A GUIDE TO PLANNING REGIONAL ASSESSMENTS

AND INFORMING DECISION-MAKING

June 2014
Pacheco, Erich J., Julia Stewart Lowndes, Steven K. Katona, and Benjamin S. Halpern.
Ocean Health Index: A guide to planning regional assessments and informing decision-
making. 7 July 2014. Arlington, VA U.S.A
Table of Contents

page page page page page

3
introduction
6
requirements:
12 14 24
understand the Strategic planning outreach +
philosophy of the communications
creating the right • team + actors • considerations
Index
conditions for joint planning • identify key
• decision-making
• methods messages and
+ planning • vision
recommendations
• resources
• understand local • scale
decision-making
• strategy + task
process
timeline
• data availability
• objectives +
strategies
• action plan
• adaptive
management
About the guide
There are three distinct and
PHASE 1 PLANNING & PARTNERING WITH
DECISION MAKERS
interconnected phases in the Ocean
• Requirements
Health Index regional assessment • Adaptive management
process. This document describes • Understand OHI philosophy
• Outreach + Communications
Phase 1. • Strategic planning

The recommended process and

criteria presented in this section offer a
systematic approach to leveraging PHASE 2 CALCULATE THE INDEX SCORES (DATA & MODELS)
existing efforts into the Index. The way
information is incorporated depends • Data discovery and acquisition • Determine goal weights
on what is most appropriate for the • Establish reference points and modify • Prepare the OHI Toolbox Application
region conducting the assessment, goals • Use the OHI Toolbox Application
which requires considering local
conditions and capacities.

PHASE 3 USE OHI AS MANAGEMENT TOOL

• Policy reforms
• Publish findings • Plan future assessments to monitor
• Determine management actions impact of management actions,
• Reduce pressures & increase resilience policies, and reforms

page 2
 Producing the Index is not the end goal: It is merely a process
Introduction toward the true end goal —achieving improved ocean health

The Ocean Health Index was explicitly

designed to help inform decision-making by Elements of a Regional Assessment
providing a comprehensive, comparable, and
quantitative assessment of a range of
components that drive overall ocean health.

‘Regional assessments’ use the Index

framework to evaluate ocean health of a
country or small area. Regional assessments
Science
are usually locally-led efforts that incorporate
existing data, indicators, and political and
cultural priorities, and thus provide Index
scores at scales more useful for management
purposes. Regional assessments require
appropriate conditions and resources to be
available in the region of interest Stakeholders Management
Ocean
Health
Index

Policy +
Communications
Governance

page 3
creating the right
For regional assessments, appropriate conditions and resources are
scientific capacity, government actions (policies, barriers to action,
regulatory frameworks and transparency), and civil engagement, all of
conditions which create an environment conducive to effectively conducting the
assessment

Although Index regional assessments Achieving healthy oceans (i.e.

can be produced without the input of
non-scientific groups (policy, civil
society, etc.), multi-stakeholder
collaborative planning and
decision-making are more likely to
yield integrated management
efforts focusing on coordinating multi-
sector activities, assessing cumulative
impacts and trade-offs, and
maximizing sustainable
productivity.Therefore, the steps we
present here propose establishing a
strong multi-disciplinary management
and leadership framework, and focus
on developing a strong strategic plan
that can guide the entire process.
reaching the targets established) will
require using information produced
from the regional assessment to
adopt management actions and
enact policies that gradually improve
ocean conditions across multiple
ocean goals.
The OHI team can facilitate the
strategic planning process, where
the leadership team and
stakeholders decide together what
they want to accomplish and how
they intend to do so.

page 4
who should be involved

Regional  assessments  require  leadership  to  help  set  targets  and  get  buy-­‐in  from  various  
interested  parties.  The  assessment  should  be  an  element  of  a  larger  strategy  to  improve  ocean  
health,  and  in  no  case  it  should  be  the  sole  strategy  for  improving  ocean  health.

Actors involved in regional assessments

Scientific & Academic Government Agencies

NGOs & Civil Society
Institutions + Decision-Makers

page 5
 team  +  actors

decision-­‐makers  +  

requirements planning
understand  local  
decision-­‐making  
processes

data  availability

page 6
 A  stakeholder  analysis  can  help  identify  who  to  involve  in  the  process  and  
team & actors how,  recognizing  that  stakeholder  support  and  buy-­‐in  is  typically  stronger  
when  the  process  is  transparent  and  inclusive  from  the  very  early  phases  of  
development.  

Stakeholder participation may vary We recommend creating a Working

The regional assessment process
requires dedicated and interested
individuals to lead the initiative.
This core team, tasked with
detailing the process, may
include managers, government
officials, community members,
nongovernmental
representatives, and others.
greatly depending on the regional
assessments and the unique
characteristics of the regions chosen for
the study. Prior initiatives demonstrate
that enduring success is more likely
when stakeholders and communities
are actively involved throughout the
planning process.
“The Index offers a tool to engage
stakeholders and decision-makers
in difficult but necessary
discussions, while also helping
agencies fulfill their
mandates” (Halpern et al. 2014).
The process of implementing the tool,
however, requires scientists and leaders
to make politically sensitive decisions
across multiple social, political, and
economic dimensions.
Group of individuals who are able to
commit important time to the
processes, and have the authority
necessary to represent their
organizations. A Technical Working
Group can support the calculation of
the goal scores and establish a scientific
nature to ensure validity.
Ensuring continuous transparency and
participatory opportunities is essential to
guaranteeing that the findings will be
widely accepted and validated.
Although a participatory process is
highly encouraged, there should be a
balance between stakeholder
participation and keeping the process
moving along a pre-established timeline.
It is very important to create clear
guidelines for participation, and assign
specific roles and responsibilities to the
team members directly involved in the
process.

page 7
possible list of
stakeholders
Scientific/Academic institutions: Non-Governmental Organizations/Civil
society:
• University research centers
• Coastal community leaders/
• Government statistics departments associations

Government: • Fishing associations

Participant stakeholders could • Ministry/Department of: • Tourism associations

include, but not limited to, the
• Environment • Conservation non-profits
following:
• Production

• Planning

• Fisheries/aquaculture

• Tourism

• Agencies:

• Oceans commission

• Water

page 8
 “The  Index  was  explicitly  designed  to  help  inform  decision-­‐
decision makers & making  by  providing  a  comprehensive,  comparable,  and  
planning quantitative  assessment  of  the  range  of  components  that  drive  
overall  ocean  health”  (Halpern  et  al.  2014)

The Index provides a knowledge Continuous tracking and monitoring

Collaborative regional
assessment planning is an
effective approach to ensuring
that the regional assessment will
be useful for decision-making.
Strengthening scientist-decision
maker partnerships creates
opportunities for applying
research findings to improve
ocean health
foundation that, when combined with
political influence, can drive informed • Track how Index findings are
decisions to improve overall ocean incorporated into policy – is policy in
health. It “provides stakeholders and alignment with findings?
decision-makers a forum to
• Monitor scores annually or every two
articulate their targets and
years to evaluate current policies
assumptions, while leveraging their
against scientific assessment of ocean
values and knowledge, and a means to
health
disentangle and clearly define their
multiple, interacting objectives” (Halpern • Report annual scores related to
et al. 2014) policies to improve policy and
management actions in the future
Regional assessments can help assess
tradeoffs inherent in many decisions and
compare very different management
actions in a transparent and quantitative
way across different sub-regions.

Using the Index as a management tool

requires recalculating scores regularly to
determine whether management
actions had the intended effect on both
overall ocean health and particular goals
(Halpern et al. 2014).
page 9
understand local
decision-making
processes
In most countries decision-makers are
entrusted by their constituents to
represent them and act in their best
interest. This fact makes it important to
translate regional assessment science
into accessible information and
disseminating this information through
discussions with decision-makers and
other stakeholders.
It is equally important to match the
scale of the assessment to that of
the decision-making, so the Index
can be used as a management tool to
inform actions and policies at local
scales.
Components of decision-making: identify issue, consider solutions and
assess their impacts, implement
Partnering with decision-makers:
• Identify types of management
issues OHI will help inform
• Identify and leverage ongoing
efforts and existing partnerships or
opportunities for new partnerships
• Tap into existing networks of other
colleagues, etc; figure out who
would be good to work with and
has the capacity to influence
change within their networks/
organizations
• Engage decision-makers in
research, so results are relevant to
their needs —> results used in
decision-making
The Ocean Health Index
responds to management needs
• Weight Index goals to align with
national priorities
• Provide quantitative assessment of
economic, social, and ecological
impacts
• Test approaches using a “what-if
scenario” of the Index
• Assess the greatest desired
improvement and weigh it against
cost and effort
• Develop cross-agency consensus
• Address information needs
• Understand existing processes —>
Clarify policy issues —> Identify
information needs
• Identify sources of high quality
information and data
page 10
data availability The
 availability
 of
 local
 data
 is
 perhaps
 the
 single
 most
 
important
 requirement
 for
 conducting
 a
 regional
 assessment.
 
Time-series data are needed for the four components of each goal:
status, future trend, pressures, and resilience.

1.Data required for status and 2.Data required for pressures

trend • Ecological pressures

Index scores are a reflection of • Fisheries mariculture harvest • Pollution

data quality, and thus accessing
the best data available is of
highest importance. Data from
existing environmental, social,
and economic indicators may be
used. All data will be rescaled to
specific reference points (targets)
before being combined; therefore
setting these reference points at
the appropriate scale is a
fundamental component of any
regional assessment. This
requires the interpretation of the
philosophy of each Index goal
and sub-goal using the best
available data and indicators.
• Natural products harvest • Habitat destruction
• Need and ability for small-scale • Species threats
fishing • Fishing impacts
• Coastal habitats extent and • Climate change
condition
• Social pressures
• Employment, wages, and revenue of
coastal industries • Governance indicators
• Species extinction risks and 3.Data required for resilience
protection of special places
• Ecological resilience
• Tourism and recreation information
• Regulatory framework
• Water pollutants
• Ecological integrity
• Social resilience
• Social integrity
• Governance indicators

page 11
understand methods

the philosophy resources

of the index
page 12
methods resources
Global 2013
Natural Products
31

Carbon Storage Artisanal Fishing Opportunities

74 95

Mariculture
Food
26
Coastal Provision
Protection
69
Fisheries
31

65 Species
82
Tourism &
Recreation Biodiversity
39
Habitats
89

Livelihoods
81
Coastal Clean Waters
Livelihoods Economies 78
& Economies 83 Iconic Lasting Special
Species Places
60 61
Sense of Place

The first step to conducting a regional assessment is We have developed a suite of documents and
to become familiar with the methods employed to materials to support this important step:
calculate the Ocean Health Index. We suggest
reading the following: 1. Ocean Health Index Regional Assessments
Factsheet
1. A framework for understanding methods
2. A Guide to Planning Regional Assessments and
(www.oceanhealthindex.org/About/Methods/)
Informing Decision-Making
2. The Ocean Health Index Conceptual Guide 3. Prologue to the regional assessments
(www.ohi-science.org) documents
4. The Ocean Health Index Conceptual Guide &
Highlights
5. The Ocean Health Index Toolbox Application
Manual
All the guides and manuals can be found at:

www.ohi-science.org

page 13
 considerations  for  joint  
planning

vision

strategic scale

planning
strategy  +  task  timeline

objectives  +  strategies

action  plan

adaptive
 management
page 14
considerations for
joint planning
Collaborative regional
assessment planning is an
effective approach to ensuring
that the regional assessment
will be useful for decision-
making. Strengthening
scientist-decision maker
partnerships creates
opportunities for applying
research findings to improve
ocean health
• Create a workplan that has research
and management objectives
• Align research with policy issues to
ensure all parties are pursuing the
same objectives
• Share timeline of the study -
availability of results, critical decision-
making dates (budgets, planning, etc.)
- releasing findings strategically can
increase impact
• Identify sources of high quality
information and data
• Plan communications to make the
information accessible to stakeholders
and various decision-makers
• Funding strategy should include short
and long term planning for science,
communication, and action
• Fundraise with decision-makers: Align
research with policy issues to ensure
both parties are pursuing the same
objectives
• Articulate the agreed plans in writing
(scientists also share a research plan)
• Create a budget that includes a
communications component to cover
costs of nationally disseminating
findings: providing briefings about
findings and applications of the Index
to agencies, decision-makers, and
managers who will use the Index
• Allocate ~15% of the budget to
science outreach and
communications: travel, time, meeting
costs, planning, production of
materials
page 15
vision
Index findings can be used by
decision-makers to establish ocean
health outcomes and management
actions that have measurable
impacts. Establishing a common
vision and determining early in the
process how the findings will be used,
and by whom, makes the final goal
clear to the greater community (as well
as to stakeholders and participants).
Social, political, ecological, economic,
and governance criteria should be
considered when determining the goal
for a regional assessment.
Producing the Index is not the end goal: It is merely a process
toward the true end goal —achieving improved ocean health
Establishing a vision is the first step, • Are there any special management
and will help identify outstanding needs?
important issues that may need to be
addressed later on. Here, it is • Is there a need for stronger multi
important to think about why is there sectorial collaboration for effective
interest in completing an Index management?
assessment. For example:
• What are existing stakeholder
problems, needs, and interests that
need to be addressed?
• Is the objective to use the findings
to reform policies and/or practices?
• Are there any specific management
priorities established though
government mandates, private
sector initiatives, and/or
international treaty obligations that
would especially benefit from an
Index regional assessment?
page 16
spatial scale The scale of assessment should match the scale of decision-
making

global !
assessments

study area: globe region: countries

regional !
assessments
study area: country
Scores are calculated for each region and combined to produce a total
score for the study area. Data or indicators are required for every region.
Most assessments focus on political
boundaries, since most agencies and
organizations gather and report data
at this spatial scale.
Index goal scores are calculated at the
scale of the reporting unit, which is
called a ‘region’ and then combined
using a weighted average to produce
the score for the overall area
assessed, called a ‘study area.’
When deciding the spatial scale of
the regional assessments, the
Working Group should consider the
following:
• At what spatial scale are most data
region: states collected?
• What are the existing governance
or political boundaries that would
be relevant? (governance/decision-
making boundaries are needed if
the Index will be useful for
management)
• If managers and/or policy makers
are interested, what needs to be
measured and why? At what scale
do they work?
These questions are important to
keep the Index assessment relevant,
but ultimately data availability will
be most important factor when
defining regional boundaries for
the Index.
There is no single criterion for
identifying the scale of the study area
since the Index can potentially be
used at all scales using data,
parameters, interests, and goals at
the scale of the study.

page 17
 A  results-­‐based  planning  document  that  details  the  results  and  
strategy objectives  that  will  be  achieved  through  the  regional  
assessment  and  the  specific  activities,  human  resources,  and  
funding  needed  to  achieve  them.

Those involved in developing the The regional assessments planning

Regional assessment strategy
ensures that financial and
human resources are used
systematically and logically to
accomplish the intended
objectives.
regional assessment should use a
planning approach that is familiar
and comfortable to them. All
strategies should at a minimum
answer these key questions
regardless of the exact approach or
timeline:
• What do we want to achieve by
developing an Index regional
assessment?
• Who will use the strategy, and for
what purposes?
• Who will be involved?
• When will the assessment be
completed?
approach should be appropriate to
the local context. It is important to
carefully consider the physical,
social, political, economic, and
environmental characteristics of
the study area to develop a
realistic and achievable plan. The
process we recommend in this guide
can be followed step by step, but it
is better if it is adapted to local
needs.
It is important to create a detailed
planning timeline, detailing specific
deadlines and milestones to help
organize and coordinate production.

• What funding and support are

available?

page 18
 Identify  the  tasks  involved  and  skill  sets  required  to  conduct  a  regional  
task timeline assessment.  The  time  required  to  complete  an  assessment  will  depend  on  the  
scale,  skills,  and  resources  available.
Tasks Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
LEGEND
1. Starting Decisions
Skills and
Understand the philosophy of OHI Roles
responsibilities
Understand how reference points are works well
set Everyone involved together, remotely
Understand how goal models can be and in person
modified are comfortable
Outline priorities in using OHI with handling
Identify study area and regions large data sets,
Scientific analysts
making decisions,
Assemble skilled team for OHI and thinking
Outline timeline creatively

2. Data Discovery & Acquisition works with

ArcGIS or other
Understand data and models in global Spatial analyst
spatial analysis
studies software
Gather appropriate data work(s) with the
Create spatial reporting units (study software program
area, regions) R programmer R and work with
user-created
Process spatial data into tabular form
packages
Format tabular data
have broad
3. Reference Points and Models scientific
understanding
Finalize reference points Informed decision
and experience
Modify goal models makers
with
Process data: scale to reference environmental
points policy

page 19
task timeline (cont.)
Phase
Tasks Phase 2 Phase 3
1
LEGEND
4. Prepare the Toolbox App
Skills and
Update data layer files Roles
responsibilities
Register data layers in layers.csv works well
directory Everyone involved together, remotely
Register data layers in pressures and in person
matrix are comfortable
Register data layers in resilience with handling
matrix large data sets,
Scientific analysts
making decisions,
5. Use the Toolbox App
and thinking
Program goal models creatively
Calculate scores works with
Confirm results ArcGIS or other
Spatial analyst
spatial analysis
Interpret results software
6. Documentation and Publishing work(s) with the
Document all decisions software program
R programmer R and work with
Document results and interpretation of user-created
scores packages
Create technical report / peer- have broad
reviewed manuscript scientific
Share results on website understanding
Informed decision
and experience
7. Policy & Communication makers
with
Increase awareness with policymakers environmental
Increase awareness with public policy

page 20
objectives & First,  establish  concrete  objectives  for  the  assessment  itself:  
creating  models,  collecting  and  synthesizing  data,  analyzing  
strategies spatial  information,  and  writing  programming  code.  Second,  
create  short  and  long-­‐term  objectives  highlighting  intentions  for  
the  findings  and  iterative  activities  for  future  assessments.

The objectives should describe the

Objectives refer to specific
measurable results for the
assessment’s broad goals. The
regional assessment objectives
describe how much of what
will be accomplished by when.
future conditions after the problem
has been addressed (think of the
reference points), following a logical
hierarchy, and illustrating their
relationships with the final goal.
In defining the objectives, the team
should also describe the intended
strategies (the how) to reach the
desired objectives. These strategies
can range from the broad
(stakeholder analysis) to the very
specific (institutionalization of the
Index).

page 21

action plan: costs &
financial planning
Funds are needed for human
resources, workshops and
travel, research, data gathering,
spatial and statistical analysis,
model programming,
communications, and(including
publications), and outreach.
As the budget is developed,
consideration should be given to the
source of financing for the
assessment. The budget should
provide a detailed estimate of all the
costs to complete objectives and
activities. It might be helpful to
separate the budget into the three
Phases of the Index process. The
budget should allow the satisfactorily
completion of all the activities to
accomplish the objectives. Given the
scientific nature of the Index,
engaging qualified human resources
may be the highest cost involved in
developing a regional assessments.
It may take up to 18 months to
complete a regional assessment,
therefore creating a financing plan
is recommended to determine how
the expenses in the budget will be
covered over time.
It is important to understand tasks
and commitments made under
contract, including the disbursement
time frame, financial reporting
schedule, and possible renewal
options. Also consider future
finances for long-term objectives.
When identifying funding sources,
make sure the team understands the
tasks needed to secure and maintain
any contracts and/or grants
awarded. As part of identifying roles
and responsibilities in the step
above, it will be important to choose
a person or group who will be
responsible for tracking and
monitoring the finance plan (the
Working Group could be in charge of
this step).
Depending on the local context,
fundraising can be an important
challenge to overcome.
Foundations, NGOs, research
institutions, and/or the private sector
could serve as donors. It might be
beneficial to design the financing
plan in a “modular” way, so that key
pieces can be pulled out from the
plan to respond to specific funding
opportunities.
page 22
 adaptive management
“If the Index were adopted as a
management tool, recalculating
scores regularly could reveal whether
management actions had the
intended effect on both overall
ocean health and particular
goals.” (Halpern et al 2014)
Findings will help inform decision-
makers about management actions
and policies. However,
understanding the effect of
management actions requires
iterative studies. Repeated
assessments are also necessary to
continuously adapt management
strategies.
A repeatable process of Index
assessments will need to establish to
determine how well the management
interventions are accomplishing the
established targets.
Management plans must include a
thorough mechanism to track any
changes related to the regional
assessments activities.
Through this process, the design,
management, and monitoring of the
project should be used to continually
gather information on the
effectiveness of its decision-making
process. As information is gathered
and assessed, it is possible to
recommend policy and management
reforms as needed, providing a
flexible decision-making process that
constantly improves.
This will provide key information to
decision-makers so they can adapt
their management strategies over
time, in a way that increasingly
moves closer to the target.
Continuous monitoring of the
strategy will also help improve
resource allocation, so the strategies
remain cost-effective.
page 23
 considerations
 for
 joint
 
planning

vision

outreach + scale

strategy  +  task  timeline

communications objectives  +  strategies

action  plan

adaptive
 management
page 24
identify key messages
& recommendations
Communications strategy
• Materials needed to influence
decision making:
• Summary of findings: present
paper findings to wider audience,
press, managers, and various
decision-makers
• Policy paper/report/memos:
provide recommendations to key
decision-makers
• Website: in local language(s) and
English (optional)
• Fact-sheets & printed materials
In addition to highlighting key findings of specific geographies and
goals, it is important to provide recommendations to decision-
makers and managers about interventions and policies that can
help improve goal scores
Create an outreach strategy • Provide clear recommendations
and courses of action that create
• Stakeholder workshops and/or the conditions to sustainably
town hall meetings: present maximize ocean productivity
findings, develop a strategic plan of
next steps, evaluate different • Clearly articulate geographic
management scenarios priorities and sectorial problems
affecting local oceans
• Work with network of decision-
makers who were part of the • Be available to support ocean and
planning team to organize public coastal resource management
meetings, hearings, inter-agency planning and/or policy
meetings development processes
• Consider perspective of the
decision-maker: clarify issue and
why of interest, highlight action to
take and the relevant science to
support the action,
• Maintain engagement in the
decision-making process: councils,
partnerships with stakeholders,
periodic meetings with technical
working groups and government
agencies
page 25
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