PROJECT ASSIGNMENT

DEPARTMENT: Bachelor OF CIVIL ENGINEERING(HONS.)

COURSE NAME: WATER RESOURCE and SUPPLY ENGINEERING
COURSE CODE: ECH4313
COURSE LEADER: Dr NOR FAIZA BINTI ABD RAHMAN
GROUP NAME: Sadiq’s Group
GROUP MEMBER: Md. Sadiqul Hoque SUKD1901515 (Group Leader)
Emad Alharazi SUKD1802285
Xu Zi Jun SUKD1901513
Rasheed Pillay SUKD1801962
Nazifa Tabassum Farid SUKD1900809
DEVELOPER: SRK Constructions

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TABLE OF CONTENT:

INTRODUCTION 3

COMPANY BACKGROUND 4

STUDY AREA, STRATEGY and

5
CONCEPT

JUSTIFY DEVELOPMENT 6

DETAILS OF LAND 6

ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED SOURCE OF

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WATER SUPPLY

ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED WATER

38
SUPPLY SYSTEM

WATER RETICULATION SYSTEM 57

APPENDIX 62

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INTRODUCTION:
Water treatment is done to enhance the quality of the water. The water treatment procedures used
are determined by the quality of the water source. In any circumstances, water must be
disinfected in order to kill any germs that may be present. This technology has shown to be the
most crucial for human life protection thus far. Chlorine or chlorine dioxide are usually utilized,
however alternative methods like ozonation and UV irradiation are also used in many
circumstances. If the water comes from a surface water source like a river, lake, or dam,
suspended particles are the most serious issue. The use of membranes and the inclusion of
coagulants are two methods for removing suspended particles. The water quality is typically
good if it comes from groundwater through mountain springs, and disinfection is usually all that
is necessary. If the water comes from a groundwater well, however, it may be high in metals and
require chemical precipitation to remove. Softening is another method for removing hardness
from hard water that involves the addition of lime and the subsequent precipitation of calcium as
calcium carbonate and magnesium as magnesium hydroxide.
The following procedures are carried out in a typical water treatment plant: (1) pretreatment to
remove large items found in pipelines transporting water from the source to the treatment plant,
(2) softening and/or coagulation to remove hardness and/or suspended particles, (3) filtering via
sand beds to remove any small particles left in the water stream. (4) an activated charcoal filter
or an air/water jet to sorb or oxidize any dissolved organic matter, (5) disinfection to remove any
remaining pathogens, and (6) storage of treated water before delivery to consumers.
The chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water are determined by the criteria of
its use. Several variables influence water quality, including dissolved oxygen concentrations,
bacteria levels, salt content (or salinity), and the quantity of debris floating in the water
(turbidity). The quantity of tiny algae, as well as the levels of pesticides, herbicides, heavy
metals, and other pollutants, may be evaluated in various bodies of water to determine water
quality.

Good Water Quality should have these characteristics:

Dissolved Oxygen > 6 ppm

Ph : neutral

Alkalinity 100-200 ppm

Nitrogen and Phosphorous < 1 ppm

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The proposal of the construction for this development project is to build a 1-storey building for
our client, Dr Nor Faiza (SEGi University) with an area of – located at Taman Sains, Selangor.
The building is to be established as a shopping complex consisting of the main building, a guard
house, and a garbage house.

The objective of this engineering report is to seek approval from Drainage and Irrigation
Department (DID) for the construction of the complex and to clarify the water reticulation
system with Pengurusan Air Selangor Sdn. Bhd.

 COMPANY BACKGROUND:
SRK Construction is the name of the company which was founded in the year 2005. To be more
specific, it all began on the 7th of February 2005, with a personal initiative of one of the board
members. In the city of Chittagong, Bangladesh, is the headquarters of the corporation. Within
16 years, the firm had expanded around the globe and had become a multi-national corporation.
Now, it may be found in Malaysia, Dubai, Singapore, Canada, Finland, China, and Seashells,
among other places. Md. Sadiqul Hoque, Emad Alhazri, Xu zijun, Nazifa Tabassum, and
Rasheed Pilay are the primary stakeholders in the firm, which is built on a partnership with five
significant partners. In addition, there are board members as well as teams of HR, Marketing,
Sales, Management, Finance, Engineers, and Design crews working on the project. The firm is
mostly a conceptual construction company, and its primary function is to supply design while
also converting the design into a shapefile structure. During those years, the firm was able to
acquire a large number of assets, including bulldozers, mobile cranes, backhoes, wheeled
excavators, crawler excavators, mini excavators, and trucks. The Tower Crane, which will be
added during the next three years, is an upcoming asset. Construction projects are presented and
approved in five to seven countries throughout the world every year. More than 40 buildings
have been constructed by our firm in the last five years. In Malaysia, SRK Construction is
primarily responsible for large-scale projects. Recently, a proposal for a shopping mall that
included a comprehensive water treatment plant was offered, and the project was approved.
The organizational structure of the company is

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 Md. Sadiqul Hoque, Director & Chief Engineer
B.Sc. in Civil Engineering, Segi University, Malaysia
M.Sc. in Civil Engineering, University of Ontorio, Canada
Emad Alharazi, Managing Director & Sub-Engineer
B.Sc. in Civil Engineering, Segi University, Malaysia
M.Sc. in Civil Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia
Rasheed Pilay, Chief Executive Officer & Chief Surveyor
B.Sc. in Civil Engineering, Segi University, Malaysia
M.Sc. in Civil Engineering, York University, Canada
Xu Zi Jun, Marketing Director & Chief Q.S
B.Sc. in Civil Engineering, Segi University, Malaysia
M.Sc. in Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
Nazifa Tabassum Farid, Executive Director & Sub-Engineer
B.Sc. in Civil Engineering, Segi University, Malaysia
M.Sc. in Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada

 STUDY AREA, STRATEGY AND CONCEPT:

Water treatment plants are the major generator of antimicrobials and AMRDs. Water Treatment
Plants absorb wastes from with a range of AMRD-loaded contexts, including residences,
hospitals, industrial, and agricultural sites, and discharge both solid and liquid whilst also which
can propagate AMRDs. Antimicrobial agents, medicines, personal care products, and heavy
metals, among other pollutants, can collect within Water Treatment Plants, contaminating
Influence. Many microbiological and chemical pollutants in wastewater are neither destroyed nor
inactivated by the treatment process. The antibacterial or selective action of the metabolites
produced by pollutants that can be destroyed is yet unknown. AMRDs are abundant in water
treatment plant effluent and solid waste products, which also release selective agents into
receiving environments (Jury et al., 2011). The characteristics that bioremediation may
potentially promote the spread of AMRD in the environment and within the wastewater
microbiome. Planktonic microorganisms, flocs floating in the wastewater, and biofilms clinging
to solid surfaces are all present in Water Treatment Plants (Sustaric, 2009; Sheng et al., 2010).
The prevalence of microbes in flocculation and biofilms may play a role in explaining why
Water Treatment Plants are seen as both hotspots for gene delivery and potential AMRD
reservoirs. Andersen (1993) discovered that the composition of the microbial population in a
WWTP influenced AMR coliforms. Furthermore, various Water Treatment Plants have varying
AMRO removal efficiency. The destiny of AMRDs in water treatment plants is influenced by
both operating conditions and design (McKinney et al., 2010; Novo and Manaia, 2010; Chen and
Zhang, 2013). Numerous investigations have been conducted to identify which treatment
methods and operating circumstances have an influence on AMRDs. Kim et al. (2007)
discovered that in Water Treatment Plants utilizing biological treatment procedures, both organic
loading and growth rate resulted in tetracycline resistance amplification. Christgen et al. (2015)
compared the fate of AMRDs in anaerobic, aerobic, and anaerobic-aerobic sequence bioreactors
using metagenomic methods (AASs). In terms of lowering AMRD abundance, AASs and aerobic
reactors outperformed anaerobic reactors, notably for aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and beta-
lactam determinants. Treatment had no effect on sulfonamide or chloramphenicol AMRD levels,

5
but all Water Treatment Plant influents and effluents showed a shift from target specific AMRDs
to multidrug resistance AMRDs. The AASs utilized 32% less energy than aerobic reactors and
lowered AMRD abundance in a favorable way. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia
(NH3–N), suspended solids (SS), dissolved oxygen, and temperature are all factors that might
influence the destiny of various AMRDs. Du et al. (2014) discovered that the COD was strongly
linked to the destiny of tetW, intI1, and sul1. According to Yuan et al. (2014), most AMROs and
AMRDs were favorably connected to COD and SS in toxic sludge and negatively correlated to
the discharge parameters. Moreover, the disinfection procedure chosen can influence the destiny
of AMRDs in Water Treatment Plants. Munir et al. (2011) found that while analyzing the
prevalence of tetracycline and sulfonamide and their resistance determinants within five Water
Treatment Plants in Michigan, disinfection did not lower the predominance of AMRDs and
AMROs in the effluent. Chlorination and UV radiation are standard disinfection methods,
although their efficiency in eradicating AMRD varies depending on several conditions. Zhang et
al. (2015), for example, examined chlorination, UV radiation, and sequential UV/chlorination for
inactivating AMRDs in municipal wastewater effluent. They discovered that chlorination was
more successful than UV radiation at removing AMRDs from Water Treatment Plant effluent,
and that its efficacy was influenced by the amount of NH 3–N present. A decrease in AMRD
removal is associated with high NH3–N levels in wastewater (Zhang et al., 2015). Free chlorine
was likewise more successful than mixed chlorine, and a treatment combining UV irradiation
and chlorination removed more AMRD than either UV or chlorination alone. The methodologies
used to assess AMRDs in Water Treatment Plants might lead to inaccurate research. In some
studies, a civilization step is critical, and the focus is primarily on AMRO identification and
outcome (Reinthaler et al., 2003; Schwartz et al., 2003; Garcia-Armisen et al., 2011; Slekovec et
al., 2012), whereas others combine civilization and signaling pathways techniques and have
shifted the focus to MGE (Reinthaler et al., 2003; Schwartz e (Tennstedt et al., 2003; Ma et al.,
2013). Studies that combine civilization and culture-independent approaches yield more
complete results than studies that solely employ one methodology. Matthews et al. (2010) found
that culture-dependent research give useful information regarding AMRD expression but ignore
the influence of extracellular and unexpressed AMRDs, whereas culture-independent approaches
may not account for the function of those genes. Antimicrobials can have an impact on the
transmission and prevalence of AMR both within the Water Treatment Plant and in the effluent
due to the complexity of the designed system. It can really make pinpointing the variables and
mechanisms responsible for the rising occurrence of AMRDs more challenging, and evaluating
their relative relevance is a research area that is continually expanding. The frequent occurrence
of AMR in microbes isolated from wastewater and the significant degree of gene transfer that
can occur in Water Treatment Plants imply that Water Treatment Plants are a point source for
AMR-related environmental pollution. Surveillance efforts and management methods that are
geared at decreasing the discharge of AMRDs into water and soil habitats might be established
using an engineered system, such as a Water Treatment Plant.
● JUSTIFY DEVELOPMENT:
Kota Damansara's urban population is well-served by a centralised piped water system. The
majority of people who have access to piped water are also linked to sewers and a wastewater

6
treatment facility. Unfortunately, the infrastructure for water and wastewater services has been
neglected for at least a decade. As a result, there is a significant need for current infrastructure to
be renovated. Most cities still have reliable water supply, however most of the water delivered in
big cities does not meet hygienic requirements. The degradation in service level is less in the
beginning and more recently in the infrastructure's physical lifetime. As the lifespan progresses,
the decline in service level may accelerate. Furthermore, by limiting exposure to water-related
risks, this initiative will boost societal health and safety. The water treatment plant will be able to
enhance wastewater treatment by incorporating new technology and upgrading the facility,
consequently lowering wastewater-related dangers.
● DETAILS OF THE LAND:
Owner/Client
Dr NOR FAIZA BINTI ABD RAHMAN,
SEGi University, Kota Damansara,
Jalan Teknologi, 47810 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor.
Developer
SRK Constructions,
BLOK 29, RESIDENSI SENTULMAS,
Jalan 1/48a,
51000 Kuala Lumpur,
Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur.

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The planned site of the water treatment facility and water supply is close to the client's location.
As a result, the cost of building pipelines for water transportation is reduced. The site chosen for
the building of the water treatment plant is ideal since it is vast and level. Throughout the year,
the river has an average flow of 30 MGD. As a result, no other water supply is necessary. This
water treatment facility, on the other hand, is capable of providing clean water for future
residential or commercial sectors.
● ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY:
Physical Characteristics
Some of the main physical characteristics of water are:
Temperature
Stream Bank Erosion
Flow
Stream Bottom
Local Land Use Activities
Temperature:
Water temperature is a physical characteristic. It is affected by factors such as sunlight. Water
temperature can affect the change of dissolved oxygen in water. The higher the temperature, the
lower the dissolved oxygen content. If the temperature of the water is too high, there will be very
little dissolved oxygen, so the organisms in the water will not have enough oxygen to survive.
Water temperature also has a certain impact on the life in the water. Some aquatic plants prefer
places with higher water temperatures, while some fish prefer places with lower water
temperatures, such as trout and salmon.
The place we chose to test is the Cova suite river, and we got a water temperature of 28
degrees Celsius, which is not much different from the average temperature of 29 degrees Celsius
checked on the Malaysian water temperature website. It can be judged that the temperature of the
water flow is a normal temperature.

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 At this water temperature, it is suitable for the survival of aquatic organisms and aquatic
plants, but it still depends on the content of dissolved oxygen in the water.
If the water temperature is high, it will increase the respiration rate of fish in the water and
will lead to the consumption of oxygen in the water, which is not conducive to the survival of
fish and will endanger the life of organisms.

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Stream Bank Erosion:
Stream Bank Erosion is a natural phenomenon, but the extreme increase in water flow will
speed up the rate of riverbank erosion. If it is a stable water flow, the speed will not be very fast.
Areas with low vegetation coverage receive erosion faster than areas with high vegetation
coverage, and silt is more susceptible to erosion. Generally, lateral erosion will lead to an
increase in the content of sediment in the river, which in turn increases the rate of erosion.
The location we observed was the Cova suite river.

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 Pictures taken at the scene show stream bank erosion taking place here.
The possible reason is that the rapid increase in water flow caused by the strong rainfall, the
soil on the riverbank was flooded with water, and the water flow became smaller after the heavy
rainfall.
The gabion can be used to protect the edge of the river flooded by heavy rainfall, and then
plant vegetation in other areas that are not flooded.

Flow:
Measuring Stream Flow: Width X Depth X Feet per Second = Cubic Feet per Second (cfs)
The place we chose to test is the Cova suite river.

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 We start counting from the starting position where the ping-pong ball passes the marker, stop
when it passes the last marker position, do a total of 3 times, and calculate its average.
We get a total of 3 values: 0:0262 0:0228 and 0:0278

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The average is (0:0262 + 0:0228+ 0:0278)/3=0:0239

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 1 Meter = 3.28 feet
3.28/2.39seconds = 1.37ft/s
Then we will carry out the depth test, carry out the test in 4 places, and finally calculate the
average value.
The depths of the 4 places are:0.25meter 0.19meter 0.27meter and 0.20meter

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The average is (0.25meter + 0.19meter + 0.27meter + 0.20meter)/4 = 0.2275meter
=0.7462ft
Area =Average depth x width = 0.7462 x 3.28 =2.45ft2
CFS = Area x velocity = 2.45 x 1.37 =3.36CFS

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Stream Bottom：
The stream bottom of the flow is generally some silt, fine sand and some soil brought down by
the upper water flow, and some deposition is carried out at the bottom of the flow. Through the
water surface, we can see what is deposited at the bottom of the flow, and we can judge the
content of which material is in the stream. high content.
In our experimental site, can be seen the proportion of fine sand and silt is relatively large, and
can be seen that sediment accumulation has occurred in some places.
Cobblestone and gravel were also found, mostly between the size of a ping pong ball and a
tennis ball.

Local Land Use Activities:

The general land use activities are agricultural, commercial, residential, industrial, and
recreational. Different uses will bring different situations to the surrounding area. For example,
agricultural land will consider the quality of water sources and the watershed conditions of water
sources, fertilizers, and chemical fertilizers. It will affect the water quality, so focus on
monitoring and management.
In our chosen site, the land use belongs to both residential and commercial, and the
surrounding water sources surround residential and shopping malls.

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Chemical Characteristics:
Dissolved Oxygen
Nitrogen

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 Phosphorous
pH
Alkalinity

Dissolved Oxygen:
Dissolved oxygen is the oxygen content in the water and is necessary for the survival of
organisms in the water. The dissolved oxygen content must be suitable. Not too low, lest the
organism die. If it is too high, it will also affect the organism. Generally, the concentration of
dissolved oxygen is not less than 3 mg/L, if it is lower than 1 mg/L, it is anoxic state. Generally,
no organisms can live in this environment.
The place we chose to test is the Cova suite river, The place we chose to test was the Cova
Suite River, and we got a dissolved oxygen level of 6ppm. This result is that the dissolved
oxygen level in normal water is not lower than 3ppm, nor is it very high.

18
19
 Nitrogen:
Nitrogen is a chemical element that provides nutrients for aquatic organisms and plants in
water, but excessive nitrogen content will cause water pollution, which will allow algae in the
water to multiply and capture dissolved oxygen in the water. The content of water will make it
impossible for aquatic organisms to survive, and it will also cause acid rain and other conditions.
The nitrogen content of generally good water resources is less than 1ppm.
The location we observed was the Cova suite river.
In our experimental site, the nitrogen content we measured was less than 5ppm, because the
test card did not make a detailed division of 5ppm down, so it was impossible to judge whether
the nitrogen content met the requirements of good water resources.

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21
 Phosphorous:
Phosphorus and nitrogen are basically the same as providing nutrients for organisms in the
water, but when the phosphorus content in the water exceeds the standard, it will lead to the
crazy growth of plants and algae in the water, which will cause water quality problems and
reduce the oxygen content in the water. , resulting in the death of fish in the water, the
phosphorus content of good water resources is also less than 1ppm and the nitrogen requirements
are the same.
The location we observed was the Cova suite river.
After waiting for 5 minutes, according to the table of this test, we can see that the result is
about 2ppm, which does not meet the requirements of good water resources, but the result of this
test is also ok, because it is close to 2ppm, there may be errors in the color observed outdoors.

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 pH:
pH is basically a water quality standard that everyone knows. The pH is between 1 and 14.
When the value is 7, it means that the water is neutral, which is also the standard of good water
quality. Values less than 7 are acidic, and values greater than 7 are alkaline.
When we conduct the pH test at the experimental site, we need to shake the test tube back and
forth. Finally, we compare the test card and get the result that the pH is neutral, and the value is
7, indicating that it is a good water resource in terms of PH.

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Biological Characteristics:
Fish
Algae
Rooted Aquatic Plants
Bacteria
Benthic Macroinvertebrates

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 Fish:
Whether there are fish in the water is also an aspect of judging the quality of water resources,
because the survival of fish in water requires suitable dissolved oxygen and suitable temperature,
and only a suitable environment is possible for fish to survive.
We found a relatively shallow water level in the experimental site and used tools to salvage
fish. In the second salvage, we found a small fish, indicating that this water is suitable for the
growth and survival of fish.

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 Algae:
Algae is a plant that lives in water, but algae do not have roots like other plants. Algae obtain
nutrients through photosynthesis, and there are many types of algae. Eutrophication occurs when
the nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the water exceed the standard.

26
 Algae were found at our experimental site but in small numbers only near the edge of the
riverbank.

Rooted Aquatic Plants:

27
 Rooted aquatic plants survive by obtaining nutrients from the soil and water in the water,
generally aquatic plants, etc. It was not found in our experimental site, but there are plants on the
riverbank. It is not certain whether it is a rooted aquatic plant or a plant on the riverbank when
the riverbank is eroded.

Bacteria:
Bacteria are one of the main groups of organisms, and water may also contain a variety of
bacteria. We will be testing specific bacteria at the experimental site, our choice is coliform
bacteria.
During the test, we placed the test tube at a constant temperature to avoid direct sunlight, and
did not shake it, and waited for 48 hours. We observed a positive result, indicating that the water
may have caused water pollution and water-borne diseases risks of.

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 Benthic Macroinvertebrates:
Benthic macroinvertebrates are an indicator for judging the quality of water resources because
they have no way to escape polluted water resources quickly, and most of them live in water,
which can reflect the situation of water resources.
Physical Water Quality Monitoring

Category 1: Voice of the stream

0-2 No natural voice, Stagnant water

3-5 Some sound of nature (including animals), Slow moving water
6-8 Sound of nature especially water, Good flowing water
9-10 Sound of water (bubbling etc.), Natural flow

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 C1 Score Within Best Score(Y/N)
8 Y

Category 2: Land Use

0-2 Urbanized city center, fully developed

3-5 Industrial, agriculture, wet market, workshop, food court area, commercial
6-8 Residential, recreational area and minimal commercial
9-10 Very minimal human activities, forest reserve, protected catchment

C2 Score Within Best Score(Y/N)

7 Y

Category 3: Rubbish

0-2 Fully Covered with floatable rubbish (plastics, bottles, cans, food packaging
3-5 Significant amount of human made rubbish
6-8 Mixture of man made waste and organic waste (leaves, twigs, and branches)
9-10 Natural leaves and twigs, insignificant floatable

C3 Score Within Best Score(Y/N)

5 N

Category 4: Pipes and Drains

0-2 Direct effluent discharge pipes from the industries, wet market, food courts, sewage
treatment plant and other form of pollution

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3-5 Discharge from treated pipes into the stream, sullage water discharge
6-8 Urban storm water, drainage system
9-10 No pipes or drains

C4 Score Within Best Score(Y/N)

8 Y

Category 5: Structures/Modifications

0-2 More than 3 structures/modifications that have negative impact on water flow or quality
3-5 1 or 2 structures/modifications that have negative impact on water flow or quality
6-8 Structures/modifications that have good impact on water flow or quality
9-10 No Structure/modifications (natural flow conditions)

C5 Score Within Best Score(Y/N)

7 Y

Category 6: Smell

0-2 Very strong unnatural smell (Sewage, Chemical etc.)

3-5 Strong unnatural smell (Sewage, Chemical etc.)
6-8 Slight unnatural smell (Sewage, Chemical etc.)
9-10 No smell, Natural smell

C6 Score Within Best Score(Y/N)

8 N

Category 7: Water conditions

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0-2 Turbid, muddy, or silted which is brownish in color, greenish or milky (indicate the color is
due to pollution)
3-5 Greenish/blackish color with scum and floatable particles, oily sheen, foamy
6-8 Green floatable vegetation, algae
9-10 Colorless

C7 Score Within Best Score(Y/N)

2 N

Category 8: Vegetation

0-2 Erosion or land clearing

3-5 Modified riverbank landscape with introduced species.
6-8 Modified riverbank landscape with local species and some wetland plants within river
9-10 Mainly natural vegetation on riverbank and wetland plants within river

C8 Score Within Best Score(Y/N)

6 Y

Category 9: Vertebrate animal life

0-2 No animal visible at all

3-5 At least 2 types of animal life
6-8 At least 3 types of animal life
9-10 More than 3 types of animal life found

C9 Score Within Best Score(Y/N)

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 9 Y

Number of YES(Y): 6

Lab Tests (Chemical Oxygen Demand/Dissolved Oxygen/pH)

COD
Introduction
COD is the measure of oxygen equivalent of that portion of the organic matter in a sample that is
susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant. COD is the amount of Dissolved Oxygen
required to oxidize chemical organic material found in the water such as petroleum.

Objective
The objective of the experiment was to determine the COD level of the group’s river sample.

Procedures
Sample Procedure
- With the use of a pipette, 2ml of diluted sample was filled in the COD digestion vial.
- The cap of the vial was closed, rinsed and wiped with a clean paper towel.
- The vial was placed in the COD reactor for 2 hours at 150 oc.

Blank Procedure (To Calibrate DRB200)

- A vial was filled with Distilled Water.
- The vial was capped, rinsed with water, and wiped with a clean paper towel.
- The Blank vial was placed in the COD reactor.
- On the COD reactor, ZERO was pressed to obtain 0 mg/L.
- The vial was removed and wiped with a clean paper towel.
- This process was carried out to calibrate the DRB200.

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COD Reactor Procedure (DRB200)
- The reactor was switched on and preheated until a temperature of 150oc.
- COD reactor was set Timer at 120.
- The vial was inserted in the preheated DRB200, and the protective lid was closed.
- The vial was heated for two hours.

Apparatus and Materials

- DRB200 COD Reactor/COD Digester
- DR890 Colorimeter
- Pipette

Results and Discussion

First reading = 6 mg/L

Second reading = 6 mg/L
Third reading = 6 mg/L

High COD levels indicate that there is a high amount of oxidizable organic material in the water.
This as a result reduces the level of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in the water. As a result of this,
adding Dissolved Oxygen can help reduce the COD level in a water sample.

Conclusion
The COD for drinking water ranges from 20mg/L to 200mg/L. The COD level for our group’s
water sample was below the range of drinking water.

DO
Introduction
Dissolved Oxygen is the percentage of Oxygen which has been diffused into the water due to a
process which occurs when the atmosphere and water come into contact. Aquatic plants are also
a source of Oxygen in the water. They produce the O2 when undergoing photosynthesis.

Objective

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The objective of this experiment was to determine the level of Dissolved Oxygen level in the
collected water sample

Methods and Materials

Procedures
1.) Some of the water sample was poured into a beaker for testing
2.) The DO meter was washed with Distilled water and wiped to remove any residue from
previous experiments.
3.) The rod was placed in the sample.
4.) After securing the rod, the meter was engaged for testing.
5.) Once the testing was done the readings was measured.

Apparatus and Materials

- DO meter
- Beaker
- Water Sample

Results and Discussion

First reading = 2.00

Second reading = 1.82
Third reading = 1.68

2.00+1.82+1.68
Average =
3
= 1.83

pH
Introduction
pH is a scale used to measure how acidic or basic a liquid is. The scale ranges from 0-14. Less
than 7 indicating that the solution is Acidic, 7 indicating that the solution is Neutral, and greater
than 7 indicating that the solution is Basic.

35
Objective
The objective of this experiment was to determine the pH level of the water sample.

Methods and Materials

Procedures
1.) A smaller sample was placed in a beaker.
2.) The pH meter was washed with Distilled water and wiped.
3.) The rod of the pH meter was placed in the beaker sample.
4.) Readings of both the pH and Temperature was measured from the pH meter.

Apparatus and Materials

- pH meter
- Water sample
- Beaker

Results and Discussion

The readings were measured 3 times to reduce the room for error.

First reading = 7.01

Second reading = 7.11
Third reading = 7.06

7.01+7.11+7.06
Average ¿
3
= 7.06

The average result calculated from all 3 readings recorded was 7.06.

Temperature readings
First reading = 27.9 oc
Second reading = 27.6 oc

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Third reading = 27.8 oc

27.9+27.6+27.8
Average =
3
=

The average temperature calculated was

The result obtained from the test indicates that the water sample was borderline Neutral with a
value of 7.06.
Field Test Results
pH

Turbidity (JTU)

37
Phosphorous (ppm)

38
 ● ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM:

WATER DEMAND:
The Length, L = 110 m
The Width, B = 65 m
The Area, A = L × B
= 110 m × 65 m
= 7150 m2
For 100 m2 = 1 m3
For 7150 m2 = 71.5 m3
Total Water Demand,
264
71.5 × =18876 GPD
1
Transfer Gallon per day to Liter per day with UK conversion.

39
1 Gallon = 4.546 Liter [Ref: UK Conversion Table]
Liter per day = 18876 GPD × 4.546 × 1 Day
= 85810.296 L
1000 L = 1 m3 [Liter to M3 Conversion]
Design flow, 85810.296 L = 85.81 m3
Now,
Design Volume
Average Flow =
Time
3
85.81 m
=
24 ×60 × 60 s
= 0.000993 m3/s
Maximum Flow = increase 10% of Average flow
110
= ×0.000993 m3/s
100
= 0.00109 m3/s

Minimum Flow = decrease 10% of Average flow

90
= ×0.000993 m3/s
100
= 0.00089 m3/s

SCREENING TANK DESIGN

Average Flow = 0.000993 m3/s
Maximum Flow = 0.00109 m3/s
Assuming,
Manual cleaning
Clear Spacing = 40 mm
Angle of Inclination with horizontal = 31̊
Size of bar = 10 mm × 75 mm
Facing of flow 10 mm
Velocity of flow normal to screen as 0.3 m/sec at average flow.

40
 0.000993 2
Net submerged area of the screen opening required = m
0.3
= 0.00331 m2
Velocity of flow normal to screen as 0.75 m/sec at maximum flow.
0.00109 2
Net submerged area of the screen opening = m
0.75
= 0.00145 m2
So, net submerged area = 0.00331 m2
Gross submerged area of the screen,
Assume,
No. of the bar = 25

(n+1)× 30
=
( n+1 ) × 30+( 9 ×n)

(25+1)× 30
=
( 25+1 ) × 30+(9× 25)

= 0.776 m2

0.00331
Therefore, the gross submerged area of the screen =
0.776

= 0.00427 m2

The submerged vertical cross-sectional area of the screen,

= 0.00427 m2 × sin sin 31°

= 0.0022 m2

This is equal to c/s area of screen chamber, therefore velocity of flow in screen chamber

0.000993 m3 / s
=
0.0022 m2

= 0.451 m/s

This velocity is greater than the self-cleansing velocity of 0.42 m/s.

Provide 25 no. of bars. The gross width of the screen chamber will be,
41
 = ( 25 ×0.01 m ) +(26 × 0.04 m)

= 1.29 m

≈ 1.3 m

0.0022m2
Therefore, liquid depth at average flow =
1.3 m

= 0.0017 m2

Assume, free broad = 0.3 m

Hence, Total depth of the screen = 0.0017 + 0.3

= 0.3017 m, prefer to say 0.31 m

Thus, The size of the channel = 1.3 m× 0.31 m

= 0.403 m2

The calculation of bed slope:

A
R=
P

1.3 ×0.31
=
[ ( 2× 0.31 )+ 1.3 ]
= 0.31 m
2 1
1
V =( )× R 3 × S 2
n
1
V ×n
S2= 2
3
R

m
0.451 ×0.013
= s
2
0.31 3 m

= 0.0128

S = 0.000164

Therefore, bed slope is nearly 64 in 390625

42
Head loss through the screen, h (screen is not clogged)

( ) h sin sin θ
4
W
h=β 3
v
b

where,

h = head loss in m

β = Bar of shape

For sharp edge rectangular bars is 2.42

For rectangular bars with semicircular upstream is 1.83

For circular bars is 1.79

For rectangular bars with u/s and d/s faces as semicircular is 1.67

( ) h sin sin θ
4
W
h=β 3
v
b

( )
4
10 0.4512
= 2.42 × 3
× × sinsin 31
40 2× 9.8 1

= 0.00204 m

= 2.04 × 10-3 m

= 2.04 mm

For half clogged screen, the head loss can be worked out using opening width as half

40
Thus, width, b = mm
2

= 20 mm

( ) h sin sin θ
4
W
h=β 3
v
b

( )
4
10 0.4512
= 2.42 × 3
× ×sin sin 31
20 2× 9.81

= 5.128 × 10-3 m

= 5.128 mm

43
5.128 mm < 150 mm

However, provide 150 mm drop of after screen.

If this head loss is very excessive, this can be reduced by providing bars with rounded edges

at upstream, or by reducing width of bars to 6 to 8 mm, or by slight reduction in velocity.

Except for the change in shape of bars in other cases the channel dimensions will change.

For minimum flow and maximum flow, the depth of flow can be worked out using

Manning’s formula using known discharge, and check for velocity under both these cases, as

self-cleansing and non-scouring, respectively, and also depth of flow at maximum discharge.

Coagulation Tank Design

G=
√ P
μ× V

where,

G = Velocity Gradient, s-1

P = Power Input, W

V = Volume of water in mixing tank, m3

µ = Dynamic Viscosity, Pa.s

P=K T ×n3 ×( Di)5 × ρ

44
where,

P = Power, W

KT = Impeller Constant

Di = Impeller Diameter, m

n = Rotational speed, rpm/rps (revolution per minute or second)

ρ = Density of Liquid, kg/m3

The cross-sectional Area, A = 9 m2

The Depth, d = 20 cm = 0.2 m

The Volume, V = cross-sectional area(A) × depth(D)

= 9 m2 × 0.2 m

= 1.8 m3

The time of water flow for cross-sectional area = 2.28 s

≈ 2.3 s

Volume 3
The flow Rate, Q = m /s
Time
3
1.8 m
=
2.3 s

= 0.78 m3/s

Rapid mix detention time, t = 30 s [Ref: from the google]

Rapid mix, G = 1000 s-1 [Ref: from the google]

The volume of the rapid-mix tank is

V=Q×t

= 0.78 m3/s × 30 s

= 23.4 m3

45
Since the minimum tank volume is 8 m3 according to guideline, tanks in parallel will have to be
provided.

The design is also constrained by the availability of mixers and those limitations need to be
evaluated.

Model Power, Power,

Rotational Rotational
Model
speeds, rpm speeds, rpm
kW kW

JTQ25 30.45 0.18 JTQ300 110.175 2.24

JTQ50 30.45 0.37 JTQ500 110.175 3.74

JTQ75 45.70 0.56 JTQ750 110.175 5.59

JTQ100 45.110 0.75 JTQ1000 110.175 7.46

JTQ150 45.110 1.12 JTQ1500 110.175 11.19

JTQ200 70.110 1.5

The largest available mixer can be achieved a waterpower of JTQ1000

(7.46 kW) × (0.8) = 5.968 kW

The 0.8 is the assumed efficiency of transfer of motor power to waterpower.

Given,

Velocity Gradient, G = 1000 s-1

Viscosity, µ = 0.8324 mPa.s [Ref: from the Google]

= 8.32 × 10-4 Pa.s

[Conversion: 1000 mPa.s = 1 Pa.s

1× 0.8324
0.8324 mPa.s = Pa . s
10 00

46
 = 8.32 × 10-4 Pa.s]

The required mixing can be calculated as:

G=
√ P
μ× V
P
V= 2
G ×μ
3
5.968× 10 W
= −1 2 −4
(900 s ) ×(8.32 ×10 Pa. s )

= 8.85 m3

This means that using the largest available mixer from the manufacturer, to supply 23.4 m 3
volume requirement the number of tanks needed are:

Totaltank volume require

No. of Tanks =
Volume requirement per tank based on mixing

23.4 m3
= m
3
8.85
tank

= 2.64 or 3 rapid mix tanks

The volume for each tank is 1.26 m3. For the JTQ1000 the rotational speed is 110.175 rpm (1.84
rps) and a turbine with 6 curved blades, density, ρ = 0.9962 g/cm3 = 996.2 kg/m3 [Ref: from the
Google]

The impeller diameter can be estimated as:

P=K T ×n3 ×( Di)5 × ρ
1
P
D i=( 3
)5
K T ×n × ρ

5.968 ×103 1
=( 3
) 5
4.8 ×1.84 × 996.2

= 0.73 m

≈ 0.75 m
47
Using the ratio of impeller diameter to the tank diameter of 0.33, the tank diameter would be
equal to:

Impeller diameter
Tank diameter = tank diameter ¿
Ratio of impeller diameter ¿

0.75 m
=
0.33

= 2.27 m

The surface area of the tank would be equal to:

π 2
Tank surface area, A= d
4

π
= ×( 2.27 m)2
4

= 4.05 m2

With three 7.8 m3 tanks, the depth of each tank would be:

Tank volume
Tank depth =
Tank area

7.8 m3
=
4.05 m2

= 1.93 m

The confirmation of the liquid-depth to the tank ratio:

1.93 m
=
2.27 m

= 0.85

This is within the guideline of 0.5 to 1.1.

48
FLOCULATION TANK DESIGN

Table-1

G GT
TYPE
(s-1) (Unitless)

Low turbidity, color removal

20-70 60000 to 200000
coagulation

High turbidity, solid removal

30-80 36000 to 96000
coagulation

Softening, 10% solids 130-200 200000 to 250000

Softening, 39% solids 150-300 390000 to 400000

Minimum three compartments to provide for tapered mixing.

Table-1 provides average value of G

The diameter of impeller is between 0.2 and 0.5 times the width of the chamber and that the
maximum impeller diameter is 3m.

The following can be used for calculating the power requirements for the paddle mixer:

49
PADDLE FLOCCULATORS:
3
C D Aρ(V p)
P=
2

Where,

P = Power imparted, kW

CD = Paddles Drag co-efficient

ρ = Density of Fluids, kg/m3

A = Cross sectional area of the Paddle, m2

Vp = Relative velocity of Paddles with respect to fluid, m/s

Paddle tip speed = 0.1 to 1.0 m/s

Relative Paddle Velocity = 0.6 to 0.75 the paddles tip speed

Drag co-efficient vary with length to width ratio.

Paddle blade area not to exceed 15% to 20% of total basin cross-sectional area

PNEUMATIC MIXER:

P=K Qa ln l n ( h+10.33
10.33 )

P = Power Imparted, kW

Qa = Air flow rate at atmospheric pressure, m3/min

K = Constant = 1.689

h = Air pressure at the point of discharge, m

HYDRAULIC MIXER:

The following equation can be used for a Hydraulic mixer:

P=Qγ h

P = Power Imparted, kW

Q = Fluid flow rate, m3/s

γ = Specific weight of Fluids, kN/m3

50
h = Head loss through the mixer, m

Typically, at normal temperature the specific weight of water is taken 9.81 kN/m3.

Project

Q = 0.78 m3/s

Flocculation time, t = 30 minutes (30s * 60s/min)

Flocculation, G = 40 s-1

Temperature, T = 26º
V =Qt

= (0.78 m3/s) (30 min) (60 s/min) = 1404 m3

Need to divide the basin into 3 compartments. Each compartment will have the following
volume:
Total Volume
Compartment Volume=
Total number of Compartment

1404 m3
¿
3

= 468 m3

Since the average G is 40 s-1, we want to taper the mixing intensity such that it is reduced by
50% from the first compartment to the last compartment.

The Design G for each compartment will be 50s-1, 40s-1 and 30s-1 to yield average 40s-1.

Following the same approach for the rapid mix system, the average maximum volume:
P
V= 2
G ∗μ
3
5.968∗10 W
¿ −1 −4
40 s ∗(8.32∗10 Pa . s)

= 4483 m3

Power imparted, P using from coagulation tank design.

51
For this G Value mixer power will not be limiting. Using 468 m 3 tank and dividing it into three
156 m3 compartments, the power required for the first compartment would be:
P1=G1∗μ∗V
−1 2
¿ ( 40 s ) ∗( 8.32∗10 Pa . s )∗( 156 m )
−4 3

= 324.48 W

= 0.325 kW

With 80% efficiency, the motor power should be:

0.325
P1=
0.8

= 0.406 kW

The variable speed motors of JTQ50 should be evaluated.

Assuming the typical water depth of a flocculation of 4m and a square tank arrangement, the
dimension of the tank,
156 m3
Top Area=
4m

= 39 m2

Sides=√ 39 m
2

= 6.25 m

Using a diameter-to-width ratio of 0.3 the impeller diameter:

Impeller diameter=6.25 m∗0.3

= 1.88 m

Using three-blade propeller with a pitch of 2, the required rotational speed would be:
3 P
n=
K T ¿ Di5∗ρ

n= 3
√ P
5
K T ¿ D i ∗ρ

√
¿3
406W
1.00∗1.885∗1000 kg /m3

52
 = 0.240 rps

= 14.4 rpm

This is within the variable speed range of 1 to 30 rpm for the JTQ50 motor.

SEDIMENTATION TANK DESIGN

For the project of Sedimentation Tank Design, A design flow is 18004.8 gpd. The sedimentation
detention time 4 hrs., Overflow rate 2.64 gpd, Length to width ratio is 3 to 1

For the design,

OFR = 2.64 g/d.m2

Q = 18004.8 g/d

Q
We know, OFR =
A

Q
A=
OF R

18004.8 g /d
= 2
2.64 g/d .m

= 6820 m2

Area, A = L x W

L
But the ratio =3
W

Therefore, L = 3W

53
A = 3W x W = 3W2

W=
√ A
3

=
√ 6820
3

= 47.68 m ≈ 48 m

L = 3 x 48 m

= 144 m

Determine the Depth, D

V L∗W ∗D
Detention time, tR = =
Q Q

t R∗Q
So, The Depth, D =
L∗W

g
4 h rs∗18004.8
= d
48 m∗144 m

= 10.42 m

≈ 10 m

Table: The Design range of Sedimentation Tank

Dimension
Description
Range Typical

Rectangular 15-90 25-40

Length, m 3-24 6-10

54
 Width, m
3-5 3.5
Depth, m

Circular
4-60 12-45
Diameter, m
3-5 4.5
Depth, m

Bottom slope, mm/m

60-160 80

As the table shown, the highest Range of the designated width of tank to design is 24 m which is
half of the project width of tank.

Therefore, the project needs to be 2 sedimentation tanks.

The final length of the tank to be design, L = 72 m

The final width of the tank to be design, W = 24 m

The final depth of the tank to be design, D = 5 m

The Bottom slope of the tank = 110 mm/m

h Q
Settling Velocity, v0 = =
t A

0.78 m3 /s
= 2
1728 m

= 0.00045 m/s

55
FILTRATION TANK DESIGN

● RAPID SAND FILTERS:

On the assumption, The Design loading rate is selected to be 200 m 3/m2d. The design capacity of
the water works is 0.78 m3/s. The maximum surface per filter is limited to 75 m2.

Q
The total surface area required, A =
v

m3
0.78 ∗86400 s/d
s
=
m3
200 2
m .d

= 336.96 m2

≈ 337 m2
2
337 m
The nos. of filters, n = 2
75 m

= 4.5

≈5

337 m2
The surface area for each filter, a =
5

= 67.4 m2

≈ 70 m2

Can be use as 10m × 7m or 14m × 5m.

3
0.78 m / s ×86400 s/d
v=
5× 10 m×7 m

56
 = 192.55 m3/m2.d

● SLOW SAND FILTERS

Parameter Recommended level (UK experience)

Design Life 15 years

Period of operation 24 h/day

Filtration Rate 0.2 m/h

Filter bed area 180 m2/filter (minimum of 2 filter)

Height of filter bed

Initial 0.85 m

Minimum 0.55 m

Effective size 0.25 m

Uniformity coefficient 2

Height of underdrains + gravel layer 0.5 m

Height of supernatant water 1m

The flow rate, Q = 6739 m3/day

Filtration rate = 0.2 h/day

6739 m3 / d
Required tank area =
24 ×0.2

= 1403.958 m2

≈ 1410 m2

57
 2
1410 m
The no. of required tank = 2
180 m

= 7.83

≈8

2
1410 m
The required each tank area =
8

= 176.8 m2

≈ 180 m2 (Proved)

Use a tank 18m(L) × 10m(W)

From the table, the height of the tank required:

1. System underdrain + Gravel layer = 0.5 m

2. Filter bed = 0.85 m
3. Supernatant water = 1 m

The total height = 0.5 m + 0.85 m + 1 m

= 2.35 m

Therefore, the tank dimension = 18m × 10m × 2.35m

DISINFECTION TANK DESIGN

Q = 0.78 m3/s

= 67392 m3/day

58
Tank Dimension = 20 m × 20 m × 20 m

= 8000 m3

= 8,000,000 Liter

12.5% SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (LIQUID) REQUIRED TO DISINFECT THE WATER IN

TANK

30,000 = 480 mL

8,000,000 = 128,000 mL

The required 12.5% Sodium Hypochlorite is 128,000 mL.

● WATER RETICULATION SYSTEM:

Design Criteria
- Several drainage outlets pour out into the river. The pipes are located higher upstream
from the site of the project.
- The pipes to be used is 150mm Mild Steel pipes.
- This project has a water supply for:

59
 i.) Shopping complex
ii.) Garbage Disposal

The total water demand for this development project is 18,043 gallons per day (gpd).

The calculations were based on the Hazen William formula. It was designed for two scenarios,
Peak Flow and Fire Flow.

Peak Flow
Average Flow plus Fire Flow

Peak Flow = 2.5 Average Flow (Refer to Attachment 2)

Fire Flow = 300 gpm (Refer to Attachment 4)

Hazen William’s Formula

10.69Q1.852 L
Head loss, hf = 1.852 4.87
C D

Design Notation for Water Reticulation

Ø or D = Internal diameter pipe (mm)
Q = Flow in liter per second, lps
h or hf = Friction loss in pipe in meter (m)
C = Hazen William’s Coefficient
L = Pipe Length (m)

Maximum flow velocity (as recommended in MWA) = 2.6 m/s

Minimum pipe diameter = 150 mm Ø
Residual Pressure

60
The minimum and maximum residual pressure recommended in the MWA Guidelines is 7.60m
and 60m respectively.

150mm Mild Steel pipes were chosen as it can supply 18,043 gpd of water demand to the
proposed project.

150mm Mild Steel Pipe

61
62
 RESIDUAL HEAD CALCULATION
(PEAK FLOW)

PROPOSAL TO BUILD A SHOPPING COMPLEX BY THE LAKE

at JALAN TEKNOLOGI, TAMAN SAINS, 47410, PETALING JAYA, SELANGOR

V < Vmax Residual Head Pressure, m Minimum

Level Pipe Velocity
Diameter Peak Flow, Qp Peak Flow, Qp Area Pipe Friction Loss, Residual
(m) hf Pressure
Node

Length
Type of Pipe
Hazen Williams, C

(m) (m3/s) (l/s) (m2) Node Node (m) Node Node Vmax = 2.6 m/s Node Node
> 7.6 m
Up Down Up Down Up Down
FROM TO
A A1 MS 130 81.628 0.15 0.00238 2.38 0.0177 45.640 32.050 0.0151065 0.000 0.135 OK 12.00 25.57 OK
A1 A2 MS 130 8.637 0.15 0.00238 2.38 0.0177 32.050 32.050 0.0015984 0.135 0.135 OK 25.57 25.57 OK
A2 B MS 130 3.750 0.15 0.00238 2.38 0.0177 32.050 32.050 0.0006940 0.135 0.135 OK 25.57 25.57 OK
B C HDPE 155 9.741 0.15 0.00001 0.01 0.0177 32.050 32.050 0.0000001 0.135 0.001 OK 25.57 25.57 OK
C D HDPE 155 8.669 0.15 0.00001 0.01 0.0177 32.050 32.050 0.0000000 0.001 0.000 OK 25.57 25.57 OK
(GUARD HOUSE)
C E HDPE 155 50.546 0.15 0.00001 0.01 0.0177 32.050 33.425 0.0000001 0.001 0.000 OK 25.57 24.20 OK
E E1 HDPE 155 5.310 0.15 0.00001 0.01 0.0177 33.425 33.425 0.0000000 0.000 0.000 OK 24.20 24.20 OK
E1 WATER TANK HDPE 155 2.700 0.15 0.00001 0.01 0.0177 33.425 36.425 0.0000000 0.000 0.000 OK 24.20 21.20 OK
(GARBAGE HOUSE)
B G MS 130 59.686 0.15 0.00237 2.37 0.0177 32.050 37.025 0.0109584 0.135 0.134 OK 25.57 20.59 OK
G H MS 130 43.756 0.15 0.00237 2.37 0.0177 37.025 33.425 0.0080337 0.134 0.134 OK 20.59 24.18 OK
H I HDPE 155 1.139 0.15 0.00237 2.37 0.0177 33.425 33.425 0.0001510 0.134 0.134 OK 24.18 24.18 OK
I WATER TANK HDPE 155 11.400 0.15 0.00237 2.37 0.0177 33.425 44.255 0.0015112 0.134 0.134 OK 24.18 13.35 OK
(GROUND FLOOR)
A2 1 MS 130 5.801 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 2 MS 130 29.795 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2 2a MS 130 6.252 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 3 MS 130 53.320 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 4 MS 130 7.920 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 5 MS 130 6.269 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

63
Appendix：

64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74