SetbyYasi

n.EG=11

Chapt
erone
Bui
ldi
ngdemocrat
icsy
stem
- BDS–i sonepar tandpar celoft heEt hiopiangov ’t
spol i
cyandst rategyt hatdesi gnedf ort he
dev elopmentoft hest ate.
Democr at icsy st em i sasy stem ofgov ’tinwhi cht hepeopl egov ernedbyt hemsel v
esdi rect l
yor
i
ndi
rect l
ybyt hei rr epresent ativeaccor dingt othewi llori nter estofmaj orit
y .
- Basi cpr inci pl esoft heEt hiopi anconst ituti
on( 1).
- Const itut ioni saf undament alLawt hatcont ainsbasi cpr inciples,v alues,bel iefs,andt raditions
thatdi r ectorgov ernt hei nt ernal andext ernal af f
ai r
sofagi venst ate/count ry.
Consti
tut
ioni sadocumentwhi chbear s, foragi vengov ernmentandpeopl earegov ernby .
TheEthiopi anconst itutionhast hef ol l
owi ngbasi cpr i
nci ples:-/ FDREconst it
ution/ :
-
- Thesov erei gnt yoft hepeopl e.Ar t: 8
- Thesupr emacyoft heconst itutionAr t.9
- Ther espectofhumananddemocr at icr i
ghtAr t10
- Thesepar ationofst ateandRel igion.Ar t11
- Conductandaccount abi l
ityoft hegov ernmentAr t.12
Sov er ei gnt yoft hepeopl eAr t.8
- Inademocr at iccount rytheul timat epol iti
cal poweri sv est edatt hehandoft hepeopl e.
- Int hepr esentdayEt hiopi at hesour cesofpowerar et heNat ions,Nat i
onalitiesandpeopl esof
Ethiopi a.
- Thepower/Aut hor ityisdel egat edf r om t hepeopl etot hegov ernment .Ar t8(2)
- Thisconst itut ioni sanexpr essi onoft heir(peopl e)sov er eignt y.
- Thepoweroft hegov ernmenti st hef r eelygi venconsentoft hepeopl e.
- Supr emacyoft heconst itutionAr t9
- Const itutioni st hesupr emeLawoft hel and.
- Noonecancont r
adi ctwi t
ht heconst it
ution.AnyLaw,cust omar ypr acticeoradeci sionofan
organofst ateorapubl icof fi
cialwhi chcont rav enesorcont radictoropposet hisconst itution
shal lbeofnoef fect.
- Const itutioni st hesour ceofal llaws.
- Ther espectofhumananddemocr at icr i
ght .
- Respect ingt heconst i
tutioni nt hef oundat ionf ort hepr ev alenceoft her uleofLaw i nagi ven
state/count ry.
- Thenaf ter ,whent heconst itut i
onr espect edandt her uleofLaw pr evails,t hehumanand
democr at icr ight sofci t
izensar er espect ed.
- Respect inghumananddemocr aticr ighti sthepr i
nci pleoft heconst i
tution.
- Humananddemocr at i
cr ight sar er espect edt hrought heconst ituti
on.
Separ at ionofst ateandRel igionAr t11
- Separ at i
onofst ateandr eli
gi oni st her ecentphenomenont oEt hiopianst ate.Why ?B/ c,int he
past ,Et hi opi awasnotsecul ar, r
at hert hest ateandt hechur chwor kedt ogat her .
Butpost1991Et hiopiadecl ar edt hesecul arst ate.Whi chmeant hesepar ati
onofst ateand
rel
igionast woi ndependenti nst i
tut ionswi t
hd/ tobj ect i
ves.
Whywesepar atest ateandRel igion?
B/c, st ateandRel i
gionhav ed/ tmi ssi ons, obj ectivesandv aluest opr omot e,andt huscannot
funct ionasone.Andt hisactcancr eat egoodcondi ti
onf orr eligiont obeequal .
Ther ear ef ourst ageofdev el opmenti nrelat i
ont osepar at ionofst ateandr eligion;-
A.Pr e- st at ef or mat i
on=not hingi sknown.

1
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

B.Er ast iani sm=st atei sgr eat ert hanr el i

gi on.
C.Theocr atism=r el i
gi oni sgr eat ert hanst at e.
D.Separ at i
sm/ separ at ion/ secul ar i
sm=bot hoft hem ar eequal .
*Pr e-st atef ormat ion; -her enot hingi sor gani zedandknown.
*Er ast iani sm; -st at ei ssuper iort or eligionandst ateusedr el
igi
onf ort hesakeofexecut ing
statepol i
cy .St atei ssuper iorov err eligion.
 Theocr atism; -ist hesupr emacyofr el i
gi onov erstateandi tisusedst atemachi neryfort he
further anceofr el i
gi ousi nt erest .
 Secul arism; -
ist hewhenst ateandr el i
gi oni ssepar at edandnoonei nt erf
er eint heaf fairsof
oneanot her .E. g.Ar t=11ofFDREConst i
tution.
Tr anspar encyandAccount abi li
ty.Ar t12
- Ademocr at i
cgov ’
ti sopenandexpl ainswhati tisdoi ng.Thepeopl ehav et her ightt oget
i
nf ormat ionandi nspect( Check)howgov ’
twor ks.
- Transpar encyi sopeni nf or mat i
on
- Allact i
vities, pol icies, etcoft hegov ’tshoul dbecl earlyknownbyt hepeopl eoft hecount ry
.The
citi
zensoft hecount ryhav et her ightt oknowwhati sdeci dedbyt hegov ’
toff i
cials.
- Account abi li
tyBei ngr esponsi blef ory ouact i
on.Ev eryonei sresponsi bl
ef ort heirper formanceor
action.Opendeci sion- maki ngenhancest het ranspar encyandaccount abili
tyofgov ernmentsa
whol e.
- Ever ygov ’
tof f
iceshoul dwor kaccor dingt ot hewi lloft hepeopl eort hegov ’tandi tsof f
icialsare
account abl et ot hepeopl e.
Humananddemocr aticrightsandt he
Et hi opi anconst itution/RDREconst it
ution/( 2)
- Inademocr acyt her ear ef undament al right sandFr eedomst hatcitizenenj oy .
- TheEt hiopi anconst i
tut ionl ist st heser ight sandFr eedom i ntwocat egoriesunderchapt ert hr
ee
From 14–28=HR29–44=DR
A-HumanRi ght
- Isauni versal ri
ghtt hatbel ongst oev eryper sonr egar dl
esst osex, col or,race, l
anguage, Rel i
gion,
cultur e,Nat ional origin, age, orpol i
ti
cal bel iefset c.
Thechar act er/Feat ur eofhumanr ight .
- Arebasedonequal it
yr egar dl esst osex , col or,etc.
- Areet ernal –t hatexi stf orev er
- Arenotsubj ectt or educt ion
- Arei nv iolabl e&i nal ienabl e.
- Readi ngassi gnmentf rom Ar t14–44.
- HumanRi ghti ncl udesf rom Ar t14–28
Thee. gofHumanRi ght
- Rightt ol i
fe
- Rightt ol i
ber t
y
- Rightt oequal i
t y
- RightofAr rest edper son
- Rightofaccusedper son
- Rightt ohonor&Reput at ion
- Rightofper sonhel di ncust odyandconv ictedpr i
soner s.
- Prohi bi t
ionagai nsti nhumanTr eatment
- Non- ret roact i
vityofcr imi nal Law
- Prohi bi t
ionofdoubl e-j eopar dy

2
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

- Freedom ofRel igion, Beliefsandopi ni

ons.
Crimesagai nsthumani ty.
B-Democr aticRi ght
- Areaf undament al rightofev eryciti
zeninademocr at i
csoci ety
/countrythatprot
ectedbyLaw.
Or
- Democr aticr ighti st her i
ghtt hatexistsinademocr aticcount ry
.
- Humananddemocr at i
cr ightdonotexi stinseparat
ion;rathertheyform awhole
- Democr acyi st hepr econdi tionf orthedev el
opmentofhumanr ightandtheyarerelat
edhighl
yto
eachot her.
- Theyar eessent ialtocr eat ef reeinspir
ed( havi
ngexcellentqualiti
esorabili
ti
es:producedwit
h
thehelpofi nspi ration( wi thgoodi dea/i
nterest
).
- Activ
epubl icpar ti
ci pationi satt heheartofademocr ati
csy stem.
- AttheFeder al lev el,repr esent at
ivesareelectedbythepeopl etobemember softhepar l
i
ament.
- Thee.gofDemocr at icr ight
- Rightofassembl y,demonst rati
on&pet i
ti
on
- Freedom ofAssoci at i
on
- Freedom ofmov ement
- Rightofnat i
onal it
y
- Mar i
tal
,per sonal &Fami lyr i
ght
- Rightofwomen
- RightofChi l
dr en
- Rightofaccesst oJust i
ce
- Righttov ote&t obeel ect ed
- Rightofnat i
on, Nat ional i
t y&peopl e
- Ther i
ghtt opr oper ty
- Economi c, soci al &cul tural rights
- Rightsofl abor
- Ther i
ghtt odev elopment .
- Envir
onment al rights…et c…

Ci
ti
zen’
sobl
igat
ions/dut
ies(
3)
- Obl i
gationsar edutiesthatareexpect edf rom everyci
tizentoful
fi
ll
.
- Const i
tuti
onalobl i
gationsar edut iesthatciti
zenshav et orespectfortheirownwell-
beingand
t
hatofsoci ety.
- Inademocr acy ,y
ourobl i
gationsandr i
ghtsar ekeptinbalance.Why?B/ c,ri
ghtsandobl
igat
ionare
thesamecoi noft wof aces,andal sot heli
feofev eryhumanbei nginvolvesri
ghtontheonehand
andobli
gationont heothers.Rightsar egiven,buttheycomewi t
hdut i
es
- Yourconst ituti
onobl i
gationincludes;-
 Respect ingt heri
ghtoff ellowEthiopian
 Def endingy ourcount ryfr
om enemy
 Respectf orrel
igi
ousequal it
y
 Respectf orgenderequal ity
 Respectf ortherightofot hers.
 Respectt heconst i
tutionandLawoft hecount r
y.
- Af ail
uretor espectconst i
tuti
onal obli
gat i
onispunishablebylaw.

3
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

Feat
ureofademocr
ati
csy
stem (
4).
- Ademocr aticgov ’tisopenandexpl ainswhati tisdoi ngandt hepeopl ehav et herighttoget
i
nf ormat ionandi nspect( exami ne)howgov ’
twor ks.
- Inademocr acy ,thepeopl eandt hemedi ahav et her i
ghtt oi nformat iononhow gov ’
toffici
als
exer cisethei rpowerandper formt hei rduties.
- /themai nobj ect i
veofTr anspar encyandaccount abilit
yi stopr eventanabuseofpowerby
gov ernment .
- Butsamet imesl i
mi t
ingt r
anspar encymaybenecessar ydur i
ngnat ionalemer gencieslikewar s
andi nv asionsandenhancet hedev elopmentofdemocr acy .
- Inademocr acy ,powerr esidesint hepeopl e.
- Anot herFeat ur eofademocr ati
csy st em istopr omot epol i
ti
cal t
oleranceamonggr oupshol di
ng
d/tv iewpoi nts.
- Tol erancei st hepr i
ncipleofaccept ingandr espect i
ngot herpeopl e’
scul t
ure,opinion,Reli
gion,
l
anguageet casgoodasy ourself/y ourown/ .
- Div ersit
yi st obed/ tinsomeway st hisdifferencemaybesex, colour,racer el
igi
on…et cbut
tolerancei st hewayofaccommodat i
ngt hesedi fferenceandbei ngabl et oli
vewi thothersin
peacesi nce, not woi ndivi
dual scanhav eident i
calv i
ewpoi ntsandaspi rationinlife.
- Itisy ourobl igat iont orespectt heirv aluesandnor msi nor dertol i
veinhar monywi t
hthem.
- Peopl ewhoar eabl et ohandl ediversi tyhelptocr eat estrongnat ional unity.
- Thei mpor tance/ Benef i
tofTol erancei nEthiopia.
- Topr omot esust ai
nabl epeaceandst abil
it
y .
- Sinceourcount ryi sacount r
yofNat i
ons, nationali
tiesandpeopl e’
stol erancehel pust oli
ve
toget herpeacef ull
y.
Feder
ali
sm (
5)
- Federali
sm isasy st em ofgov ’tinwhi cht hepoweri sshar edwi thi nonest at e
- Federali
sm isasy st em ofgov ’twher epoweri sdi videdb/ nf eder alandr egi onal gov’t
- Thepr i
ncipleoff eder al
ism ist odev olvepowert oregi onst hatconst it
utet hef ederationinorder
tomakenei thert hef ederalnort her egi onal gov ’tsupr emeandt hemechani sm t hathel ptoav oid
amonopol yofpower .
- Federalism inEt hiopi aisnott heact ion/Changet hatcomeov ernightr atherr equir
edmanyand
mili
tarydictat orshi p.
- Inordert oenj oydemocr acyandFeder ali
sm oft odaysomanyEt hiopianci tizensacr if
icedtheir
l
ives.Thenaf tert hecol l
apseofDer gEt hiopiabecameaf eder aldemocr at i
cr epubl i
candi ts
namei sFDRE.Andpoweri sdi videdb/ nt hef eder al &t heni ner egional states.
- Regionalgov ’
thav ei tsownl egi slative,execut ive&Judi ciarywi tht heirrespect iv
econst it
uti
ons
thataddresst hespeci f
iccondi tionsf oreachst ate.
- TheFeder alandt heRegi onalconst i
tut iondef inet her elati
onshi pandt hepowerdi visionexisti
ng
b/nthef eder al andt her egional l gov er nment .
- Thepoweroft heFeder alandt her egi onal gov ’tiscl earlystat edi nt heFeder al constituti
on.
- Somepoweri sr esideexcl usivel yi nt heFeder algov ’t
,andsomeot herpowerr esidesi nt he
regi
onal state.Somepower sar econcur r
entt hatt heyhav eincommon.
Readi ngAssi gnmentAr t50–52.
- Federali
sm pav est hewayf orauni tyt hatar isesf rom di versity.
- Unityi
namul ticul tur alsett
ingcanbenur tured/ helped/ devel oped/wheny ouar eabl et o
appreciatedi ver sityi naposi tiveway .
- TheFeder al const itut i
onofEt hiopiahasabi camer al parli
amenti .eHPRandHF.
- A.HPRar et her epr esentativeoft heEt hiopi anpeopl ethatel ectedbyuni ver salsuf frageandat
theFeder allev elHPRhast hehi ghestpol it
icalpowerandt heyar er esponsi blet ot hepeopl eof
Ethi
opia.
- HPRt heirtotal numbershal l exceed550.Mi nor it
ygr oupshal lhav eatl east20seat s.

- HPRar
ether
epr
esent
ati
vesoft
heEt
hiopi
anpeopl
easawhol
e.Theyar
egov
ernedby
:-
4
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

A.Theconst itut i
on
B.Thewi l
loft hepeopl e
C.Thei rconsci ence
- HPRar eel ect edf orat er m of5y ear s.
- B.HF–i st hecomposedofr epr esent at i
vesofnat ions, nati
onal i
tiesandpeopl e
- Eachnat ion, nat ional i
tyandpeopl eshal lber epr esent edi nHFbyatl eastonemember .
- Eachnat ionornat i
onal ityshal lber epr esent edbyoneaddi ti
onalr epresent at iv
ef oreachone
mi ll
ionofi tspopul ation.
- HFshal lbeel ect edbyst at ecounci l
.
- Thest atecounci l mayel ectf rom t hemsel vesorf rom t hepeopl edi rectly.
- Feder alism cr eat esasenseofr esponsi bili
tyamongi tsci ti
zenst or especteachot herr ighti n
or dert ol iv ei npeace&di gni t
y.
- Ret aini ngi tsFeder al st ruct ure, Ethi opi ar emai nsuni taryi nspi ri
t.
Ethi opi a&I nter nat ional Relat ions.
- Et hiopi ai st heonl yAf ricancount ryt hatwasnev ercol oni zedandmai ntainsi tsindependence.
- Thev ict oryofAdwagi v esr ecogni tionandl eadi nt of ormalmoder ni nt ernat i
onalr elati
ons.
Fol l
owi ngv i
ct oryEt hiopi aandI talysi gnedat reatyt of ormal lyendt heI taliancol onialcl aim ov er
Et hiopi a.
- Italyf i
rstr ecogni zedt hei ndependenceofEt hiopi af rom Eur opeancount ries.
- Di plomat icl egat ionswer eest abl i
shedi nAddi sAbaba, andEt hi
opi ajoinedt heLeagueofNat ions
i
n1923, af tert hr eey ear sofi tsest abl i
shment( 1920) .
- LeagueofNat ionwasest ablishedatt heendofFi rstWor ldWart opr omot epeace,andt o
elimi nat ei nt ernal anar chy .In1920l eaguest artedoper ati
onatGenev a,Swi tzer l
and.
Butwhati st hemai ncausef ort hef ai l
ur eofl eagueofNat ion?
- Ithasnost andi ngar my .
- Al lmaj ornat ionswer enoti ncludedUSA, Ger many , USSR, andJapan…
- IGADD-I ntergov er nment al Author i
tyonDr aughtandDev elopment .
- It’
sf ailureJapansi nv asi onofManchur ia( Chi na)i n1931&1935andt heI tal
iani nv asionof
Et hiopi ai n1935.
- Att heendoft he2nd wor l
dwari n1945t heUNwasbor noutoft hedebr is( Thosewhol eftfrom
nd
dest ruct ion)oft he2 wor l
dwart omai nt ainwor l
dpeaceandsecur ity,andEt hiopi abecameone
ofi tsf oundi ng member s.Et hi opia cont ribut eal ott han any ot herAf rican count ri
es i n
peacekeepi ngf orcet ot heUNmi ssionst oKor ea, Rwanda, Burundi ,Liber ia, Congo, Somal ia,Dar
for ,….Et c.I n1963af terdecol oni zat i
onofAf r
ica.I ndependentcount r i
esest ablishedt heir
cont inent alor gani zat ioni nwhi chEt hiopiai st hef irst( pioneer ed)t heest ablishmentoft he
or gani zat ionofAf ri
canuni ty(OAU) ,now t heAf r
icanuni on( AU) ,andAddi sAbababecamei ts
headquar ters.
- Et hiopi apl ay edgr eatr olet oendcol oni alism andt her acistApar theidr ulei nSout hAf rica.
Et hiopi ai sal sooneofNEPAD–Newpar tnerf orAf ri
canDev ’t
- COMESA–commonmar ketf orEast er nandsout her nAf ri
ca.
- IGAD–i nt er gov er nment al Author it
yf ordev ’
t.Pi oneer si ncreat i
ngNon- Alignedmov ’t
.t hat
aimedt obenon- par ti
sani nt hecol dwarpol iticsofEastandwest .
- Et hiopi aal socont ribut edt ot hef or mat i
onofsub- regi onal organi zationsuchasCOMESAand
IGADt hatai medt opr omot epeacet hr ougheconomi ci ntegrat i
oni neastandcent ralAf r
ica.E. g
theyt ryt obr ingpeacet osout hSudan&ot herst ate
- B/ coft heabov er eason, atpr esentAddi sAbabai soneoft hedi plomat ichub/ cent er
/oft he
wor l
d.

5
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

Uni t–Two
Rul eofl aw.
Rul eofLawandconst itution( Lessonone)
(
Thedi fferenceandsi mi l
ar ityb/ nFeder al&Regi onalconst itution)
- RuleofLawpr ev ailsunderademocr at icgov ’
t.Thepr ev iousconst it
ut i
onofEt hiopi aadapt edauni t
ary
system ofgov ’tbutt heFDREconst itutionsetaf eder al sy stem t hatmeani nEt hi opiat herear eFeder al&
Regi onal const it
ut i
ons.
- Simi larityt hatexi stb/ nFeder al &Regi onal ;-
- Underbot hPower scanonl ybeassumedaccor di ngt ot heLawst atedi nt heconst it
ution.
- Underbot hEv eryonei ssubj ecttot hel aw&Jur isdi ctionoft hecour ts.
- Underbot ht hegov ’tandt heci tizensactonl yi naccor dancewi tht heconst ituti
on.
- Underbot hThebasi crightsofci ti
zensar er espect ed.
- Bothpr ohi bi
tgov ’toff i
cial
sf rom v iol
at ingt heLawoft hecount r
y.
- Bothunder li
net heneedt opr omot edemocr acyanddemocr ati
csy stem i nt hecount ry
.
- Bothdonotgi vewayt oar bitr
ar yruleofi ndi vidual .
- Bothenhancer uleofLawatal l l
evel ofadmi ni strat i
onst ruct ure.
- Bothwor kt obr i
ngaboutsoci al,economi cpol itical andcul turalJust icet hroughoutt hecount ry.Bot h
dedicat ed/wor khar dt oensur erapideconomi c, soci al,pol i
t i
cal &cul turaldev ’t. The
Feder al const itutioni sexcl usivelyinchar geofcur rency ,def ense&I nt ernationalr elat
ion.
Al lconst itutioni nt hecount ry,whet herFeder alorRegi onalpr omot edemocr acy&democr ati
csy stem
i
ncludi ngf undament al r
ightandFr eedom ofci tizens
Differ encet hatexi stb/ nFeder al&Regi onalconst i
t ution; -
- Feder al const itutioni ssupr emeLawoft hel andandumbr ellaLawt hatgi veshel t ertoal lregional
const itut i
ons.
- Regi onal const it
ut i
onwor konl ywi thi nt het erritor yoft hest ate&notbey ond.
- Feder al const itutionwor ksacr ossal l regi onal stat es.
- Regi onal const it
ut i
onsf ollowt hepat ter n&f undament al pr inciplesenshr inedi nFeder al const i
tutionand
subor dinat et oi t.
- Feder al const itutiongi vesdi rectionf orr egi onal .
- Regi onal const it
ut i
oni sdesi gnedt omeetspeci fi
cci rcumst anceoft hei rownr egi on.
TheNecessi tyoft heRul eofLaw.Obj ect ive(Lesson–Two)
- Democr aticConst i
tut i
onsar ebasesf ort hepr ev alenceofr uleofl aw.
- Ruleofl awi spr act i
cewhi cht reatsal l citi
zensi mpar tially/ equal l
y .
- Ever yci tizen, irrespect iveofsoci alstat us, ethni corr eligiousbackgr ound, issubj ecttoLawoft he
count ry.Thei mpor t
anceofr uleofl aw: -
- Prov idingsecur it
y
- Limi tingt hepowerandFunct i
onofgov ’t.Itlimi tbot hgov ernorandgov erned
- Prot ect inghumananddemocr aticright .
- Regul atingt her elationshi pb/ ngov ’
t&t hepeopl e.
- Promot ingt hecommongood.
AbsenceofRul eofLaw: -
- Isthepr ev al
enceofunl i
mi ted&ar bitrar ypowerofgov er nment ?
- Thisi mpl iesAr bitrariness, Lawl essness, disor der ,dest r uct ion,Anar chy , corrupt ionandAbsenceof
i
ndependentJudi ciarythatl eadsust oconf l
ictandpav ewayf oranar chyandt heexer ci
seofar bi
trary
6
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

power .
- Anar chy–i sasi t
uat i
oni nwhi cht her ei snoLaworsupr emepowert hatf ollowedbypol itical andsoci al
rathert handi sor der ,dest ruct ion&conf usi ont hatdi sr egar dt heLaw&f airpr ocedur al Lawoft hecount r
y.
- Ar bi trar y-isasi tuat i
onwher eonecannotpr edi ctwhatwi ll happennext/t omar row.
- Cor rupt i
oni st hemi suseofpubl icpowerf orper sonal gai nt hathamper s/pr ev ent ssoci al ,economi c&
political dev ’t.
- Conf licti sdi sagr eementt hatar isesduet odi ver gencesofi nter esti nsoci ety .
- Conf lictcanbel egal l
yr esol vedbyadher i
ng/r espect ing/t ot hev aluesandpr inci plesoft heconst itution,
bywor kingt oget heroncommonpr obl emsandi dent ifyingt hecommonl yshar edv alues, int erestand
goal s…………….et c.
Li mi tedandunl imi tedGov er nment( Lesson–3)
- Ther ear edi ffer entf ormsofgov ’tthose, theirpowerl i
mi tedbyl awandt hosenotl i
mi tedbyt hel aw.
A.Li mi tedgov er nmenti sagov er nmentt hati t
’spowerandf unct ioni sl imi tedbyt heLawoft hecount ryand
i
tisdemocr at iccount ryt hatensur et hepr ev alenceofr uleofLawwi tht hepr omot ionoft hepr i
ncipleand
valueofdemocr aticsy st em suchas: -
- Const itut i
onal ism
- Account abi li
t y&Tr anspar ency .
- Pr ot ect ionofr ight&f reedom ofci tizen.
- Mechani sm ofcheck&bal anceb/ nor ganofst atei ncl udi ngpeopl e.
- Const itut i
onal ism i st hepol i
t i
caldoct rinet hati ndi cat est heuphol dofr uleofLaw i nademocr ati
c
gov er nancet hati mpl iest hei mpl ement at i
onofconst itutioni nt opr act ical.
- Ther ol eoft hepeopl et ol i
mi tt hepowerofgov ’
ti st hecor ner st oneofademocr ati
csy stem.Her et he
ulti
mat epoweri sv estedi nt hehandoft hepeopl e.
- I nEt hi opi at he1995const it
ut ioncr eat edf av or abl econdi tiont ocont rolabuseofpowerbyanybr anchof
gov er nment .
- Pol i
tical par tiesandi ndi v idual scanassumest at epoweronl yt hr oughdemocr at icel ection.
B.Unl i
mi tedGov er nment :-i sagov ’
tinwhi chi tspowerandf unct ioni snotl imitedbyt hel awoft hecount r
y
andi ti sundemocr ati
cgov ernmentwi tht hepr ev alenceofabsenceofr uleofl awandi tcanbeexpr essed
through“ Aut hor itar i
ani sm andTot alitar ianism sy st em” .
Unl i
mi tedpowerofgov ’tser i
ousl yjeopar dizest heFr eedom ofci tizens
1.Aut hor itar iani sm sy st em –i sasy stem ofgov ernmenti nwhi chal lpol it
icalpowerconcent r
atedatt he
handofoneper sonorsmal lgr oup.E. gEmperorHai leSel assi eI .
2.Tot alitariani sm sy stem – i sasy st em ofgov ’
ti nwhi cht hegov ’tr egul atesev erypar tofl ivesof
i
ndi vidual s.E. gDer g( Mengi st uHai lemar iam)
Ther uleofLawandcombat ingcor rupt i
on.( 4)
- Rul eofLaw r equi rest hegov er nmentt oacti naccor dancewi thpr eannounced,cl earandgener alr ul
es
thatar eenf or cedbyi mpar ti
al cour tsinaccor dancewi thf airpr ocedur es.
- Cor rupt i
oni smor al l
ywr ongandbr eakr uleofLaw.
- Cor rupt i
oni st hemi suseofpubl icpowerf orper sonal/pr ivat egai nandi ti sal socat egor i
zedunder
i
nt ernat i
onalcr i
me such as Genoci de,Dr ug Tr af ficki ng,Ter rorism,cor ruption and Del i
ber atel
y
Transmi ttingdi seases–t hatwant sgl obal cal lf orr educt i
on&t hener adi cationt hrought i
me.
- No one count ryi si mmune f rom cor r uption ov ert he wor ld.Ther efore,t he Et hiopi an gov ernment
establ ishedt heEt hicsandAnt i-Cor rupt ioncommi ssi oni n2001.Andbesi det hi s, t
hegov ernmentcal l
son
thepubl i
catl ar get opl ayi tsr olei ncombat i
ngcor rupt ionandabuseofpower .
- Tor educeandel imi nat eact iv eandf ull par ti
ci pat ionoft hepubl i
candunr eser v edcommi tmenti sr equi r
ed
tof i
ghtcor rupt ion.
Theconsequenceofcor rupt i
on: -
- I tdiscour agedomest icpr oduct .
- I tencour agesi llegal busi ness.
- I tbreakst her ul eofLaw.
- I tcreat esi nef ficienci esandi nequal i
tiesamongnat ions/soci et ies.
Meani ngofCor rupt ion
- Cor r
upt ioni st hemi suseofpubl icpowerf orper sonal gai n.
- Cor r
upt ioni si nt er nat ional cr i
met hatnoonecount r yisi mmunef r om i tov ert hewor l
d.
- Cor r
upt ioni smor al l
ywr ongandbr eakst her uleofl aw.
- Cor r
upt ionwant sgl obal cal l forr educt ionandel imi nat i
ont hrought ime.
1.Ty pes/For msofCor rupt i
on
1.Bri
bery, 2.Embezzl ement , 3.Abuseofpower 4.Nepot i
sm 5.Al t r
a-virus 6.ext ort i
on
7
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2.Thecauseofcor r
uption
1.Li tt
lei
ncentiv
ef orwor kers
2.Lackofef fectivemoni toringmechanism
3.Hi ghcostsimposedonci tizensbyt
heirgov’
tint
hef
orm oft
axes
4.Absenceofr ul
eofl aw
5.Lackofgoodgov er
nment
6.Lackofexempl aryethical l
eadershi
p.
7.Exist
enceofgr eedinessl eaderandcit
izen.

Uni t–t hree

Equal it
y
- Equal ityi st hei dent ical t
reat mentofal lpeopl eov ert hewor ldregar dlesst osex, col or,cul ture,religion…. .etc.
- Equal itydoesnoti gnor et hei nequal i
tyt hatexi st sbasedont alent ,economi corbusi nessandnat ure,why ?b/ c,t he
abov eact ioni sunav oi dabl ebynat ur e.
- Itinv olv eseconomi c, pol i
tical,soci alandcul t
ur alconsi der at i
on.
- Themai nobj ect iv eofequal it
yi st ogi veequal rightandoppor tuni ti
esf oral lmember soft hesoci et y.
- Equal itymustbev iewedi nt ermsofext endi ngequaloppor tunityt ocompet e,butnotdeser v
ing/gi vi
ngwhat ever
youwi sh.
- Equal itycanbeaf or m ofr emedi al orr est orat iveJust icet or epairdamagesdonei nt hepast .
- TheI mpor tanceofequal i
t yamongt heN, Nandpeopl esofEt hiopi a.
- Equal itypr ev ail
swhenal lN,N &peopl esenj oyequalr ight sandoppor tunities.Thenwhent heabov est atement
realized, we/st at ewi llenj oyint er nalst abi lity,peaceanddev elopment .
- Equal ityi mpl iest heoppor tuni t
iest hatt hest ateex tendst oi tspeopl e, andt heequalpr ot ectionandt her ightsgi ven
toal l citizen.
Thei ndi vidualandt hepubl i
ci nterest .(Lesson–2)
- Equal ityi sr elat edt or i
ghtandexer cisingy ourequal i
tyhasl imitat ionsast heuseofy ourr i
ght scanbecondi tioned
byy ourobl igat ion.Asexpr essedi nt heconst i
tut i
on,y ouhav ef reedom ofspeech,andexpr essi ons.Buty our
Freedom ofexpr essi onsdoesnoti ncludet her ightt ov erbal lyabuseori nsul tsomeoney ouhat e.
- Equal itymustbev i
ewedi ntermsofext endi ngequaloppor tunityt ocompet e, butnotdeser vinggi v i
ngwhat every ou
wish.
- Yourper sonali nt erest sar epr ot ect edonl yt ot heext entt hatt hei nt er estoft hepubl ici snotadv er selyaffect ed.And
alsoy oumi ghthav et ogi veupsomeofy ouri ndi v i
dual ’sr ightsi nor dert opr omot ewhatbenef itssoci et yt hat
i
mpl iespubl ici nt erestshoul dpr ecedei ndi vidual i
nt erest .
- E.g.y ourhousemaybemar kedf orRemov alduet or oadconst ruct ionbuty oumaycl aim asv iolat i
onoft her ightof
privacyandwhatj ust ifiest hegov er nment st ot aket hisact ioni st hedesi ret opr omot et hepubl ici nterestmor et han
thatofi ndiv idual s.
Genderi ssues&soci allyDi scr imi nat edgr oup( Lesson–3)
- GenderI ssue–Themai nobj ectiv eofgenderi ssuei st oav oidt hedi scr imi nationt hatbasedonsex.GenderI ssues-
Deal swi tht hepat ter nsofbehav iori nr elationt or ightdut ies, obl i
gat i
onandr esponsi bili
tyt hatassi gnedt oFemal es
andmal esi nsoci et y.
- Thehi stor yofhumansoci ety, f
ort hemostpar tismar kedbyunf airt reat mentf orwomen.
- Int hepasthi st oryofEt hiopia, mostwomenwer edeni edt hesamer ightwi t hmen.
- Theywer edeni edt her ightt o: -
- Choose/deci dewhom t omar ry&l ivewi th
- Ownandi nher itland&ot herpr oper ty
- Thei rappr opr iatepl acewasst ay ingwi thi nhomeandt hei rmai nr olei sgi vingbi rth.
- Theywer esubj ectt o
- Ear lymar ri
age, Abduct ion, cir
cumci si
on, subor dinat et omen, domest icv i
olence.
- Atpr esent , womenhav ethesamel egalr i
ghtasment hatr espect edbyt heFDREconst itutionsandbesi det his; they
alsohav eAf fi
rmat iv eact i
oni nor dert or edr esst hepastdi scr i
mi nat ion.
- Whati sAf firmat iveact ion?I saposi tivedi scr imi nat i
ont hati ntendedt ocompensat et hem t hepasti njustices?
- Affirmat i
veact ioni sgi vent o:women,chi ldr en,peopl ewi thdi sabi lity,mi nor itygr oup…. .Anewf ami lylawhasbeen
8
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n.EG=11

i
ssuedt opr otectwomen’ sr i
ghti nmar ri
ageanddi vorcet oempower edwomen.
- Empower i
ngwomeni sempower ingsoci etyasawhol e, andl i
ber atingwomeni sli
berati
ngsoci et
y .Si
ncewomenar e
thebackboneofsoci etyandwomen’ sempower menti sthecor ner stonesofsocialJustice.Thedev elopmentofa
count ryisachi ev edwhenal lwomenar etreatedf air
lyandequal l
yt omen.TheEt hiopiangov ’tandcommuni ty/
peopleshoul dgi v especi alat tentiont osuppor tpeopl ewi thdi sabilitytoaccessthesamet hi
ngsast hosewhoar e
ablebodi ed.
- Whati sdonet ot hechi ldreni sdonet othesoci et
y.
- Readi ngassi gnmentAr t35ofFDREconst it
ution.
TheTendencyt onegat euni tyinDi versity(Lesson–4)
- Unityi ndiversityisal laboutt hemut ualexistenceofd/ tculturalgr oup.
- Asoci etyt hatliveswi thdi versityiscal l
edmul ti
cult
ural society.
- Amul t
iculturalsoci etyexi stsinpeaceasl ongasal litsmember s’ displayorshowmut ualrespectforoneanot her
.
Besidet hese, Ethiopi aist helandofdi versity
.
- Acount rythathassoci etywi thdi versi
tyiscal l
edmul ticulturalNat ion.
- Multiculturali
sm i st hepr incipleofaccept i
ngal lculturalgr oupsasequalandgi vi
ngequaloppor t
unityforthei
r
development .
- Ethi
opi aisamul ticult
ur alandmul ti
ethniccount rywithov er80Et hnicgr oupsi
nhabitingitsterri
toryandt odayal
lof
them hav econst ituti
onal l
ypr ot ectedrightsofequal it
y .
- Noonegr oupi ssuper i
or ,asnogr oupi sinferior.
- Ethi
opi aisasd/ tasi t
scul t
ural andet hnicgroupsar ed/ t.
- Whenwear euni tedasanat ionwear estrong, butifwel osewhatuni tesuswewi l
lbeweak.

Uni t–f our

Just i
ces
- Just icei st hepr imar yconceptofFai rness.Just i
ce.
- Fairnessi mpl iest hatt reat ingtheot her si nt hewayy ouwantt obet reated.Impar tial t
reatment .
- Theequi tyofBenef i
tandbur den( LessonOne)
A.Benef itsar eser vicesorcommodi ti
est hatar ebel i
evedt obegoodf orani ndividualsorgr oups.
- Benef itisaser vicet hatsuppor tsthosepeopl einneedandusual l
yt hegov ’
tpr ovi
dest hesebenef i
ts.
- Benef itsar et hef ruitofy ourcount rythaty ouhav etoenj oyf airly.
- Benef itcanbemat erial ornon- mat erial adv ant agest hatar egi v ent oani ndivi
dual orgr oup.
- Bur densar et her esponsi bili
ti
est haty ouhav einor dert ogetbenef i
ts.
- Bur deni st hecont ri
but ionofeachi ndi vidual orgr oupi nt hedev elopmentoft heircount ry.
- Ever ybodyshoul dbenef itaccor dingt ohi s/hercont r i
but iont oanact i
vity.Exceptt hosewhoar eunabl e
tocont ribut elike/suchasel der,sickandpeopl ewi thdi sabi lit
y .
- Thef airdi stri
but i
onofbenef itsandbur dencanbef aironl yi faper sonoragr oupcoul dear naccordingto
theircont ributioni nanact i
v i
tythatbr i
ngbenef it
s.
- Ever yonei nt hecount ryshoul dshar et hebenef i
tsaccor di ngt ohi s/hereffortt opr omot ethedev’tofthe
count ry.
- Bot hbenef itandbur denshoul dbedi st ri
but edandshoul der edf airly.
Anal ysisofEqui tability(2)
- Soci alser vicei st heser vicet hatgi venf rom t hegov ’ttot hepeopl eandsoci alser vicei ncludesEducati
on,
Heal thcar e,cl eanwat er ,electrici
tyser v i
ceaswel last el ephoneandt ranspor tser vicet hatcanpr omote
thewel l
-beingofsoci etyasawhol e.
- Distribut ionofsoci alser vi
ceshoul dbef airwi t
hinacount ryandev eryonedeser ves/hasequalser vi
ce
andt hesamet reat mentf r
om t hegov ernment .Nat i
onalr esour cesar et heweal thofanat i
onthatowned
byal l peopl eofagi venst ateandev ery oneshoul dbenef itfrom t hem ori ti
nagi venst atefair
ly.
- Iftheabov epr ocedur eimpl ement edasi tis,thecount r
yandi tspeopl ewi l
lenjoyt hef ollowing:
- Peaceandst abi li
tyoft hecount ry
- Thepeopl ewi ll f
eel thesenseofbel ongi ngness.
- Thedev elopmentoft hest ate/count r
y .
- Buthi stor i
cally ,inEt hiopi abef or e1991,t her ei snof airdi stribut ionofbenef itandbur den,socialservi
ce
andnat i
onal resour ceunderbot hmonar chi cal andmi li
tar ydi ctat orshi p.
Component soft heJust i
cesy stem ( 3)
- Componentoft heJust icesy stem i mpl i
est hatt hebodi calst ruct ure,funct i
onandsour cesf r
om whereit
9
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emanat ed.
- Cour tsar et hepl acewher et heLawi si nter pr eted.Cour tsar etheagenci est hati nterpr etlaw.
- Judgesar et hepeopl ewhoadmi ni stert heLawi nt hecour ts.Judgesar ewel lt
rainedi ninter preti
ngand
under st andi ngt heLaw.
Sour ceofJust i
ce: -
- Ther ear et wof oundat ions(sour ce)t hesear e:-
A.Mor al foundat iont hatbasedont hemor al val ueandnor msofagi vensoci et yandi tisnotwr itten
Asf or mal l
aw.
B.Legalf oundat iont hatbasedonconst itut i
onDomest i
cl awandi nternationalconv ent iont hati sf ormally
wr i
tten.
Thewayofchangi ngi ntopr act ical :-
A.Legal i
nst rumentt hatincl udescour t,off i
ceofombudsmanandt hehumanr ightcommi ssion.
B.Tr adi ti
onal inst rumentt hati ncl udesshar iacour tandt hecour tofel derandi tisd/ tfrom pl acet oplace.
Funct ionoft hecour t:-
- Gi vingdeci sionaf terexami ni ngbot hsi deoft hecase.
- Pr otect inghumananddemocr aticr ight.
- I nterpret i
ngt heLaw.
Poweroft hecour t:
- Ar ei ndependentf rom ext er nal influenceexceptt heest abl i
shedpr ocedur eofl aw.
- Judgesshal lexer ciset hei rf unct i
onsi nf ullindependenceandshal lbedi rect edsol elyoronl ybyt heLaw
underdemocr at icgov ’t.
TheAppoi nt mentofJudges:
- Pr esi dentandv ice–pr esidentoff eder al supr emecour tarer ecommendedbyPM andappoi nt edbyHPR.
- Pr esi dentandv i
ce–pr esi dentofst atesupr emecour tar er ecommendedbychi efexecut iveoft hest ate
andappoi nt edbyst atecounci l.
- TheLawsar eenact edf ort hepr ot ect i
onofhumanr i
ght sandf ort hebenef itofev eryonei nt hecount r
y.
- Readi ngassi gnmentAr t78–87ofFDRE
- Ot herf eder al judgesar esel ect edbyt heFeder alJudicialadmi nistrati
oncounci landsubmi tbyPM t oHPR
forappoi nt ment
- Ot herr egionalJudgesar er ecommendedbyst atejudicialadmi nist r
ati
oncounci landappoi ntedbyst ate
counci l.
Thewor ki ngsoft hecour t
.(4)
- I tisonl ywhent her ei sani ndependentandpr oper lyf unctioni ngofJudi ci
aryt hatt hehumanand
democr ati
cr ightcanbepr ot ect ed.Thepr imar yobject i
veofl awi st oguar ant eehumanr ight .E.gAr t37
Ever yonehast her i
ghtt obr ingaj ust ifiablemat t
ertoandt oobt ainadeci sionorJudgmentby ,
acour tof
Laworanyot hercompet entbodywi thj udici al power .
- Const i
tution i st heonl yguar ant eet hatpr ot ectindividualr ightsandt hen,t hecour tsar et heor gant hat
l
ookaf terwhet hert heser i
ght sofi ndividualt hatguar ant eedbyconst i
tutioni sv i
olat edornot .Eg.Ar t33
(2).
- Ev er yEt hiopi annat i
onalhast her i
ghtt oenj oy mentofal lther ight s,protect i
onandbenef i
tsder i
vedf r
om
Ethiopi annat ional ityaspr escr ibedbyLaw.
- Pr esenceofI ndependentJudi ciary :-
- Pr omot i
onofhumananddemocr at icright
- Peaceandsecur i
ty
- Dev elopmentandpr osper ity
- I mpar t
ial t
r eat mentandobj ect i
v e
- Absenceofi ndependentJudi ciary :-
- Vi olat i
onofhumananddemocr aticr ight
- I nstabi l
ityandi nsecur ity
- Par t
isant reat mentandst er eot yping.
Fai rnessi nTaxat i
on( 5)
- Whati st ax?Taxi st hepay mentt hati sconduct edbyt heci ti
zenofacount ryt othegov ernment .
Whyt heci tizenspayt ax?
- Fort hedev elopmentoft hei rcount ry
- Tof ul lfil
lthei robl igation
- Togai nsoci al ser vicef rom t hegov ernment .
Howci tizenpayt ax?
- Theypayt axbasedont heirabi l
ityaccor dingt ot hefollowi ngpr inciples:
1.The“ Abi l
ityt opay ”princi ples:
10
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n.EG=11

- Ever yonepayt axaccor dingt ohi s/hercapacityorabi l

ity
.Therei snoobl i
gationtotaxforthosewhohav e
nothing.
2.The“ Horizontalequity”pr i
ncipl es:
- Thosewhoear nthesameamountofi ncomeshoul dpayt hesameamountoft ax.
3.The“ verti
calEquity”princi ples:
- Thosewhoear nd/ tamountofi ncomeshoul dbet axeddiffer
ent l
y.Thisimpl i
esthat,t
hemor ey ougain,
themor ey outaxedandi tisrel atedt otheEthiopianpr ogressivetaxati
onsy stem.
- Ther ightandDut i
esoft axpay er
- Ther ightoft axpay er
- Fairdi str
ibuti
onofsoci al servicef rom thegov ernment .
- Accur ateandgenui nei nformat i
onont hegov ’tbudget .Annual l
yt hegov ’tpresentsabudgett othe
l
egisl ati
vebody .
- Attheendoft hey ear,thegov ’
tpr esenttheper f
or manceofd/ /tgovtinstit
uti
on.
- Thegov ’treporttothet axpay erwhenwher eandhowi tspentmoneyi tcoll
ectedfrom t
heciti
zens.
Thedut i
esoft axpay er
:
- Apr imar yandmaj ordut yoft axpay erispayi
ngt ax.
- Givingal laccurateandgenui nei nfor
mat i
onhonest l
yandexhaust iv
ely(compl et
ely)forthef i
nance
author it
y.Thisinformat ioni ncl udes:-t ypesofthei rwor k,t
heirincome, thei
rempl oyer/company/place/,
howt heyar epay i
ngt ax.
- Empl oy er–company
- Empl oy ee–per sonwhowor k
- Empl oy ment–t heact i
onofempl oyingsomebody .

Uni t-fi
ve
Patr i
oti
sm
- Patrioti
sm –et hol
ogi cal
lythet erm patrioti
sm isemanat ed/comes/f rom Latinword“ Pat
er”
whichmean“ Father”ort heheadoff ami lyorgov ernmentt hatheadonest ate.
- Patrioti
sm i st hewayofshowi ngl ove,l
oy al
ty,dev oti
onandcommi tmentt owardhis/hercountr
y
topr omot ecommongood.Pat ri
otism isaper sonwhohav epositi
v eatt
itudetowordpr omotion
ofcommongoodt hatenhancet hedev elopmentofagi venst at
e.
Thebasesofpat riotism(1)
- Ther earesomanyact i
onandsi t
uat i
ont hatcanbebasest odevelopasenseofpat rioti
cfeel
ing
towar dhis/her/ourcount ry.Theseoft heF.Far ebasesofpat ri
otism.
- Goodgov er nance
- Toleranceofdi ver
sit y
- Thepr eval enceofRul eofLaw
- Equalaccesst oallkindofoppor tunit
ies
- Truehi stor yabouthi s/her/ourcount ry
- Nat i
onalFl ag
- Truehi st
or yi simpor tanttodev elopasenseofpat r
ioti
cf eeli
ngtowar dhis/her
/ourcount r
y,
whilefabr icatedhist orymisleadst hem.Ther efor
e, youhav et osearchforthetruehistoryof
Ethiopiato
haveclearunder standingoft hepostandt odevelopt hesenseofpat r
ioti
sm andtosol ve
cur
rent
11
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Pr obl em.
- Howy oucansear cht r
uehi stor yofEt hi opi a?
A.Byr eadi ngd/ thi st orical accountt hatwr ittenbyd/ thistorian.
B.Byexami ningt hesour cet hat, thosehi st oriansuset owr i
tehi st ory.
Thehi st oryofEt hiopi anFl ag:
- Thef lagi nEt hiopi ahasal onghi stor yandt akenassy mbolofi ndependencef orAf ri
canwho
wer e undercol oni alr ul e wi th d/ ti nt erpr etation.Buti n shor t,t he pr esentf lag i n gr een
(dev elopmentandpr osper ity),y ellow(Hope)andRed(sacr i
f ice)pr obabl ybecamet heNat ional
Flag ofEt hiopi a dur ing t he t i
me ofempr ess Zewdi tu Menel i
ki n 1918,and t he Rev ised
const itut ionof1955r ecogni zedf ort hef irstt i
met hepr esentcol our ,oft heEt hiopianFl ag.
Responsi bi li
t yr equi r edf rom pat rioti
cci tizen( 2)
- Pat r
iot ism hasmanymeani ng&di mensi on.
- Tr adi tional l
ypat ri
ot ism f ocusesondef endi nghi s/hercount ryi nt i
meofwar ,bei ngl oy alt oki ng
orr ulingpar t
yandsoon.Butt hemeani ngandr esponsi bil
ityofpat rioti
sm isnotl imi t
edt ot his
rat her :-
- Whowor kf ort hewel l-bei ngofhi s/ hercommuni ty
- Whopr omot et hei nter estoft hei rcount r
y ?
- Whot hi nkasgl obalandactasl ocal .i .
ewhost ruggl et opr eser v epeacef rom l ocalupt o
inter nat ional lev el wi thet hi cal behav ior s.
- Whopr omot ecommongoodandt hedev el opmentofdemocr acyi nhi s/hercount ry?
- Whi st lebl ower sar epeopl ewhoexposewr ongdoi ngs, unet hi calact ivit
iesorcr imi nalact s
happeni ngi nthei rcompani es,nei ghbor hoods,gover nmentandot herf ormsofor gani zat i
ons
withouti dent i
fyingt hemsel vesasasour ceduet of earofper secut ion.Thei rcomment sar eof ten
m a d e p riva te ly a n d a n o n ym o u s ly (s e c re tly).
- Treasoni saf irst -
degr eecr imet hati nvol vesengagi ngi nact st hatunder mi net hepeaceand
secur ityoft hest at e.E. g.i fsomeonespyorexposesecr etagai nstt hei rowncount ryf orot herst ate.
Thei rpuni shmenti sver ysever emost lyt odeat hpenal t
yorl ifei mpr i
sonmenti simposed.
- Consci ent iousobj ect ori saper sonwhor ef usest opar ti
cipat ei nact i
vemi li
taryact i
vi tiesf or
reasonsofmor al ity,r el igi onandot herf or msofper sonalbel iefsandopi ni ons.
Issuesofdev elopment (3)
- Thet er m dev ’thassev eralmeani ng,somemanyconsi derasmat erialoreconomi cpr ogr essof
thel i
v ingcondi tionofpeopl es.Ot hermayconsi derast heaccumul at i
onofweal thi nsoci et yand
thecapaci tytor epr oducet hatweal th.Agai nsomemaydef i
neasgr owt horpov ertyr educt ion.
Butdev ’
tmustbeseenasamul t idi mensi onalpr ocess,t hati ncl udesl i
teracy ,educat ionand
traini ng, wor ket hi cs, saf eenv ironment , heal t
hpeopl e,propernut r
ition, propermedi cat i
on, higher
li
feexpect ancy… et ct hati nv olv eschangesi nal l st ructur esandi nsti
tutions,aswel lasi n
attitudesandway sofl ife.Ther efor e, dev ’tist het otalit
ychange.
Indi cat or sofpov er ty:-
- Hi ghi nf antMor talityr ate
- Lowl ifeexpect ancy
- Lowi ncome
- Lowl iter acyr at e/hi ghi l
liter acy r at e
Indi cat or sofdev el opment :-
- Lowi nf antMor tal i
tyr ate
- Hi ghl i
f eexpect ancy
- Hi ghi ncome
- Hi ghl iter acyr at e/Lowi lli
ter acy r ate
- Themaj orai m ofdev ’tist opr ev entt hepr oblem ofpov ertywhi cht akenast hecommonenemy
of3rd wor ldi ncl udi ng Et hi opia and Et hi opia cal li t
’s peopl et o Fi ghtagai nstpov er tyand
backwar dnessasEt hiopi anpat riot ict oi mpl ementt hemi ll
enni um dev elopmentGoal s(MDG)
thatai medt oi mpr ov et hel i
v i
ngcondi tioni npoorcount ri
esbyf ocusi ngont heer adicat ionof
pov erty .
Mi llenni um dev elopmentgoal oft hewor ldt obeachi evedby2025.I ncludes:-

12
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

1.Er adi cat eext r

emepov er ty&hunger
2.Achi ev euni versal pr i
mar yeducat ion.
3.Pr omot egenderequal ity&empowerwomen
4.Reducechi ldmor tality
5.I mpr ov emat er nal Heal th
6.CombatHI V/ AIDS, mal ar i
al&ot herdi seases
7.Ensur eenv ir
onment al sust ainabi lity
8.Dev el opagl obal par t
ner shipf ordev elopment .
Mi
llenni um dev el opmentgoal basedont hef ollowi ngt ar gettoachi ev eby2015.
A.Reduci ngby2/ 3or90%mor tali
t yr ateofchi ldr enunder5y ears.
B.Er adi cat i
nggenderi nequal i
tyi naccesst oEducat ion.
C.I ncreasi ngi ncomeofpoorpeopl eandr educi ngpeopl ewhosuf ferfrom pov er t
y.
D.Enabl ingal l boy sandgi rlsint hewor l
dt ogetpr imar yeducat ion.OrEducat ionf oral l
.
Weaccept/r ecogni zeEt hiopi aast hepoor estcount ryinthewor ld.ButEt hiopiai snotpoori nall
aspect .Et hiopi ai sr ichi n: -
- Nat ural Resour ce
- Wi dear easofcul tivabl el and
- Lar geamountofl i
v estock
- HumanResour ces
- Manyt our istat tract ions.
- Et hiopi an Ri v er shav ev eryhi gh pot ent i
alf orHy dro elect r
icpowerdev ’tand i rr
igation f or
agr i
cul ture.
- Abay ( BlueNi l
e)cont ribut esmor et han85%oft heNi lewat erthatr eachesEgy pt .Sudanpr oduce
about80% ofi tsel ect ricpowerf r
om Ni l
eRi vert hroughi tsdam whi chcal ledRosar iesand
Sennar .Thesedamsal soser vef ori rri
gat iont opr oducewheatandhi ghqual i
tycot ton.
Vol unt ar i
sm onanat i
onal basi s( 4)
- Vol unt arism i sgi vingv olunt ar yser vicest oachi ev eagoalt obenef i
tacommuni tyorsoci etyand
itisbasedont hewi lloft hosei nvolv edser vingot her swi thwhowantt ohel pot herswi thout
pay ment .Peopl eswhohav esi mi largoal scanf or mv olunt
ar yassoci ati
onsandwor kt oget hert o
meetacommongoal .
- Thesev olunt eer scancont ribut et ot hewel l–bei ngofot hersatd/ tlev elsf orml ocalupt o
internat ional lev el.
- Vol unt arism i scont ri
but ing one’ st i
meort alentf oreducat ional,soci al,char itable,to hel p
communi ty ,topr omot et henat ionali nterestandot herpur posef reel
ywi thoutexpect ationof
compensat i
onorpay ment .
- Apat rioticci tiz enpar ticipat esi nv olunt aryact iviti
est opr omot et heinterestofhi s/hercount ryby :
- Def endi ngsov er eignt y
- Pr omot i
ngdev el opment
- Pr omot et hepr ev alenceofdemocr aticsy st em.
- Def endi ngt her ightofci t
izenst hatenshr i
nedi nt heconst i
tuti
on.
Localv ol unt eer s
- Shor tageofwat er ,school Heal thcar e
Volunt eeratnat i
onall ev el
- Fi ghtingagai nstHI V/ AI DS
- Fi ghtingAgai nstgenderi nequal i
ty .
- Fi ghtingagai nstpov erty
Vol
unteerati nter nat ionall evel
- Fi ghtingagai nstTer rorism,cor rupt i
on,Dr ugt rafficking,Genoci deandasagener alst r
uggl ingt o
avoi di nter nat i
onal cr i
me.
Vol
untaryor gani zat ionsar ed/ tf r
om ot heror gani zat ion
A.Theyar enon- gov ernment alor gani zati
on.
B.Theyar enon- pr of i
tmaki ngor gani zation
C.Theyar eact ivei npubl icaf fairs.
D.Theyar ei ndependentofgov ’torf reefr om i nt erference
13
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

E.Theyhav esamedegr eeoff ormalor

ganizat
ional
exi
stence.
TheReward/Benef
itthatyougai nfr
om vol
unteeri
ng
- Valuableski
llandexperiences
- Feel gr
eatpersonal
satisfacti
on.
- Tomeetnewpeopl e&makenewf ri
ends.

Unit–Six
Responsi bi
lit
y
Responsi bi
lit
yist hedut i
esorobl i
gat ionofciti
zent odoornot odo.I sthest
ateofbeinganswerable
foryourdut i
esorobl igati
on.
Ci
ti
zen’sobl igati
oninsoci et
y( 1)
- Ev eryper soninsoci etyhassomeobl i
gationstounder take.Fulfi
l
lingi
sthebasisofsocial
lif
e
andal l
owsy outousey ourright .
- Sameobl igati
onst hatcit
izenhav einsocietyarethef ol
lowing.
A.Par t
ici
pat i
onint hepol i
ti
cal process.
- Si ncedemocr acyist hetotal productofthepeople, theparti
cipati
onofciti
zenisbaseforthe
prevalenceofdemocr at
icsy stem.
- Youhav etherightt oparti
cipateonpubl icissueinor dertoinfl
uencegov ’
tpol
icymaker&t o
14
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

enhancet hedev ’
toy ourcommuni ty.
B.Negot iateandcompr omi set or esponsi bi lity
- Sol veconf lict
- Conf li
ctist hedi vergentofi nterestandi ti sanunav oi dabl ebynat urewhy ?B/ c,humanbei ngby
naturei scr eat edwi t
hconf lict .Butwhati si mpor tanti st hatt obeabl et osol vethem inthe
peacef ul way .
- Compr omi sei st hepr i
nci pleofgi veandt ake.Whenpar tiesinconf lictagr eedt ogi veupsomeof
theirdemandsandacceptt her ightofot her si scalledcompr omi se.
- Negot iationi sthemostcommonpeacef ul wayofset ti
ngadi sput e.
- Isthedi rectdi scussi onb/ noramongt hepar ti
est ot hedi sputewi tht heobj ectiveofreachi ngan
rd
agreementwi thoutt hei nv olv ementof3 body .
- Negot iationandcompr omi sear ekeyt osol v econf l
ict.
C.Appr eciat i
ngi ndi vidualsandgr oupdi ffer ence.
- Thisi mpl i
espr omot i
ngt hecul t
ureoft ol er anceofdi ver sityinor dert ol ivewi thoneanot heri n
thepeacef ul way s.
D.Pay i
ngf ai rt ax
- Citi
zenshav eanobl i
gat i
ont opaymoneyt ot hegov ’
tast ax.
- Social dev ’tcanbeachi ev edwhenagov ’
thasmoneyt oinv estini tsdev ’t
.Ther efore,youar e
requiredt opayt axpr opor tional toincomey ougener ate.Thet axy oupayi si nvestedinpl acelike
school ,hospi tal,cleanwat er ,electri
cpower ,Healthcar e…et csoast obenef i
tyouandsoci ety.
- Responsi bil
it
yf ort heconsequenceofone’ sownact ions. (2)
- Thei deaoft hist opi cisr elat edt othei deaofaccount abilitythatdi ctat es“ beingresponsi bl
ef or
youract ion” .Ther eared/ tt ypesofr esponsi bili
tythatar i
sef rom d/ tsour ceofr esponsibili
ty.
- Sour ceofResponsi bili
tyi ncl udes
- Promi se, Appoi nt ment ,occupat i
on,Law, citizenship, mor alprinciples, cust om, Traditi
on…et c.
- Promi sesar ef requent l
ykeptandbr okenbypeopl eal lov ersoci ety.Butwhet hery oukeepornot
iti
supt oy ou.Why ?b/c, ther ewi l
lbeconsequencei nei t
herway .
- Breaki ngpr omi secanl eadt oser i
ouspr obl emsbot hatt het ime&i nt hef uture.
E.g.APoli
tianwhobr eaksapr omi sei sunlikel yt or espect ed&r e-el
ectedi nt hef uture.
A.Fri
endwhot el lsasecr etisunl i
kel yt otrustandt oldot hersecr etslat eron.I nshor tthisimplies,when
youbreakpr omi sey oubr eakt hebondoft rust .Ify oukeeppr omi sey ouwi llber espect edandgai n
accept
ancei nt hef utur ewi thgr eatr ewar df rom soci ety.

Responsibi l
ityinr espect ingmor alandl egalobl i
gat i
onsi nsoci ety.(
3)
Socialmor alityisbui l
tont henor ms, valuesandet hical standar dsofpeopl ewhol iveini t
.
-Thelegal sy stem insoci etyisbasedonmor al
i
t y.Wheny oul i
vei nanysoci ety
, i
tisnecessar ytolearn
aboutitsnor msandv aluesi nor dert of itin.
-TheRomanpeopl esayt hat“wheny ouar einRome, l
iv eliket heRomans. ”Thisi mpl ies,thepeopl e
whol i
veinagi vensoci etyshoul dl i
v einr espect ingt hemor al &l egalsystemsoft hesoci ety .Youhav e
moralobligat iont orespecti ndividual s,gr oupsanddi f
f erencei npeopl et hatexisti nsoci ety.
Legalobligationi srespect i
ngt heconst itutionandal lot herl awsoft hecount ry.
Responsi bil
ityf orpr otectingt heenv ironment( 4)
- Env ir
onmenti st hear eat haty oul i
v einandt henat ural wor ldaroundy out hati ssour ceofl i
fe&
veryf oundat ion.
- Wehav et okeept heLand, airandwat ercl eanandf reef rom dest ructionandpol l
ution.E.g
wangar imaht ayi sKeny anwhowor khar di npr otect ingenv i
ronment&i nfluencedgov er
nment ’s
policy.Shesay“ thegener at i
ont hatdest roy stheenv ironmenti snott hegener ationt hatpayst he
pri
ce”
- Mi smanagementft heenv ironmentpose( cause/cr eat e)heal t
hrisksandbr ingsabout
ecologi cal cr
isis.Thed/ tani mal &pl antthatf oundi nd/ tpartoft hewor l
dandt herear ed/t
animal &pl antt hatonl yfoundi nEt hiopiasuchaswal iai bexinsemi enmount ainnat ionalpark&
redf oxi nbal emount ainnat ional par k.
- Hi stor i
calandcul turalher itagei st hepr ocessoft ransf er ri
ngtheachi evement/wor k/act i
vit
y
ofthepastgener ationt opr esentandf ut
ur egener at i
on.
15
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

- Theyar el i
vingt est imoni es/wi tness/t ot hehi st oryandcul tureoft hepeopl ewhohadoncel i
ved
ont heland.Pr eser vingt hem hasr ewar dsf orpeopl ewhoar el i
vi
ngnow&t hoseinthef ut
ure.
- Pr eser v
ingt hecul turalandhi storicalher i
tagei si mpor t
antf orat tract i
ngv i
sit
orsandcr eati
ng
prideinourhi story .TheEt hiopiancul tural heritaget hatr ecor dedunderUNESCO( Unit
edNat i
on
Educat i
onal ,
Sci ent i
fi
c&Cul turalOr ganization)t heheadquar terisFr ance,Paris1.Aksum 2.Fasi
l
Ghebbi3. Har arJugol4. KonsoCul t
ural Landscape5. Lowerv all
eyofawash6. Lowerv all
eyof
theOmo7.Rock- hewnchur chesofLal ibel a8.Semi enMount ai
nNat ionalPark9.Ti y
astone
10.MeskelFest ival 11.
Responsi bi l
ityt oov ercamewast ageofpubl icproper ty(5)
- Publ i
cpr oper tyisl andorbui ldingt hatisf ort heuseofev er
yone.
- Ist hepr oper tyt hatownedbyt hewhol epeopl eofagi venst at e.Ev eryciti
zenwhoear nsan
i
ncomemustpaysomet axt osuppor thi m/ her .Thet axcol lect edint hecount ryi
sal l
otted
(chosen, select ed, fi
xed)t oconst ructschool ,hospi tal,road, airport,Etc.
- Youhav ear esponsi bi l
i
tyt opr otectpubl icpr oper t
yf r
om dest ructionandexposet hosewhoar e
i
nv olvedinsuchhar mf ul acti
v i
ty.
- Legal punishmenti senf or cedont hosewhodest royandmi susepubl i
cpr oper
ty.
Responsi blebehav ioragai nstHI V/AIDS( 6)
Assi
gnmentoutof15%
A.Wr itetheHi storyandmeani ngofHI V/ AI
DS
B.Wr itethewayoft ransmi ssion
C.Wr itethewayofpr ev ention
D.Wr itetheneut ral way (thewayt hatdoesnott ransf erHIV/ AIDS)
E.Wr itet hei mpactofHI V/AIDS andmost l
yaf fect edAr eaandageoft hewor l
df rom localup
i
nternational l
ev el.

Uni
tSeven
I
ndust
ri
ousness
“
Themostci
vi
li
zedandmodestper
sonovert
hewor
ldi
swhoknowf
rom
Wher
ehe/
shecomes,
whyhe/
shecomesandwher
ehe/
shehast
ogo.
”
16
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

“
Lear
ningi
stheprocessofbehavi
oralchangebutlear
ningwi
thoutchange
Isthemerebuildi
ngofhouseont hesand
Whichmeanthehabi
tofworkinghar
d?WhatWor
k?Wor
kisanypr
oduct
iveact
ivi
tyt
hatr
esul
t
i
nsomethi
nguseful
inlegal
way .
Respectf
orwor
k(1)
Thereared/
ttypesofpr ofessionsandal ltypesofwork(professi
on)shouldber espected.
Ever
ybodycanenj oyt heresultsofeachot her
’swork.Weneedeachandev erypr ofessioninorderto
l
iveahappyandcomf ortableli
fe,whichoftenconnectedtoy ourl
evelofEducati
onandski ll
.
Youhavetoreali
zet hatyoumustwor khardinschooltoearnagoodi ncomei nt hefuture.Why?/ How?
B/c,agoodeducationmakesy oumor eempl oyabl
e.Workinghardistheonlyrespectableandl egalway
toearnmoney.Butsomepeopl elookf oreasyway stomakeal otofmoneywi t
houtgi vi
ngany thi
ng
backtosoci
etythroughwr ongwayofget t
ingmoney( cheati
ng,st
eali
ng,etc)
.
Et
hicalwor
kconduct(
2)
Wor
ket
hicsi
sthegener
all
yaccept
edguideli
nesforr
ightorwrongbehav
iori
nworkpl
ace.
Wor
kethi
csinvol
vessever
alpri
nci
plesthatrel
atedtoeffecti
veworkhabit
sandpersonalqual
i
ties.
Workethicsincludes:
Labordiscipl
ine:whichmeanobey
ingt
her
uleandgui
del
i
nesoft
hewor
kpl
ace.Thi
sincl
udesr
ule
andguidel i
nesar edesi gnedt of acili
tateef fecti
venessandeffi
ciencyofworking.
Labordiscipl i
nei ncludes:
A.Codeofdr ess,
B.Punct ualit
y ,
C.Pr operut i
li
zat i
onofi nstrument sofl abor ,
D.Av oidingwast agei nwor kpl ace, E.NotSmoki nginworkplace,
F.Wor kingi nhar monyandcooper ationwi thyourfel
lowworker ,
G.I
mpr ov i
ngpr ofessionski l
l.
I
timpor tantt omai ntai
nagoodwor kingr elati
onshi
pwi t
hco-wor ker
.
You/Wehav et orespectent eri
ngandcl osinghour softheworkpl ace.Hel
pingeachot
herenableswork
tobef inishedont imeandsol veswor kr el
atedproblemsmor equickl
y.Learni
ngfrom eachother
i
mpr ovespr ofessional skil
l.Impr ovingpr of essi
onalskil
lbot
hper sonalandtheworkpl
ace.Suchas:
A.Leadt opr omot ion,
B.Mor esatisfyingj ob,
C.Incr ementi nsal aryet c.
Har
dWor
kandDevel
opment(
3)
Hardworki
sthekeyf
act
ori
nthecount
ry’
seconomi
cdev
elopment
.Ourhar
dwor
kcont
ri
but
est
o
i
mpr ovethestandardofli
vinginourcountry.Byworki
nghardi
tispossibl
etoproducet
hegoodand
Ser
v i
cesthatareneededt ogetoutofpov er
ty.Accor
dingt
omanyt heor
ythereasonwhywer emai
n
Pooristhatmanyofusdonotwor khardenough.Manypeopl ei
nt hedevel
opedcountr
iesworkver
y
har
d.B/ cofthi
stheyablet oproducemor egoodsandservi
cetoconsume.
Thebenefitofworkinghard:
A.Increaseproducti
onofgoodsandser vi
ces.
B.Enhancey ourcreati
vit
y,product
ivi
tyandquali
tyofy
ourwork.
Cr
eat
ivi
tyl
eadst
oinv
ent
ionofnew t
hingssuchast
echnol
ogi
caldev
elopmentwhi
chhel
pcount
ry’
s
dev
elopment
.Har
dwor
kisnotenough;weneedt
obeeducat
edandski
l
ledi
nor
dert
omov
etowar
d
dev
elopment
.

Pol
icyandSt r
ategyforDev el
opment( 4)
Aswor ki
nghar di sveryimportantt oaccel erat
et hedevelopmentofagi venst at
e,effect i
vepolici
esand
strategi
esarenecessarytoaccel
erateeconomi cgrowthanddev el
opment .
Policyisageneralpri
ncipl
ebywhi chagov ernment,acompany ,oranorganizati
oni sguidedini tsmanagement.
Policyisapl
ant hatshowthegener aldir
ectiontobet akenbyagi v
engov er
nment ,company ,organizat
ionetc.An
Economi cPoli
cyi sthestatementt hatindicateseconomicdi r
ectionofagi vencount rythatai medeconomi c
growt handdevelopment.Strat
egyi sthewayofi mpl
ement i
ngpolicyint
opracticalorspecifi
cpl antoimplement
policy.The Ethiopi
an governmenthas dev i
sed d/tpoli
cies and strat
egies thatitbel i
ev es wil
lhelpt he
17
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

dev elopmentoft hecount ry.Pol i

cyandst rategyofagi vengov ernmenti sdev isedcaref ullyaft
eralotofr esear
ch
andst udyont heexi stingsi tuat i
onoft hecount ryt hatbasedoni ndividualci r
cumst ancesofacount r
y.Themai n
currentpol icyandst rategyoft heEt hiopi angov ernmentar e:
A.Agr icul tural dev elopmentl edi ndust r
ial
izat i
on( ADLI )
.
B.Capaci t yBui lding( CB).
C.Bui l
di ngDemocr at i
cSy stem ( BDS) .
1.ADLI :Agr icult ural developmenti schosent oactast hespr ingboar df ort hecount ry’soveral
ldevelopment.
WhyEt hiopi angov ernment ssel ectADLIaspol icyofdev elopment ?
A.Agr icul turei st hebackboneoft henat i
onal economy .
B.Agr icul turei st hemaj orsour ceofr awmat erialtoindust ry.
C.Agr icul turei st hemaj orsour ceoff oodf ort hepopul ation.
ADLI sst rategyi sf irstt obr i
ngr api dagr i
cul t
uraldev elopment ,andt hent ot ransformt oi ndustr
ialdevel
opmentt o
bri
ngi ndust ri
alizat ioni nEt hiopia.
ADLIgi v espr i
or ityt ot hedev elopmentofadomest icindustrialsect orthati sl abour-i
nt ensi
veandut il
izeslocal
raw mat erial.Rur alDev elopmentSt rat egyi sf ocusedont heenhancementofpr oduct i
onandmar ketingof
agricult ural product .
HowADLIcanachi ev ei t
sgoal ?
Byexpandi ngt heuseof :
A.Sel ect edseeds
B.Fer t i
lizer
C.Pest i
cides
D.Pr ov i
sionofext ensi onser vi
ces
E.Dev elopingsmal l-scal ei rri
gationet c.
2.CAPACI TYBUI LDI NG
CBi st hepr ocessofi ncr easingt heabi lityofi mpl ement i
ngadesi redact i
vity.
Capaci tyBui l
dingSt rat egyf orEt hi opi af ocusesont hecr eat i
onofeducat ed, i
nnov at
ive,andski ll
edmanpoweri n
allf i
eldspar ticul ar l
yi nt heagr icul turebyspr eadi ngeducat i
onatal ll evels.Int heabsencesofeducat ed,
i
nnov ative,andcr eat ivel aborf or cei tisi mpossi bl etot ransform agr i
cultureandi t
sl aborf orcesintoindustri
al
activiti
es.
Global izat i
oni st heel ect ronicrev ol ut i
ont hataimedt omakewor l
donev i
llage.
A. Adv ant agesofgl obal izat ion:
 Accesst ocheaperpr oduct
 Tr ansf erofknowl edgeandt echnol ogy
 Theadv ancementofgl obal informat ionand
 Communi cat iont echnol ogi es.
C.Di sadv ant agesofgl obalizat ion:
 Dependencyonot hercount ries
 Dr iveoutl ocal i
ndust riessi ncewei mpor tcheaperpr oductf r
om ot hercount ry .
 Cul tural ov erwhel mi ng

UNI
TEI
GHT
18
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

SELFRELI ANCE
“Themostcivil
izedandmodestper sonovertheworldi
swhoknowf rom
Wherehe/shecomes, whyhe/shecomesandwher ehe/shehastogo.”
“
Lear
ningisthepr ocessofbehavior
alchangebutl
earni
ngwithoutchange
I
sthemer ebui l
dingofhouseont hesand
Sel
frel
iancei
stheabi
l
ityt
osuppor
tandt
akecar
eofy
ouwi
tht
heabi
l
ityofdeci
sionmaki
ng
i
ndependentlythatbefr
eefrom theinfl
uenceandcont
rolofotherOrdependingony ourabi
li
ty.Sel
f
rel
iancedoesnotmeanabsol ut
eindependent
.Why?B/cwor l
ditsel
fisint
erdependent
.Iti
snecessary
forustodeveloptheski
llofindependencebothi
nourthi
nkingandint hewayt hatweli
ve.
(bei
ngf r
ee
psychologi
call
yandeconomi call
yfr
om other
THEATTRI
BUTEOFSELF–RELI
ANCE(
1)
Ther esul twe/y ougai nbysel freliance/ reli
antincludes:
*SelfAwar eness *
Sel fDi rect i
on *SelfConf i
dence * Right fulPer cept i
on
*SelfAwar eness; -isthepr operr ecogni tionofourabi lity,str
engt hs, li
mitation, i
nterest ,qual i
ties,
capaci t
iesandweaknesst hathel pus/ y out omakegooddeci sion. *itisselfconcept ,* itisself
knowl edge. Wheny ouknowwhoy ouar e, youmayhav et ochanget hingsabouty our sel f.Butsome
peopledon’ twantt ochanget hemsel vesb/ cchanger equi r
e/demandef f
or t
.Thebet t ery ouunder stand
yourself,thebet tery ouar eabl et oaccept/ t
ochangewhoy ouar e.* SelfDi recti
on;-i smaki ngup
one’sownmi ndandgov er ningone’ sowndai l
yli
febasedonsel fknowl edge.I sdirect ing/ leadingone.
*SelfConf i
dence; -ist het rustthatonehasonhi s/herowncapaci tyt oachiev esomet hing.itisbased
onaccur ateper cept i
onaboutonesel f, andsel fconf i
dentper sonof tenhav eper sonal visi
onand
ambi ti
ons.Andr esultone’ scompet encei nahi ghl evel ofsecur i
ty .*RightfulPer cept ion; -i
sthe
beli
ev e/opiniont hatbasedonf actsandev idence,thati ncludes;-recogni t
ionofourper sonal it
y ,str
ength,
weakness, li
ke, disli
ke,etcThebet tery ouunder standy ourself
, t
hebet t
eryouar eabl et oacceptand
developy ourselfasaper son.THEBEHAI VOROFHUMANBEI NG
Therear et hreebehav iorofhumanbei ng( assert
iveness, aggressi venessandpassi v e)
1.Asser ti
veness; -isst andingf ory our selfandmaki ngyourv oicehear d, t
hatincl udesexpr essing
youropi nions, needsandf eel i
ngwi thoutignor ingorhur t
ingt heopini onsofot herpeopl e.
e.g.Asser tivebehav iorincludest hef oll
owi ng
 Takeaposi tiverol einconv ersati
on.
 shar ehi s/heropi nion, feel i
ng&exper iencewi t
hot her .
 Expr esst hei ropi nionf reel yandopenl ywi t
hrespect ingopini onofot her .
 Mi xeshi m/ hersel fwi thot hergroupswel l.
 Mai ntainsgoodey econt act
 Quest i
oni ngr ulesort radi ti
onst hatdonotmakesenseordonotseemsf ai
r.
 Speaksopenl y
.
 Ref usingot her ’
sr equest sift heyaret oodemandi ng
 Val uessel fequal toot her .
 Val uesf eelingsofot her .
THEI
MPORTANTOFASSERTI
VENESS;
-
- I
mprov eyourselfr
espectandrespectfr
om other.
- I
ntr
oducey out onewpersonalorcareeropportuni
ties.
- I
mprov eyourrelat
ionshi
pswit
hf ri
endsandfami ly
.
2.Aggressi
veist hebehavi
orofpeoplethatatt
ractori gnor
ethef
eel
i
ng,
needsandopi
nionof
ot
hersinfavoroftheirownbyhur t
ingother

19
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

e.
. g.ofaggr essi vebehavi orincludes;-
 Ignor est hef eel i
ngsofot hers.
 Speaksl oudl y .
 Gl aresandSt aresatot hers.
 Di sagr eesanddoesnotl istent othepoint sofot her.
 Looksdownsonot hers
 Reacheshi s/ hergoal sbyhur t
ingot hersint hepr ocess
 Interruptst alksov erothers.
 Theydonotr espectper sonalboundar yofot hers.
3.Passi veisthebehav iorsofpeopl et hatdonotst atetheirneeds,feeli
ngandopi
nionsatall
to
other.
e.g.ofpassi vebehav iorsi ncludes;-
 Seeshi m/ hersel fasi nfer
ior.
 Hur tshim/ hersel ftoav oi
dhur tingothers.Ort obenef i
tothers.
 Isolatehim/ hersel ffrom otherorgr oups.
 Lookdownorawayandspeakssof t
lytoot hers.
 Agr eeswi thot her s,despite/regar dl
essf eelings.
 -Doesnotr eachgoal sandmaynothav easetgoal .
-Ani ndependentl if
ei sonet hatisliv
edatapace( speed, r
ate,rapi
dity
)andinapl
aceofy our
/his/her/ownchoi ce.
-Islivi
ngony ourownt erms, notsubj ecttoother s.
Dependencyandi
tisconsequences(
2)
- Dependencyisthehabitofbeingdependentonot hersandbel
iefthatpeopl eorgrouporcount
ry
cannotsol
vetheirownproblemswi t
houtout sidehelp.
- Dependencyisthenot i
on/idea/beli
ef/ofonecount r
yful
lyr
elyi
ngont hesupportofot her
countr
iesandint
ernati
onalorganizationi
nd/ tway si
tmaybe: f
ood, f
inancialandskill
man
powerthatmakey oulazyandcreat epoweri mbal anceb/ndependentst ateanddonorst at
e
Dependentisusuall
yapersonwhosuppor tedbyanot herper
son.
- Dependentisapersonwhodependsonot hers.
- Devel
opingcountri
esarehighlydependentonr ichcountri
esandinternationalor
ganizati
on
thr
oughmanyway s;-f
oodf i
nancial,ski
ll
manpower …
Theconsequenceofdependency
 Beingmar ketofwealt hynat i
on
 Over whel mingofcul ture&t raditi
onthr oughmassmedi a&pol i
ti
csofwealt
hynati
on.
 Li
mi tati
onofsel f-
sust ai
nedgr owt hofpoorcount ri
es.
 Backwar dness.
 Stagnat i
onofdomest iceconomy .
 Produci nganunbal ancedeconomi crelationshi
pb/ nthepoor&wealthynat
ion.
 Lackofconf i
dence&f eelingofi nferi
ority.
 Dev elopt hehabitoflong- term economi cdependency .
 Thewor ldeconomi cpr i
cei sdeterminedbyweal thynation.
 Policies&st r
ategi
esoft hewor ldisdr aftedbyweal thynati
on.
 Refrainf rom forwardingi dea&deci sion-maki ng.
Thewayoff
ight
ingagai
nstdependency:
-
 Pr
omot
ingdomest
ici
ndust
ry
20
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

 Substi
tut
ionmet hodorl i
miti
ngtheimport
ationofluxuryit
em from abr
oad
 Takingst
epst okeepf orei
gncompaniesandi ndivi
dual
swhochannel edresour
ceandmoneyout
ofthecountry.
Theweal thynati
oncanmani pulatethesoci
o-economicandpoli
ti
calsy
stem of
“I
NG”countriesthroughIMF, W TO&WorldBank.
I
MF&Wor l
dBankar etheinst
rumentofAmer icanandwest er
npower .
Themai
nobj
ect
iveofI
MF&WORLDBANKI
S
 Toopent heforf
orei
gni
nvestor
s
 Pr
ivat
izati
onaswel l
asr
educedprotect
ionofdomest
ici
ndust
ry.
 Mini
mizingtherol
eofst
ateineconomicacti
vi
ty
Sel
f-
rel
ianceanddeci
sionmaki
ng(
3)
Decisioni schoicet haty oumakeaboutsomet hingaf t
erthinki
ngaboutsev eralpossi
bil
iti
es.
Decisionmaki ngist hepr ocessofl ookingatalt
ernativesandchoosi ngt hebestopt i
onthat
bestf i
twithy ourgoal ,desire,li
f estyl
e,valueet
ct osolvethepr obl
em.Deci si
onmaybe
basedon“ fact,opinionandf eeling.”Decisionmakingi stheprocessofr educi nguncert
ainty
(ambi guit
y,insecurity,probability)anddoubt .Uncertaint
y/probabili
tyi
sr educedbutnot
eli
mi nated.Everydeci sioninv olv escertai
namountofr i
skbutitcanber educedandt aking
ri
skisbet terthanl etti
ngmaki ngdeci sionatall
.Theconsequenceofdeci si
onmaybe
positiveornegat iv
e, what evert hecasey ouhavetoacceptasf eedback.Youhav etomake
decisionatt herightt i
meandi tisnotgoodt omakedeci siontool at
eort ooqui ckl
y.Making
gooddeci sionatt her i
ghtt i
mehel psy outobemor esuccessf ul.
Pr
e-condi
ti
onf
ordeci
sionmaki
ng:
-
 Rati
onal
 Sel
fr el
iance
 Fl
exible
 Sel
f-cri
ticism
 Posi
t i
veper cepti
onaboutonesel
f
 I
nnov ati
v eness
 Sel
f-awar eness
St
epofdeci
sionmaki
ng:
-
 Problem identi
fi
cat i
on
 Inf
ormat i
ongat hering
 Trytoseet heout comeofeachi nformat
ion
 Chooset heal t
ernativ
es
 Puty ourdecisi
oni ntoacti
on
 Evaluatetheout comeofy ourdecisi
on.
Rat
ionaldecisi
oni sthedeci si
onthatbasedonreasont
hanemot
ion.

21
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

Chapt
er-
9
Savi
ng
Savi
ngi
sthewi
seuseofmoneyandresourcef
ori
ntendedpur
pose.
Theneedfornewt
hinkingi
nsavi
ng(1)
Thist opicmai nlydeal swi t
ht hewayofdev elopi ngt hehabi tofsav i
ngandwecanchangeourmi ndt hat
colonizedpsy chol ogicall
yi npr eferr
ingf or eignpr oduct /i mpor tedpr oducti npl aceoflocal product .
Q1.Howwecanchangeourmi ndt hatpr ef eri mpor tedpr oduct ?
 Bybei ng
proudofourownpr oduct .Buy i
ngmor el ocallypr oducedgoodi spr ofitableforlocal i
ndust ryand
fordev elopmentoft hecount ry.Ourpr oblem i swegi vesl essv aluef orourcommodi t
yand
believ e.Weal lneedt oappr eciatel ocal lypr oducedgoodanduset hem r egularl
y.
 Byavoi ding
wast agedur ingpr oduct ion.
Thisimpl i
est hat ,topr oducegood&ser viceweusemanyi nput sorr awmat erialsthatrequiredf or
product ion.Wast ageofi nputorr awmat er i
al isamaj orcausef orthei ncr ementcostofpr oduct i
on.e. g.
i
fther eisal otofwast ageofi nput, thecostofpr oduci ngonei tem becomehi gh.Ifthecostr i
ses, then
thesel l
ingpr iceoft hatpr oducthast oincr ease.Thi smakest hepr oductmor eexpensi veandl ess
desirablet hathar mst hedev elopmentoft hecount ri
es.Ther ef oreav oi dingwast agewhi lepr oducing&
consumi ngi sv er yimpor tant . Thewaysofi mpr ovingt hehabi tofsavi ng(2)
Thi slessondeal swi t
ht hei mpor tanceofsav ingandt hewayofdev elopi ngt hehabi tofsav i
ng.Sav ing
i
st heact i
vityt hatmai nl
ydependsoni ncome.I ncomei sthemoneyt haty ouear norr eceiv
e.Fr om t he
i
ncomet haty ougety oumayusepar tofi tandkeepanyext raassav ing.Thef irststeptost artsav ingis
todeci dewhaty ouhav etospend.Thi simpl iesf irstdet ermi ney ourexpense.Youshoul dbal ancey our
needandwantwi thsav ing.Wheny ourneedcov ered, theny oucansav et her est.
Thewayofi mpr ovingt hehabi tofsavi ng: -
1. Pl anni ngist hepr ocessoft hinki ngandi dent i
fyingwhaty ouneedt odoi nordert o
achi ev ey ourgoal
Planni ngi samet hodofdesi gnorar rangementf oraccompl ishmentofpar t
icul
aract i
v i
tiesthat
conduct edst epbyst ep.
2. Av oi di
ngwast ageorext rav agance
Ther ear emanynecessar ypur chasesi nl if
e,sinehumanwanti sunl imi tedbuty ouneedt ospend
yourmoneyandr esour cewi selyfori ntendedpur posei nor dert oav oidext r
avagance.
3. Li
vi
ngwi
thi
nyourmeans(
income)
Youhav etoknowhowmuchy ourneedcostandl i
mi ttot hev alueofy ouri
ncomeandassi gn
cert
ainamountf orsav i
ng.Butsomepeopl edesi rethingsandst artspendingal otofmoneyon
i
mpul si
vepur chase( suddenact ionwi thoutcar eful t
houghtorpl an)thattakenasbadbehav i
or
whichleadst ounpl annedexpendi tureanddi scouraget hehabi tofsav i
ng.E.gspecially,t
he
Ethi
opianpeopl epar ticularl
yr uralareasay s“donotwor ryf ortomor rowt hegodwi l
ltakecare
andtheyconsi dert henumberoft heirchil
dr enast heirweal th.”
Iti
spossibl etodev elopt hehabi tofsav i
ngt hrough: -planning, avoidingextravaganceand
l
imiti
ngouri nterestt ot helevel ofourear ning/i ncome.Ther eforedev elopi
ngt hehabi tofsavi
ng
i
sv eryimpor tantf ort hedev elopmentofsel fandnat ion.
Formalandi nformali nstit
ut i
onofsav i
ngi nEt hiopia( 3)
Thereared/ tinsti
tutiont hroughwhi chwecansav eourmoneyandr esource.Gener al
lyinthe
Ethi
opianf ocus, thesei nstituti
onsar edividedi ntot wo( tr
adi ti
onal &moder ninsti
tuti
on)
1.Tr adit
ionali nstitutionsar et heassoci ationt hatest ablishedbyt hecommuni tyofagi venarea
tosavet hei rmoneyandr esour ce,andt heirruleandr egul at
ionar ed/ tf
rom placet oplace
22
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

withi nonest ateitsel fwhi lemoder ninst i

tuti
onsar et hesameov ert hewor l
d.Iti ncl udesEqub
andI ddir.
A.Equbwor kwhenagr oupofcomet ogetheranddeci detocont ri
but eanequal amountof
moneyev erymont handt het otal thatcol l
ectedi nonemont hi sgi venf oroneper son, then
nextandr oundal lmember sunt i
l allmember soft hegr oupreceiv eandi thasr elat i
onwi th
bankwhi leI ddirhasr elationwi thi nsur ance.
B.I ddi rwor kwhenpeopl ewhol iv
ei nacommuni tycont ri
butesaf i
xedamountev er yweekor
mont hory eari nor dert ohel peachot heratt het imeofemer gency .
2.Moder ninst ituti
onsofsavi ngar et hesi mi l
artoev erywher eelsei nthewor l
dandi t
includes( bankAndi nsur ancecompany )
A.Banki sabusi nessi nstituti
ont hatsav eguar dspeopl e’
smoneyandusei ttomakel oanand
invest ment .Themoneyt hatkeptwi t
hinbanki scal eddeposi
l tandpeopl ewhodeposi tthat
moneyi scal eddeposi
l tor.Thebankt henl endst hi
smoneyt opeopl ewhoneedandchar ge
thebor rowerhi ghi nt er
estr ate.Thi si mpl i
es,thatt hemor eyousav e,themor ebankabl et o
lendmoneyt opeopl ewhoneedandv icev ersa.
B.I nsur ancecompani esar et hepl acewher eyoupayoutacer tainamountofmoneyt obet he
memberoft hecompanyev eryy ear .Thepay mentt hataper sonwhowant sinsur anceser vice
pay st ot hei nsur erisknownaspr emi um andt hei nsurancecompanywi l
l covery ourexpense
incaseofanemer gencyaccor di ngt ot heiniti
al agreementandt hepay mentt hatcompany
pay sy out ocov ery ourexpenseordamagei scal edi
l ndemni tyori ndemni fi
cat ion.The
wor ki
ngofbanki ssi milart othewor kofEqubwhi l
et hewor kofi nsur ancei ssi mi lart ot hatof
iddir .
Bothofcont ribut efort heeconomi cdev elopmentoft hecount ry.Byusi ngt hesei nst itutionsy ou
canmeett heneedofy ourf ami l
yandsoci ety.Sav i
ngbenef i
tsocietybypr ov i
dingf i
nanci al
resour cesf ort hosepeopl ewhowantl oansandmot iv
at eotherpeopl et osav ethatr esul tor
contribut etot hedev el
opmentofourcount r
y.
Savi
ngasani
nst
rumentofi
nvest
mentanddevel
opment(
4)
Bankpl aysasi gnificancer olei nt heaccumul ati
onofcapitalthroughmaki ngav ail
ablefundfor
i
nv estment .Whati st hesour ceofmoneyf orbank?
Banksmakesf undav ailabl
ebycol l
ect i
ngf r
om thosewhosav e( deposi tor).Themor eyousave,
themor ebankabl et ol endt oinv estors.
Inv estmenti st hemechani sm bywhi chonespendshi s/ hermoneyonsomet hingi nordertoget
profit,
expandbusi nessandbr ingabouteconomi cdevel
opmentofagi v
enst ate.Whenpeopl e
i
nv est,usuallythei rproduct ioni ncreaseandt heyneedtohi remor estafft hatcr eatejob
oppor tuniti
esandmakeav ailablemor egoodandser vi
cet hatleadst ogr owthi nincomeand
dev el
opment .Theot hersour ceoff undthatusedf ordevelopment saret hei nternat i
onal
fi
nanci alinsti
tutionst hatgi veoutl oansandgr antf
ortheef fortoft heirdev elopment .
Thewel l-
knownbi gi nternational instit
utionsthatsuchkindsofser v i
cesar ethei nternat
ional
monet ar yfund( IMF)andWor l
dBank( WB)t hatest
abli
shedt opr ov i
def undi ngf orglobal
dev el
opmentt hr oughst udyingt hedi recti
onofdev el
opmenti nd/ tcount riesandadv i
sethose
count r
ies.

23
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

Uni
t-
10
Act
ivecommuni
typar
ti
cipat
ion
“
Themostci
vi
li
zedandmodestper
sonovert
hewor
ldi
swhoknowf
rom
Wherehe/shecomes,whyhe/ shecomesandwher ehe/shehastogo.”
“
Lear
ningistheprocessofbehavior
alchangebutl
earni
ngwithoutchange
i
st hemerebuil
dingofhouseonthesand”
 Activ ecommuni typar ti
cipat ioni st heact iveinv olvementoft heci ti
zent hatconcer nwi t
hthe
rolet hateachoft hem shoul dpl ayi nt hepol i
ti
cal ,soci al&economi caffairsoft heircommuni ty.
 Activ ecommuni typol i
ti
cal par ti
cipat ionser vesasabr idgeb/ nthepeopl e&t hegov ernment.
Communi tyisagr oupofpeopl ewhoshar esomet hi ngi ncommon.Thesecommont hingsmay
bel anguage, culture,religion, ter r
itory; job…et csoci etyi sagr oupofcommuni ty.
 Stat eist heor ganizedbodyofpeopl ewhol ivewi thindef inedt errit
oryundert hecont rolof
gov ernmentwhi chi sent ir
el yf reef rom ext ernal cont rol.
Civicpar ticipat ion( 1)
Civi
cparti
ci pationi st heact i
v i
tyt hatconduct edbyt hememberofci vi
csoci etiest hatf ormedbyt he
membersofv olunt ar yor ganization.I tr equi r
escommi tment , dedi cation,team spi r
it
, r
eadi ness,etcto
workwithot herf orcommongoods.Ci vicpar t i
cipationshoul dbeper formedwi thinthef r
amewor kof
theconsti
tut i
on&ot herl awsoft hecount ry.Thi siswhyconst ituti
on&ot herlawsoft helandset
boundari
esi nor dert omakepubl icpar ti
cipat ionpeacef ul.Whywewantpubl icpar ti
cipation?b/ cmost
oftheproblemst hatwef acingt odayar ecommonpr oblem suchasHI V/AIDS, sani t
ation, gender
i
ssues,cri
me, rapi dpopul ati
ongr owt h, t
er roristact i
vities,pov erty,
…et c.Ev erymemberofacommuni ty
i
sexpectedt opar ticipatei nt hesei mpor t
antor ganizat i
oni fhe/ shewantt osat isfytheneedsof
communi t
yatev eryl evel(local,nat ional &i nter national)Commi tment&dedi cat ionimpl i
eshav i
ngthe
str
engthtomai nt aint heef forttoachi evecer taingoal s.Team spi ritist hebeli
eft hatwor kerorgr oup
hasinwor kingt ogat herf orcommongoods.
Thei
mpor
tanceofci
vi
cpar
ti
cipat
ion:
 Maintai
ningtheheal
thofpolit
ical
system
 Ensuri
ngt hesmoothfuncti
oni
ngofthesoci
ety
 Addressi
ngcontempor ar
yglobali
ssues.
 Topromot ecommongood.
Monitor
ingandinfluenci
ngact
ionsofgover
nmentbodi
es(
2)
Communi
typarti
cipat
ionisakeyorcruci
alt
oempoweracommunit
y&t
ocr
eat
egoodcondi
ti
onf
or
successofcommunit
yasawhol e.Communi tyorsoci et
yisaninst
rumentini
dent
if
yingtheprobl
em
andprovidi
ngasol
uti
on.Communi t
yparti
cipati
onr equir
estheacti
vei
nvolv
ementofCiti
zeninthe
soci
al,economi
c&pol
iti
calr
eal
ms( fi
eld/
place/area)atalll
evel
sandinallf
orms.
 Thel
evelofcommuni
typar
ti
cipat
ion:
 Zer
olev
elcommuni
typar
ti
cipat
ion.
24
SetbyYasi
n.EG=11

 Mi ddl el ev el communi typar ti

ci pat i
on
 Ful l l
ev el communi typar t
icipat ion
 Thef ormsofcommuni typar ticipation:
 Bei ngi nf ormed
 Par ticipat ioni nci vilsoci ety
 Par ticipat ioni nMar ch
 Pet iti
on.
 Lobby i
ng
 Par ticipat ioni nv ot i
ng.
 Joi ningpol i
tical par ty .
 Par ticipat ioni npeacef uldemonst rat i
on.
 Pol i
tical par tici
pat i
oni sact i
vepar ti
ci pationofci tizent omaket heirv oicehear dandget
i
nv olvedi npol i
tical issues.Whati sv er yimpor tantf orthesuccessorf ailureofpol iti
cal
par t
ies?A.Cl arityoft heirpol icyB.Thei rf i
nanci al status.
 Pol i
tical par tieswi llhav et ospendl ar gesum ofmoneyonor ganizingandpubl icizingt hei
r
progr amsandpol i
ci es.Act i
v ecommuni typol iti
calpar t
icipationser v esasabr idgeb/ nthe
peopl e&t hegov ernment .
 Demonst rat i
oni sapubl i
cdi splayofgr oupsf eelingofappr oval,sy mpat hy(kindness,
compassi on, andunder standi ng)orant agoni sm ( host il
ity,opposi ti
on, enmi t
y )towar da
certaini ssues.
 Peacef ul demonst rationi sonewayofpar t
icipat i
ngi npol iti
cal activiti
esbygat her i
ngof
peopl et opr otest ,suppor torcr eat eawar enessofani ssuest ot hesoci etythr ought heway
thatdoesnothar m commongoodorpubl i
ci nterestasawhol e(Ar t31) .
 Lobby i
ngi st ryingt oi nfluencesomeonet oagr eewi ththepoi ntofv iewofot her s.
 Publ i
cAgendai sani ssuesoral istofi ssuest hatar edr aftedt oaddr essapr obl em or
challengei nasoci ety .
 Ci vi
lsoci etyi sasoci etyt hatf ormedbyt hef reewi l
l ofmember swhoagr eet ot ryt o
i
mpr ov et hel ifeofcommuni ty.Ci vilsoci etyisunbi ased, non- par t
isan&non- pr ofitmaki ng
organi zationswhi chmai nlyest abl i
shedt ocont ri
but etot hewel l
-beinganddev el opment .
Civilsoci et i
esar enotst atic(fixed, const ant)r athert heyar edy nami ct hatev erchangi ngto
meett heneedsofsoci et ywi ththeobj ectiveoft heirmember s.Ci vilsoci etyisNGOt hatis
veryi mpor tantt omai ntainpeace, secur i
tyandbr i
ngaboutsust ai
nabl edev elopment
every wher e.
 Pol i
cyi sapr ogr am ofact i
onsadopt edbyper son, group, orgov ernment, ort hesetof
pri
nci plesonwhi cht heyar ebased.
 Interestgr oupsar ef ormedt opr omot especi ficpubl icconcer n:

 Voti
nginel
ecti
on
 Encour
agi
ngciti
zenstobecomei nvol
vedi
nrunni
ngf
orof
fi
ce.
 Fi
nanci
ngcampaign.
 Draf
ti
ng&implement i
ngelect
ionlaw.
 Taki
ngparti
npolit
icalcampai
gning.
 Demonstr
ati
on&pet it
ions.

25
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Unit
-11
Thepur
suitofwisdom
“
Themostci
vi
li
zedandmodestper
sonovert
hewor
ldi
swhoknowf
rom
Wherehe/shecomes,whyhe/ shecomesandwher ehe/shehastogo.”
“
Lear
ningistheprocessofbehavioralchangebutlearni
ngwithoutchange
Isthemerebuildingofhouseont hesand
Goodci ti
zensneedt obepr oduct ivemember sofsoci ety.Thenbei ngpr oduct iver equi resknowl edge.
Knowl edgei st het ot ali
tyofi deas, concept s, thoughtandski l
lst hatacqui ref rom d/ tsour ces.Dat ai s
therawmat erialofi nfor mat i
on.Whent hedat awei ghed, anal yzedandi nter pretedf orpr acti
cal usei s
knownasi nf ormat ion.I nformat ioni sanor gani zed, meani ngful andusef ul datat hathasunder gone
analysisandi nterpret ati
on.Wi sdom i st hequal it
yofbei ngwi se.
Thesi gni ficanceofknowl edge( 1)( thei mpor tanceofknowl edge)
Humanbei ngbynat ur ehav et endencyt oknowmor eaboutt hewor ld.Knowl edgei sat orch/lightt hat
givesy oudi rectionwi thlightthatgi vehumanpoweront heear t
h.Humanr equire/ demandknowl edge
toharness/ cont rol/fast enandr eshapet heenv ironmentt heyl ivei n.Reasoni ngi spr ocessoft hought
thathel py out omakeobj ecti
v ejudgment .Thebasi sofobj ectivej udgmenti sknowl edge.Wi th
knowl edgey ouar epower fulbutwi thi gnor ancey ouar eweak.Knowl edgegi vesy oupoweri nany
sit
uations.Thedev el opmentofEt hiopi ai ssuppor tedbyt heknowl edgei tspeopl e( ci t
izen).Knowl edge
givesy oud/ topt ionbutt heofusi ngt hisd/ topt i
onofknowl edgef ori ntendedpur posei sknownas
wisdom.
Knowl edgeanddat a( 2)
Knowl edgei st heout comeofanal y sisofr elev antdat aandi nf ormat ion.Dat ai st her awmat erialof
i
nformat i
onwhi chi sf actorf igurest hatobt ainedf r om exper i
ence, obser v ation, orsur vey.Knowl edge
i
st het otal sum ofwhathasbeenper cei ved, discov ered, ori nf erred( t hatr eachy ou) .Thi simpl ies
knowl edgeunder st
andsorknowi ngwhati sknownar oundy ouandov ert hewor ld.Rel evantdat agi ves
ri
set or el
ev antconcl usion.
Readi ngf ormor eknowl edge( 3)
Readingi sonewayofacqui r
ing/ obt ainingknowl edge.Readi ngi st hecor ner stoneoff ormal and
i
nformal lear ningofknowl edge.Thehabi tofr eadi ngst artswheny ouar ecommi tted/ doal ot/deci de/
toreadandmakei tacul ture. Whywe/ your ead?We/y our eadf ord/ tpur pose.Suchas:
A.forknowl edgeB.f orpl easur eC.f orl earning D.f orspeci ficinf or mat ion.Butr eadi ngwi thout
purposei smeani ngless.Agr eatr eaderi saper sonwhodoesnotwast ehi s/ hert i
mef ornouse, but
onewhor eadscont inuousl ytogetnewknowl edge.
Tr uthv ersusMy th( 4)

26
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Truthist hepr ovenf actsaboutsomet hingr athert hanwhatpeopl egeneral

l
ybel i
efsoraccept.My ths
arebel i
efsoraccept ationthatnotpr ov ent obet ruethroughsci enti
fi
cmet hodsofi nvesti
gat
ionthat
basedont raditi
on.My thsar eunsci enti
ficst or i
est hatpeopl ewoul dli
ketotellandbelieve.Mythi
st he
partofcul tur
ebuti tcannotbepr oved.
Knowl edge,wi sdom andt ruthar et ool
sf oragoodl i
fe.Knowl edgei str
uthaboutt hingsinnatur
e&
society.Knowl edgeisakeyt oimpr ov ethel i
feofpeopl e.
Quest ionofunit-10
Gr oupassi gnmentoutof10%
1.Compar eandcont rastthecur r
entEt hiopianpol i
ti
cal par
ti
esbasedonmer itofthepeople
(majorit
y )
.
2.Li sttheimpor tanceofcommuni typar tici
pat i
on.
3.Compar eandcont rastdifferentt heor yofl eadershiporphi l
osophi
calapproaches.
1.Compar eandcont rastknowl edgeandwi sdom.
2.Compar eandcont rastdataandi nfor mat i
on
3.Li stthewayofgat heri
ngi nf
or mat i
on.
4.Def i
nebr iefl
ythef oll
owingt er ms
i.Tr uthVsMy t
h
i
i.Readi ngandSt udying
ii
i.Ci v icPar ti
cipati
on

27