3 ot (age) sDX=0 on TLALS — opnerining equolicn b} o(a)= (ede) (clad nalural looundory conc ©) U(s) = 0.002, essential lcoundory condition OTe weight Function vanishes on the: essential boundary. ©) is a condition on Vhe derivative oF u(x), so i{S a natural bourdory. OC is a condition of U(x) so its om essential looundary oWe multioly dhe gev.eq. and the natural boundor over the clomaine where they ld by an arbytrery weight Function wex). \ 3 ©) J fau( dy (neds) + 2dx=0 Wat) 1 () (whe4t-0.1)),.,=0 vw (21) © Now we in Leqyote dhe First eq by parts, (Td race ko ag du\ [2 (aw fa aa) J uh (AbSg] a = wae ge) [7 [oe acdtan (393 4 ao 4 © We hove constructed wero furclions co Ahat w(3)=0 5 \hevefore he {irel lerwn on the Rus aloe varnidgs OL A= 3 ‘Scanned with CamScanner© culo Watney Nhe equations we aet: 3 2 . : dwelu a; f EGY) = Oda) nity [acdc dn + Jawad. + (WEE Wen Teatlenging, ©q (>) =P (ward - OKA) I red du dhe - [dnrecee + O.1fVA), 2 =O Vo(x) with u(2)- 0 £ fied alr) such thet for all srreoth ul) vsith alg) = 0.002, such thet the above ee cies Be ° coundary are nol in domain. | Y () Conver evel imply compecled Domain > If Pr and Py ate any Points in a domain arcl MME VD Wes enicely 19 clomain Then clomain } CONNEA and SIMPLY CONNECTED iy BAL et80 Y te | ok) \ / A ‘Scanned with CamScanner© Vunction of class M ca) mlayer LEA shouk) exist in domain al all points, v All of Ws partial derivatives up doen't adler should exieh cand should be continuous in 2, : example (= X(0, 10) of PRea0 F(x) = sin ne SC®) = 3x2 rho! af exists --» C°? 5 y |- C42) “ly Fy = 3x? y? © 7 of Co ey mm OF : oh ot cha ax Oy He Re ay C TLoundory value problern. BYP 1 d Bfodl]f ocmer ger a ox UO) = be o.c ) physical \ | lnclaries agu | : bc} boundaries dx !xeq Jo ©) Intra volne poblem 1 Vp d*ad e tirn : ae raug-fM oft4t, an WO) = lesenbes a problem a V, al Ume @ @® t a ‘Scanned with CamScanner@BV and LV peovlern i. oye Ue U(% ) 2 ied vouldole 4 (@W AO ron homo, 4 dep variobb "2 Tq au , Bu a | . $. | dx4* Pat - SF (%4) ees RK Oo U(o,) = ht) t 5 : 2 a 2 : nt © o Fle ~ Jot) J ) Keown YO Ulryo) = Us (x) fb. G)-o is horrogeneous ake — g-> x Uo(a)=0 is horroqeneous if nonzero value , then it's nonhoragerce: © Eigenvolue “poblems Eve We solve homaseneous differential equeriors ad | RUS =O =» horror | Ox [a aad- AX-O Fr Sorcing farclios is 2evg © Valpes for JA|~ Numbers Ceisenvatues) (3) lula| + Junctions (eigen fune ens) eigen = identit eo @ oe external force 1 Mic system ‘Scanned with CamScannerOWeed For Weighted integral residues \_a a = ° -F [ose] au of OL xKe4 gov eq BCs! U=LAXKO clu Tx) yea? We assume a solution for the entive clomain ie ©,4) ©) weans not included [1 mecre, inchacleds Woe a Uw = 3° Cs b+ ey | - : | ore unknown elerents dh; ore Kreun (assumed) Functions 4.) Known we choose Ahese Functions such tha} Bes axe satisGecl, Mn : 7 where Cc; A Cc We Ary with N-2 go (*) =4 fala) = W-2x > Pytiele Un(%) = 44 CaQP-2%) + Ce (4 3x aes, wecheck if Whe function salicfies $1 09) = 22-3x Ses, iF wol, Chenge the funchin BCs U=1 @x=0 ~ selicfica yd FL =0 Xf C2-2x) 6 Ca (3x | -O VW sabefied ied ‘Scanned with CamScanner© Pak Una) in the clifferential equedion ord develop conditions Sot Cinding Ca anch Ce |0= [241-26 -3cy] x + [-2a-SCo Ca Jat + C20? + | \ [2+ 3c, +4] 04x44 for iL Jo be =O, the indiviolual terme rust be = 0 : 4 - Cs 1. 6220 . b coh @)\-90,4C, 20 Le ca-0 ee ee 13 pobemobic O | -40,- 36 =o +> satisfied (t+ 214 3Cz 4120 Jr 2? nok salisfied 2 This means hor} the weight fonctions dont sabichy Vhe differential equation e+ cil values 0°X( #0) so the evvor is non-zero for some cond) #ions (residue) © ®O)=0 Sorall volues of ~ +o exoct solution. ” NG petot by point ( w RG dx=0 =WNEIGHTED INTEGRAL OF Restpue TS ZERO } Wis % w(x) Function of >, Wr WEIGHT FUNCTION Ca ord Ce are Unknowns. © Ws (x) = 4 aosume its A constant * Residue ic obtained by plraging, Us into the Aiff eq 2 -» &4+15C,-1 Solve Ca 4Ce J 1 R@)-de=o ‘ ) ee eee | ©W2- x v 15a! 31C2 10} vo ( a : ae VARIATIONAL METIOD g ‘Scanned with CamScannerOlntegration by parts : U,V jW + ane sufficiently differentiable fyoolions of x GF %? then it con be inlegroted juice for exmp ) focrag du = (° viddw * [wv \ 2rader proof \ dw dv &lwvl = Vo ae? @ Gx 4 Se ~V, St [we VK dv yo ely dw. wv) dx [oogtda «vagy de + [3a b b _ *| wey = | Vdus + [wv =r Some as eq. a a a co du) teleled (elcled 40 @) SINNLARLY 5 spe vesidue . ee bo yz dw du’ du symmebtic Ok e~\=>-G. tlw y St fitaee- [ag gede tLe de], ais oat : . compute Las aaynck nappened @ ce LAS > DkFerenkali lit wvemenk Jor A Was ae 2 Dis oi lihy Kequi e eee nana RUS WEAKENED] DICFERENTIABIITY Rea ReMENT oO weak Formulation — oidey eqe are fey Neal AvonsFer for \bearns , eloslicily gd Ath y ‘Scanned with CamScannerYor example oa Year element. | i aur) de pocerent (er at)". gl) ger oy Tower \ ae . | wR dx =0 oy Uxfferenvialailily fequirernent i [tex Ace 4 dx=0 Ow W (0% ty) ete ecidue ‘ & Ipteayole ‘oy parte Aye dire, cesidiue J io Wlonce cif fereniokei bY vacigntec! leq Of residue Velween vd end U (+o C7). wy wala Fur ys at Yureliers yk 5 \ \ \ y dwiay = v(w')"dx wr a ) Jy Ant a . an 4b S | veu'cee = -| vial [ve), vitoy “4 . rae or oe vudy- [V al) Fu \, ‘dus ae Mon = 2 wowy \ ; \ve 7 winds -[V aR |, ‘Scanned with CamScanner© Gradient theor em ~%9 149 Yo Tan ' 98x V9-5- a ae * Oy" [ oF eady . f ft Fds eves — 0 fede / A= toed + sind /Almepteled as: If we Krow whol’s Going on in the | domain A, we can Figure out whats hoppening \,on the lboundary Y. “Ard vice-versa < ae) _ i x= cos 8 \. ody - 9 Feds Ny= sin8 Or \xd - \ 3 ey p ny3s Vso orrs) ‘Scanned with CamScanner© Divergence ‘hearer _ Lk G=G@y) DivEGw Gy =) (iG = Gut + Gy3 = Ga (ary)? * Gy (AY) F [seu ROR | yas nd |Scolareq | € | (3 ' $8) “P (bac Ny Oy) ds | _—! P [4 G w]dady = | liq + * Gru] dxcly {e VG dudy = [,%6-) ody — f q Fes bedy fy geting a : -[, Gq Vesdady + “f Reuss i ® woyndet ,¥: v6) day = I, [ (To - VG)! wy -ej]dudy (56 [ov Gdady = [, Vv: (~7G}elady - [( Woo 7G) clay if V Gdxdy = , w- (WH VG)ds | Yu-Vq lady | Jo 7 | V¢-0 xen ‘Scanned with CamScanner in some Nleyatuye dady = =daQOFucctonals ds fel onl Sind the lenoth of the % Gs 4 curve for the range beste) [Xe] oan \ dcefdu? s(da? | = daa +(du)* | { a? +(dal 1 *e) Se he mY S= tota\ leneth of dhe curve between lienits Oy he) la mites con fi = (3a)? a | U = ak? tox +c |W = ASiNIK os s(4) i ends on U ) : Tw) = mace ww) ++) dx ar general definition A oo for this example LL fancttoneal Flav, deft @)* I ic « Junction of Funckione -- 1008e definition (9) Area under the curve. uch : Goal Find the area belween(%X, Ko) | = he \ Me A= Wagdx Te Ww Je Alu) a faneltonal vf \hoae an Pathe mvttically oy ryevater ame wane U ialo a Seefay TW) — _ ee ‘Scanned with CamScannerlinear Fanchonals — A Cu) | Q (wa bv) ad (a) + AA(v) _ (A) > ) Te4)= xT) r B) are constents Tey )zGrv) > TW) + EO) y a Be AEE Aas Ag= As} lv) + linear Sanchional Lo) OBilinear funckional B (wy) We cleal voith functionals cohidh cepand on tuo (urchins u,v, Maribute oF Bilinear functional \wweay IN WL linear m V Linearity in Uw 8 (44, Ate ,v) ° « B(4,,v) . AB (U2\v) linearity in ve B(U, a1 Ph) *B(m) |B By) ‘Scanned with CamScannerSymmervic Bilinear fanchional Tf Buy) = Blv,u) Exomples . TW) = [veo “F(adK Ls Me - constent ° eb vor v(x) F(A) © Keown Fancdion QT replace vy by wv TFT veploce vy by usv (av) = ~ Ly) hr xv) @exomple oF Syrametcre B(uy) Ble (urge = du id a(x) > Known ooh [ha For Cxample a CvOss Seckenal area oF c cod] x ( u,v) - B(u, v) Symmetric in Udy ‘Scanned with CamScanner@® Yariations Aand & ate fixed UA. io lhe deflecdion of the toge. yore hanging ue \o its vooight, Tu) - length = [Yar as xa cal eq Tt) = | F(x, a, ln : it has to subosevi}, : x to Fixed Bes ' lobed to at point P+ disturb the rope wsrdu acon nas | ) Restrictin Bes related dust - VO) | Ve Axed values oF [— at Nad B must be by controlling this respected pecame ter alpha ahe yaviabine con be Kept exkerrely a aA Lees Aeflechion OF P= a(x) = 1 x ~ Any funclion bul has to be Sux) KV) /% consistent with BC's elated ~—“ +0 Wend w', Ab x-0 FW bul, ao oe go xO oo, — S(v)'leo +O > V'~)) =o oe cegtesmls shape x0 some possible choices for v(A) and (ceprerec ommpllude) © VK) ~ WHA ares. (4 OL We ) ok © VA = sink , Mla * Net ol © yd alee’)1 ae) ov ‘Scanned with CamScannerF(x,u, a) Fe F(a,a,u') . | “ero SE Suda + SE Su | &F-h) = Shs BSR J(i)- 6h - Sh, S(r)* - nem. oF Ah). & (av) . «ge ~ay'sbal= 6 $e J (se) 5(§2) lo and § ave commutolive ‘Scanned with CamScannera& weighted Mhegral carck cocak formulodion. On$ fMaldefaqi) or Oe nkL at : q(a)/ DATA of = E ESSENTIAL BC © ae =U, of x-0 ESSENTIAL Bc _ 0. athe 5) eS NATURAL Be C ONG les = Qe : a j ‘ Sep 2 Orsps Integrate by Parts to shift K operator From term in ¢5 to Ww. (a : BE o@e'- mlee-[ wan) o']o =O = bewtleey fe ean equiver! cr shifted the cifFerentiabilily to ca ard fe reduced the requirement of ciFFerentioloi lity OFA fo —41°* rer, \ + We alco get a bouncla ry erm, (Here tre NEC evermes) Jou sedurf? feroeor], [oan] = xO OStep2 cf a + Men Us >’ Uy 4 (a) U, = Unkrown conclat jen J J, = + nour ape Furclio pla thie into co thet colishy & \ im \he WF 2 Dol peed bo NBC cause HU cowcs in tve WE * fincarly independent ee ‘Scanned with CamScannerWe ael? us [092 “I 0; oe (dz [ou uw 0 a venney lene Ap wg |dz [uad, “6;']. J. 7 ItweakK CORA 0 [bag cen Se i @he cli iFFeren indy lity Lequienend als teduc edd, for exon TF te a 4% Oey ifferenal eq. ancl the proces \sdMe wo times We need a funclion dred it Orly clifferentiable dace dimes Tf le a cecerd order AF D, ave linearly independent. cheese we use the some wa gr (ome,we ches Bs ye use ) Oc, ve called Ritz coeFFicints TF there ave N unkrowns, there ave tN weight funckions . N equations to solve, O, they hove to meet only escential BC's eymme tric. Goris wll/"Sysiems where B(w,u) is bilinear ang OExemple + _ Oe w= L(y) T-3 ZB(u, w)- Xu) eae Uw 3G a +o, rt eg si B= bilinear 4 Symmetric rien o)\= 492) because Bis bilinear, we can take ® Fe[4, tiJq- MA) - B(Hi Po eqt N eqs N unknowns we aet act, Leics Kroun unk mat ouk Cy Cole age jo get values ofc Krown yecloy veclor ‘Scanned with CamScanner® continue example Coar pole 5 40 get LS]: B(wra) - fics dp we 3 5 Hi for spell We2 then iM Hh [B]- 272 B(p;, we ere vaeause naz iS oe “dg (dg \po yf Unk conclah © 2a. [ai ee ie Gfoe J ere wren i= a:h, : va 2 B(A,u) =f atte dbs gy) { be oe dx (aie) =) Se ON! GG OK EWA when j=20 i this gives us dhe mon (linear -funclioral matrix BCe. cheese sie we cheose d; consislent vorth Funclone Ahab vanish) ar) 20 @ %, = x(4-%) foe Vla-~) #77 (4-x) » Yum 0 (ra) Piz K (a-x)| Qcoredition: none of there functions qnuc) be om li teri combioation of Olney ©endition: chesse he compleke ool of furclions for crample bs, be, Px. Yu, You cadl swig’ qh, ce for example. Choa se all The sequence. ©) Condihen hotnegenenus here oy, i \ powip Onis (verish at 20.) 0 Ou: 2G 9; Put eq @ in@ to get: fron 2CS aor c a > Idd: Ag; ‘ y oe [2 IBE 8 s- eage flees fn [ont [elicfe fr? @) ‘Scanned with CamScannerBy= aya dpi GB dx - [a Dd _— ee By ~° wees Fie fs xdx gi ik (ira) x "i Keech Wane on le Be |{] Jf) ©iuse cj and Y, to cakuldle Ea Ger} [Ce Fo [GZ over the clhmain. 1 [tz 63 G 4 2) 40 163 32]//c.f ~wO72¢ weak Form |e. “ede ~[% CORK dx 4 [wa ed ‘ [ux hx t [uu fuse] @ ‘ron appropriate Sunclions Soy g, Jus 2 CD (@) ‘Scanned with CamScanner| Chease a function thet is UO)=O but non zero, ob Kd EGC 4 Di- x ArH Dae® Dy- x” Dex! A; = 1&4) pat in eqs @ ond L175 -F5 | Oy To;'0'— B; 0] d @PY vanishes at x=0 . [le # ] * @lineorly indepenclart- v Fia-[ inten | Qcormplele sequence oy devns, ‘Scanned with CamScannerdemiolives E> Coetficient 6 cociaht Faretion coc ave called cece oclory vewiobles, (sv) Ydu | speatied ie x ” \ ax | Nieve @neentent yoriable fo same form os weieth Corction ond ite Cevivetives then 16 called PRIMARY VARTALLE (P71) pedty it» EBC Wor Woe PV ee dhe case of a becam equalien of 4 oder, ur get: er eo] boundary Jenin ofley 4° iotey cation. Jw, (ex u") ] De itdea ration, ® Choice of Weight functions (arbitiary) Ve cheose vw sach Shar id voniches at the coundary fh the PV Ie known al dhe aan En vector ~ wr wl = : 4 Mei | x a Sint yo Ls a PV— U- Knewn at x-0 and x= Lb CASES “ PEE" | Chease wd which vanishes ot x-O, xa Lb ac a ee 3 420 7) A 0.005) in Ee sin STS rT } XCEL) Ae-LlP es / ; / will not Cork j nec veniGlen sen iGhier Of cace A ceuree Aheyre - POS ve p'’ OYEME Les\iicded, ’ 20 fot Virtue tbe heathy ‘Scanned with CamScanner