cos1(1  {x})
gks] rks  x 0  

ekuk f (x) = 
2{x} (1  {x})  im f(x)
 x 0  
( tgk¡ {.} fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS )
Ans. 2
  1  1
 x sin    sin  2  , x  0
2. Let f (x) =  x x  , then im f (x) is equal to
x
0 , x 0

  1  1
 x sin    sin  2  , x  0
ekuk f (x) =  x x  gks ] rks im f (x) dk eku gS &
x
0 , x 0

Ans. 1
 1  cos x cos2x 1  cos3 x  3cos2 x  3cos x 

3. im   3  is equal to
x 0  cos x  63 
 x2 
 1  cos x cos2x 1  cos3 x  3cos2 x  3cos x 
im   3  dk eku gS&
x 0  cos x  63 
 x2 
Ans. 2
im f(x) exists and is finite and nonzero and im  f(x)  3f(x)  1  = 3, then the value of im f(x)
4. If x x  f 2 (x) 
 x

is equal to
im f(x) fo|eku gS rFkk ifjfer ,oa v'kwU; gS vkSj im  3f(x) 1  im
;fn x x  f(x)  f 2 (x)  = 3 gks] rks x f(x) dk
 
eku gS&
Ans. 1
 x 1 , x 1  x 1 , x  0
5. If f(x) =  2 , g(x) =  2 and h(x) = |x|,
2x  2 , x  1  x  1 , x  0
then im f(g(h(x))) is equal to
x 0
ADVLCD - 34
 x 1 , x 1  x 1 , x  0
;fn f(x) =  , g(x) =  2 vkSj h(x) = |x| gks ] rks im f(g(h(x))) dk eku
2x  2 , x  1  x  1 , x  0
2 x 0
gS&
Ans. 0
sin x , x  n , n  0, 1, 2,........

6. If f(x) =  and g(x) =
2 , otherwise
x  1 , x  0 , 2
2

4 , x0 , then im g (f(x)) is equal to
5 x 0
 , x2
x2  1 , x 0 , 2
sin x x  n ,  0, 1, 2,........
vkSj g(x) = 4
, n
;fn f(x) =  , x0
2 , vU;Fkk 5
 , x2
gks] rks im g (f(x)) dk eku gS &
x 0
Ans. 1
 1 1 1 1 
7. im     .............   is equal to
n  n2 n 1
2
n 2
2
n  2n 
2
 1 1 1 1 
im     .............   dk eku gS &
n  n 2
n 1
2
n 2
2
n  2n 
2
Ans. 2
 1
8. The value of lim x 2  2  where [.] denotes G..F., is
x 0 x 
 1
;fn [.] egÙke iw . kkZ a d Qyu dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS ] rks lim x 2  2  dk eku gks x kµ
x 0 x 
Ans. 1
9. im
 1
 sin x  tan1 x 84x tan

1
2 1    is equal to
 0  x3 sin x 
x

 
im

 sin1 x  tan1 x 84x tan

1
2 1    dk eku gS &
x  0  x3 sin x 

 
Ans. 11
im x3
10. If x 0 = 1, then the value of (a + b) where a > 0, is
a  x (bx  sin x)
im x3
;fn x 0 = 1, rc (a + b) dk eku gksxk tgk¡ a > 0
a  x (bx  sin x)
Ans. 37
ADVLCD - 35
n
 5  4 
11. If f (x) = 
 x     x    1  , then n 
  
im f (0) is equal to
1 

n
 5  4 
;fn f (x) =


 x     x    1  gks] rks n 
  
im f (0) dk eku gS &

1
Ans. 20
 ( 1)[ x ]
2
if x0

12. Let f(x) =  1 . Then im 5f(x) + im 7f(x) equals (where [ . ] represents greatest
 n
im if x0 x 0  x 0
 1  xn
integer function)
 ( 1)[ x ]
2
;fn x  0

ekuk f(x) =  1 . rks im 5f(x) + im 7f(x) cjkcj gS& (tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu
 n
im ;fn x  0 x 0  x 0 
 1  xn
dks iznf'kZr djrk gS)
Ans. 12
 1

 e  1  x  x 
13. The v alue of lim where [.] denotes GIF is
 x 0 tan x 
 
 1

lim e  1  x   dk eku gS tcfd [.] egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu dks n'kkZrk gSA
x
 x 0 tan x 
 
Ans. 1
nx
e n x  en x  2 cos  k x2
14. If im 2 exists and f inite (n, k  N), then the
x  0 (sin x  tan x)
least v alue of 4k + n  2 is :
nx
e n x  en x  2 cos  k x2
;fn im 2 fo|eku rFkk ifjfer gks (n, kN) ] rks 4k +
x  0 (sin x  tan x)
n  2 dk U;w u re eku gS &
Ans. 21
12 n  22 (n 1)  32 (n  2)  .....  n2 . 1 a
15. If im = where a and b are coprime numbers then 2a
n 13  23  33  ......  n3 b
+ 3b =
12 n  22 (n 1)  32 (n  2)  .....  n2 . 1 a
;fn im = tgk¡ a ,oa b lg vHkkT; la[;k,sa gS] rks 2a + 3b =
n 13  23  33  ......  n3 b
Ans. 11
n98 1
16. If im = , then the value of x equals
n 
n  (n  1)
x x
99
n98 1
;fn im = , rks x dk eku cjkcj gS&
n 
n  (n  1)
x x
99
Ans. 99
ADVLCD - 36

 4 x  5 [x] for x  1
17. The number of points of discontinuity of f (x) = 
 cos  x 
 for x  1
(where [x] is the greatest integer not greater than x) in [0, 2] is
 4 x  5 [x], x 1
Qyu f(x) =  ds fy;s vUrjky [0, 2] esa vlrr~rk ds fcUnqvksa dh la[;k gSµ
cos  x  , x  1

( tcfd [x] egÙke iw.kkZad gS tks x ls cM+k ugh gS)
Ans. 4
 2x 2  12x  16 , 4  x  2

18. If f (x) = 2 | x | , 2  x  1 , then the maximum length of interv al f or which f (|x|)

 4x  x  2 1  x  13
2
,
is continuous is
 2x 2  12x  16 , 4  x  2

;fn f(x) = 2 | x | , 2  x  1 , rks ml vf/kdre vUrjky dh yEckbZ ftles a f (|x|) lrr~

 4x  x  2 , 1  x  13
2
gS ] gks x h
Ans. 26
1  sin x n (sin x)  

19. Let f (x) = . , x  . The value of f   so that the f unction
(   2 x)2
n (1  2  4x  4x 2 ) 2 2

is continuous at x = is  and ||  = 1 where  N then find product of all possible
2
values of 
1  sin x n (sin x)   
 ekuk f (x) = . , x  . f   dk eku  gS tcfd f (x), x = ij
(   2 x)2
n (1    4x  4x )
2 2
2 2 2
lrr~ gS rFkk ||  = 1 tgk¡  N rc  ds lEHko ekuks a dk xq . kuQy gS µ
Ans. 36
 
(sin x  cos x)
cosecx
 x0
, 2


 x0
 a
20. If the function f(x) defined as f(x) =  ,

 1 2 3
 ex  ex  ex 
 1 3
, 0x
 ae 2  x  be 1 x 2
is continuous at x = 0 , then the value of loge1/ 7 a + 9b is :

 
(sin x  cos x)
cosecx
 x0
, 2


 x0
;fn Qyu f(x) bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd f(x) = 
a
,

 1 2 3
 ex  ex  ex 
 1 3
, 0x
 ae 2  x  be 1 x 2
x = 0 ij lrr~ gS] rks loge1/ 7 a + 9b dk eku gS&
Ans. 16
ADVLCD - 37
21. The number of points of non diff erentiability of the f unction f (x) = |sin x| + sin |x | in [–4,
4] is
Qyu f (x) = |sin x| + sin |x|, [ –4, 4] ds fy;s ,s l s fcUnq v ks a dh la [ ;k Kkr dhft;s ftu ij
Qyu vodyuh; ugha gS A
Ans. 7
 sin [x 2 ] 
  ax3  b , 0  x  1
22. If f (x) =  x 2  3x  8 is differentiable in [0 , 2] , then the value of [a + b + 6] is
 2cos  x  tan1 x , 1  x  2

(Here [ . ] stands for the greatest integer function)
 sin [x 2 ] 
 ax3  b , 0  x  1
;fn vUrjky [0, 2] es a f (x) =  x 2  3x  8 vodyuh; gS ] rks [a + b + 6] dk eku
 2cos  x  tan1 x , 1  x  2

gS µ
(tgk¡ [ . ], egÙke iw . kkZ a d Qyu dks n'kkZ r k gS )
Ans. 4
 x 2 e2( x 1) for 0  x  1

23. If f (x) =  is diff erentiable at x = 1
a sgn (x  1) cos (2x  2)  bx for 1  x  2
2
then a 3 + b 3 =
 x 2 e2( x 1) , 0  x  1 ds fy,
;fn f (x) =  x = 1 ij vodyuh; gks ]
a sgn (x  1) cos (2x  2)  bx , 1 x  2 ds fy,
2
rks a 3 + b 3 =
Ans. 7
{ex }n  1
24. Find number of points of non-differentiability of f(x) = lim in interval [0, 1] where {.} represents
n  {e x } n  1
fractional part function

{e }  1x n
vUrjky [0, 1] esa ,sls fcUnqvksa dh la[;k ftu ij f(x) = lim vodyuh; ugha gS] gksxhµ
n  x n
{e }  1
(tcfd {.} fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks n'kkZrk gSA )
Ans. 0
25. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Th e number of integral points
in [–1, 1] where f (x) = [x sin x] is diff erentiable are
ekuk [x] ml egÙke iw.kkZad dks n'kkZrk gS tks x ls NksVk ;k x ds cjkcj gSA vUrjky [–1, 1] esa ,sls iw.kkZad fcUnqvksa
dh la[;k tgk¡ f (x) = [x sin x] vodyuh; gS] gksxhµ
Ans. 3
2f(x)  3f(2x)  f(4x)

26. Let f (x) be continuous at x = 0 and f (0) = 4 then v alue of lim is
x2
x 0
2f(x)  3f(2x)  f(4x)

ekukfd x = 0 ij f (x) lrr~ gS vkSj f (0) = 4 gks] rks lim dk eku gS &s
x 0 x2
Ans. 12
27. Let f : R  R is a function satisfying f(10 – x) = f(x) and f(2 – x ) = f(2 +x), x R. If f(0) = 101, then the
minimum possible number of values of x satisfying f(x) = 101 for x [0,30] is
ADVLCD - 38
ekuk f : R  R es a ifjHkkf"kr Qyu f(10 – x) = f(x) rFkk f(2 – x ) = f(2 +x), x R dks lUrq " V djrk gS A
;fn f(0) = 101 rc f(x) = 101, x [0,30] dks lUrq " V djus okys x ds ekuks a dh U;w u re la H kkfor la [ ;k
gS A
Ans. 11
n
28. Find the natural number 'a' for which  f(a  k)
k 1
= 2048(2n – 1), where the function ‘f’ satisfies the
relation f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) for all natural numbers x & y and further f(1) = 2
n
izkd`r la[;k 'a' Kkr dhft, ftlds fy,  f(a  k) = 2048(2
k 1
n
– 1), tgk¡ lHkh izkd`r la[;kvksa x vkSj y ds fy,
Qyu f lEcU/k f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) dks larq"V djrk gS vkSj f(1) = 2.
Ans. 10
PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

Hkkx - III : ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd lgh fodYi çdkj
x 2  9x  20
1. Let f (x) = (where [x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x),
x  [x]
then
(A*) im f (x) = 0 (B*) im f(x) = 1

x5 x  5
(C*) im f (x) does not exist (D) none of these

x5
x 2  9x  20
ekuk f (x) = , tgk¡ [x], x ls Nks V s ;k cjkcj egÙke iw . kk± d dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS ] rks &
x  [x]
(A) im f (x) = 0 (B) im f (x) = 1
x5 x5
(C) im f (x) fo|eku ugha gS A (D) bues a ls dks b Z ugha

x5
cos2  cos2x
2. If f (x) = , then
x2  | x |
cos2  cos2x
;fn f(x) = , rc&
x2  | x |
(A*) im f (x) = 2 sin 2 (B*) im f (x) = 2 sin 2
x 1 x 1
(C) im f (x) = 2 cos 2 (D) im f (x) = 2 cos 2

x 1 x 1
x(1  acos x)  bsin x 1  acos x b sin x

3. If  = im = im – im , where   R, then
x  0 x3 x  0
x 2 x  0 x3
(A*) (a, b) = (–1, 0) (B) a & b are any real numbers
1
(C)  = 0 (D*)  =
2
x(1 acos x)  b sin x 1  acos x b sin x
;fn  = x im = im – im tgk¡   R gks ] rks &
 0 x3 x  0 x2 x 0 x3
(A) (a, b) = (–1, 0) (B) a ,oa b dksbZ okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSa
1
(C)  = 0 (D)  =
2
ADVLCD - 39
| x  |
4. Let f (x) = , then
sin x
(A*) f (–  ) =  1 (B*) f (–  ) = 1
(C*) im f (x) does not exist (D*) im f (x) does not exist
x   x
| x  |
ekuk f (x) = gks ] rks &
sin x
(A) f (–  ) =  1 (B) f (–  ) = 1
(C) im f (x) fo|eku ugha gS A (D) im f (x) fo|eku ugha gS A
x   x
| x  |
Hindi f (x) =
sin x
| –  h   | |h|
(A) f (–  ) = im = im = – 1
h 0 sin (–   h) h 0 – sin h
| – – h   | |h|
(B) f (–  ) = im = im = 1
h 0 sin(–  – h) h 0 sin h
(C) f (–  )  f (–  ) vr% im f (x) fo|eku ugha gS A
x  
(D) im f (x) f (x) ds fy;s

x
| x  | 2 – h 2
LHL = im– = im = = 
x  sin x h 0 sinh 0
| x  | 2  h 2
RHL = im = im = – = – 
x  sin x h 0 – sinh 0
LHL  RHL vr% xim f (x) fo|eku ugha gS A

 2x
1  , 0  x  1
5. Let f (x) =  a , if im f (x) exists, then v alue of a is :
x 1

 ax, 1  x  2
 2x
1 0  x  1
ekuk f (x) =  a
,
, ;fn im f (x) fo|eku gS ] rks a ds eku gS &
x 1

 ax, 1  x  2
(A) 1 (B*) – 1 (C*) 2 (D) – 2
ax 2  bx  c
6. Let ,  be the roots of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where 1 <  <  and xim
x = 1, then
0 ax 2  bx  c
which of the following statements is correct
(A*) a > 0 and x0 < 1 (B*) a > 0 and x0 > 
(C*) a < 0 and  < x0 <  (D) a < 0 and x 0 < 1
ax 2  bx  c
ekuk lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 ds ew y ,  gS a ] tgk¡ 1 <  <  rFkk xim
x = 1 gks ] rks
0 ax 2  bx  c
fuEu dFkuks a es a ls lR; dFku gS %&
(A*) a > 0 vkS j x0 < 1 (B*) a > 0 vkS j x0 > 
(C*) a < 0 vkS j  < x0 <  (D) a < 0 vkS j x0 < 1
ADVLCD - 40
a0 xm  a1xm1  .....  ak xmk

7. Let  (x) = , where a0  0, b0  0 and m, n  N, then which of the following
b0 xn  b1xn1  ....  b xn
statements is/are correct.
(A*) If m > n then, im  (x) is equal to 0 

x 0
a0
(B*) If m = n then, im  (x) is equal to 
x 0 b0
a0
(C*) If m < n and n – m is even, > 0, then im  (x) is equal to 
b0 x 0
a0
(D*) If m < n and n – m is even, < 0, then im  (x) is equal to – 
b0 x 0
a0 xm  a1xm1  .....  ak xmk

ekuk  (x) = , tagk a0  0, b0  0 rFkk m, n  N, rc fuEu es ls dkSuls dFku lgh
b0 xn  b1xn1  ....  b xn
gS?
(A) ;fn m > n rc, xim  (x) dk eku 0 ds cjkcj gSA 
0
a0
(B) ;fn m = n rc, xim  (x) dk eku ds cjkcj gSA 
0 b0
a0
(C) ;fn m < n vkSj n – m le gS, > 0, rc im (x) dk eku gSA
x 0
b0
a0
(D) ;fn m < n vkSj n – m le gS, < 0, rc im (x) dk eku –gSA
x 0
b0
8. Given a real valued function f such that

 tan2 [x]
 2 , x0
 (x  [x] )
2


f(x) = 
1 , x0


 {x} cot {x}, x  0
where [.] represents greatest integer function and {.} represents fractional part function, then
(A) im f(x) = 1 (B*) im f(x) = cot1
x 0 x 0
 im f(x) = 1
2
(C*) cot–1 (D*) im f(x) = 0
x  0 x 0
 tan2 [x]
 2 , x0
 (x  [x] )
2

,d okLrfod eku Qyu f bl izdkj gS fd f(x) =  ,
1 , x0


 {x} cot {x}, x  0
tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu rFkk {.} fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS] rks&
(A) im f(x) = 1 (B*) im f(x) = cot1
x 0 x 0
ADVLCD - 41
 im f(x) = 1
2
(C*) cot–1 (D*) im f(x) = 0
x  0 x 0
x2  2
9. If f (x) = , then
3x  6
x2  2
;fn f (x) = gks ] rks &
3x  6
1 1 1 1
(A*) im f (x) = – (B*) im f (x) = (C) im f (x) = (D) im f (x) = –
x  3 x  3 x  3 x  3
sin 2x  a sin x
10. If im = p (finite), then
x0 x3
sin 2x  a sin x
;fn im = p ¼ifjfer½ gks ] rks &
x0 x3
(A*) a = – 2 (B) a = – 1 (C) p = – 2 (D*) p = – 1
(ax  1)n
11. im is equal to
x   xn  A
(A*) a n if n  N (B*)  if n  Z – & a = A = 0
1
(C*) if n = 0 (D*) a n if n  Z – , A = 0 & a  0
1 A
(ax  1)n
im dk eku gS &
x   xn  A
(A) a n ;fn n  N (B)  ;fn n  Z – ,oa a = A = 0
1
(C) ;fn n = 0 (D) a n ;fn n  Z – , A = 0 ,oa a  0
1 A
12. If  = im (sin x  1 – sin x ) and m = im [sin x  1 – sin x ], where [.] denotes the greatest
x x
integer function, then :

;fn  = im (sin x  1 – sin x ) vkSj m = im [sin x  1 – sin x ] gS] tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu dks
x x
iznf'kZr djrk gS] rks&

(A*)  = 0 (B) m = 0
(C*) m is undefined m vifjHkkf"kr gSA (D)  is undefined vifjHkkf"kr gSA
13. If f (x) = | x |sin x , then

(A*) im f (x) = 1 (B*) im f (x) = 1
x0 x0
(C*) im f (x) = 1 (D) limit does not exist at x = 0

x0
;fn f (x) = | x |sin x gks ] rks &

(A) im f (x) = 1 (B) im f (x) = 1
x  0 x  0
(C) im f (x) = 1 (D) x = 0 ij lhek fo+ | eku ugha gS A

x0
1
14. If im  cos x  a sin bx  x = e 2 , then the possible v alues of ' a ' & ' b ' are :
x  0
1
;fn im  cos x  a sin bx  x = e 2 gks ] rks a ,oa b ds lEHkkfor eku gS &
x  0
(A*) a = 1 , b = 2 (B*) a = 2 , b = 1 (C*) a = 3, b = 2/3 (D*) a = 2/3 , b = 3

ADVLCD - 42
2
15. If im
x0
1  ax  bx  2 x
= e 3 , then possible v alues of a and b is/are :
2
;fn im
x0
1  ax  bx  2 x
= e 3 gks , rks a vkS j b ds lEHkkfor eku gS a &
3 1 3 3 3
(A) a = 3, b = 0 (B*) a = , b = (C*) a = , b= (D*) a = , b= 0
2 2 2 2 2
16. im log x sin x is equal to

x  0 sin
2
im log x sin x dk eku gS &

x  0 sin
2
(A*) 1 (B) 0 (C) lim x sin x (D*) lim (tan x)sin x

x 0 x 0
xn
17. im = 0, n  integer number, is true f or
x   ex
(A) no v alue of n (B*) all values of n

(C*) negativ e v alues of n (D*) positive values of n
xn
im x = 0, n  iw . kk± d la [ ;k] lR; gS &
x e
(A) n ds fdlh Hkh eku ds fy, ugha (B) n ds lHkh ekuks a ds fy,
(C) n ds _.kkRed ekuks a ds fy, (D) n ds /kukRed ekuks a ds fy,
log (x  2)  x 2n sin x
18. If f (x) = Limit (n  N), then
n x 2n  1
log (x  2)  x 2n sin x
;fn f (x) = Limit (n  N) gks ] rks
n x 2n  1
(A*) lim f(x) = –sin1 (B*) lim f(x) = log3
x 1 x 1
log3  sin1
(C) lim f(x) = sin1 (D*) f (1) =
x 1 2
19. W hich of the f ollowing f unction(s) def ined below has/hav e single point continuity.
 1 if x  Q  x if x  Q
(A) f (x) =  (B*) g(x) = 
0 if x  Q 1 x if x  Q
 x if x  Q  x ;fn x Q
(C*) h(x) =  (D*) k(x) = 
0 if x  Q   x ;fn x Q
fuEufyf[kr ifjHkkf"kr Qyuks a es a ls dkS u &dkS u ls ,dy fcUnq ij lrr~ gS &
1 ;fn x  Q  x ;fn x  Q
(A) f(x) =  (B) g(x) = 
0 ;fn x  Q 1  x ;fn x  Q
 x ;fn x Q  x ;fn x Q
(C) h(x) =  (D) k(x) = 
0 ;fn x Q   x ;fn x Q
 | x3| , x  1

20. The f unction f (x) =  x2   3x   13  is:
        , x 1
 4   2   4 
(A*) continuous at x = 1 (B*) diff erentiable at x = 1

(C*) continuous at x = 3 (D) diff erentiable at x = 3
ADVLCD - 43
 | x3| , x  1

Qyu f (x) =  x2   3x   13  gS &
        , x 1
 
 4   2  4 
(A) x = 1 ij lrr~ (B) x = 1 ij vodyuh;
(C) x = 3 ij lrr~ (D) x = 3 ij vodyuh;
1
21. If f (x) = x – 1, then on the interval [0, ]
2
1 1
(A) tan (f (x)) and are both continuous (B) tan (f (x)) and are both
f(x) f(x)
discontinuous
1
(C*) tan (f (x)) and f – 1 (x) are both continuous (D*) tan (f (x)) is continuous but is
f(x)
not.
1
;fn f (x) = x – 1 gks ] rks vUrjky [0, ] ij
2
1 1
(A) tan (f (x)) ,oa nks u ks a lrr~ gS (B) tan (f (x)) ,oa nks u ks a vlrr~ gS
f(x) f(x)
1
(C) tan (f (x)) ,oa f – 1 (x) nks u ks a lrr~ gS (D) tan (f (x)) lrr~ gS ijUrq ugha A
f(x)
0 , x
22. Let f (x) and g(x) be def ined by f (x) = [x] and g(x) =  2 (where [ . ] denotes the
x , x  R  
greatest integer f unction), then
(A*) lim g(x) exists, but g is not continuous at x = 1
x 1
(B*) lim f (x) does not exist and f is not continuous at x = 1

x 1
(C*) gof is continuous f or all x
(D) f og is continuous f or all x
0 , x
;fn f (x) ,oa g(x) bl iz d kj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd f (x) = [x] ,oa g(x) =  gks ] rks &
 x 2
, x  R
( tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw . kkZ a d Qyu dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS ½
(A) lim g(x) fo|eku gS ijUrq x = 1 ij g lrr~ ugha gS A
x 1
(B) lim f (x) fo|eku ugha gS rFkk x = 1 ij f lrr~ ugha gS A

x 1
(C) x ds lHkh ekuks a ds fy, gof lrr~ gS A

(D) x ds lHkh ekuks a ds fy, f og lrr~ gS A
23. Let f (x) = [x] + x  [x] , where [ . ] denotes the great est integer f unction. Then
(A*) f (x) is continuous on R + (B*) f (x) is continuous on R
(C*) f (x) is continuous on R –  (D) discontinuous at x = 1
;fn f (x) = [x] + x  [x] gks ] rks &

¼tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw . kkZ a d Qyu dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS ½
(A) R + ij f (x) lrr~ gS (B) R ij f (x) lrr~ gS
(C) R –  ij f (x) lrr~ gS (D) x = 1 ij vlrr~ gS
ADVLCD - 44
24. The points at which the f unction, f(x) = x  0.5 + x  1 + tan x does not hav e a
deriv ativ e in the interv al (0, 2) are:
os fcUnq ftu ij Qyu f (x) = x  0.5 + x  1 + tan x dk vUrjky (0, 2) es a ,d Hkh vodyt
fo|eku ugha gS ] gS a :
(A*) 1 (B*) /2 (C) p/4 (D*) 1/2
25. f (x) = (sin - 1 x)². cos (1/x) if x 0; f (0) = 0, f (x) is:
(A) continuous no where in 1  x  1 (B*) continuous ev erywhere in 1  x 
1
(C) diff erentiable no where in 1  x  1 (D*) diff erentiable ev erywhere in 1 < x
< 1
f (x) = (sin - 1 x)². cos (1/x) ;fn x 0; f (0) = 0 gks] rks f (x) gS :
(A) 1  x  1 es a dgha Hkh lrr~ ugha (B) 1  x  1 es a lHkh txg lrr~
(C) 1  x  1 es a dgha Hkh vodyuh; ugha a (D) 1 < x < 1 es a lHkh txg vodyuh;
n
26. If f (x) = a 0 + a
k 1
k | x |k , where a i s are real constants, then f (x) is
(A*) continuous at x = 0 f or all a i (B) diff erentiable at x = 0 f or all a i  R

(C*) diff erentiable at x = 0 f or all a 2 k – 1 = 0 (D) none of these
n
;fn f (x) = a 0 +  ak | x |k , tgk¡ lHkh a i okLrfod fu;rka d gS ] rks f (x) gS
k 1
(A) lHkh a i ds fy, x = 0 ij lrr~ (B) lHkh a i  R ds fy, x = 0 ij

vodyuh; gS
(C) lHkh a 2 k – 1 = 0 ds fy, x = 0 ij vodyuh; (D) bues a ls dks b Z ugha a
27. Let f : R  R be a function such that f(0) = 1 and for any x, y  R, f(xy + 1) = f(x) f(y) – f(y) – x + 2.
Then f is
(A*) one-one (B*) onto
(C) many one (D) into
ekuk f : R  R esa ,d Qyu bl izdkj gS fd f(0) = 1 rFkk lHkh x, y  R ds fy;s f(xy + 1) = f(x) f(y) – f(y) – x
+ 2 gS] rc f gS
(A) ,dS d h (B) vkPNknd
(C) cgq , s d h (D) vUr{kZ s i h
28. Suppose that f is a diff erentiable f unction with the property that f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y) + xy
and
1
lim f (h) = 3
h 0 h
where [.] represents greatest integer function, then

(A) f is a linear f unction (B*) 2f (1) =  lim(1  2x)1/ x 
 x 0 
x2
(C*) f (x) = 3x + (D*) f ’(1) = 4
2
1
ekukfd f ,d vodyuh; Qyu gS tks xq.k/keZ f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) + xy dk ikyu djrk gS vkSj lim
h 0 h
f (h) = 3 gks]
tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS] rks &
(A) f ,d jSf[kd Qyu gSA (B*) 2f (1) =  lim(1  2x)1/ x 

 x 0 
ADVLCD - 45
x2
(C*) f (x) = 3x + (D*) f ’(1) = 4
2
29. Let ‘f’ be a real valued function defined for all real numbers x such that for some positive constant ‘a’
1
 f(x)   f(x)  holds for all x. Then f(x) is periodic function with period
2
the equation f(x  a) 
2
equal to
(A*) 2 a (B*) 4 a (C*) 6 a (D*) 8 a
;fn x ds lHkh okLrfod ekuksa ds fy, okLrfod eku Qyu f bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd /kukRed vPkj ‘a’ ds dqN
1
 f(x)
2
ekuksa ds fy, lehdj.k f(x  a)   f(x)  , x ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy, lgh gSA fl) dhft, fd
2
Qyu f vkorhZ Qyu gSA
(A*) 2 a (B*) 4 a (C*) 6 a (D*) 8 a
PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Hkkx - IV : vuqPNsn (COMPREHENSION)
Comprehension # 1
vuqPNsn # 1
sin x  aex  be x  c n (1  x)
Consider f(x) = 3
, where a, b, c are real numbers.
x
sin x  aex  be x  c n (1  x)
ekuk f(x) = 3
, tgk¡ a, b, c okLrfod la[;k,sa gSa&
x
1. If im f(x) is finite, then the value of a + b + c is

X  0
;fn im f(x) ifjfer gS] rks a + b + c dk eku gS&

X  0
(A*) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) – 2
2. If im f(x) = (finite), then the value of  is

X  0
;fn im f(x) = (ifjfer), rks  dk eku gS&

X  0
1 1
(A) – 2 (B) – (C) – 1 (D*) –
2 3
3. Using the values of a, b, c as found in Q.No. 1 or Q. No.2 above, the value of im x f(x) is
x 0
ç'u la[;k 1 ,oa 2 ls izkIr a, b, c ds ekuksa dks iz;ksx djrs gq, im x f(x) dk eku gS&
x  0
1 1
(A*) 0 (B) (C) – (D) 2
2 2
Comprehension # 2
If both Lim f (x) and Lim f (x) exist finitely and are equal , then the f unction f is said to
x c x c
hav e removable discontinuity at x = c

If both the limits i.e. Lim f (x) and Lim f (x) exist f initely and are not equal, then the
x c x c
f unction f is said to hav e non-remov able discontinuity at x = c and in this case | Lim f(x)
x c
– Lim f(x) | is called jump of the discontinuity.

x c
ADVLCD - 46
vuqPNsn # 2
;fn Lim f(x) ,oa Lim f(x) nksuksa ifjfer :i ls fo|eku gks rFkk cjkcj gks] rks Qyu f, x = c ij foLFkkiuh;
x c  x c 
vlrr~rk j[krk gSA

;fn nksuksa lhek,¡ vFkkZr~ Lim f(x) ,oa f(x) ifjfer :i ls fo|eku vkSj cjkcj ugha gS rc Qyu f ,
x c 
x = c ij vfoLFkkiuh; vlrr~rk j[krk gSA

bl fLFkfr esa | Lim f(x) – Lim f(x) | dks vlrr~rk dk mNky dgrs gSA
x c  x c 
4. W hich of the f ollowing f unction has non -remov able discontinuity at the origin ?
fuEu es a ls dkS u lk Qyu x = 0 ij vfoLFkkiuh; vlrr~ r k j[krk gS %
1  1  | sin x | 
(A) f (x) = (B) f (x) = x sin (C*) f (x) = (D) f (x) = cos  
n |x| x 1  2cot x
 x 
5. W hich of the f ollowing f unction not def ined at x = 0 has remov able discontinuity at the
origin ?
fuEufyf[kr Qyuks a es a ls x = 0 ij ifjHkkf"kr ugha gks u s a okyk dkS u lk Qyu gS ] tks ew y fcUnq ij
foLFkkiuh; vlrr~ r k j[krk gS &
1
1 1 ex  1 1
(A) f (x) = 1
(B) f (x) = tan – 1 (C) f (x) = 1
(D*) f (x) =
1  2x x ex  1 n |x|
 1 
 tan (tan x) ; x  4
6. If f (x) =  , then jump of discontinuity is
  [x]  1 
; x
 4
(where [ . ] denotes greatest integer f unction)
 1 
 tan (tan x) ; x  4
;fn f(x) =  gks ] rks vlrr~ r k dk mNky (jump) gS &
  [x]  1 
; x
 4
( tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw . kk± d Qyu dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS )
   
(A) – 1 (B) + 1 (C*) 1 – (D) – 1 –
4 4 4 4
Comprehension # 3
 x g(x) , x0
Let f(x) =  , where g(t) = lim (1 + a tan x)t/x, a is positive constant, then
 x  ax  x , x  0
2 3 x  0
7. If a is even prime number, then g(2) =

(A) e2 (B) e3 (C*) e4 (D) none of these
8. Set of all values of a for which function f(x) is continuous at x = 0

(A) (–1, 10) (B) (–, ) (C*) (0, ) (D) none of these
9. If f(x) is differentiable at x = 0, then a 

(A) (–5, –1) (B) (–10, 3) (C*) (0, ) (D) none of these
vuqPNsn # 4
 x g(x) , x0
ekukfd f(x) =  , tgk¡ g(t) = lim (1 + a tan x)t/x, a /kukRed vpj gS] rks&
 x  ax 2
 x 3
, x  0 x  0
ADVLCD - 47
7. ;fn a le vHkkT; la[;k gS] rks g(2) =

(A) e2 (B) e3 (C*) e4 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
8. a ds lHkh ekuks dk leqPp; ftlds fy, Qyu f(x), x = 0 ij lrr~ gS &

(A) (–1, 10) (B) (–, ) (C*) (0, ) (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
9. ;fn f(x), x = 0 ij vodyuh; gS] rks a 

(A) (–5, –1) (B) (–10, 3) (C*) (0, ) (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
Comprehension # 5
Let f : R  R be a function defined as,

1  | x | , | x |  1
f(x) =  and g(x) = f(x – 1) + f(x + 1),  x  R. Then
 0 , | x | 1
10. The value of g(x) is :
 0 , x  3  0 , x  2
2  x , 3  x  1 2  x , 2  x  1
 
  x , 1  x  0   x , 1  x  0
(A) g(x)   (B*) g(x)  
 x , 0  x 1  x , 0  x 1
2  x , 1  x  3 2  x , 1  x  2
 
 0 , x3  0 , x2
 0 , x0
2  x , 0  x 1

  x , 1 x  2
(C) g(x)   (D) none of these
 x , 2x3
2  x , 3x4

 0 , 4x
11. The function g(x) is continuous for, x 

(A) R – {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} (B) R – {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} (C*) R (D) none of these
12. The function g(x) is differentiable for, x 

(A) R (B*) R – {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} (C) R – {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} (D) none of these
vuqPNsn # 5
ekuk f : R  R ,d Qyu bl çdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS&

1  | x | , | x |  1
f(x) =  vkSj g(x) = f(x – 1) + f(x + 1),  x  R. rc
 0 , | x | 1
10. g(x) dk eku gS&

 0 , x  3  0 , x  2
2  x , 3  x  1 2  x , 2  x  1
 
  x , 1  x  0   x , 1  x  0
(A) g(x)   (B*) g(x)  
 x , 0  x 1  x , 0  x 1
2  x , 1 x  3 2  x , 1 x  2
 
 0 , x3  0 , x2
ADVLCD - 48
 0 , x0
2  x , 0  x 1

  x , 1 x  2
(C) g(x)   (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
 x , 2x3
2  x , 3x4

 0 , 4x
11. Qyu g(x) lrr~ gS]  x 

(A) R – {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} (B) R – {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} (C*) R (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
12. Qyu g(x) vodyuh; gS]  x 

(A) R (B*) R – {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} (C) R – {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
ADVLCD - 49
PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
Hkkx - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE ¼fiNys o"kksZ½ ds iz'u

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
* fpfUgr iz'u ,d ls vf/kd lgh fodYi okys iz'u gS -
x2
a  a2  x 2 
1*. Let L = im 4 , a > 0. If L is finite, then
x 0 x4
[IIT-JEE-2009, Paper-1, (4, –1), 80]
x2
a a x 2 2
ekuk L = im 4 , a > 0. ;fn L ifjfer (finite) gS, rc [IIT-JEE-2009,Paper-1, (4, –1), 80]
x 0 x4
1 1
(A*) a = 2 (B) a = 1 (C*) L = (D) L =
64 32
1
2. If lim 1  xln(1  b2 ) x = 2b sin2 , b > 0 and   (–, ], then the value of  is
x 0  
1
;fn lim 1  xln(1  b2 ) x = 2b sin2 , b > 0 rFkk   (–, ], rc  dk eku gS&
x 0
[IIT -JEE 2011, Paper-2, (3, –1), 80]
   
(A) ± (B) ± (C) ± (D*) ±
4 3 6 2
Ans. (D)
3. Let f : R  R be a function such that f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y),  x, y  R. If f(x) is differentiable at x = 0, then
(A) f(x) is differentiable only in a finite interval containing zero [IIT -JEE 2011, Paper-1, (4, 0), 80]
(B) f(x) is continuous  x  R
(C) f(x) is constant x  R
(D) f(x) is differentiable except at finitely many points
eku yhft, f : R  R ,d Qyu gS] tks lehdj.k f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y),  x, y  R dks larq"V djrk gSA ;fn
x = 0 ij Qyu f(x) vodyuh; (differentiable) gS] rks
(A) f(x) dsoy ,d ,sls lhfer varjky esa] ftlesa 'kwU; fLFkr gS] vodyuh; gS
(B) f(x),  x  R, lrr gSA
(C) f(x), x  R, ,d vpj gSA
(D) x ds dqN lhfer ekuksa dks NksM+ dj] f(x) lc txg vodyuh; gSA [IIT -JEE 2011, Paper-1, (4, 0), 80]
Ans. (B, C, D) or (B,C)
  
 x  2 , x
2

 
4*. If f(x) =  cos x ,   x  0 , then [Continuity & Derivability]
 2
 x 1 , 0  x 1
 n x x 1
 ,
Corporate Office: CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005 1
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ADVFNIT - 1

(A*) f(x) is continuous at x = – (B*) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
2
3
(C*) f(x) is differentiable at x = 1 (D*) f(x) is differentiable at x = –
2
  
 x  2 , x
2

 cos x ,    x  0
;fn f(x) =  , rc [IIT -JEE 2011, Paper-2, (4, 0), 80]
 2
 x 1 , 0  x  1
 n x , x 1


(A*) f(x), x = – ij, lrr gSA (B*) f(x), x = 0 ij] vodyuh; (differentiable) ugha gSA
2
3
(C*) f(x), x = 1 ij] vodyuh; gSA (D*) f(x), x = – ij] vodyuh; gSA
2
Ans. (A, B, C, D)
bx
5. Let f : (0, 1)  R be defined by f(x) = , where b is a constant such that 0 < b < 1. Then
1  bx
1
(A*) f is not invertible on (0, 1) (B) f  f–1 on (0, 1) and f(b) =

f (0)
1
(C) f = f –1 on (0, 1) and f(b) = (D) f –1 is differentiable on (0, 1)
f (0)
bx
eku yhft, fd f : (0, 1)  R ,d Qyu gS tks f(x) = , }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS] ;gk¡ b ,d vpj gS tks vUrjky
1  bx
0 < b < 1 esa fLFkr gS] rks
(A*) f vUrjky (0, 1) esa O;qRØe.kh; (invertible) Qyu ugha gSA
1
(B) vUrjky (0, 1) esa f  f –1 vkSj f(b) = gSA
f (0)
1
(C) vUrjky (0, 1) esa f = f –1 vkSj f(b) = gSA [IIT -JEE 2011, Paper-2, (4, 0), 80]
f (0)
(D) f –1 vUrjky (0, 1) esa vodyuh; gSA
Ans. (A)
 x2  x  1 
6. If lim   ax  b  = 4, then [IIT -JEE 2012, Paper-1, (3, –1), 70] [Limits]
x 
 x 1 
 x2  x  1 
;fn xlim   ax  b  = 4 gS] rc

 x  1 
(A) a = 1, b = 4 (B*) a = 1, b = –4
(C) a = 2, b = –3 (D) a = 2, b = 3
ADVFNIT - 2
7. Let (a) and (a) be the roots of the equation  3


1  a – 1 x2    
1 a – 1 x  6
1 a – 1   0 where
a > –1. Then lim (a) and lim (a) are [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-2, (3, –1), 66](Limits)
a 0 a 0
5 1 7 9
(A) – and 1 (B*) –
and –1 (C) – and 2 (D) – and 3
2 2 2 2
     
ekuk fd lehdj.k 3 1  a – 1 x2  1  a – 1 x  6 1  a – 1  0 , tgk¡ a > –1 gS] ds ewy lim (a) vkSj
a 0
lim (a) gSA rc (a) vkSj (a) ds eku fuEu gS&

a 0
5 1 7 9
(A) – vkSj 1 (B*) – vkSj –1 (C) – vkSj 2 (D) – vkSj 3
2 2 2 2
 2 
 x cos , x0
8. Let f(x) =  x , x  R , then f is
0, x0

(A) differentiable both at x = 0 and at x = 2 [IIT -JEE 2012, Paper-1, (3, –1), 70]
(B*) differentiable at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 2
(C) not differentiable at x = 0 but differentiable at x = 2
(D) differentiable neither at x = 0 nor at x = 2
 2 
 x cos , x0
fn;k gS fd f(x) =  x , x  R rc f
0, 
 x 0
(A) x = 0 ,oa x = 2 nksuksa ij vodyuh; gS
(B*) x = 0 ij vodyuh; gS ijUrq x = 2 ij vodyuh; ugha gS
(C) x = 0 ij vodyuh; ugha gS ijUrq x = 2 ij vodyuh; gS
(D) x = 0 ,oa x = 2 nksuksa ij vodyuh; ugha gS
9*. For every integer n, let an and bn be real numbers. Let function f : R  R be given by
a  sin  x, for x  [2n, 2n  1]
f(x) =  n , for all integers n.
 bn  cos x, for x  (2n  1, 2n)
If f is continuous, then which of the following hold(s) for all n ? [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-2, (4, 0), 66]
ekuk fd izR;sd iw.kk±d n ds fy;s] an vkSj bn okLrfod la[;k;sa gaSA Qyu f : R  R fuEu izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr gS %
a  sin  x, for x  [2n, 2n  1]
f(x) =  n , izR;sd iw.kk±d n ds fy;s
 bn  cos x, for x  (2n  1, 2n)
;fn f lrr (continuous) gS] rc izR;sd n ds fy;s] fuEu esa ls dkSulk@dkSuls dFku lgh gS@gSa \
(A) an–1 – bn–1 = 0 (B*) an – bn = 1 (C) an – bn+1 = 1 (D*) an–1 – bn
= –1
10*. For ev ery pair of continuous f unctions f , g:[0, 1]  R such that

max {f (x) : x  [0,1]} = max {g(x) : x [0, 1]}, [JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3, 0)/60]
the correct statement(s) is (are) :
(A*) (f (c)) 2 + 3f (c) = (g(c)) 2 + 3g(c) f or some c  [0, 1]
(B) (f (c)) 2 + f (c) = (g(c)) 2 + 3g(c) f or some c  [0, 1]
(C) (f (c)) 2 + 3f (c) = (g(c)) 2 + g(c) f or some c  [0, 1]
(D*) (f (c)) 2 = (g(c)) 2 f or some c  [0, 1]
lrr~ Qyuksa (Continuous f unctions) ds çR;sd ;qXe (pair) f , g:[0, 1]  R ftuds fy;s vf/kdre
{f (x) : x  [0,1]} = vf/kdre {g(x) : x [0, 1]} gS] ds fy;s lR; dFku gS( gSa)
(A*) fdlh c  [0, 1] ds fy;s (f (c)) 2 + 3f (c) = (g(c)) 2 + 3g(c)
(B) fdlh c  [0, 1] ds fy;s (f(c)) 2 + f (c) = (g(c)) 2 + 3g(c)
ADVFNIT - 3
(C) fdlh c  [0, 1] ds fy;s (f (c)) 2 + 3f (c) = (g(c)) 2 + g(c)

(D*) fdlh c  [0, 1] ds fy;s (f (c)) 2 = (g(c)) 2
Ans. (AD)
1 x
 ax  sin(x  1)  a 1 x 1
11. The largest v alue of the non-negativ e integer a f or which lim    is
x 1
 x  sin(x  1)  1  4
1 x
 ax  sin(x  1)  a 1 x 1
,d v_.kkRed (non-negativ e) iw . kk± d a ds fy, lim    lR; gS ] rks a
x 1
 x  sin(x  1)  1  4
dk vf/kdre eku gS A [JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3, 0)/60]
Ans. (0)
12. Let f : R  R and g : R  R be respectiv ely giv en by f (x) = |x| + 1 and g(x) = x 2 + 1.
max {f(x),g(x)} if x  0,

Def ine h : R  R by h(x)   The number of points at which h(x) is
 min {f(x),g(x)} if x  0.

not diff erentiable is
ekuk fd f : R  R rFkk g : R  R Øe'k% f (x) = |x| + 1 rFkk g(x) = x 2 + 1 }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS A
max {f(x),g(x)} if x  0,
ekuk fd Qyu h : R  R, h(x)   }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS A ,s l s fcUnq tgk¡
 min {f(x),g(x)} if x  0.

h(x) vodyuh; (diff erentiable) ugha gS ] mu fcUnq v ks a dh la [ ;k gS &
[JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3, 0)/60]
Ans. (3)
13. Let f 1 : R  R, f 2 : [0, )  R,f 3 : R  R and f 4 : R  [0, ) be defined by

| x | if x  0 ,
f 1 (x) =  x
e if x  0 ;
f 2 (x) = x 2 ;
sin x if x  0,
f 3 (x) = 
 x if x  0
and
 f (f (x)) if x  0 ,
f 4 (x) =  2 1
f (f
2 1 (x)) – 1 if x0
List I List II
P. f 4 is 1. onto but not one-one
Q. f 3 is 2. neither continuous nor one-one
R. f 2 o f 1 is 3. diff erentiable but not one-one
S. f 2 is 4. continuous and one-one

[LCD] [JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]
ekukfd f 1 : R  R, f 2 : [0, )  R,f 3 : R  R vkSj f 4 : R  [0, ) fuEukuqlkj
[XII]
ADVFNIT - 4
| x | ; fn x  0,
f 1 (x) =  x
e ; fn x  0;
f 2 (x) = x ;
2
sin x ; fn x  0,
f 3 (x) = 
 x ; fn x  0
rFkk

 f (f (x)) ; fn x  0,
f 4 (x) =  2 1 ifjHkkf"kr gSA
 f
2 1(f (x)) – 1 ; fn x  0
lwph- I lwph - II
P. f4 1. vkPNknd (onto) gS ijUrq ,dSdh (one-one) ugha
gSA
Q. f3 2. u larr (continuous) gS u gh ,dSdh gSA
R. f 2 o f1 3. vodyuh; (diff erentiable) gS ijUrq ,dSdh ugha

gSA
S. f2 4. larr (continuous) vkSj ,dSdh gSA

[LCD] [JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]
P Q R S
(A) 3 1 4 2
(B) 1 3 4 2
(C) 3 1 2 4
(D) 1 3 2 4
Ans. (D)
14*. Let g: R  R be a diff erentiable f unction with g(0) = 0, g'(0) = 0 and g'(1)  0. Let f (x)
 x
 g(x), x  0
= | x | and h(x) = e | x | f or all x  R. Let (f oh)(x) denote f (h(x)) and (hof )(x)
 0, x0

denote h(f (x)). Then which of the f ollowing is(are) true?
(A*) f is diff erentiable at x = 0 (B) h is diff erentiable at x = 0
(C) f oh is diff erentiable at x = 0 (D*) hof is diff erentiable at x = 0

ekuk fd g: R  R ,d vodyuh; Qyu gS tgk¡ fd g(0) = 0, g'(0) = 0 ,oa g'(1)  0 gSaA ekuk fd
 x
 g(x), x  0
f (x) = | x | vkSj izR;sd x  R ds fy, h(x) = e | x | gSA ekuk fd (f oh)(x) vkSj (hof )(x) Øe'k%
 0, x0

f (h(x)) vkSj h(f (x)) dks n'kkZrs gSaA rc fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls dkSulk¼ls½ lgh gS ¼gSa½?
(A) x = 0 ij f vodyuh; gSA (B) x = 0 ij h vodyuh; gSA
(C) x = 0 ij f oh vodyuh; gSA (D) x = 0 ij hof vodyuh; gSA
[Limit, Continuity & Derivability] [JEE (Advanced) 2015, P -1 (4, –2)/ 88]
Ans. (A,D)
π π  
15*. Let f (x) = sin  sin  sinx   f or all x  R and g(x) = sin x for all x  R. Let (f og) (x)
 6  2   2
dentoe f (g(x)) and (gof ) (x) denote g(f (x)). Then which of the f ollowing is(are)true?
ADVFNIT - 5
 1 1  1 1
(A*) Range of f is  2 , 2  (B*) Range of f og is   , 
   2 2
f(x) π
(C*) lim  (D) There is an x  R such that (gof )(x) = 1
x 0 g(x) 6
π π  
ekuk fd lHkh x  R ds fy, f (x) = sin  sin  sinx   vkSj lHkh x  R ds fy, g(x) = sin x gSA
6 2  2
ekuk fd
(f og) (x) vkSj (gof ) (x) Øe'k% f (g(x)) vkSj g(f (x)) dks n'kkZrs gSa] rc fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk ¼ls½ lgh gS
¼gSa½?
 1 1  1 1
(A) f dh ifjlj   2 , 2  gSA (B) f og dh ifjlj   ,  gSA
   2 2
f(x) π
(C) lim  (D) R esa ,d x ,slk gS ftlds fy, (gof )(x) = 1
x 0 g(x) 6
[JEE (Advanced) 2015, P-1 (4, –2)/ 88]

Ans. (A,B,C)
 ecos( n ) – e 
16. Let m and n be t wo positiv e integers greater t han 1. If lim    –  e  , then m
0   m  2 n
 
the v alue of is
 ecos( n ) – e 
ekuk fd nks /kukRed iw.kk±d m vkSj n ,d (1) ls cM+s gSa (greater than 1) A ;fn lim    –  e  ,
0   m  2
 
m
rc dk eku gS [JEE (Advanced) 2015, P-2 (4, 0) / 80]
n
Ans. 2
17. Let f : R  R , g : R  R and h : R  R be differentiable functions such that f(x) = x 3 + 3x + 2,

g(f(x)) = x and h(g(g(x))) = x for all x  R. Then [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-1, (4, –2)/62]
ekuk fd f : R  R , g : R  R vkSj h : R  R ,sl vodyuh; Qyu (differentiable functions) gSa fd lHkh x 

R ds fy, f(x) = x3 + 3x + 2, g(f(x)) = x vkSj h(g(g(x))) = x gSA rc&
1
(A) g'(2) = (B) h'(1) = 666 (C) h(0) = 16 (D) h(g(3)) = 36
15
Ans. (B,C)
x 2 sin(x)
18. Let ,   R be such that lim  1 . Then 6( + ) equals
x 0 x – sin x
[JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-1, (3, 0)/62]
ADVFNIT - 6
x 2 sin(x)
ekuk fd ,   R bl idkj gS fd lim  1 rc 6( + ) dk eku gS&
x 0 x – sin x
Ans. 7
 1   1 
Let f :  , 2  R and g :  2 , 2  R be functions defined by f(x) = [x – 3] and
2
19.
 2   
g(x) = |x| f(x) + |4x – 7| f(x), where [y] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to y for y  R. Then
 1 
(A) f is discontinuous exactly at three points in  , 2 [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-2, (4, –2)/62]
 2 
 1 
(B) f is discontinuous exactly at four point in  , 2
 2 
 1 
(C) g is NOT differentiable exactly at four points in   , 2 
 2 
 1 
(D) g is NOT differentiable exactly at five points in   , 2  .
 2 
ekuk fd Qyu f :  , 2  R vkSj g :  , 2  R, f(x) = [x2 – 3] vkSj g(x) = |x| f(x) + |4x – 7| f(x) ls
1 1
 2   2 
ifjHkkf"kr gSa] tgk¡ y  R ds fy, y ls de ;k y ds cjkcj ds egÙke iw.kkZad (greatest integer less than or equal to
y) dks [y] n~okjk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA rc
 1 
(A)  , 2 esa f Bhd rhu (exactly three) fcUnqvksa ij vlarr (discontinuous) gSA
 2 
 1 
(B)  , 2 esa f Bhd pkj (exactly four) fcUnqvksa ij vlarr gSA
 2 
 1 
(C)   , 2  esa g Bhd pkj (exactly four) fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; (differentiable) ugha gSA
 2 
 1 
(D)   , 2  esa g Bhd ik¡p (exactly five) fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; (differentiable) ugha gSA
 2 
Ans. (B,C)
20. Let a, b  R and f : R  R be defined by f(x) = a cos (|x3 –x|) + b|x| sin(|x 3 +x|). Then f is
ADVFNIT - 7
(A) differentiable at x = 0 if a = 0 and b = 1 [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-2, (4, –2)/62]
(B) differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 0
(C) NOT differentiable at x = 0 if a = 1 and b = 0
(D) NOT differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 1
ekuk fd a, b  R vkSj f : R  R, f(x) = a cos (|x3 –x|) + b|x| sin(|x3 +x|) ls ifjHkkf"kr gSA rc f
(A) x = 0 ij vodyuh; (differentiable) gS ;fn a = 0 vkSj b = 1
(B) x = 1 ij vodyuh; gS ;fn a = 1 vkSj b = 0
(C) x = 0 ij vodyuh; ugha gS ;fn a = 1 vkSj b = 0
(D) x = 1 ij vodyuh; ugha gS ;fn a = 1 vkSj b = 1
Ans. (A,B)
21. Let [x] be the greatest integer less than or equals to x. Then, at which of the following point(s) the
function f(x) = x cos((x + [x])) is discontinuous ? [JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-1,(4, –2)/61]
(A*) x = – 1 (B*) x = 1 (C) x = 0 (D*) x = 2
Ekkuk fd x ls NksVk ;k x ds leku lcls cM+k iw.kkZad (integer) [x] gSA rc f(x) = cos((x + [x])), fuEu esa ls fdu
fcUnq¼vksa½ ij vlrr (discontinuous) gS ?
(A*) x = – 1 (B*) x = 1 (C*) x = 0 (D*) x = 2
Note : Minor mistake given in JEE(Advanced) in this question so English and Hindi answer is different
Ans. English Question (A,B,D)
Hindi Question (A,B,C,D)
1  x(1 | 1  x |)  1 
22*. Let f (x) =
| 1 x |
cos   for x  1. Then [JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-2,(4, –2)/61]
 1 x 
Limit, Continuity & Differentiability
(A) limx 1 f (x) = 0 (B) limx 1 f (x) does not exist
(C) limx 1 f (x) = 0 (D) limx 1 f (x) does not exist
1  x(1 | 1  x |)  1 
ekuk fd x  1 ds fy;s] f (x) = cos   A rc
| 1 x |  1 x 
ADVFNIT - 8
(A) limx 1 f (x) = 0 (B) limx 1 f (x) dk vfLrRo ugha gS (does not exist)
(C) limx 1 f (x) = 0 (D) limx 1 f (x) dk vfLrRo ugha gS (does not exist)
Ans. (CD)
23. For any positive integer n, define f n : (0, )  R as
 

1
f n(x) = n
j1
tan1   for all x  (0, ). [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(4, –2)/61]
 1  (x  j)(x  j  1) 
  
(Here, the inverse trigonometric function tan–1 x assumes values in   ,  )
 2 2
Then, which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE ?

5
(A)  tan (f (0))  55
j1
2
j
10
(B)  (1 f (0))sec (f (0))  10
j1
j
2
j
1
(C) For any fixed positive integer n, lim tan(fn (x)) 
x  n
(D) For any fixed positive integer n, lim sec 2 (fn (x))  1
x 
fdlh Hkh /kukRed iw.kkZad (positive integer) n ds fy;s, fn : (0, )  R

n
1  
 tan
1
f n(x) =   lHkh x  (0, ) ds fy;s
j 1  1  (x  j)(x  j  1) 
 
ds }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gSA (;gk¡ izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; Qyu (inverse trigonometric function) tan–1x   ,  esa
 2 2
eku /kkj.k djrk gSA) rc fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk (ls) dFku lR; gS (gS)?
5
(A)  tan (f (0))  55
j1
2
j
10
(B)  (1 f (0))sec (f (0))  10
j1
j
2
j
1
(C) fdlh Hkh fu;r (fixed) /kukRed iw.kkZad n ds fy;s, lim tan(fn (x)) 
x  n
(D) fdlh Hkh fu;r (fixed) /kukRed iw.kkZad n ds fy;s, lim sec2 (fn (x))  1
x 
Ans. (D)
ADVFNIT - 9
  
  
24. Let f 1 : R  R, f 2 : ,   ,   R , f 3 : 1,e  2   R and f 4: RR be functions defined by
 2
 2 2  
 
 2 
(i) f1  x   sin  1  e x  [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(3, –1)/60]
 
 | sin x |
 if x0
(ii) f2  x    tan1 x , where the inverse trigonometric function tan–1 x assumes values in
 1 x0
 if
  
  2 , 2 
(iii) f 3(x) = [sin(loge(x+2))], where for t  R, [t] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to t,
 x2 sin 1 
   if x  0
(iv) f4 (x)   0  x 
 if x  0

LIST-I LIST-II
(P) The function f 1 is (1) NOT continuous at x =0
(Q) The function f2 is (2) continuous at x = 0 and NOT differentiable at x = 0
(R) The function f 3 is (3) differentiable at x = 0 and its derivative is NOT continuous
at x = 0
(S) The function f 4 is (4) differentiable at x= 0 and its derivative is continuous at x= 0
The correct option is:
(A) P → 2; Q → 3; R → 1; S → 4 (B) P → 4; Q → 1; R → 2; S → 3
(C) P → 4; Q → 2; R → 1; S → 3 (D) P → 2; Q → 1; R → 4; S → 3
  
 
ekuk fd Qyu f1 : R  R, f2 :   ,   R , f3 :  1,e 2  2   R vkSj f4: RR bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gSa fd
 2 2  
 
 2 
(i) f1  x   sin  1  e x 
 
10
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Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : contact@resonance.ac.in ADVFNIT -
Toll Free : 1800 200 2244 | 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029 10
 | sin x |
 ; fn x0
(ii) f2  x    tan1 x , tgk¡ izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; Qyu (inverse trigonometric function)
 1 x0
 ; fn
  
tan–1 x   ,  esa eku /kkj.k djrk gS
 2 2
(iii) f 3(x) = [sin(loge(x+2))], tgk¡ t  R, ds fy;s [t], t ls NksVk ;k t ds cjkcj egRre iw.kkZad (greatest integer) dks
n'kkZrk gS]
 x2 sin  1 
   if x  0
(iv) f4 (x)   0  x 
 if x  0

lwph -I lwph-II
(P) Qyu f1 (1) x = 0 ij larr (continuous) ugha gS
(Q) Qyu f 2 (2) x = 0 ij larr gS vkSj x = 0 ij vodyuh; (differentiable) ugha

gS
(R) Qyu f 3 (3) x = 0 ij vodyuh; gS vkSj x = 0 ij bldk vodyt
(derivative) larr ugha gS
(S) Qyu f4 (4) x = 0 ij vodyuh; gS vkSj x= 0 ij bldk vodyt larr gS
fn, gq, fodYiksa esa lgh fodYi gS :

(A) P → 2; Q → 3; R → 1; S → 4 (B) P → 4; Q → 1; R → 2; S → 3
(C) P → 4; Q → 2; R → 1; S → 3 (D) P → 2; Q → 1; R → 4; S → 3
Ans. (D)
PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
Hkkx - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE ¼fiNys o"kksZ½ ds iz'u

1. Let f(x) = x|x| and g(x) = sin x [AIEEE 2009, (8, –2), 144]
Statement-1 gof is differentiable at x = 0 and its derivative is continuous at that point.
Statement-2 gof is twice differentiable at x = 0.
(1) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(2) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(3*) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(4) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
ekuk f(x) = x|x| rFkk g(x) = sin x
dFku - 1 gof, x = 0 ij vodyuh; gS rFkk bldk vodyt bl fcUnq ij lrr~ gSA
dFku - 2 gof, x = 0 ij nks ckj vodyuh; gSA
(1) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gS ; dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k gSA
(2) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gS ; dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k ugha gSA
11
(3*) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 vlR; gSA

(4) dFku&1 vlR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gSA
f(3x) f(2x)
2. Let f : R  R be a positive increasing function with lim = 1. Then lim .
x 
f(x) x  f(x)
[AIEEE– 2010, (8, –2), 144]

f(3x) f(2x)
ekuk f : R  R ,d /kukRed o/kZeku Qyu gS ftlesa xlim
 f(x)
= 1 gS] rks lim
x  f(x)
=
2 3
(1) (2) (3) 3 (4*) 1
3 2
Ans. (4)
 1  cos {2(x  2)} 

3. lim   [AIEEE– 2011, , (4, –1), 120]
x 2  x2 
 
(1*) does not exist (2) equals 2 (3) equals – 2 (4) equals
1
2
 1  cos {2(x  2)} 
lim  
x 2  x2 
 
1
(1*) dk vfLrRo ugha gS A (2) 2 ds cjkcj gS A (3) – 2 ds cjkcj gS A (4) ds cjkcj gS A
2
(f(x))2  9
4. Let f: R  [0, ) be such that lim f(x) exists and lim  0 [AIEEE– 2011, II,(4, –1), 120]
x 5 x 5
| x 5|
Then lim f(x) equals :
x 5
(f(x))2  9
ekuk f : R  [0, ) bl izdkj gS fd lim f(x) dk vfLrRo gS rFkk lim 0 gS] rks lim f(x) cjkcj gS
x 5 x 5
| x 5| x 5
%
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4*) 3
 sin(p  1)x  sin x

 , x0
 x
5. The value of p and q for which the function f(x) =  q , x  0 is continuous for all x in

 x  x2  x
, x0
 x3 / 2
R, are:
 sin(p  1)x  sin x
 , x0
 x
p rFkk q ds og eku] ftuds fy, Qyu f(x) =  q , x0 [AIEEE 2011, I,(4, –1), 120]

 xx  x
2
, x0
 x3 / 2
R esa x ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy, lrr~ gS] gSa%
1 3 5 1 3 1 1 3
(1) p = , q = – (2) p = , q = (3*) p = – , q = (4) p = , q =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
12
 1
sin , If x  0
6. Define F(x) as the product of two real functions f 1(x) = x, x R, and f2(x) =  x
 0 , If x  0
as follows :
f (x) . f2 (x) , If x  0
F(x) =  1 [AIEEE 2011, ,(4, –1), 120]
 0 , If x  0
 1
sin , ;fn x  0
F(x) dks nks okLrfod Qyuksa f 1(x) = x, x R, rFkk f 2(x) =  x
 0 , ;fn x  0
ds xq.kuQy ds :i esa fuEu izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr dhft, %
f (x) . f2 (x) , If x  0
F(x) =  1
 0 , If x  0
Statement - 1 : F(x) is continuous on R.

Statement - 2 : f1(x) and f2(x) are continuous on R.
(1) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(3*) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(4) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
dFku - 1 : F(x), R ij lrr~ gS
dFku - 2 : f1(x) rFkk f2(x), R ij lrr~ gSA
(1) dFku -1 lR; gS] dFku -2 lR; gSA dFku-2 ] dFku -1 dh lgh O;k[;k gSA
(2) dFku -1 lR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gSA dFku-2, dFku-1 dh lgh O;k[;k ugha gSA
(3*) dFku -1 lR; gS] dFku-2 vlR; gSA
(4) dFku -1 vlR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gSA
x 2 f(a)  a2 f(x)
7. If function f(x) is differentiable at x = a, then lim is : [AIEEE 2011, ,(4, –1), 120]
x a x a
x 2 f(a)  a2 f(x)
;fn Qyu f(x), x = a ij vodyuh; gS] rks lim cjkcj gS %
x a x a
(1) –a2f ’(a) (2) af(a) – a2f ’ (a) (3*) 2af(a) – a2f ’ (a) (4) 2af(a) + a2f ’ (a)
 2x  1 
8. If f : R  R is a function defined by f(x) = [x] cos   , where[x] denotes the greatest integer
 2 
function, then f is : [AIEEE- 2012, (4, –1), 120]
(1*) continuous for every real x.
(2) discontinuous only at x = 0.
(3) discontinuous only at non-zero integral values of x.
(4) continuous only at x = 0.
2x  1 
;fn f : R  R ,d Qyu gS] tks f(x) = [x] cos   }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS] tgk¡ [x] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu fufnZ"V
 2 
djrk gS] rks f :
(1*) izR;sd okLrfod x ds fy, larr~ gSA
(2) dsoy x = 0 ij vlarr gSA
(3) dsoy x ds 'kwU;srj iw.kk±dh; ekuksa ij vlarr gSA
(4) dsoy x = 0 ij larr~ gSA
13
9. Consider the function, f(x) = |x – 2| + |x – 5|, x  R . [AIEEE- 2012, (4, –1), 120]
Statement-1 : f(4) = 0
Statement-2 : f is continuous in [2, 5], differentiable in (2, 5) and f(2) = f(5).
(1) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(2) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(3*) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(4) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
Qyu f(x) = |x – 2| + |x – 5|, x  R ij fopkj dhft,A
dFku-1 : f(4) = 0
dFku-2 : f varjky [2, 5] esa larr gS] (2, 5) esa vodyuh; gS] rFkk f(2) = f(5) gSA
(1) dFku-1 vlR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gSA
(2) dFku-1 lR; gS, dFku-2 lR; gS; dFku-2 dFku-1 dh lgh O;k[;k gSA
(3*) dFku-1 lR; gS] dFku -2 lR; gS] dFku-2, dFku -1 dh lgh O;k[;k ugha gSA
(4) dFku -1 lR; gS] dFku-2 vlR; gSA
(1– cos2x)(3  cos x)

10. lim is equal to [AIEEE - 2013, (4, –1),360]
x 0 x tan4x
(1– cos2x)(3  cos x)
lim cjkcj gS& [AIEEE - 2013, (4, –1),360]
x 0 x tan4x
1 1
(1) – (2) (3) 1 (4*) 2
4 2
sin(  cos2 x)
11. lim is equal to : [JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]
x 0 x2
sin(  cos2 x)
lim dk eku gS : [JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]
x 0 x2
(1) – (2*)  (3) /2 (4) 1
(1– cos2x)(3  cos x)

12. lim is equal to
x 0 x tan4x
[JEE(Main) 2015, (4, – 1), 120]
1
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3*) 2 (4)
2
(1– cos2x)(3  cos x)
lim cjkcj gS& [JEE(Main) 2015, (4, – 1), 120]
x 0 x tan4x
1
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3*) 2 (4)
2

k x  1 , 0  x  3
13. If the function g(x) =  is differentiable, then the value of k+ m is;
 mx  2 , 3  x  5

[JEE(Main) 2015, (4, – 1), 120]
16 10
(1*) 2 (2) (3) (4) 4
5 3
k x  1 , 0  x  3
;fn Qyu g(x) =  vodyuh; gS] rks k+ m dk eku gS %
 mx  2 , 3  x  5

[JEE(Main) 2015, (4, – 1), 120]
16 10
(1*) 2 (2) (3) (4) 4
5 3
14
1
14. Let p = lim 1  tan2 x
x 0 
  2x then log p is equal to: [JEE(Main) 2016, (4, – 1), 120]
1
Ekkuk p = lim 1  tan2 x  2x gS] rks log p cjkcj gS %
x 0 
1 1
(1) 1 (2*) (3) (4) 2
2 4
15. For x  R, f(x) = |log2 – sinx| and g(x) = f(f(x)), then [JEE(Main) 2016, (4, – 1), 120]
(1*) g(0) = cos(log2)
(2) g(0) = –cos(log2)
(3) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g(0) = –sin(log2)
(4) g is not differentiable at x = 0
x  R ds fy, f(x) = |log2 – sinx| rFkk g(x) = f(f(x)) gS] rks
(1) g(0) = cos(log2)
(2) g(0) = –cos(log2)
(3) x = 0 ij g vodyuh; gS rFkk g(0) = –sin(log2) gSA
(4) x = 0 ij g vodyuh; ugha gSA
cot x – cos x
16. lim equals [JEE(Main) 2017, (4, – 1), 120]
x
 (  – 2x )3
2
cot x – cos x
lim cjkcj gS : [JEE(Main) 2017, (4, – 1), 120]
x
 (  – 2x )3
2
1 1 1 1
(1) (2*) (3) (4)
24 16 8 4
  1  2  15  
17. For each tR let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then lim x        ......    
x 0
x x  x 
15
[JEE(Main) 2018, (4, – 1), 120]
(1*) is equal to 120 (2) does not exist (in R)
(3) is equal to 0 (4) is equal to 15
izR;sd tR ds fy, ekuk [t] , t vFkok t ls NksVk egÙke iw.kk±d gS] rks
  1  2  15  
lim x        ......    
x  0
  x   x   x 
(1*) 120 ds cjkcj gS (2) (R esa) bldk vfLrRo ugha gSas
(3) 0 ds cjkcj gSA (4) 15 ds cjkcj gSA
18. Let S = {t  R : f(x) = |x – |. (e|x| – 1) sin|x| is not differentiable at t.} Then the set S is equal to :
ekuk S = {t  R : f(x) = |x – |. (e|x| – 1) sin|x| tks t ij vodyuh; ugha gS}, rks leqPp; S cjkcj gS %
[JEE(Main) 2018, (4, – 1), 120]
(1) {} (2) {0, } (3*)  (an empty set) ¼,d fjDr leqPp;½ (4) {0}
1 1 y 4  2
19. lim [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
y 0
y4
1 1
(1) exists and equals (2) exists and equals
2 2 2 2 ( 2  1)
1
(3) exists and equals (4) does not exist
4 2
1 1 y 4  2
lim
y 0
y4
1 1
(1) vfLro gS rFkk ds cjkcj gSA (2) vfLro gS rFkk ds cjkcj gSA
2 2 2 2 ( 2  1)
1
(3) vfLro gS rFkk ds cjkcj gSA (4) vfLro ugha gSA
4 2
Ans. (3)
20. For each tR, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then ,
 
(1 | x |  sin | 1  x |)sin  [1  x] 
lim 2  [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (10-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
x 1 | 1  x | [1  x]
16
(1) does not exist (2) equals 1 (3) equals –1 (4) equals 0
izR;sd tR ds fy,] ekuk [t], t ds leku ;k mlls de egÙke iw.kk±d gS] rks]
 
(1 | x |  sin | 1  x |)sin  [1  x] 
lim 2 
x 1 | 1  x | [1  x]
(1) dk vfLrRo ugha gSA (2) 1 ds cjkcj gSA (3) –1 ds cjkcj gSA (4) 0 ds cjkcj gSA
Ans. (4)
– 1, – 2  x  0
21. Let f(x) =  2 and g(x) = |f(x)| + f(|x|). Then, in the interval (–2, 2), g is :
x – 1, 0  x  2
(1) not differentiable at two point (2) not continuous
(3) not differentiable at one point (4) differentiable at all points
– 1, –2x0
ekuk f(x) =  rFkk g(x) = |f(x)| + f(|x|), rks varjky (–2, 2) esa g :
x – 1, 0  x  2
2
(1) nks fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; ugh gSA (2) larr ugha gSA
(3) ,d fcUnq ij vodyuh; ugh (4) lHkh fcUnqvksa ij vodyuh; gSA
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (11-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
Ans. (3)
17
Limit, Continuity & Derivability

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
fo"k;kRed iz'u ¼SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS½
1– cos(a1x) . cos (a2 x). cos (a3 x).......cos(an x)

1. Evaluate : im , where a1, a2, a3, ...... , anR.
x 0 x2
1– cos(a1x) . cos (a2 x). cos (a3 x).......cos(an x)
im dk eku Kkr dhft,] tgk¡ a1, a2, a3, ...... , anR
x 0 x2
1 n 2
Ans.  ai
2 i1
x
2. f 1 (x) =  10
2
f n (x) = f 1 (f n–1 (x)) n2
then evaluate lim f n(x)
n 
x
f 1 (x) =  10
2
f n (x) = f 1 (f n–1 (x)) n2
rc lim f n(x) Kkr dhft,
n 
Ans. 20
3. Let f : R  R be a real function. The function f is derivable and there exists nN and p R such that
im xn f(x) = p, then evaluate im (xn+1.f(x)).
x  x 
;fn f : R  R ,d okLrfod Qyu gSA Qyu f vodyuh; gS rFkk nN rFkk pR bl çdkj fo|eku gS fd
im xn f(x) = p gks] rks im (xn+1.f(x)) dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x  x 
Ans. – np
n
x 
4. Let <xn> denotes a sequence, x 1 = 1, xn 1 = x  1 , then evaluate im  n 1 
2
n
n 
 xn 
n
x 
ekuk <xn> ,d vuqØe dks çnf'kZr djrk gS] x1 = 1, xn1 = xn2  1 , rks im  n 1 
n 
 xn 
dk eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. e
 1 2 3 n 
5. Evaluate im  2  2  2  .......  2 
 n 
n 
1 n  2 n  3 n n
 1 2 3 n 
im  2  2  2  .......  2  dk eku Kkr dhft,A
n 
 n 1 n  2 n  3 n n
1
Ans.
2
ADVLCD - 1
6. Evaluate : im x3
x  x2  1  x 4  x 2 
im x3
x  x2  1  x 4  x 2  dk eku Kkr dhft,A
1
Ans.
4 2
loge  loge x 
7. Evaluate im
x  x
e
loge  loge x 
im dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x  x
e
Ans. 0
8. Evaluate im loge  sin  4m  1 x  , where m,n Z

loge  sin  4n  1 x 

x
2
im loge  sin  4m  1 x  dk eku Kkr dhft,, tgk¡ m,n Z

loge  sin  4n  1 x 

x
2
 4m  1
2
Ans.
 4n  1
2
n
x x
9. f(x) =  tan 2 .sec 2
r 1
r r 1
r, n  N
 x   x n   x 
loge  f(x)  tan n    f(x)  tan n  sin  tan  
  2   2    2  
 lim x
n n
  x  4
 1   f(x)  tan n 
g(x) =   2 


 
 k x
4
 
where [ ] denotes greatest integer function and domain of g(x) is  0, 
 2
find 'k' for which g(x) is continuous at x = /4
n
x x
f(x) =  tan r .sec r 1 r, n  N
r 1 2 2
 x   x n   x 
loge  f(x)  tan n    f(x)  tan n  sin  tan  
  2   2    2  
 lim x
n n
  x  4
 1   f(x)  tan n 
g(x) =   2 


 
 k x
4
  
tgk¡ [ ] egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu dks O;Dr djrk gS rFkk g(x) dk izkUr  0,  gSA
2  
'k' dk eku Kkr dhft;s ftlds fy, g(x), x = /4 ij lrr~ gSA
Ans. k = 0
ADVLCD - 2
n1 nx 
x
10. Evaluate im e
x (e1 )
x  e1
n1 nx 
x
im e dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x (e1 )
x  e1
Ans. 0
23  1 33  1 n3  1 2
11. Let Pn = . ........... . Prove that im Pn = .
23  1 33  1 n3  1 n 3
23  1 33  1 n3  1 2
;fn Pn = . ........... . gks] rks fl) dhft, fd Pn = .
2  1 3  1
3 3
n  1
3
3
12. Verify the following limits

fuEufyf[kr lhekvksa dk lR;kiu dhft, &
1
1   
 x
1  x  x
sec 2   a2
1
     2 – bx  –
(i) im   = e– 2
 (ii) im  sin2   = e b2
x0
 e  x0
  2  ax  
 
x sinn x
13. f(x) = im . Find domain and range of f(x), where n  N.
n   sinn x  1
x sinn x
f(x) = im . f(x) dk izkUr ,oa ifjlj Kkr dhft,] tgk¡ n  N.
n   sinn x  1
     
Ans. Domain = R – 2k  , k  Z  izkUr = R – 2k  , k  Z 
 2   2 
     
Range = {0}  k  , k  Z  ifjlj = {0}  k  , k  Z 
 4   4 
1
 a x  a2 x x
14. im  1x  where a1, a2, b1 and b2 are positive numbers
x 0 
 b1  b2
x

1
 a x  a2 x x
im  1x
x 0 
 tgk¡ a1, a2, b1 rFk b2 /kukRed la[;k,¡ gS] dk eku Kkr dhft,&
 b1  b2
x

a1a2
Ans.
b1b2
 p q 
15. Evaluate im    where p, q  N

x 1
1  x p
1  xq 
 p q 
   tgk¡ p, q  N dk eku Kkr dhft,&
 1  x p
1  xq 
pq
Ans.
2
n
 
16. If f(n, ) =  1  tan
r 1
2
im f (n,) = g(), then find the value im of g()
 and n
2r   0
ADVLCD - 3
n
 
;fn f(n, ) =  1  tan
r 1
2
 rFkk
2r  n
im f (n,) = g(), rc im g() dk eku Kkr dhft;sA
 0
Ans. 1
1  4cos2 x 
17. Find the value of lim   2 Ans. 0
x  (x  )  2  cos x 

1  4cos2 x 
  2 dk eku Kkr dhft,&
(x  )  2  cos x 

18. im xa
x 
 3
x 1  3
x 1  2 3

x   ,   0 then find the value of a + 
im xa
x 
 3
x 1  3
x 1  2 3
x      0 gks] rks a +  dk eku Kkr dhft,
13
Ans.
9
19. Discuss the continuity of the function

(1  sin x)n  log x
f(x) = lim
n  2  (1  sin x)n
(1  sin x)n  log x
Qyu f(x) = lim dh lrr~rk dh foospuk dhft,A
n  2  (1  sin x)
n
Ans. f(x) is discontinuous at integral multiples of 

f(x),  ds iw.kZ xq.kt ij vlrr~ gSA

 1– a x  xa x . na
 , x0
 x 2ax
20. If g(x) =  k , x0
 (2a)x – x n 2a  1
 , x0
 x2
(where a > 0) , then find ‘a’ and g(0) so that g(x) is continuous at x = 0.
 1– a x  xa x . na
 , x0
 x 2ax
;fn g(x) =  k , x0
 (2a)x – x n 2a  1
 , x0
 x2
(tgk¡ a > 0), rks ‘a’ vkSj g(0) Kkr dhft, ftlds fy, x = 0 ij g(x) lrr~ gSA
1 1
Ans. , (n 2)2
2 8
 cos1(2x 1  x 2 ) 1
 x
 1 2
x
 2
21. f(x) = 

 1
 k x
 2
1
Then find ‘k’ if possible for which function is continuous at x =
2
ADVLCD - 4
 cos1(2x 1  x 2 ) 1
 x
 1 2
x
 2
f(x) = 

 1
 k x
 2
1
;fn lEHko gks] rks ‘k’ dk eku Kkr dhft;s ftlds fy;s Qyu x = ij lrr~ gksA
2
22. Find the value of f(0) so that the function

cos1(1  {x} 2 )sin1(1  {x})
f(x) = ,x0
{x}  {x}3
({x} denotes fractional part of x) becomes continuous at x = 0
cos1(1  {x} 2 )sin1(1  {x})
f(0) dk eku Kkr dhft, ftlds fy, Qyu f(x) = ,x0
{x}  {x}3
(tgk¡ {x}, x ds fHkUukRed Hkkx dks iznf'kZr djrk gS ), x = 0 ij lrr~ gks tkrk gSA
Ans. no value of f(0) (f(0) dk eku ugha gSA )
 1  x2
23. Let f be a continuous function on R such that f  
 4x 
=  sine x
 e  x2

x2  1
, then find the value of
f(0).
ekuk f lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa ds fy, ,d lrr~ Qyu bl izdkj gS fd f   = sinex e x  2

x2
1
 
2
, rks
 4x  x 1
f(0) dk eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 1
24. Examine the continuity at x = 0 of the sum function of the infinite series:
x x x
   ..............  .
x 1 (x  1)(2x  1) (2x  1)(3x  1)
fn;s x;s vuUr Js.kh ds ;ksx Qyu dh x = 0 ij lrr~rk dh tkap dhft,A
x x x
   .............. 
x 1 (x  1)(2x  1) (2x  1)(3x  1)
Ans. Discontinuous ¼vlrr~½
25. If f(x) is continuous in [a, b] such that f(a) = b and f(b) = a, then prove that there exists at least one c 
(a, b) such that f(c) = c. (Revision Planner)
;fn f(x) vUrjky [a, b] esa bl izdkj lrr~ gS fd f(a) = b vkSj f(b) = a gks] rks fl) dhft, fd de ls de ,d
c  (a, b) bl izdkj gS fd f(c) = c.
26. If f(x . y) = f(x). f(y) for all x, y and f(x) is continuous at x = 1. Prove that f(x) is continuous for all x except
possibly at x = 0. Given f(1)  0.
;fn f(x . y) = f(x). f(y)  x, y ,oa f(x), x = 1 ij lrr~ gSA fl) dhft, fd f(x), x ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy, lrr~ gS
tcfd x = 0 ij x.kuk ugha dh xbZ gS] fn;k gS f(1)  0A
xn f(x)  h(x)  1
27. g(x) = im , x1
n 2xn  3x  3
ADVLCD - 5
sin2 (  2x )
g(1) = im be a continous function at x = 1, then find the value of 4g(1) + 2 f(1) – h(1),
loge sec(  2x )
x 1
assume that f(x)and h(x) are continuous at x = 1
xn f(x)  h(x)  1
g(x) = im , x1
n 2xn  3x  3
sin2 (  2x )
g(1) = im , x = 1 ij lrr~ Qyu gS rc 4g(1) + 2 f(1) – h(1) dk eku Kkr dhft,A tcfd
x 1 loge sec(  2x )
f(x) vkSj h(x), x = 1 ij lrr~ gSµ
Ans. 5
28. If f(x) = x2 – 2|x|, then test the derivability of g(x) in the interval [–2, 3], where
min.{f(t); –2  t  x} , –2  x  0
g(x) = 
max. {f(t); 0  t  x} , 0  x  3
;fn f(x) = x2 – 2|x|, rks vUrjky [–2, 3] esa g(x) dh vodyuh;rk dh tk¡p dhft,] tgk¡
min.{f(t); –2  t  x} , –2  x  0
g(x) = 
max. {f(t); 0  t  x} , 0  x  3
Ans. discontinuous at x = 0 and not differentiable at x = 0, 2

x = 0 ij vlrr rFkk x = 0, 2 ij vodyuh; ugha
29. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) = [x] + {x} 2 and also draw its graph. Where [.] and {.}
denote the greatest integer function and fractional part function respectively.
f(x) = [x] + {x}2 dh lrr~rk rFkk vodyuh;rk dh foospuk dhft, rFkk bldk vkjs[k Hkh cukb;sA
tgk¡[.] vkSj {.} Øe'k% egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu vkSj fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
Ans. f(x) is continuous and non-differentiable for integral points
f(x) lrr~ gS ysfdu iw.kk±d fcUnqvksa ds fy, vodyuh; ugha gSA
 x
1 | x | ; | x |  1

30. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function f(x) = 
 x ;| x| 1
1 | x |
Ans. At x = 0 differentiable and at x = ±1 discontinuous
 x
1 | x | ; | x |  1

Qyu f(x) =  dh lrr~rk rFkk vodyuh;rk dh foospuk dhft,A
 x ;| x| 1
1 | x |
Ans. x = 0 ij vodyuh; rFkk x = ±1 ij vlrr~ gSA

  cos2n (m! x)  1  

31. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function f(x) =  lim  lim  ,
n  m  cos2n (m! x)  1

  
(where m, n  N) at rational and irrational points.

  cos2n (m! x)  1  

Qyu f(x) = nlim  lim
 m  cos2n (m! x)  1
  , (tgk¡ m, n  N) dh ifjes; vkSj vifjes; fcUnqvksa ij lrr~rk rFkk

  
vodyuh;rk dh foospuk dhft,&
ADVLCD - 6
Ans. discontinuous and non-differentiable ¼ vlrr~ gS rFkk vodyuh; ugha gSA½

Sol.  lim cos
m  
2n
(m! x)  is 1 or 0 according to x is a rational number or an irrational number. As m!x will
become integral multiple of  when x is rational, then cos (m!x) = ± 1. And when m!x is not an integral
multiple of  i.e. when x is irrational then –1 < cos (m!x) < 1
0 , x Q
 f(x) = 
 –1 , x Q
 f(x) is discontinuous and non-differentiable at every real number.
Hindi  lim cos

m  
2n
(m! x)  tc x ifjes; gS] rc m!x, dk iw.kk±d xq.kt gks tk,xk] rks cos (m!x) = ± 1. vkSj tc
m!x,  dk iw.kk±d xq.kt ugha gS vFkkZr~ x vifjes; gS] rks –1 < cos (m!x) < 1.
0 , x Q
 f(x) = 
 –1 , x Q
 lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa ij f(x) vlrr~ gS rFkk vodyuh; ugha gSA
  2[x]  
32. Given f(x) = cos1  sgn    , where sgn ( ) denotes the signum function and [ . ] denotes the
  3x  [x]  
greatest integer function. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f (x) at x = ± 1.
Ans. f is continuous & derivable at x =  1 but f is neither continuous nor derivable at x = 1
  2[x]  
;fn f(x) = cos1  sgn    , tgk¡ sgn ( ) flxue Qyu rFkk [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS]
  3x  [x]  
rks x = ± 1 ij f(x) dh lrr~rk vkSj vodyuh;rk dh foospuk dhft,A
Ans. x =  1 ij f, lrr vkSj vodyuh; ijUrq f, x = 1 ij u rks lrr gS ugh vodyuh;
33. Discuss the continuity on 0  x  1 & differentiability at x = 0 for the function.

1 1 1
f(x) = x sin sin where x  0, x  & f(0) = f (1/r) = 0, r = 1, 2, 3,.......
x 1 r
x sin
x
1 1 1
Qyu f(x) = x sin sin tgk¡ x  0, x  vkSj f(0) = f (1/r) = 0, r = 1, 2, 3,....... dh 0  x
x 1 r
x sin
x
 1 ij lrr~rk vkSj x = 0 ij vodyuh;rk dh foospuk dhft,A
Ans. continuous in 0  x  1 & not differentiable at x = 0
0  x  1 es lrr rFkk x = 0 ij vodyuh; ugha
34. Let f be a function such that f(xy) = f(x) . f(y)  x > 0 , y > 0 . If f(1 + x) = 1 + x (1+g(x)) ,
f(x)
where lim g(x) = 0 . Find  dx
x 0 f '(x)
ekuk f ,d Qyu bl izdkj gS fd f(xy) = f(x) . f(y) x > 0 , y > 0 . ;fn f(1 + x) = 1 + x (1+g(x)) ,
f(x)
tgk¡ lim g(x) = 0, rks  dx Kkr dhft,A
x 0 f '(x)
x2
Ans. c
2
35. Let f : R+  R satisfies the equation

f(xy) = exy – x – y (ey f(x) + ex f(y)) x , y  R+
If f ’ (1) = e , then find f(x) .
ekuk f : R+  R, lehdj.k f(xy) = exy – x – y (ey f(x) + ex f(y)) x , y  R+ dks larq"V djrk gSA
ADVLCD - 7
;fn f ’ (1) = e, rks f(x) Kkr dhft,A

Ans. f(x) = exn|x|
36. Let f(x) be a real valued function not identically zero such that
f(x + y3) = f(x) + (f(y))3  x, y  R and f ’(0)  0, then find f(10)
ekuk f(x) ,d v'kwU; okLrfod eku Qyu bl çdkj gS fd f(x + y3) = f(x) + (f(y))3 x, y  R
vkSj f ’(0)  0, rks f(10) Kkr dhft,A
Ans. f(10) = 10
 1  2 (1  2x)
37. Determine a function f satisfying the functional relation f(x) + f   = .
 1  x  x (1  x)
 1  2 (1 2x)
lEcU/k f(x) + f   = dks larq"V djus okyk Qyu f Kkr dhft,A
 1 x  x (1 x)
x 1
Ans.
x 1
38. If f (x) + f (y) + f (xy) = 2 + f (x) . f (y) , for all real values of x and y and f (x) is a polynomial function
with f (4) = 17 and f(1)  1, then find the value of f (5) .
;fn x vkSj y ds lHkh okLrfod ekuksa ds fy, f (x) + f (y) + f (xy) = 2 + f (x) . f (y) gSa ,oa f(x) ,d cgqinh; Qyu gS
ftlds fy, f (4) = 17 vkSj f(1)  1 gS, rks f (5) dk eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 26
p k
k(k – 1)
39. for all p and q  Q & q  0, show that | f(2k ) – f(2i ) | 
If | f(p + q) – f(q)| 
q i 1 2
p k
k(k – 1)
;fn lHkh p & q  Q & q  0 ds fy, |f(p + q) – f(q)|  gks] rks fl) dhft, | f(2k ) – f(2i ) | 
q i 1 2
40. The function f : R  R satisfies x + f(x) = f(f(x)) for every xR. Find all solutions of the equation
f(f(x)) = 0.
Qyu f : R  R, x + f(x) = f(f(x)) dks izR;sd xR ds fy, larq”"V djrk gSA lehdj.kf(f(x)) = 0 ds lHkh gy Kkr
dhft,A
41. If 2f (x) = f(xy) + f(x/y) x, y R+, f(1) = 0 and f(1) = 1, find f(x).
;fn 2f (x) = f(xy) + f(x/y) x, y R+, f(1) = 0 rFkk f(1) = 1, rks f(x) dk eku Kkr dhft;sA
Ans. f(x) = log(x)
f(x)  1
42. If f(x × f(y)) =  x, y  R , y  0, then prove that f(x) . f   = 1
y x
f(x)  1
;fn f(x × f(y)) =  x, y  R, y  0, gks] rks fl) dhft, f(x) . f   = 1
y x
43. Find the period of f(x) satisfying the condition :

fuEufyf[kr izfrcU/kksa dks larq"V djus okys f(x) ds vkorZdky Kkr dhft,&
(i) f(x + p) = 1 + {1 – 3 f(x) + 3 f 2(x) – f3 (x)}1/3, p > 0
(ii) f(x – 1) + f(x + 3) = f(x + 1) + f(x + 5)
Ans. (i) 2p (ii) 8
ADVLCD - 8
44. Let f(x) is defined only for x  (0, 5) and defined as f 2 (x) = 1 x  (0, 5). Function f(x) is continuous for
all x  (0, 5) – {1, 2, 3, 4} (at x = 1, 2, 3, 4 f(x) may or may not be continuous). Find the number of
possible function f(x) if it is discontinuous at
(i) One integral points in (0, 5)
(ii) two integral points in (0, 5)
(iii) three integral points in (0, 5)
(iv) four integral points in (0, 5)
ekuk f(x) dsoy x  (0, 5) ds fy, ifjHkkf"kr gS rFkk f2(x) = 1 x  (0, 5) ifjHkkf"kr gSA Qyu f(x) lrr gS lHkh
x  (0, 5) – {1, 2, 3, 4} ds fy, (x = 1, 2, 3, 4 ij f(x) lrr Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj ugh Hkh) f(x) ds laHkkfor Qyuks
dh la[;k Kkr dhft, ;fn ;g fuEu es vlrr gSA
(i) (0, 5) esa dsoy ,d iw.kk±d fcUnq
(ii) (0, 5) esa nks iw.kk±d fcUnq
(iii) (0, 5) esa rhu iw.kk±d fcUnq
(iv) (0, 5) esa pkj iw.kk±d fcUnq
Ans (i) 24 (ii) 108 (iii) 216 (iv) 162
45_. Let f(x) is increasing and double differentiable function everywhere such that f(x) = x has 3 distinct root
,  and ( <  < ). h(x) = lim  f(f(....(f(x))) 
n
n times
(i) If f”(x) > 0 x  (–, ) and f”(x) < 0  x  (, ] and f”() = 0, then find h(x)
(ii) If f(x)  x x  (–, ] and f(x)  x  x  [,] then find h(x)
ekuk f(x) loZ=k nks ckj vodyuh; vkSj o}Zeku Qyu bl izdkj gS fd f(x) = x ds rhu fHkUu&fHkUu ewy ,  vkSj 
( <  < ). h(x) = lim  f(f(....(f(x))) 
n
n times
(i) ;fn f”(x) > 0 x  (–, ) rFkk f”(x) < 0  x  (, ] vkSj f”() = 0 rc h(x) Kkr dhft,A
(ii) ;fn f(x)  x x  (–, ] rFkk f(x)  x  x  [, ] rc h(x) Kkr dhft,A
 , x  ( , )  , x  ( , ]
 
Ans. (i) h(x) =   , x (ii) h(x) =   , (,  )
  , x  (, )  , [ , )
 
ADVLCD - 9

(18144) Sheet 01 Limit Continuity and Derivability B

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(18144) Sheet 01 Limit Continuity and Derivability B

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Limits, Continuity & Derivability

Definition : Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist, as x  a when,

(Left hand limit) (Right hand limit)

Fundamental theorems on limits :

(A) im { f (x) ± g (x) } =  ± m

(B) im { f(x). g(x) } = . m

(D) im k f(x) = k im f(x) = k; where k is a constant.

Example # 1 : Evaluate the following limits : -

Solution : (i) x + 2 being a polynomial in x, its limit as x  2 is given by im (x + 2) = 2 + 2 = 4

(ii) im cos (sin x) = cos

Self practice problems

Evaluate the following limits : -

(ii) The form of the given limit is when x  0. Rationalising the

Self practice problems

Use of substitution in solving limit problems

Limits using expansion

ex   cos x  e x

Since R.H.S is finite,

Limit when x 

(iv) im =0 (v) im x(nx)n = 0

(b) im [f(x)] g(x)

Example # 23 : Evaluate im (tan x)tan 2x

Solution : Let y = im (tanx)tanx

Sandwitch theorem or squeeze play theorem:

[x]  [4x]  [7x]  ....  (3n  2)x 

n  3n  1 1 [x]  [4x]  ....  [(3n  2)x] n  3n  1

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(ii) f (x) is not defined at x = c [figure (ii)]

(iii) Limit f(x)  f (c) [figure (iii)]

Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit a break at x= c.

Now, f(1) = [1] = 1

and lim f(x) = lim [x] = 1

so f(1) = lim– f(x) = lim f(x) = 1

Self practice problems :

(13) Find the values of p and q such that the function

(iii) f is left continuous at ‘b’ i.e. Limit

lim fog (x) = –  fog (x) i s discontinuous at x = 4.

Self practice problem :

Solution : 3(x – 1) (x – 2) + 4(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0

Differentiability of a function at a point :

f(1  h)  f(1) 2{1  h}  1  1 2h

Self Practice Problems :

Ans. (18) Discontinuous and non-differentiable at x = 3

Concept of tangent and its association with derivability :

(iv) y = |x| does not have tangent at x = 0 as L.H.D.  R.H.D.

If f(x) is a function such that R.H.D = f(a+) =  and L.H.D. = f(a–) = m.

(i) (ii) (iii)

as h  0 and  is finite, then lim f(a + h) – f(a) = 0

Similarly lim [f(a – h)– f(a)] = – h  lim f(a – h) = f(a)

 lim f(a + h) = f(a) = lim f(a – h)

Hence, f(x) is continuous.

lim f(x) = lim ( + x2 sgn [x] + {x – 4})

Hence f(x) is non differentiable at x = 1.

lim f(x) = lim (+ sinx + |x – 3|) = 1 + + sin 2

Hence L.H.L  R.H.L

Example # 40 : Discuss the differentiability of f(x) = x + |x|.

Example # 41 : Discuss the differentiability of f(x) = x|x|

Graph of f(|x|) and |f(x)|

Non differentiable at x = 1 & x = – 1 Non differentiable at x = 1 & x = – 1

Note : Derivability should be checked at following points

f(x  2h)  f(x) f(x)  f(2h)  f(x)  f(0)

Self practice problems