Bluetooth and BLE: Networked Computing Lab (NXC Lab)

Bluetooth and BLE
Kyunghan Lee
Networked Computing Lab (NXC Lab)
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Seoul National University
https://nxc.snu.ac.kr
kyunghanlee@snu.ac.kr
WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

Adapted from Prof. Sunghyun Choi’s slides
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Bluetooth 4.0 (2010)
□ AMP: Use Wi-Fi MAC/PHY 2
§Bluetooth 4.0 (2010)

Data traffic is carried over a collocated Wi-Fi link
Classic Bluetooth
Enhanced
Basic Rate (BR)
Data rate (EDR)
(2002)
(2004)
Bluetooth 4.0
(2010)
Alternate
Low Energy (LE)
MAC/PHY (AMP)
(2010)
(2009)
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Bluetooth High Speed
• AMP: Use Wi-Fi MAC/PHY

• Data traffic is carried SEOUL
overNATIONAL
a collocated
UNIVERSITY Wi-Fi link
Bluetooth Smart Marks (Smart/Smart Ready)
□ Why were the Bluetooth smart marks created?
§ To help consumers ensure compatibility among their Bluetooth
enabled devices
□ Bluetooth Smart Ready device: dual mode

§ Classic Bluetooth connections + Bluetooth Low Energy
connections
§ Backward compatible with all of the billions of Bluetooth devices
□ Bluetooth Smart device: single mode

§ Only Bluetooth Low Energy connections

4
Bluetooth CoreCore
Bluetooth System
System
• Consist
□ Consist of a single
of a single hostone
host and andor
one or more
more controllers
controllers
□ Host• and controller
Host combinations
and controller combinations
§ Dual• mode devices are backward compatible with classic Bluetooth
Dual mode devices are backward compatible with classic Bluetooth
Host Host
LE BR/EDR LE
Controller Controller Controller
Bluetooth Smart Device Bluetooth Smart Ready Device

(Single Mode) (Dual Mode)
MWNL
Multimedia & Wireless Networking Lab.

Bluetooth Profiles 5
Bluetooth Profiles 5
Bluetooth Profiles
□ Bluetooth profiles
• Bluetooth profiles
§ Define the required functions and features of each layer in Bluetooth system
• Bluetooth profiles
• Define the required functions and features of each layer in Bluetooth system
• Define the required functions and features of each layer in Bluetooth system
□ Classic Bluetooth
• Classic Bluetooth
A2DP HFP FTP

A2DP HFP FTPTransfer Profile)
(File
(Advanced Audio Distribution Profile) (Hands-Free Profile)
(Advanced Audio Distribution Profile) (Hands-Free Profile) (File Transfer Profile)
• Bluetooth
□ Bluetooth LowEnergy
LowLow
• Bluetooth EnergyEnergy
Glucose
Glucose Running
Running speedspeed
and and cadence
cadence iBeacon/Eddystone
iBeacon/Eddystone
(for healthcare
(for healthcare application)
application) (for(for
sports/fitness applications)
sports/fitness applications) (for (for location-based
location-based service service
e.g., beacon)
e.g., beacon)
WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING MWNL
MWNL

7
Classic Bluetooth
Protocol Stack – Protocol Stack
SCO or e-SCO Link Applications/Profiles ACL Link

Host
RFCOMM TCS SDP

Audio
Logical Link Control and Application
Protocol (L2CAP)
HCI
Link manager
Baseband
Controller
Radio
*RFCOMM: Radio Frequency Communications

Links *TCS: Telephony Control Protocol
* RFCOMM: Radio Frequency Communications
SCO: Synchronous Connection-Oriented *SDP: Service *Discovery Protocol
TCS: Telephony Control Protocol
e-SCO: Extended Synchronous Connection-Oriented
*HCI: Host Controller Interface
* SDP: Service Discovery Protocol
ACL: Asynchronous Connectionless * HCI: Host Controller InterfaceMWNL

Frequency Index
Center
(MHz)
2402 Index
Frequency 0
2403
Center 1
(MHz)
2404 2
2402
Frequency 0
Index
3
2405 1
□
2403
(MHz)
2406 4
2404
2402 2
05
2407
2405
2403
2408 13
6
• Use
2406
2404
2409 24
7
• 79
2405
2407 35
8
2410
2 (most
2406
2408 46
□• Use
2411 9
• Range
Use
2407 57
Power
2409
3
10
•§ 79
2412
2408 68
2410
Radio
2413 11
2 (most
Radio
2409
2411 79
• Range
12
• Typical
• Transmit
2414 8
Range
Power
2410
3
2412 10
13
2415 9
2.42.4
2411
• Range
2.4
Radio
2413 11
3
2412
2416 10
14
•Transmit
12
• Typical
□• Transmit
2414
Radio
Class
11
§ • Typical
2413
2417 15
common)
2415 13
12
Transmit
2414
2418 16
GHz
2416
2415
2419 14
13
17
•channels
2417
2416 15
14
18
2420
common)
Power Class
15
16
GHz
2417
2418
GHz
19
2 (most common)
2421
channels
16
indoor
2418
2419 17
79channels
2422 20
power
2419 17
79 channels
2420 18
21
Typicalindoor
2423
2420 18
19
2421
power
ISM
2424 22
indoor
19
with
2421
2422 20
indoor
power
2425
2422 23
20
with
ISM
power
2423 21
24
2426 21
100 100
2423
1 mW
ISM
2424 22
with
22
25
2.5 mW
2424
2427
with
2425
2425 23
23
26
2428 24
Class Maximum
2426
2426 24
27
1 mW
2429
mWmW
25
2.5 mW
2427 25
levels
2427
2430 28
levels
2428 26
band
2428
2431 29
Maximum
scenario:
scenario:
MHz
band
2429
2429 27
11 MHz
30
(20 (20
2432
levels
(0 dBm)
levels
2430
2430 28
31
(4 dBm)
2433
• Use 2.4 GHz ISM band
band
2431 29
29
scenario:
dBm)
2431
WIRELESS
scenario:
32
Power
2434
MHz
2432 30
11 MHz
30
1 mW (0 dBm)
2432 33
(0 dBm)
2435 31
2.5 mW (4 dBm)
2433 31
(4 dBm)
2433
100 mW (20 dBm)

2436 34
32
Maximum Power
2434
dBm)
32
10 10
Power
2434
2437
2435 35
33
10
2435
2436
2438 33
34
36
2436
2437
2439 34
35
37
2437
2438 35
36
mm
2440 38
m with
2438
2439 36
37
bandwidth
2441 39
37
10NETWORKING,
2439
2440 38
40
2442
m w/
2441
2440 39
38
2443 41
w/w/
40
bandwidth
2442
2441 39
42
2444
1 mW
2443
2442 41
40
bandwidth
2445
2444 43
42
41
1 mW
2443
Nominal
44
bandwidth
2446
2445 43
42
2444
1430.752B,
1 mW 2447
2446 45
44
43
mW
N/A
N/A
2445
2448
2447 46
45
Nominal
44
1 mW
2446

2448
2449 46
47
N/AN/A
N/AN/A
2020
2447
2449 45
47
48
2450
1 mW
(0 dBm)
2448
2450 46
48
49
1 mW (0 dBm)
2451
Power
power
2449
2451 47
49
50
Nominal Power
2452 50
48
2452
2450
(0 dBm)
2453 51
51
SPRING
2453
2451 49
Power
2454 52
2454
2452 52
50
power
2455 53
power
2455 53
51
Regulatory
2453
2456 54
2456
2454 54
52
2.400-2.4835
2457
2457 55
55
power
2455 53
56
2458
2458 56
Regulatory
2456
2459
2459 54
57
2.400-2.4835
2457
2460
2460 55
58
2.400-2.4835 GHz
2458
2461 56
59
Regulatory Range
2461
Range
2459
2462
2462 57
60
60
2460
2463 58
61
1 mW
0.250.25
2463 61
2464
2461 62
59
62
2464
2465 63
60
N/A
2462
Minimum
2465 63
64
1 mW
2466
2463 61
64
2466
mWmW
2467
2464 65
62
2467
2468 65
66
Minimum
2465 63
N/AN/A
66
1 mW (0 dBm)
2468
2469 67
64
2466
(0 dBm)
2469
2470 67
68
0.25 mW (-6 dBm)
Minimum Power
2467
2470 65
68
69
2471
(-6 dBm)
Power
2468 66
GHzGHz fc=2402+k
2472
2471 70
69
(0 dBm)
2469 67
71
fc=2402+k
2473
2472 70
0, ,78
2470 68
72
(-6 dBm)
2474 71
Power
2473
0, ,78
2471
2475 69
73
RF Channels
2474 72
fc=2402+k
MHz,
2476
2472 74
70
73
2475
Range RF Channels
2477
2473 75
71
MHz,
2476 74
0, ,78
2478
2474 76
72
9
2477
2479 75
77
2475 73
RF Channels
2478
2480 76
78
MHz,
9
2476
2479 74
77
MWNL
2477
2480 75
78
2478 76
9
2479 77
2480 78
• Basic Rate (BR)
PHY
• 1 Mb/s (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK)) modulation
• Enhanced
□ Basic Data Rate (EDR)
Rate (BR)
§ 1•Mb/s (Gaussian
2 Mb/s Frequency
( /4-DQPSK), Shift Keying
3 Mb/s (GFSK)) modulation
(8DPSK)
□ Enhanced Data Rate (EDR)
• Time Division Duplex (TDD) & Frequency Hopping (FH)
§ 2 Mb/s (π/4-DQPSK), 3 Mb/s (8DPSK)
• Master and slave alternately transmit
□ Time Division Duplex (TDD) & Frequency Hopping (FH)
• 1600and
§ Master hops/s
slaveFH (in connection
alternately transmitstate)
§ 1600• hops/s FH (in
f(k): channel connection
index state)
used in slot k
• f(k): channel index used in slot k
f(k) f(k+1) f(k+2)
Master M1 M2 M2 M2
Master
Slave
Slave S1 M2 S2 M2
625 us
Access code Payload HDR (ACK) HDR (NACK)
MW
Multimedia & Wir

PHY
PHY
• Single and multi-slot packets
• 1-slot, 3-slot, 5-slot packets
□ Single and multi-slot
• Master packets
starts at even numbered time slots
§ 1-slot, 3-slot,
• Slave starts5-slot
at oddpackets
numbered time slots
• Master starts at even numbered time slots
• Max• throughput
Slave starts at odd numbered time slots
□ Max throughput
• Asymmetric link: 2178 kb/s
§ Asymmetric link: 2178 kb/s
• 5-slot data packet with 3 Mb/s + 1-slot ACK
• 5-slot data packet with 3 Mb/s + 1-slot ACK
• Symmetric link: 2 x 864 kb/s
§ Symmetric link: 2 x 864 kb/s
•• Bidirectional
Bidirectional 3-slot packets with
3-slot packets with 33 Mb/s
Mb/s
f(k) f(k+1) f(k+2) f(k+3) f(k+4) f(k+5)
f(k) f(k+3) f(k+4) f(k+5)
f(k) f(k+5)
MWN
Multimedia & Wireless Networ

Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH) 12
Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH)

□ Adaptive Frequency Hopping
• Adaptive Frequency Hopping
§ Channel classification
• Channel classification
• Used channel set (good channels), unused channel set (bad channels)
• Used channel set (good channels), unused channel set (bad channels)
§ Hopping within used channel set
••Hopping
To avoidwithin used channel
static channel set e.g., Wi-Fi signal
interference,
• To avoid static channel interference, e.g., Wi-Fi signal
ADDRESS Hop Selection fk Is fk in the set of YES

used channels
Use fk for next slot
System
CLOCK
NO
Re-mapping fk'
Use fk' for next slot
Function


Link Types
□ Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) link
§ Circuit switched link (data communication in reserved slots)
§ For delay sensitive information, e.g., voice transmission
□ Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL) link

§ Packet switched link
§ For data traffic
□ Extended Synchronous Connection-Oriented (eSCO) link

§ Circuit switched + packet switched link for retransmission
§ For delay sensitive information, e.g., voice transmission

14
Link Types
Link Types
• Master has full control over ACL link
□ Master has full control over ACL link
• In slots not reserved for SCO (& eSCO), master polls a slave on a
§ In slots not reserved for SCO (& eSCO), master polls a slave on a
per-slot
per-slot basis
basis
§ Slave onlyonly
• Slave allowed
allowedtototransmit in slave-to-master
transmit in slave-to-master slotslot after polled
after
by the master
polled by the master
□ Retransmission isisenabled
• Retransmission inACL
enabled in ACLbyby
ARQARQ
SCO SCO ACL ACL ACL ACL SCO
Master
Slave 1
Slave 2
Slave 3
MWNL

Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)
Automatic Repeat
• Applied to ACL & eSCO Request (ARQ)
• Transmitted until acknowledgement is returned (ACL) or timeout
□ Applied to ACL & eSCO
occurs (eSCO)
§ Transmitted until acknowledgement is returned (ACL) or timeout occurs
• ACK (eSCO)
(ARQN=1)
□ ACK (ARQN=1)
• Both HEC (Header Error Check) & CRC succeed
§ Both HEC (Header Error Check) & CRC succeed
□ NAK(ARQN=0)
• NAK (ARQN=0)
§ Only HEC succeeds, data can be piggybacked
• Only HEC succeeds, data can be piggybacked
Master M1 M2 M2 M2
Slave S1 M2 S2 M2
Access code Payload HDR (ACK) HDR (NACK)

MWNL

StateState
Diagram
16
Diagram
Standby
Device Discovery
Inquiry Inquiry scan
(master) (slave)
Connection Establishment Page Page scan

(master) (slave)
Connection
Active
Sniff Hold
Park
MWNL

Device Discovery & Connection Setup
□ Inquiry (to discover other devices)
§ To discover devices in inquiry scan
§ Searching 32 inquiry channels
□ Inquiry scan (to be discoverable)

§ Periodically listen for inquiry packets at a single inquiry channel
□ Page (Master)
§ Establish a piconet with a device in page scan
§ Searching 32 page channels
□ Page scan (Slave)

§ Periodically listen for page packets at a single page channel
Low Power Mode
□ Hold mode
§ ACL link in hold mode for a hold duration (i.e., one time)
• Free slave to
ü Attend another piconet
ü Perform inquiry scan, page scan, page, or inquiry operations
ü Move into low-power sleep
□ Sniff mode
§ Only communicate during (periodically allocated) sniff time slots
• Reduce duty cycle of a slave’s activity
□ Park state
§ Does not need participate piconet but still needs synchronization
• Wake up at regular intervals
20
ProtocolLow
Bluetooth Stack
Energy – Protocol Stack
Controls connections
Non-core profiles
and advertising in BLE
Defines a basic data
structure and procedures
GAP
Generic Attribute Profile
(GATT)
Host
SMP Attribute Protocol (ATT)
Logical Link Control and Application

Protocol (L2CAP)
HCI
Link Layer
Protocol multiplexer
Controller
Fragmentation and recombination
Physical Layer
*GAP: Generic Access Profile

* GAP: Generic Access Profile
*SMP: Security Manager Protocol
* SMP: Security Manager Protocol
*HCI:* HCI:
HostHost
Controller
ControllerInterface
Interface
MWNL

21
BLE
BLE communications
communications
• BLE communicates in two ways
□ BLE communicates in two ways
1) Broadcasting
§ • 1) Broadcasting
Broadcaster Observer
• Sends non-connectable • Repeatedly scans the channel

• Sends non-connectable • Repeatedly scans the channel
advertising packets periodically • Receive any non-connectable
advertising packets periodically • Receive any non-connectable
• BLE
• BLE beacons
beacons advertising
advertising packets
packets

22
BLEcommunications
BLE communications
• BLE communicates in two ways
□ BLE communicates in two ways
2) Connections
§• 2) Connections
Central (master) Peripheral (slave)
• Scans connectable advertising packets • Sends connectable advertising

• Scans connectable advertising • Sends connectable advertising
• Initiates a connection packets periodically
packets packets periodically
•• Manages
Initiatesthe timing and initiates the
a connection • Accepts
• Accepts incomingconnections
incoming connections
Manages
• periodical theexchange
data timing and initiates • Follows
• F thehecentral’s
ce a timinggand a d
the periodical data exchange exchange data
exchange data

Connection topology
23
Connection topology
□ From 4.1 specification, any restrictions on role
combinations have been
• From 4.1 specification, removed
any restrictions on role combinations have been removed
§ A device can act as a central and a peripheral at the same time

• A device can act as a central and a peripheral at the same time
• A central can be connected to multiple peripherals

§ A central can be connected to multiple peripherals
• A peripheral can be connected to multiple centrals
§ A peripheral can be connected to multiple centrals
• Previous versions limited the peripheral to a single central connection
• Previous versions limited the peripheral to a single central
connection
BR/EDR
SLAVE
BLE PERIPHERAL
BR/EDR/LE
CENTRAL+OBSERVER
BLE PERIPHERAL +BR/EDR MASTER BLE PERIPHERAL
BLE
BROADCASTER
BLE
BLE OBSERVER
PERIPHERAL+CENTRAL
Advertising and Scanning BLE Connection BR/EDR Connection

MWNL
24
PHY PHY
PHY
24
• Use 2.4• GHz ISM band Regulatory Range

Regulatory Range
RF Channels
RF Channels
□ Use 2.4 GHz ISMISM
Use 2.4 GHz band
band fcf=2402+2k MHz,
c=2402+2k MHz,
2.400-2.4835 GHz
• 40 channels with 2 MHz
• 40 channels with 2bandwidth
MHz bandwidth 2.400-2.4835 GHz
0, ,39
,39
§ 40 channels with 2 MHz bandwidth
• 37data • 37 data channels
data channels
channels forfor for connection
connection (ch. 0(ch.
36)0 0–36)
36)
§ 37 connection (ch.
• 3 advertising channels (ch. 37, 38, and 39)
§ 3• 3advertising channels
advertising channels (ch.(ch. 37,and
37, 38, 38,39)and 39)
• To set up connections and send broadcast data
• •ToToset
setup
upconnections andsend
connections and sendbroadcast
broadcast data
data
MWNL

PHY
□ Data rate 25
PHY
§ 1 Mb/s (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK)) modulation
□ Transmit power
• Data rate levels
§ 0.01–10 mW (Gaussian
• 1 Mb/s (-20–10Frequency
dBm) Shift Keying (GFSK)) modulation
• Transmit
□ Frequency power spread
hopping levels spectrum (FHSS)
• 0.01 10 mW (-20 10 dBm)
§ Basic algorithm
• Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
§ Adaptive frequency
• Basic algorithm hopping (hopping within used channel set)
• Adaptive frequency hopping (hopping within used channel set)
Last channel
(fk-1) fk Is fk in the set of YES
+ Mod 37 used channels
Use fk for next slot
Hop
increment
NO
Basic algorithm fk
Re-mapping fk'
Used channel set Use fk' for next slot
Function

MWNL

23
LinkLink
Layer State Diagram
Layer State Diagram
26
Scanning
Scanner
Beacon
Advertising Standby Initiating
Slave Master
Connection
MWNL

27
Advertising/Scanning State
Advertising/Scanning State
• Advertising channel selection
□ Advertising channel
• Advertising event selection
uses three predefined advertising channels
§ Advertising event uses three predefined advertising channels
• Advertiser and scanner are not synchronized
□ Advertiser and scanner are not synchronized
* Scanning interval = 50 ms
Scanning interval = 50 ms
* ••Scan window = 25 ms
Scan window = 25 ms
Scanning on Scanning on Scanning on

channel 37 channel 38 channel 39
Scanner
0 ms 25 ms 50 ms 75 ms 100 ms 125 ms
Advertiser
0 ms 20 ms 40 ms 60 ms 80 ms 100 ms 120 ms 140 ms
• Advertising on 37 ( ), 38 ( ), and 39 ( )
• Advertising interval = 20 ms

SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MWNL
Connection State 28
Connection State
□ Connection interval: an interval between anchor points
Connection
(i.e.,• starts interval: an interval
of connection events)between anchor points (i.e., starts of
connection events)
§ Connection interval has a value of a multiple of 1.25 ms (min. 7.5 ms, max. 4 s)
□ Frequency channel
• Connection changes
interval every
has a value connection
of a multiple interval
of 1.25 ms (min. 7.5 ms, max. 4 s)
§ •AFrequency
single data channel
channel is used
changes for connection
every all packetsinterval
in a connection event
§ Cf.• Classic Bluetooth with hopping interval of 625 us
A single data channel is used for all packets in a connection event
Cf. Classic Bluetooth with hopping interval of 625 us
Connection event Connection event
Inter frame space = 150 us
R T Radio idle R T R T R T
Slave X X X X X X X X
T R Radio idle T R T R T R
Master X X X X X X X X
Connection interval Connection interval


Connection Establishment 29
Connection Establishment
29
Connection Establishment
Bluetooth Low Energy Classic Bluetooth
• •Bluetooth
Bluetooth Low
Low Energy ClassicBluetooth
Classic Bluetooth
Slave
Slave Master
Master Slave
Slave Master
Master
Advertising
Advertising Inquiry
Inquiry
Advertising Inquiry
Inquiry
Advertising Initiating
Initiating Inquiry
Scan Inquiry
Connection request
request Scan Inquiry response
Connection Inquiry response
Page
Page Page
Page Page
Scan Page
Scan Page response
Page response
Connection Connection Connection Connection

Connection Connection Connection Connection

Classic Bluetooth vs. BLE
□ Latency: a minimum time for a packet transaction between master and slave
30
□ Low power consumption of BLE: low Tx power, simple RF module design due
Classic Bluetooth vs. BLE
to allowance of large modulation index (i.e., wider RF spectrum)
Classic Low Energy
Data Rate 1, 2, 3 Mbps 1 Mbps
Modulation GFSK, DQPSK, 8DPSK GFSK
# channels 79 40
Frequency hopping Fast Slow
Max output power 100 mW 10 mW
Latency 100 ms 3 ms
Range ~100 m ~50 m
Voice Capable Not capable
Power consumption 1 as the reference 0.01 to 0.5
• Latency: a minimum time for a packet

WIRELESS transaction
NETWORKING, between
430.752B, master and slave
2020 SPRING
iBeacon
• A iBeacon
e e e a BLE ee ec
• Providing location-based information and services
□ Apple’s implementation of BLE wireless technology
Providing location-based information and services
• iBeacon§ devices
□ iBeacon devices
• iBeacon is a broadcast-only
§ iBeacon device
is a broadcast-only devicethat
that uses BLEadvertising
uses BLE advertising
§ iBeacon
• iBeacon app compares
app compares the measure
the measure RSSIRSSI
to to
thethe expectedvalue
expected value of
of the RSSI in the
beacon
the RSSI in the beacon
□ iBeacon products <LassoTag>
Estimote: A development kit
• iBeacon§ products
§ LassoTag: Alert system (valuables out of range)
• Estimote: A development
§ Hanabee: kit
check-in beacon for retail stores
• LassoTag: Alert system (valuables out of range)
• Hanabee: check-in beacon for retail stores
<Estimote>
<Hanabee>
MWNL

32
Using Beacons
Using Beacons 32
Using Beacons
•□AnAn example
example retail
retail implementation
implementation
• An example
§ Using retail implementation
iBeacon devices created by Estimote
• Using iBeacon devices created by Estimote
§ Customers with store’s
• Using iBeacon mobile
devices application
created by Estimote
• C e
• •Mobile
C app e b ebsignals
e receives beacon
e
a e a ca ca
• Mobile• app receives
Mobile beacon
app receives signals
beacon signals
Shoes
Shoesareare
on on
sale today ! !
sale today
Thank you for

Thank you for
your purchase !
your purchase !
We e g a
special offer
forWe eg a
you today
special offer
for you today


Coexistence with Wi-Fi
□ IEEE 802.15.2 (2003)
§ Recommended practice for coexistence between classic
Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1-2002) and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11b-1999)
□ Collaborative coexistence solutions (collocated)

§ Packet traffic arbitration (PTA)
§ Alternating wireless medium access
□ Non-collaborative coexistence solutions (non-collocated)

§ Adaptive frequency-hopping
§ Adaptive packet selection

34
Packet Traffic Arbitration (PTA)

Packet Traffic Arbitration (PTA)
• PTA control entity approves Wi-Fi & BT transmission per
□ packet
PTA control entity approves Wi-Fi & BT transmission per packet
Predictcollision
•§ Predict collision based
based onon Wi-Fi
Wi-Fiframe
frameduration
duration& BT timetime
& BT slot slot
§ Resolve collision by prioritized transmissions
• Resolve
• E.g.,collision
SCO > Wi-Fiby prioritized transmissions
> ACL
• E.g., SCO > Wi-Fi > ACL


Broadcom BT & BT
Wi-Fi Coexistence
35
Broadcom & Wi-Fi Coexistence

• BCM4325
□ BCM4325 solution
solution
• Shared
§ Shared low noise
low noise amp,amp,
powerpower
amp,amp,
andand
antenna
antenna
§ PTA • PTA
§ Preemptive coexistence
• Preemptive coexistence
• CTS-to-Self medium
• CTS-to-Self medium
reservation
reservation
• Wi-Fi Power Save Mode
with •PTA
Wi-Fi Power Save Mode
with PTA
MWNL

36
Summary
Summary
□ Classic Bluetooth
• Low rate short range connection
§ Low rate short range connection
• BLE
□ BLE
§ • Extremely
Extremely low
low rate
rate with
with extremely
extremely low power connection
connection
Source: K. Torvmark, T Flavers B :W O C , Ma 2014, W Pa .

MWNL
Source: K. Torvmark, “Three Flavers of Bluetooth: Which One to Choose,” March 2014, White Paper.

References
□ Bluetooth specification version 4.2, Bluetooth SIG, 2014
□ IEEE 802.15.2-2003, Part 15.2: Coexistence of Wireless Personal Area
Networks with Other Wireless Devices Operating in Unlicensed Frequency
Bands, IEEE std., June 2011
□ Broadcom, "BCM4325 Bluetooth and WLAN Coexistence," 2008, White
Paper
□ http://chapters.comsoc.org/vancouver/BTLER3.pdf
□ https://developer.bluetooth.org/TechnologyOverview/Pages/BLE.aspx
□ http://estimote.com/


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Bluetooth and BLE

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

§Bluetooth 4.0 (2010)

• AMP: Use Wi-Fi MAC/PHY

□ Bluetooth Smart Ready device: dual mode

□ Bluetooth Smart device: single mode

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

Bluetooth Smart Device Bluetooth Smart Ready Device

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

A2DP HFP FTP

SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

SCO or e-SCO Link Applications/Profiles ACL Link

RFCOMM TCS SDP

*RFCOMM: Radio Frequency Communications

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

100 mW (20 dBm)

SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

f(k) f(k+1) f(k+2) f(k+3) f(k+4) f(k+5)

f(k) f(k+3) f(k+4) f(k+5)

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH)

ADDRESS Hop Selection fk Is fk in the set of YES

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING MWNL

SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

□ Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL) link

□ Extended Synchronous Connection-Oriented (eSCO) link

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

Access code Payload HDR (ACK) HDR (NACK)

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

Connection Establishment Page Page scan

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

□ Inquiry scan (to be discoverable)

□ Page scan (Slave)

Logical Link Control and Application

*GAP: Generic Access Profile

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

• Sends non-connectable • Repeatedly scans the channel

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

Central (master) Peripheral (slave)

• Scans connectable advertising packets • Sends connectable advertising

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

§ A device can act as a central and a peripheral at the same time

• A central can be connected to multiple peripherals

Advertising and Scanning BLE Connection BR/EDR Connection

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

• Use 2.4• GHz ISM band Regulatory Range

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Advertising Standby Initiating

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

Scanning on Scanning on Scanning on

WIRELESS NETWORKING, 430.752B, 2020 SPRING

Cf. Classic Bluetooth with hopping interval of 625 us

Connection event Connection event