CLA aU CoLuT “ Transportation Engineering — II (Town Planning) (efeNes Mme melee + Atthe end of this session, the student will be able to understand features of town planning principles in ancient India (Indus AEDCLA aU CoLuT Ps] Prof. (Dr.) Sachin Kishor Patil B.E. Civil, M.E. Civil Environmental Engineering, Ph.D. (IIT, Bombay) » Professor & Head of Department . Department of Civil Engineering ~ AMGOI, Vathar, Kolhapur, MH, India. GO ees scl aeseala MMi t MA CA tee re a The study material presented herewith is web sourced made available for community use under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 unported License. aa RACK eal Moku Rong Neoin Culm ke Uehara vets et aelg remove as the case may be. Permissions beyond the scope of this license can be requested at www.skpatil.com Disclaimer and acknowledgmentIndus valley civilization Summary ee Town structure consists of: a Citadel mound and lower town surrounded by a massive brick wall. Citadel had square towers and bastions. Large open areas inside the gateway may have been used as a market or checkpoint for taxing goods coming into the city Outside the city walls a cluster of houses may represent temporary rest stops for travellers and caravans No division of the society is reflected in the layout of the city. Since large public buildings, market areas, large and small houses as well as craft workshops have been found in the same neighbourhood. Barrack-like group of single-roomed tenements were for the poorer classesIndus valley civilization Summary me Town structure consists of: ... a Basic house plans ranging from single room tenements to houses with courtyards and up to 12 rooms to great houses with several dozen rooms and several courtyards. co Houses had rooms on three sides opening into a central courtyard ci Nearly all large houses had private wells. o Hearths common in rooms. co Bathrooms in every house with chutes leading to drainage channels. a First floor bathrooms also built. o Brick stairways provided access to the upper floors. co Houses built with a perimeter wall and adjacent houses were separated by a narrow space of land.Indus valley civilization Summary mm Town structure consists of: ... a Granary with areas for threshing grains. a Burt bricks mainly used for drains, wells and bathrooms. co Sun dried bricks used mainly for fillings. a Timber used for flat roofs and as frames or lacing for brickwork Houses co Most private houses had rooms arranged around a central courtyard. Doors and windows opened out into side lanes. Stairs led up to the roof or the second storey. Windows had shutters and latticework.Indus valley civilization Summary a Drainage system a Wells and reservoirs were provided in cities to ensure drinking and bathing water. The wells were lined with specially-made wedge- shaped bricks to form a structurally sound cylinder. Ropes were used to lift the water out, probably with leather or wooden buckets. Some neighbourhoods had communal wells. co Bathing platforms with drains were often situated in rooms adjacent to the wells. The floors of the baths were made of tightly-fitted bricks, often set on edge to make a watertight floor. A small drain cut through the house wall out into the street directed the dirty water into a larger sewage drain. Drains and water chutes in the upper storeys were often built inside the wall with an exit opening just above the street drains . Tapered terracotta drainpipes were used to direct water out to the street.Indus valley civilization Summary ee Drainage system ... a Many houses had distinct toilets, separate from the bath areas. Commodes were large jars or sump pots sunk into the floors and many of them contained a small jar. Sometimes the sump pots were connected to drains to let the sewage flow out and most had a tiny hole on the bottom to allow the water to seep into the ground. co Drains were made of burnt bricks and connected the bathing platforms and latrines of private houses to medium-sized open drains in the side streets. These open drains flowed into the larger sewers in the main streets which were covered with baked bricks or dressed stone blocks. Separate garbage bins were provided along the major streets.Indus valley civilization Summary mm Architecture a The most common building materials were mud bricks and baked bricks, wood and reeds. The average size of the bricks was 7 x 12 x 34 cm (for houses) and 10 x 20 x 40 cm for the city walls. The larger bricks have a standard ratio of 1:2:4. Mud brick and baked brick and wood or stone were used for the foundation and walls of the houses. a The doors and the windows were made from wood and mat. House floors were generally hard-packed earth that was often re-plastered or covered with clean sand. Bathing areas and drains were made with baked brick and stone. Some rooms were paved with bricks or fired terracotta cakes. Roofs were probably made of wooden beams covered with reeds and packed clay. Some of the largest buildings appear to have been made entirely of wood.Indus valley civilization Summary ee Large public structures 1 Large buildings in the acropolis area may represent administrative or ritual structures. These buildings had access routes or provided thoroughfare from one area to another. Markets and public meetings were probably held in large open courtyards. Groups of houses and public buildings were built close together with shared walls and formed larger blocks that were bordered by wide streets. 1 Most houses had private bathing areas and latrines as well as private wells. At Harappa, the transition of the settlement from an agricultural village to early city probably took place in around 2800 BC phase. During this phase the settlement grew to about 25 hectares in size and became a centre for trade networks extending from Baluchistan (Afghanistan) to the west to the distant seacoast in the south. In the next few hundred years, the town had grown six times larger, covering an area of 150 hectares.Indus Valley LocationIndus Valley Civilization co APrimary Phase Culture little or no continuity with the following cultures forgotten until the 19th Century © rediscovered by the British o ASIHarappan Culture me c Indus valley © not desert = well-watered and heavily forested 1 500 miles along the river valley = 10-20 times larger than Mesopotamia or EgyptCarefully Planned Cities Originating around 2500 B.C. the thriving civilizations 7 survived for around 500 years. Both Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro, two of the largest among 500 sites, were three miles in circumference with around 40,000 people.Mohenjo-Daro = Staircase at Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan A stone staircase in the Siddikui area of the ancient Indus Valley civilization of Mohenjo-Daro Dated ca, 3rd-2nd century B.C..nce of MohenjodaroMohenjo-Daro and Harappa ee To the north is a citadel or raised area. In Mohenjo-Daro, the citadel is built on an architectural platform about 45 feet above the plain. On the summit was a huge communal bath. Next to the large bath was a huge open space—a granary where food was stored from possible floods. Fortified walls mark the southeast corner.Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa «The lower city was laid out ina grid-iron with the main streets about § 45 feet wide. «Private houses, almost every one with its own well, bathing space, and toilet consisting of a brick seat over a drainage area. *Brick-lined drains flushed by water carried liquid and solid waste to sumps, where it was carted away, probably to fertilize nearby fields.Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa ee «The town plan was regular. Even fire-baked bricks were uniform in size and shape. «The regularity of plan and construction suggests a government with — organization and bureaucratic capacity. ast *No monumental architecture clearly marks the presence of a palace or temple. “There is little sign of social stratification in the plan or buildings.Hydraulic Culture mm o like Egypt and Mesopotamia 1 agriculture and flood-control o Significant industry and trade 0 Cities very commonReasonable generalizations me c rapid development: early 2,000s B.C. «4 roughly contemporary with Egypt and Mesopotamia oo early village culture «changing rapidly to urban civilization 0 Cities dominated both economic and political activity «0 origins of the people are unclear © similar to the Mediterranean typeMajor Cities me co Harappa and Mohenjo-daro © Surrounded by smaller cities, towns, and villages 1 one situated in the north 1 one situated in the south «4 uniform culture over a wide area 0 Cities built on a common plan | agrid: always NS and EW axes = with twelve smaller grids o kiln-dried brickGrid map of WWMohenjo-daroMohenjo-daro : aerial viewMohenjo-daro view of the “Citadel”The “Great Bath”Plug for bathroomGreat Bath me o 12x 7x3 metres. © This is the earliest public water tank in the ancient world. 2 Two wide staircases in the north and the south lead down into the tank. © The floor of the tank is watertight. © Athick layer of bitumen was laid along the sides of the tank and beneath the floor. © The floor slopes to the south-western corner where a small outlet leads to a brick drain, which takes the water to the edge of the mound. co Rooms are located along the eastern edge of the building. The tank was probably used for special religious functions where water was used to purify and renew the well being of the bathers.A large drain or sewerlooks like a small tower, but actually it view of a small, side street is a neighborhood wellA public well in Harappa, or perhaps an ancient laundromat...Mohenjodaro me © Pop. 35,000-41,000 a Area >200 hectares ‘No fortification co ‘Major streets in the N-S direction a ‘Broadly at right angles 1 ‘Streets within built-up areas were narrow co ‘Zoning was distinct for distinct groups, commerce at the meeting of east road and first street, near palaceMohenjodaro ae © Three broad divisions of the settlement: «1 The religious, institutional and cultural areas - around monastery and great bath in the western part including temple. The northern part - principally for agriculture and industries The southern part - principally for administration, trade and commerce Construction technique was very well advanced: Buildings were of masonry construction (sun-dried bricks) o Ranging from two rooms to mansions with many rooms o Underground sewerage and drainage from houses o Pumps (helical) to pump water in great bath 0 Principal buildings were monastery and bath — indicating the influence of religion as a co Culture (not for defense) Hoo eaeaoaosMonumental architecture mm a very-large scale building c walled cites, with fortified citadels always on the same scale co large grain storage facilities near temples © planned economyHarappan granaryCities mm a very densely populated c houses: two to three stories c every house is laid out the sameCulture and Society me o advanced agriculture © surplus production «1 textiles: wool and cotton « domesticated animals and fishBronze Age technology a 3 no swords 1 Spears and bows 1 stone arrow headsSociety me co dominated by priests ? co from the fortified palaces and temples ? 1 power base: fertility ? «0 deities: male and female, © bull worship and phallic symbolsIndus Valley Civilization Abstract me 1 3300-1300 BC, (flowered 2600-1900 BC) a Worlds first sophisticated urban sanitation systems © knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene. © Streets laid out in perfect grid patterns co houses were protected from noise, odors, and thieves c individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells. «waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. co Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes co advanced architecture is shown by dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms and protective walls.Abstract Cont...... me 1 massive citadels of Indus cities that protected the Harappans from floods and attackers 1 no large monumental structures were built 4 no evidence of palaces or temples - or of kings, armies, or priests © public bathCombination of Changes : The Purge me c Climate shift: the monsoon patterns a flooding c destruction of the forests 1 migrations of new peoples: the Aryans