Petroleum Reservoirs Classification DFC

Reservoir Engineering
Classifications Of Petroleum Reservoirs
By
Abbas Radhi Abbas
Iraq / Missan / 2022
1
Classifications Of Petroleum Reservoirs ---- By : Abbas Radhi Abbas - Iraq / Missan / 2022
1-According Nature of rock:
2-According to Technology
3-According to Reservoir boundary
4-According Geologic complexity
5-According to Reservoir dip
6-According Rock characteristics
7-According to Mode of production:
8-According to Location
2
9-According to Reservoir pressure:
10-According to Production characteristics:
11-According to Reservoir life
12-According to fluid properties
13-According to Rock type
14-According to phase behavior
15-According to drive mechanism
3
According Nature of rock:

1. Source rock : (petroleum is produced from where it was
generated)
2. Reservoir rock (oil and gas migrated to a separate location

from the source rock
According to Technology
1. Conventional – reservoirs that are developed and produced by

traditional tools and techniques; rock and fluid characteristics are
favorable for production on a commercial scale
2. Unconventional – reservoirs that require innovative approaches and

emerging technologies to develop economically due to unfavorable
conditions; unconventional reservoirs are characterized by ultratight
formation, extra heavy oil, or location of the reservoir at great depths,
among others
4
According to Reservoir boundary

1. Closed
2. Edge-water drive
3. Bottom-water drive
Bottom-water drive Edge-water drive
5
According Geologic complexity

1. Single layered
2. Multilayered or stratified (communicating, partially communicating,
noncommunicating)
3. Fractured
4. Faulted (sealing, partially sealing, nonsealing)
5. Compartmental
6. Tight (poor oil and gas conductivity characteristics)
7. Highly heterogeneous (rock properties vary significantly)
According to Reservoir dip

1. Steep inclination – dictates location of wells
6
According Rock characteristics

1. Unconsolidated
2. Consolidated
3. Tight
According to Mode of production:

1. Primary (production by natural reservoir energy)
2. Secondary (production augmented by water flooding)
3. Tertiary (production enhanced by injecting chemical, foam, and
thermal treatment
7
According to Location
1. Onshore
2. Offshore, including deep-sea reservoirs
3. Shallow, including oil sands
4. Deep, including basin-centered reservoirs
According to Reservoir pressure:

1. Over-pressured
2. Under-pressured
8
According to Production characteristics:

1. Single-phase flow (oil or gas)
2. Multiphase flow (oil and gas, oil and water, oil, gas and water, gas
and water)
3. High water cut
4. High gas/oil ratio
According to Reservoir life

1. Early stage in production
2. Peak production
3. Declining production
4. Matured reservoir)
9
According to fluid properties

1. Black oil
2. Volatile Oil
3. Retrograde condensate gas
4. Wet gas
5. Dry gas
According to Rock type

1. Sandstone
2. Carbonate
3. Shale, silt, clay
4. Coalbed
5. Salt dome
6. Combinations of the above
10
According to phase behavior

1. Single phase gas
2. Gas condensate
3. Under saturated oil
4. saturated oil
According to drive mechanism

1. Solution gas drive
2. Gas Cup drive
3. Water drive
4. Gravity drainage drive
5. Combination drive
11
1-According to fluid properties
•The Five Reservoir Fluids

1. Black oil
2. Volatile Oil
According to fluid properties 3. Retrograde condensate gas
4. Wet gas
5. Dry gas
12
Black Oil Reservoirs:
Black Oil Reservoirs:
•GOR < 1,000 SCF/STB

•Density less than 45° API
•Reservoir temperatures < 250°F
•Oil FVF < 2.00 (low shrinkage
oils)
•Dark green to black in color
•C7+ composition > 30%
13
Volatile Oil Reservoirs:
Volatile Oil Reservoirs:
•1,000 < GOR < 8,000 SCF/STB

•Density between 45-60° API
•Oil FVF > 2.00 (high shrinkage
oils)
•Light brown to green in color
•C7+ composition > 12.5%
14
Gas Condensate Reservoirs:
Gas Condensate Reservoirs:
•70,000 < GOR < 100,000

SCF/STB
•Density greater than 60° API
•Light in colour
•C7+ composition < 12.5%
15
Wet Gas Reservoirs:
Wet Gas Reservoirs:
•GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB

•No liquid is formed in the reservoir.
•Separator conditions lie within
phase envelope and liquid is
produced at surface.
16
Dry Gas Reservoirs:
Dry Gas Reservoirs:
•GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB

•No liquid produced at surface
17
Range of Reservoir fluid properties
18
1. Clastic Reservoir
According to Rock type 2. Carbonate Reservoir
1-Clastic Reservoir
• Consist primarily of Silicate Mineral ( Quartz SiO2)
• Sandstone porosity ( 10-30 )%
2-Carbonate Reservoir
• Mean limestone and dolomite
• Limestone is better than dolomite for ( porosity and permeability )
19
20
3-According to phase behavior
1. Single phase gas
2. Gas condensate
According to phase behavior 3. Under saturated oil
4. saturated oil
21
Pressure-temperature phase diagram
Pressure-temperature phase diagram

for
multicomponent hydrocarbon reservoir
fluid mixture. For
isothermal production in the reservoir:
position A indicates
reservoir fluid found as an under
saturated oil;
position B
indicates reservoir fluid found as a gas
condensate;
position C indicates reservoir fluid

found as a dry gas
22
4-According to drive mechanism
1. Solution gas drive
2. Gas Cup drive
According to drive mechanism
3. Water drive
4. Gravity drainage drive
5. Combination drive
Drive Mechanism
The natural energy of the reservoir used to transport hydrocarbons towards and out of the
production wells
.
There are five important drive mechanisms (or combinations).
1. Solution Gas Drive.

2. Gas Cap Drive.
3. Water Drive.
4. Gravity Drainage.
5. Combination or Mixed Drive
A combination or mixed drive occurs when any of the first three drives operate together
or when any of the first three drives operate with the aid of gravity drainage.
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1- Solution Gas Drive
Solution Gas Drive:

Gas breaks out of solution and
expanding gas maintains pressure
in reservoir somewhat over time
Characteristics Trend
Reservoir Pressure Declines rapidly and continuously
Gas/Oil Ratio First low then rises to a maximum and then drops
Production Rate continues to decline First high, then decreases rapidly and
None
Well Behavior Requires artificial lift at early stages
Expected Oil Recovery 5-30% of original oil-in-place
24
2.Gas cap Drive.
Gas Cap Drive:

Gas in gas cap is expanding as pressure
depletes, maintaining pressure somewhat
overtime (later stages of solution gas drive)
Reservoir Pressure Falls slowly and continuously
Gas/Oil Ratio Rises continuously
Production Rate First high, then declines gradually

Absent or negligible
Well Behavior Cap Long flowing life depending on size of gas cap
Expected Oil 20 to 40% of original oil-in-place

Recovery
25
3.Water Drive.
Water Drive
Large aquifer volume expands
providing pressure for relatively
small oil volume. Can be
supplemented with water injection.
Over time:
Reservoir Pressure Remains high
Gas/Oil Ratio Remains steady
tarts early and increases to appreciable amounts

Well Behavior Cap Flow until water production gets excessive
Expected Oil up to 60% original oil-in-place.

Recovery
26
4.Gravity Drainage.
Gravity Drainage Drive

Usually for heavy oils with very little or no
gas.
Oil literally is produced as the density of the
oil drops and oil moves under force of
gravity.
Normally accompanied by artificial lift.
Can also be supplemented with water
injection.
Over Time:
Reservoir pressure remains low.
GOR very low if at all.
27
5.Combination or Mixed Drive
5.Combination or Mixed Drive

combination drives : we have a gas cap
with the oil accumulation underlain
by water providing potential water drive
.So both free gas and water are in
contact with the oil.
In such a reservoir some of the energy
will come from the expansion of the gas
and some from the energy within the
massive supporting aquifer and it is
associated compressibility.
28
About Authorized
Name: Abbas Radhi Abbas

Position: Chief Engineer / petroleum Engineer
Nationality: Iraq- Missan
Date of Birth: 1978
Gender: Male
Education Background:
Period Education description
1996-2001 University of Bagdad – college of Engineering – petroleum engineering department- (BSc)
Certificates of Appreciation
• 15 Certificates of Appreciation from different international companies such as (Schlumberger-
Halliburton Weatherford , CNOOC , COSL , BHDC )
• 17 online webinar during 2020-2022
Work Experience : in Missan Oil Company ( MOC)
Period Work description
(2004-2006) reservoir engineer

(2006-2010 ) water injection engineer
during (2011) drilling and workover engineer
(2011 to 2022 ) petrophysics manager in Geology and Reservoir department

Language:
Mother language: Arabic
Second
English/Fluent oral and written in English.
language/level:
29
Thank You!
30

Petroleum Reservoirs Classification DFC

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Reservoir Engineering

Classifications Of Petroleum Reservoirs

1-According Nature of rock:

3-According to Reservoir boundary

4-According Geologic complexity

5-According to Reservoir dip

6-According Rock characteristics

7-According to Mode of production:

9-According to Reservoir pressure:

10-According to Production characteristics:

11-According to Reservoir life

12-According to fluid properties

13-According to Rock type

14-According to phase behavior

15-According to drive mechanism

According Nature of rock:

2. Reservoir rock (oil and gas migrated to a separate location

1. Conventional – reservoirs that are developed and produced by

2. Unconventional – reservoirs that require innovative approaches and

According to Reservoir boundary

Bottom-water drive Edge-water drive

According Geologic complexity

According to Reservoir dip

According Rock characteristics

According to Mode of production:

According to Reservoir pressure:

According to Production characteristics:

According to Reservoir life

According to fluid properties

According to Rock type

According to phase behavior

According to drive mechanism

•The Five Reservoir Fluids

Black Oil Reservoirs:

•GOR < 1,000 SCF/STB

Volatile Oil Reservoirs:

•1,000 < GOR < 8,000 SCF/STB

Gas Condensate Reservoirs:

•70,000 < GOR < 100,000

Wet Gas Reservoirs:

•GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB

Dry Gas Reservoirs:

•GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB

Pressure-temperature phase diagram

position C indicates reservoir fluid

1. Solution Gas Drive.

Solution Gas Drive:

Gas Cap Drive:

Production Rate First high, then declines gradually

Expected Oil 20 to 40% of original oil-in-place

tarts early and increases to appreciable amounts

Expected Oil up to 60% original oil-in-place.

Gravity Drainage Drive

5.Combination or Mixed Drive

Name: Abbas Radhi Abbas

Nationality: Iraq- Missan

Date of Birth: 1978

Period Education description

1996-2001 University of Bagdad – college of Engineering – petroleum engineering department- (BSc)

Period Work description

(2004-2006) reservoir engineer

(2011 to 2022 ) petrophysics manager in Geology and Reservoir department