Jouard Beenneret C.B.ABIRAMICharles-Edouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades, he designed buildings in Europe, Japan, India, and North and South America. After the First World War he "became quite active among the avant-garde and devoted a large portion of his energy to painting. His radical outlook extended to city planning, and his first hook on the subject, Urbanisme. was published in 1924. la Ville Radieuse. his second major writing in city planning, was published in 1935. In this book Le Corbusier clarified and put into somewhat more complete order the proposals of Urbanisme.RADIANT CITYRADIANT CITY City for 3 million people was proposed by Le corbusier in 1922, which was based on four principles : * Decongestion of the centre of the cities * Augmentation of the density * Enlargement of the means of circulation * Increase in the number of parks and open spaces * Rectangle containing two cross axial highways * Atits heart was a six-level transport interchange — centre for motor, rail lines (underground and main-line railways) and roof of which is air-field. * 24 cruciform skyscrapers - 60 storeyed office building with density 1200 ppa and covers 5% of the ground. * Surrounding skyscrapers was apartment district — 8 storey buildings arranged in zigzag rows with broad openspaces with density of 120 ppa. * The buildings in the central area were raised on stilts (pilotis) so as to leave panoramas of unbroken greenery at ground level * The general impression was more of a city in a park than of a parkland in the city. * The city espoused space, speed, mass production and efficient organisation, but also offered combination of natural and urban environments.PLAN VOISINPLAN VOISIN 1925 18 double cruciform 60 — storey skyscrapers, placed in an orthogonal street grid and park-like. * Le corbusier reworked green space certain elements of the Ville Contemporaine. * three clusters of applied to a section of luxury apartments Paris * Street system * Heavy traffic would proceed at basement level. lighter traffic at ground level. fast traffic should flow along limited-access arterial roads that supplied rapid and unobstructed cross- city movement. pedestrianized streets, wholly separate from vehicular traffic and placed at a raised level. * The number of existing streets would be diminished by two- thirds due to the new arrangements of housing, leisure facilities and workplaces, with same-level crossing points eliminated wherever possible.LINEAR CITYLINEAR CITY Le corbusier rearranged the key features of the LINEAR CITY. * The basic ideas of free circulation and greenery were still present, but the juxtaposition of different land-uses had changed. For example, the central area was now residential instead of a skyscraper office core. * Elements of Le Corbusier’sPlan — very high density — 1,200 people per acre in skyscrapers — overcrowded sectors of Paris & London ranged from 169-213 pers./acre at the time = 120 people per acre in luxury houses = multi-level traffic system to manage the intensity of traffic * Analogy of the city with the abstract image of a man — The skyscrapers (business area) of the Ville Contemporaine were rearranged away from the city center at the ‘head'...The] ‘body’ was made up of acres of housing strips laid out in a stepping plan to generate semi-courts and harbours of greenery containing tennis courts, playing fields and paths. — Light manufacturing, freight yards and heavy industries at the bottom * Traffic pattern — — an orthogonal system with super imposed diagonals & the civic center is on the main axis * Elements of Le Corbusier’sPlan — access to greenspace — between 48% and 95% of the surface area is reserved for greenspace — gardens = squares — sports fields — restaurants — theaters — with no sprawl, access to the “protected zone” (greenbelt/open space) is quick and easyCHANDIGARH LE CORBUSIERINTRODUCTION Chandigarh is a city and a union territory in India that serves as the capital of both neighboring states of Haryana and Punjab. Chandigarh was one of the early planned cities in post- independence India and is internationally known for its architecture and urban design. About 8000 years ago, the area was also known to be a home to the Harappans. Area 114 km? (44 sq mi)CHANDIGARH -CITY OF DREAMS (mopern uistory) * Chandigarh was the dream city of India's first Prime Minister, Jawahar Lal Nehru. After the partition of India in 1947, the former British province of Punjab was split between (mostly Sikhs) East Punjab in India and (mostly Muslim) West Punjab in Pakistan. * The Indian Punjab required a new capital city to replace Lahore, which became part of Pakistan during the partition. ‘Therefore, an American planner and architect Albert Mayer was tasked to design a new city called "Chandigarh" in 1949.DESIGN TEAM An American Firm was commissioned in 1950 to prepare the Master Plan for the new City. Albert Mayer and Mathew Novicki were assigned. Novicki was tragically killed in an air accident and Mayer decided to discontinue. Thereafter, the work was assigned to a team of architects led by Charles Eduard Jeanneret better known as Le Corbusier in 1951. He was assisted by three senior architects, Maxwell Fry, his wife Jane B Drew and Corbusier’s cousin, Pierre Jeanneret. These senior architects were supported by a team of young Indian architect and planner consisting of M.N. Sharma, A. R. Prabhawalkar, U.E. Chowdhary, J.S. Dethe, B.P. Mathur, Aditya Prakash, N.S. Lanbha and others.GARDEN CITY ¢ The city plan was conceived as post war ‘Garden City’ wherein vertical and high rise buildings were ruled out, keeping in view the living habits of the people. Certain principles of planning was taken from the plan of Mayer and Noviciki. CHANDIGARHFAN-SHAPED MASTER PLAN Albert Mayer vs Corbusier BY ALBERT MAYER * The framework of the master plan and its | components the Capitol, City Centre, unive rsity, industrial area, and a linear park and as conceived by Mayer and Nowicki were retained. * The restructured master plan almost covere d the same site and the neighborhood unit was retained as the main module of the plan. * The Super block was replaced by now what is called the sector covering an area of 91h ectares, approximately that of the three-bl ock neighborhood unit planned by Mayer. IN MASTER PLAN BY CORBUSIER TE BS = Jy * The City Centre, the railway station and the industrial areas by and large retained their original locations.PLANNING PRINCIPLES -» APITOL COMPLE cceners f cimcvLaTion cetsupe VAUEY 3&> ire Cntr) C3 EbucaTionAl ‘AREAL The concept of the city is based on four major functions: the body and spirit and circulation. Le Corbusier conceived the master plan of Chandigarh as analogous to human body, with a clearly defined * Head (the Capitol Complex, Sector 1), * Heart (the City Centre Sector-17), * Lungs (the leisure valley, innumerable open spaces and sector greens), * Intellect (the cultural and educational institutions), * Circulatory system (the network of roads, the 7Vs) and * Viscera (the Industrial Area). iving, working, care of + Residential sector constitute the living part * The Capitol Complex, city centre, Educational Zone and the Industrial Area constitute the working part. * The Leisure Valley, Gardens, Sector Greens and Open Courtyards etc. are for the care of body and spirit. * The circulation system comprises of 7 different types of roads.a ae . I Le ke Tt | Oe y we lePRIMARY MODULE - Sectors * The primary module of city’s design is a Sector, a neighborhood unit of size 800 meters x 1200 meters. * Each SECTOR is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centers and places of recreations and worship. * The population of a sector varies between 3000 and 20000 depending upon the sizes of plots and the topography of the area. * Northern sectors have less density than southern sectors. ¢ All sectors are further under Architectural control, which consistof Frame Control, Material Control, Elevation Co ntrol etc.PLANNING OF A TYPICAL SECTOR = is Commercial se lovernal lapel strech Conmercat steecr | Open space and pedestrin cue path Rg ra SECTOR 22 FRAMEWORK * 0 MINUTE WALK 0 700 800 m It is clear that each residential sector was envisaged as a relatively self- contained urban village, consisting of four neighborhood-sized quarters (24 ha) each bordering on a green strip with pedestrian paths running north-south, and a market street east-west. He allocated nearly 30% of the city to parks and recreational areas. The sector has four entrance points, two at either end of the market street and two at either end of the green belt, the maximum walking distance. * The size of the sector is based on the concept of no pedestrian need to walk for more than 10min.* The sector 17 or the city center is placed in the heart of the city, which is the majorly Beton 1 7 for pedestrian. \ * Its designated as the pedestrian paradise Le Corbusier. The central sector of the city, sector 17, is the main public congregation area of the city. It houses all major shopping complexes, sports facilities and congregation spaces. + It is one complete sector of approximately 100 hectares and broadly divided into a two zones on the north and south. The Southern zone was developed as a center of district administration, containing the district courts and police headquarters, the fire station and interstate bus terminus, while major commercial and civic functions are carried out in the northern Section.2 = if 18 = 2 1. High rise Buildings 2. Central state Library 3. Town hall 4. Post and Telgrpah building 5. Piazza 6. Overbridge 7. Cinema Hall 8. Police Station 9. Fire Station 10. Parade Ground 11. Foot ball stadium 13. Bus terminus SECTOR 17The ‘ Y —/ Viteuvian man relates by (‘man to geometry, but T need \ ‘to take this concept further. Medklor man breaks j =~ the human body into golden / \ Be eer the Vitrwviad\, sections creating mathemati the Modulor onal \ mam cul do cally ideal dimensions for all, / [ elements of the Capitol ( ‘hot hah ounces { Complex, ond build site SB vine 7 : 4 ‘hat is Beautiful because of mathematical _// truthsCAPITAL COMPLEX — Sector 1 Le Corbusier's unshakable belief in anthropometric proportional connections and link created by golden section. Corbusier took upon himself the tasks of designing the buildings of the Capitol and exercising architectural control over the city. Chandigarh capitol complex houses the seat of Government. The Capital complex comprises three architectural masterpieces, the Secretariat, the High Court and the Legislative Assembly, separated by large piazzas. In the heart of the Capital Complex stands the giant metallic sculpture of the Open Hand, the official emblem of Chandigarh, signifying the city’s credo of “open to give, Open to receive”.AssemblySECRETARIAT HIGH COURT 9 rere tt be i aD ASSEMBLYGEOMERTIC HILL ee MARTYRS MEMORIALPosh Areas of Chandigarh * Sector 5 * VIP Sector of Chandigarh, Sector 5 hosts ministers, bureaucrats and big shots. Beautiful bungalows with security guards on alert, Sector 5, Chandigarh is posh and only for influential people. * Sector 8 * Mini Las Vegas, Sector 8 of Chandigarh is one of the posh sectors. Housing retired army officers and colonels, Chandigarh has grand houses with beautiful little patio in the front architecturally designed for that classy living. * Sector 9 * Sector 9, Chandigarh, you are be welcomed by mind blowing villas, independent houses, kothis, bungalows as well as fine dining restaurants for that classic chic lifestyle in a posh area of Chandigarh. * Sector 10 * Safest in terms of thefts, crimes, etc, Sector 10 has huge houses with lush green private lawns in the front porch. * Not only houses, Sector 8, 9, 10 and 11 residents also own the best of cars of the city.* Sector 11 * Almost all the highly positioned gazetted officers, bureaucrats, government officials and senior professors of the city, the sector adds a feather, YMCA sports arena with recreational programs & services for all ages. * Sector 16 * The only sector in town where even the administration won’t dare to allow a power supply cut and water scarcity to occur even if the entire world is topsy-turvy. * Homestead to wide variety of influential class ranging from high- class Supreme and High court judges to IAS officers of the city, this sector is a high security region * Sector 33 * One sector that allows the business class to settle in the city with its aesthetically sound lush green garden squares to beautifully designed luxurious villas. * Sector 33 of Chandigarh allows you to have a look at what the same building material like a cement or stone is capable to cause. A havoc in your brain and adrenaline rush in your body to be able to just stare at those magnificent creations without a break.Le Corbusier's traffic system followed Mayer's lines but was more elaborate; he called it Les Sept Voies de Circulation, or Seven Vs. The 7 Vs act in the town plan as the bloodstream, the lymph system and the respiratory system act in biology. The transit traffic takes place out of the sectors. The road system was so designed that "never a door will open on the surrounding V3s: precisely the four surrounding V3s must be separated from the sector by a blind wall all along." ROADS - Circulation zl A < * The 7Vs establishes a hierarchy of traffic circulation ranging from : arterial roads (V1), major boulevards (V2) sector definers (V3), shopping streets (V4), neighbourhood streets (V5), access lanes (V6) and pedestrian paths and cycle tracks (V7s and V8s).Va V1 ARTERIAL ROADS ‘ V2 MAJOR BOULEVARDS N VESECTON DENINERS V4 SHOPPING STREETS V4» SHOPPING SG V5 CIRCULATION ROAD WITHIN SECTORS Oj i - Vy Parklands V8 CYCLE TRACKS V7 PEDESTRIAN PATHS. Vé PROVIDING ACCESS TO THE HOUSESLandscaping * Some 800 hectares of green open space are spread over the approximately 114 square kilometers of the Capital Project area. * AHierarchy of Green ‘| Heed s be observed \ il PiT) L paces can be observe | ae ? in both the layout - t+ at ranging from Public , i ha FI +) Greens at City Level to City Level Public Gr en Space with Artificial Water Body ps 8 ; 2.Free- Flowing Green Space, connecting the entire site Semi-Private to Private 3 sem.private Green Areas for neighbourhood pock Green Areas. 4.Private Green Areas for Residential Units ‘CHANDIGARH * The Expert Heritage Committee on Preservation and Conservation of Chandigarh has recommended preserving certain green areas of the first phase, for declaration as “Heritage Status’.LIESURE VALLEY * The city landscape plan of the first phases showing the leisure valley and the swaths of green Spaces that also acts as flood control. * The Leisure Valley is a continuous 8km parkland with various theme gardens, extending North-East to South-West along a seasonal riverlet gradient and was conceived by Le Corbusier as the lungs of the city. RAJENDRA PARK, Sector 1 SMRITI UPAVAN, Sector 1 BOUGAINVILLEA GARDEN, Sector-3 FITNESS TRAILS, Sector 10 BOTANICAL GARDEN, Sector 14 ROSE GARDEN, Sector 16 SHANTI KUNJ, Sector16 TERRACED GARDEN, Sector 33 TOPIARY PARK, Sector 35 HIBISCUS GARDEN, Sector 36 GARDEN OF FRAGRANCE, Sector 36SUKHNA LAKE * The artificial lake created has modified the climate of the city. * During the hot months of May and June, enormous amounts of dust used to blow into the city, a protective zone so that the city is now free of the inconvenience of this flying sand. * The area was declared as a ‘Silence Zone’. * The lake is fringed by a golf course to the south, and Nek Chand's famous Rock Garden of Chandigarh to its west. * Sukhna is a sanctuary for many exotic migratory birds like the Siberian duck, storks and cranes, during the winter months. * The lake has been declared as a protected national wetland by the Government of India.x i aa The Rock Garden of Chandigarh is a sculpture garden in Chandigarh also known as Nek Chand's Rock Garden after its founder Nek Chand. The Rock Garden is still made out of recycled materials. Today it is spread over an area of 40 acres . It is near Sukhna Lake.SERIES OF DEVELOPMENT LAYER 1(SECTORS) Divided in sectors Industrial Residential LAYER 2 (ROAD PATTERN) *Transport interchange nodes +Road connectivity Division of spacesLAYER 3 + Railway station * International airport LAYER 4 (PERIPHERAL) + land for industries + distributive trade “Transport routesLAYER 5 (AGRICULTURAL) + New development nodes identified + 8km agricultural belt was created (to prevent unregulated development around the master plan) “The belt was built for planned future extension of the city. LAYER 6 (STATE) + Other city nodes identified for developmentGROWTH OF THE CHTThe city of Chandigarh was developed in 3 phases : ¢ Sectors 1 to 30 have been developed in Phase-I , it was completely developed in 1975. * Sector 31to 47 have been developed in Phase- II, for accommodating population of 5 lakhs in combined. * Sectors 48 to 56 in Phase [Il has been taken up.Cransican Master *an 2031 Drast ¥ FLAK MP2 5114 SCL OHANICIGARM MANSTER PLAN 2053 AREA PERPIERY AMAOF sa30KR =EDICT OF THE CITY “THE SEED OF CHANDIGARH IS WELL SOWN, ITS FOR THE CITIZENS TO SEE THAT THE TREE FLOURISHES” This edict of Chandigarh wa ia} T was prescribed by Mon rit T Le Corbusier, for its | citizens to follow in future. This edict sets out the following basic ideas underlying the planning of the city.* Human Scale — The city of Chandigarh is planned to human scale. — It provides us with places and buildings for all human activities. * Sectors — Each sector caters for the daily needs of its inhabitants and has a green strip oriented longitudinally stretching centrally along the sector in the direction of the mountains. — The green strip should stay un-interrupted and accommodate schools, sports, walks and recreational facilities for the sector. — Vehicular traffic is completely forbidden in the green strips ¢ Landscaping — Selected ornamental trees, shrubs and climbers have been planted according of colour schemes to beautify it. In future planting and replacement, these principles must be kept in view. — The Leisure Valley, the Rajindra Park and other parks shall be developed as parks only and no building other than already planned shall be permitted.* Roads — The roads of the city are classified into seven categories known as systems of 7 Vs as below: \-1 Fast roads connecting Chandigarh to other towns. \V-2 Arterial roads. \-3 Fast vehicular sector dividing roads. \V-4 Meandering shopping streets. V-5 Sector circulation roads. V-6 Access roads to houses. V-7 Foot paths and cycle tracks. — Buses will only ply on V-1, V-2, V-3 and V-4 roads. A wall shall seal the V-3 roads form the sector. * No Personal Statue Be Erected — The age of personal statues is gone. No personal statues shall be erected in the city or parks of Chandigarh. * Truthfulness of Building Materials to be Maintained. — The truthfulness of materials of constructions, concrete, bricks and stone shall be maintained in all buildings and constructed or to be constructed.Areas of special Architectural interest. — Along V-2 central where sky-line heights, character and architecture of buildings as planned shall not be altered. — No building shall be constructed north of the Capitol Complex. — Along V-2 beyond dual carriage way, areas are reserved for cultural institutions only and shall never have any residential buildings. City Centre — The central plaza in Sector-17 was designated by Le Corbusier as “ Pedestrians Paradise”. No vehicular traffic will be permitted in the plaza. Industrial Area — Only such industries as are powered by electricity would be permitted in the Industrial Areas so that atmosphere is saved from pollution. The Lake — There shall be no commercial exploitation of the lake and its environment and its tranquility shall be guaranteed by banning noises.Pros & cons HIGHLIGHTS Wealthiest town of India. * First modern architecture of Indian city planning. * No 1 in terms of Human Development Index. * 3rd highest GDP growth rate 9.64%. * Cleanest and Greenest City in India. * Visually powerful. * It was majorly designed giving importance to the pedestrian usage. DRAWBACKS * City not planned for lower income people. * Un-Indian. * Lack of excitement of Indian cities. * Absence of Indian culture.