ARELLANO UNIVERSITY

Juan Sumulong Campus

2600 Legarda St., Sampaloc, Manila
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
School Year 2020-2021

DYNAMIC LEARNING PROGRAM (DLP)

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
NAME ____Castro Hero A______________ DATE:_april 15_2022_______
GRADE & SECTION:11 Stem -12 TEACHER:___Rose lyn baguna________

CONCEPT NOTES #2
I. TOPIC: WAYS of EXPRESSING CONCENTRATIONS of SOLUTIONS

II. LEARNING GOAL: The students should be able to:

a. Express concentration of solutions in mole fraction, molarity, molality, percent by volume,
percent by mass, and ppm; and
b. Perform calculations for solution concentration given appropriate data.

III. CONCEPTS:

Concentration expressions are often based on the number of moles of one or more
components of a solution. The concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute
that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution.

MOLE FRACTION (X) is a way of describing solution composition. It is the ratio of the number of
moles of one component of a mixture to the total number of moles of all components. It is
computed using the formula:

Problem # 1:
What is the mole fraction of the solute in a 40% by mass ethanol (C 2H6O) solution in water?

The problem asks the mole fraction of the solute (C 2H6O), given only the percentage by mass
(40%) of the solute in the solution. The moles of a given component can be calculated this way:

Given:
40% by mass ethanol solution
MM ethanol = 46.08 g/mol
MM water = 18.02 g/mol
Mole fraction of solute = ?

Solution:
Step 1: In converting concentration units based on the mass or moles of a solute or solvent
or mass percentage, it is useful to assume a certain total mass of solution. Assume there is
exactly 100 grams of solution. Because the solution is 40% ethanol (C 2H6O), it contains 40
grams of ethanol and 60 grams of water.

Step 2: Change the masses of the components ethanol and water to number of moles using
the above formula.

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 ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
Juan Sumulong Campus
2600 Legarda St., Sampaloc, Manila
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
School Year 2020-2021

40 g
mole of ethanol= =0.87 mol
46.08 g/mol

60 g
mole of water= =3.33 mol
18.02 g / mol

Step 3: Substitute the values obtained in the formula and solve for the mole fraction of the
solute ethanol.
moles of component
Mole fraction of component=
total moles of all components

moles of ethanol
X ethanol=
moles of ethanol+ moles of water

0.87 mol
X ethanol= =0.21
4.2 mol

Problem # 2:
A 40 g sample of methanol, CH4O is mixed with 60 g of ethanol, C2H6O. What is the mole
fraction of methanol?
40 g
mole of methanol= =1.25 mol
32.05 g/ mol

60 g
mole of ethanol= =1.30 mol
46.08 g/mol

moles of methanol
X methanol=
moles of methanol+ ethanol

1.25 mol
X methanol= =0.49
2.55 mol

MOLARITY (M) of a solution is the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution.

moles of solute (mol)

Molarity ( M )=
liters of solution (L)

Problem # 1:
Calculate the molarity of a solution where you dissolve 60 g of calcium nitrate Ca(NO 3)2 in
enough water to make 3 L of solution.

60 g Ca(NO3)2 = 0.37 molCa(NO3)2

moles of solute (mol)

Molarity ( M )=
liters of solution (L)

0.37 mol
Molarity ( M )= =0.12 M Ca ( NO 3 ) 2
3L

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 ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
Juan Sumulong Campus
2600 Legarda St., Sampaloc, Manila
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
School Year 2020-2021

Problem # 2:
What is the molarity of a solution formed from 7.89 g NaCl dissolved in water to make a
solution with a total volume of 500 mL?

7.89 g NaCl = 0.14 molNaCl

500 mL = 0.5 L
moles of solute (mol)
Molarity ( M )=
liters of solution (L)

0.14 mol
Molarity ( M )= =0.28 M NaCl
0.5 L

MOLALITY (m) is the ratio of the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

moles of solute( mol)

Molality ( m) =
kilogramof solvent (kg)

Problem # 1:
What is the molality of a solution containing 75.5 g of sucrose in 400 g water?

75.5 g sucrose = 0.22 mol sucrose

400 g water = 0.4 kg water

moles of solute( mol)

Molality ( m) =
kilogramof solvent (kg)

0.22 moles
Molality ( m) = =0.55 m
0.4 kg

Problem # 2:
What is the molality of a solution containing 1 g of ethanol (C2H6O) in 100 g water?

1 g ethanol = 0.02 mol ethanol

100 g water = 0.1 kg water

moles of solute( mol)

Molality ( m ) =
kilogramof solvent (kg)

0.02 moles
Molality ( m) = =0.2 m
0.1 kg

PERCENT BY MASS is one way of representing the concentration of an element in a compound

or a component in a mixture. (mass/mass)

mass of solute
percent by mass= x 100 %
mass of solution

SHS SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

 ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
Juan Sumulong Campus
2600 Legarda St., Sampaloc, Manila
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
School Year 2020-2021

Problem # 1:
10 g of urea was dissolved in 600 g water. Calculate the percentage by mass of urea in the
solution.

mass of solute
percent by mass= x 100 %
mass of solution

10 g
percent by mass of urea= x 100 %
610 g

percent by mass of urea=1.64 %

Problem # 2:
Calculate the mass percentage of benzene and carbon tetrachloride if 35 g of benzene is
dissolved in 133 g of carbon tetrachloride.

mass of solute
percent by mass= x 100 %
mass of solution

35 g
percent by mass of benzene= x 100 %
168 g

percent by mass of benzene=20.83 %

percent by mass of CCl 4=100−20.83=79.17 %

PERCENT BY VOLUME is a measure of the concentration of a substance in a solution. It is

expressed as the ratio of the volume of the solute to the total volume of the solution multiplied
by 100. (volume/volume)

volume of solute
percent by volume= x 100 %
volume of solution

Problem # 1:
What is the percent by volume of ethanol in the final solution when 80 mL of ethanol is diluted
to a total volume of 200 mL with water?

volume of solute
percent by volume= x 100 %
volume of solution

80 mL
percent by volume of ethanol= x 100 %
200 mL

percent by volume of ethanol=40 %

SHS SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

 ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
Juan Sumulong Campus
2600 Legarda St., Sampaloc, Manila
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
School Year 2020-2021

Problem # 2:
What is the percent by volume of vinegar if 2.5 mL vinegar is dissolved in 60 mL of water?

2.5 mL
percent by volume of vinegar= x 100 %
62.5 mL

percent by volume of vinegar=4 %

PARTS PER MILLION (ppm) is a commonly used unit of concentration for small values. It is one
part of solute per million parts of solution.

mass of solute
ppm= x 10 ⌃ 6
mass of solution

Problem # 1:
A sample of 500 g of water is found to contain 0.132 g Cd. What is the concentration in parts
per million?

mass of solute
ppm= x 10 ⌃ 6
mass of solution

0.132 g
ppm= x 10 ⌃6
500 g

¿ 264 ppm

Problem # 2:
If there is 0.650 mg of As in 350 g of solution, what is the concentration in ppm?

0.650 mg = 0.00065 g As

mass of solute
ppm= x 10 ⌃ 6
mass of solution

0.00065 g
ppm= x 10 ⌃ 6
350 g

¿ 1.86 ppm

SHS SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

 ARELLANO UNIVERSITY
Juan Sumulong Campus
2600 Legarda St., Sampaloc, Manila
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
School Year 2020-2021

IV. ACTIVITY/EXERCISES:

DLP ACTIVITY # 2

Write the different WAYS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS and their

FORMULAS on your notebook. (This will serve as your activity for this lesson. Take a
picture and paste it below).

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