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- a'gufwmaZmfpdk; trSmpm 9
- &JvGifrdk; trSmpm 12
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2/ pma&;q&m 29
3/ pmoGif; pmxkwf 31
4/ rsm;rsm;zwfzdkYxuf ememzwfzdkY 34
5/ pmorm; 37
6/ pma&;q&meJY cHpm;rI 43
7/ pma&;wwfcsifvm; 45
8/ owif;pmq&meJY EdkifiHa&;orm; 49
9/ pmtkyfopf 53
10/ pmtkyfa&G;yHk 57
11/ pma&;wJhtvkyf 61
12/ aMunufatmif zwf 64
13/ pmtkyfrsm; vlrsm; 68
14/ pmzwfenf; 73
15/ pma&;q&mb0 75
16/ zwfol 78
17/ pmudk vufeJY zwf 80
18/ rdefYrSmcsufawG 83
19/ pma,mifaya,mif 87
20/ pma&;q&meJY vl 90
21/ pma&;q&meJY a0'em 94
6 rif;aoh
22/ &DAsL;rl 99
23/ pmayapmifhewfrsm; 103
24/ zwfnTef;awG 107
25/ pmrsm;eJYvl 111
26/ rufaqhcsfzvS,frI 115
27/ pma&;q&meJY pma&;q&mr[kwfwJh
pma&;olrsm;taMumif; 117
28/ toHpmtkyf 125
29/ pma&;jcif;tEkynm 130
30/ 0g'jzefYol 136
31/ pma&;csifolodkY 140
32/ tw¬KyÜwdåpmaytaMumif; qef;ppfcsuf ed'gef; 144
33/ pma&;q&mtvkyf 153
34/ todopf tawG;opf t,ltqopf pmtkyfopf 157
35/ pmtkyfa&;jcif;? pmaya0zefa&; ESifh
yHkESdyfjzefYcsdxkwfa0a&; tcuf? tcsuf 161
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4/ jroef;wifh (1929 - 1998) 196
5/ vlxkpdef0if; 203
vlxkpdef0if; (1940 - 2012) 210
6/ ae0if;armif (atmifxG#f) 217
7/ '*kefwm&m (odkYr[kwf) wm&maA' avhvmcsuf 224
8/ vlxkOD;vS 236
pmzwform;odkU 7
9/ oifhaemf 247
10/ wifarmifoef; (oifhb0) 255
11/ rif;Zif 262
12/ oef;EdkifOD; (odkYr[kwf) Munfol jyHK;ol 274
13/ rif;aoh 281
14/ a'gufwmoef;xGef; odkYr[kwf ynm 288
15/ vlxk a':trm 294
16/ OD;cspfarmif (odkYr[kwf) ½dk;om;pGm odkodyfol 300
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pmtkyftnTef;
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2/ ta0;Munfh 321
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6/ tnrnoabm 344
7/ pma&;q&mrsm; 349
8/ tem*wfudk aoG;vefUapolESifh tifwmAsL; 364
9/ uavmifudkifolrsm; 369
10/ pmayvlMurf;rif;om; 378
11/ a&SUESpfvSrfwdk; aemufwpfvSrf;qkwf 387
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8 rif;aoh
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5/ eHygwf 1 2 3 / 440
6/ pdwf"mwf 443
7/ ynma&; 0efxrf;vm;q&m q&mr vm; 448
8/ udk,fhudk,fudk odpGrf;jcif; 452
9/ ynmh &nfrSef;csuf 454
10/ odrItay:qifjcifjcif; 459
11/ ya&mfzuf&Sife,form;twGuf aywHav;acsmif; 462
12/ tajymif;tvJ 468
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14/ ykwfoif#Dum 472
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16/ jywfjywfom;om; 479
17/ ynma&;a0zefcsuf 481
18/ pmar;yGJ pepf? cdk;ajz pepf 484
19/ tqHk;pGefqHk; aygufajrmufrItwGuf
a,bk,s oHk;csuf 489
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21/ ordkif;a&;puúL pmtkyf ESifh pc&if 499
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 a'gufwmaZmfpdk; trSmpm
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emrnft&if;u atmifudkudkwdk;/
pma&;q&mqdkwJh *kPfyk'feJY xdkufwefol...
pma&;jcif;tvkyfudk wyfrufol...
pmayavmurSm ae&mwpfae&mqkyfudkif ydkifqdkifxm;ol ...
NyD;awmh ... xl;NyD; rdwfqufay;p&mrvdkol .../
vGecf Jhaomig;ESpu f rEÅav;wuúokdvf Edkiif HwumqufqHa&;
Xmeu wm0ef,lNyD;zGihx f m;wJh Edkiif HwumqufqHa&; 'Dyvdkrmoifwef;
(DIR) yxrtokwr f Sm wufcJhvkdY w&if;wESD; &Scd Jhw,f/ abmifcwfwm
rBudKuf azmufxGuf jzefYMuufawG;csio f l awG;&Jol oabmw&m;a&;eJY
vufawGUukd csw d q
f ufMunfholwpfa,muftaeeJY owdxm;rdcJhw,f/
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wpfcgwav Edkiif aH &;udkaqG;aEG;Mu&if aqG;aEG;bufaumif;wpfa,muf
jzpfolyg/ tckvnf; a&pufurukef rEÅav;wuúodkvf EdkifiHwum
qufqaH &;ynmXmeu zGix hf m;wJh Edkiif aH &;ynmavhvmrIr[moifwef;
(MPolS) yxrokwr f mS wufa&mufavhvmaeqJ/ pmzwftm;aumif;ol
pmzwfemoltjzpf qufvuf&SifoefqJ/ pmzwf pma&;ae&&if b0udk
arhxm;qJ arhxm;EdkifwJholwpfa,mufyg/
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pl;pl;&S&S MunfhwwfwJh"avh rif;aohrSm&Sw d ,f/ pmwpftkyf aqmif;yg;
10 rif;aoh
wpfyk'fudk zwf&if av;av;eufeufzwf½kHomru tJh'Dpmtkyf tJh'Dh
aqmif;yg;a&;wJh pma&;q&m&JUpw d tf xd vdkuzf wfwJh t&nftcsi;f rsKd ;
pma&;q&m rif;aohrSmawGU&w,f/
]pmzwform;odkY} pmtkyrf Sm pmzwfolawG txl;ojzifh vli,f
pmzwf olawGtwGuf apwemxm;xm;wJh pmzwfenf;ESpfyk'fudk
a&;xm;w,f/ rif;aohu olvufawGUvyk w f ehJ nf;udk vli,fpmzwfoal wG
udkrQa0xm;wm tMuHjyKxm;wm enf;ay;xm;wm/ wpfyk'u f ]rsm;rsm;
zwfzdkYxuf ememzwfzdkY} eJY aemufwpfyk'fu ]aMunufatmif zwf}/
ESpyf k'pf vk;H u enf;enf;wdkayr,fh rif;aoh&UJ apwemu rwdkb;l /
pmtkyftñTef; tydkif;rSm pma&;q&m OD;at;armif a&;xm;wJh ]ADZeJY
ywf0ef;usif}udk rif;aohu ]tnrnoabm} acgif;pOfeJY zwfñTef;
a&;xm;wm/ a&SUrmS ajymcJo h vdyk J rif;aohu aMuatmif ematmifzwfxm;
awmh pmtkyfqdkvdk&if;omru rl&if;pma&;ol&JU pdwfaepdwfxm;udkyg
vSrf;zwfwm/ 'geJYwifr[kwf udk,fhvlu OD;at;armif&JUpmtkyfeJY
OD;cspvf idI &f UJ tnrnoabmw&m;eJY qufE, T rf &I ^dS r&Su
d kd qufavhvmzdkY
tMuHjyKxm;ao;wm/
aemuf rif;aoh pmtkyf zwfNyD; acgif;xJusef&pfwmu q&m
ausm0f if;&JU t*wdvu kd pf m;rI pmtkyu f kd rif;aohu ]olc;kd BuD;wdu k zf suaf &;}
acgif;pOfeJY zwfñeT ;f a&;xm; tyk'af v;/ vuf&Sd Edkiif Hhta&;udk xif[yf
jyxm;wm/ olY&JUtawG; ol&JU ½Iaxmifhyg jznfhpGufxm;w,f/ xl;jcm;
wmu olay;xm;wJah cgif;pOf ]olck;d BuD; wdkuzf suaf &;}/ tJv h kd wpfwpf
cGcG yspyf spEf pS Ef pS f pmzwfou l kd wef;ceJjrifomatmif ajymwm/ ½dki;f w,f
uvufw,f xifaumif;xifr,f 'gayod tm;ygw,f/ &Sif;w,f
½dk;w,f zwfMunfhyg/ wpfpkHw&mtjrif&r,fvdkY tmrcHw,f/
aemufwpfykdi;f u ol xdawGUzl;olrsm; oleJY &ifbwfcsi;f eD;olrsm;
odkYwnf;r[kwf ol av;pm;tm;us&olrsm;&JU ½kyyf kHvTm odkYr[kwf ykH&yd f
awGudk a&;jcpfxm;w,f/ rif;aoh... aphpyfw,f xdrdw,f apwem
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pmzwform;odkU 11
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vkyfEdkifpGrf;w,f/
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a&;jcpfxm;wm ykHysuo f mG ;rSmpdk;vdkY/ zwfMunfhygvdkYyJ av;av;eufeuf
wdkuw f eG ;f yg&ap/ aemufq;kH tydki;f vdkY ajym&rvm;.... ]pmzwform;od}kY
pmtkyf&JUtESpf(uRefawmfh xifjrif,lqcsufyg) vdkY ajym&rvm;yJ/
ynm qdkwmudk rif;aohu tudk;tum;eJYpl;pl;epfepf oljzwfoef;cJ
oljzwfoef; aeqJjzpfwhJ ynm0ef;usiu f kd tjyKoabmeJY a&;jcpfxm;wm/
okawoe pdwx f m; okawoetjrif okawoexkH; okawoewefzkd;/
'gawGukd axmufjyaqG;aEG;oGm;wm/ xyfNyD;*kP, f yl gw,f rif;aoha&/
txl;tMuHjyK tm;ay;csifwmu pmzwfolawG txl;ojzifh
EdkifiH&JU tem*wfudk ydkifpdk;wJh vli,fpmzwfolawG rif;aoh&JU ]pmzwf
orm;odkY}pmtkyu f kd zwfjzpfatmif zwfMuygvdkY/ rif;aohu rdwq f uf
p&m rvdkawmhwhJ pma&;q&myg/ wu,frw d qf ufzkv
Yd kw
d mu uRefawmf
udk,füyg/ uRefawmfhemrnf aZmfpdk;yg/ rEÅav;wuúodkvf EdkifiHwum
qufqHa&;ynmeJY EdkifiHa&;odyÜHynmXmeu q&mwpfa,mufyg/

a'gufwm aZmfpdk;
EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;ynm
EdkifiHa&;odyÜHynmXme
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20 azazmf0g&D 2019 /
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 pmzwform;odkY trSmpm
uavmifomG ;xufxuf vli,fpma&;q&mwpfa,muf &So d nf/
q&mu rEÅav;om;/ q&mhtrnf&if;u atmifuku d kwd k;d / q&mhuavmif
trnfu ]rif;aoh} q&mrif;aohukd podwmuawmh ]Edik if aH &;zwfpmrsm;}
pmtkyrf S jzpfonf/ wpf&ufü pmtkyq f ikd af &mufawm ]h Edik if aH &;zwfpmrsm;}
[laompmtkyfudk aumufudkifrdonf/ tJh'DrSm oleJUpjyD; rsufvHk;csif;
qHkrdonf/ olqdkonfrSm wjcm; r[kwf/ pma&;q&m ]rif;aoh} yif
jzpfonf/ pma&;q&mrif;aohESihf vlcsi;f awGUjyD;rsuv f Hk;csi;f qHkro d nf
r[kwaf y/ ]Edkiif Ha&;zwfpmrsm;] pmtky\ f rsuEf SmzHk;wGif q&mhyHkESihf
'DZdkif; azmfxm;aomaMumifh q&mhrsufvHk;ESifh rsufvHk;csif;qHkrdjcif;
jzpfonf/ xdkaemuf uRefawmfrSpí rsuv f Hk;csi;f vTJzkd h qHk;jzwfvkdujf yD;
pmtkyfaemufausmudkvSefvdkufonf/
ausmbuftzHk;wGif q&mh\udk,af &;tcsut f vufESihf q&mh\
vufydkufjyD; jyHK;aeaomyHk xnfhxm;onf/ a&SUzufrsufESmzHk;&Sd q&mh
tMunfo h nf rmef&odS nf/ aemufrsuEf mS zHk;&Sq
d &mhtjyHK;onf [ef&o dS nf/
q&mhukd,af &;tcsut f vufukd zwfMunfhvkduaf omtcg 1991 ckzGm;
uReaf wmfx h uf av;vcefo Y m MuD;oljzpfaomaMumifh ydkí pdw0f ifpm;oGm;
onf/ vli,fwpfa,mufu a&;aompmtkyfu ]EdkifiHa&;zwfpmrsm;}
qdkawmh q&mhEdkifiHa&;tawG htMuHKu bmawGvJvdk hawG;&if;q&mh\
udk,fa&;tcsuftvufudk qufzwfawmh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh
pmzwform;odkU 13
t&yfbuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ todynmrQa0a&; oifwef;rsm;wGif
oifwef;enf;jyq&m jzpfaeonf/ EdkifiHa&;jrSifhwifa&; vkyfief;rsm;
wGifvnf; oifwef;ay;jcif;rsm; vkyfaeawmh pmtkyftwGif;ydkif;udk
vSefMunfhcsifpdwfrsm; jzpfay:vmonf/
uGßefawmfonf pmzwfoljzpfonfhtavsmuf rdrt d wGuf pmtkyf
0,f&mwGif pma&;q&mtopf\pmtkyfudk 0,fzdkU&efrSm tifrwef
pOf;pm;jyD;rS 0,favh½Sdonf/ q&mrif;aohonfvnf; uGßefawmf\
pma&;q&mtopf jzpfaomaMumifh q&m pmtkyu f kd aocsmavhvmMunfh
jzpfonf/ pmtkyftwGif;udk vSefMunfhvdkufaomtcg rmwdumü
Edkiif Ha&;ESihf ywfoufaom aqmif;yg;acgif;pOf 42yk'u f kd awG h&onf/
acgif;pOfrsm;udk zwfNyD;csed w
f Gif xdkpmtkyu f kd 0,fzkdY qHk;jzwfvkduo f nf/
xdkpmtkyfudk taMumif;jyKí q&mrif;aohESifh &if;ESD;cGifhzdkY tpjyKjcif;
jzpfonf/
q&mrif;aohESihf pum;ajymwdki;f ESpaf ,mufom; ajymjzpfonfh
taMumif;u pmtaMumif; vlrsm;taMumif; rdrdwdkYtaMumif;rsm; jzpf
onf/ t,ltqcsi;f aqG;aEG;wdki;f yGiv hf if;pGm ajymqdkjzpfMuaomaMumifh
ydkí &if;ESD;vmonf/ q&mrif;aohu ußGeaf wmfukdpma&;zdk h wdkuw f Ge;f
onf/uGßefawmfu pmra&;jzpfao;/ uGßefawmfvnf; q&mrif;aohudk
pmawGa&;zdkY awmif;qdkonf/ q&mu a&;jzpfonf/ a&;jzpfwmrS
pmawGtrsm;MuD;rS trsm;BuD;udk q&mrif;aohu a&;aeonf/ uRefawmf
rawmif;qdkvnf; q&mrif;aohu pmzwfpma&;ae&rS &SifoefEdkifrnfh
vlrsdK;jzpfonf/ q&mrif;aohu pmudk wpdkufrwfrwf a&;onf/
xdkYtjyif pmudk wpdkufrwfrwf zwfol jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh q&mESifh
uGßefawmfwdkY\ jzpfpOfudk aumufcsuf csvdkufonf/ ]uGßefawmfu
pmra&;aom pmzwfol] q&mrif;aohu ]pmzwfaom pma&;q&m]
jzpfonf/
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14 rif;aoh
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pmzwform;odkU 15
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r,f/ pma&;oleJY pma&;q&m&JU txmudkvnf; od&r,f/ pmaya&pD;&JU
oabmudk tMurf;zsif; wGufcsufwwf&r,f/
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&if pmiSm;ol pm&SmoltwGuf tzdk;wef&wemjzpfw,f/ pmMunfw h ku
d rf mS
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pmzwfolawG a0;a0; ajy;ukefMuwm MuHKzl;w,f/ 'Dvdk rjzpf&bl;/
pmMunfhwdkufrSL;[m ta&;ygwJh vlrIwm0efudk xrf;aqmifw,f/
ynmhwm0efudk xrf;aqmifw,f/
v pmMunfhwkduf wpfwdkufjzpfzdkY cufw,f/

v pmMunfhwdkuf wpfwdkuf vnfywfzdkY ydkcufw,f/

v yHkrSefvnfywfzdkY tcufqHk;jzpfw,f/

v tJx h uf cufwmuawm ESpaf ygif; &Sn&f n S f yHkreS v

f nfywfzkYd
tcufqHk;jzpfjyefw,f/
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tydkif0,fzwfEdkif&if taumif;qHk;jzpfw,f/ pmMunfhwkdufu pmu
wu,f pmzwfoltwGufqdk&if jrnf;½Hk prf;½Hk oabmxuf rydkbl;/
pmwrf;jyKpkolawGtwGuf pmMunfhwkdufawGu toHk;0ifygw,f/
pmMunfhwku d af wG &dSwmaumif;w,f/ tdrw f pftrd rf Sm udk,yf kdif
pmMunfhpifawG xm;Edki&f if ydkaumif;w,f/ tjrJtoHk;jyK jznfhwif;jzpf
aewJh udk,fydkifpmMunfhwdkufawGxm;Edkif&if taumif;qHk;aygh/
v pmqdkwm zwfaerS aumif;w,f/

v pmzwfw,fqdkwm a&aomufaeovdkyJ/

v aeYpOf vdktyfoavmuf rjywfaomufaeMu&rSmyJ/

vl[m aeYpOf a&aomufrS touf&Sio f vdk aeYpOf pmzwfayzwf

&dSrS b0[m &Sifoefw,f/ todtopf tawG;opf tjrifopfawG
pmzwform;odkU 27
&atmif tjrJMuHqae&r,f/ 'grS b0u t"dyÜm,f&Sdw,f/ trSeq f kd&if
pm;zdkY touf&Sifaewm jzpfoGm;r,f/
pmMunfw h u kd af wGu pmiSm;pepf wpfckwnf;twGuf r[kwb f ;l /
todÚmPf tpjyK&mae&m Xmejzpfw,f/ pmtkyfqdkif pmMunfhwkduf
pmiSm;qdkiaf wG pmzwfayzwfolawGeJY teD;em;rSm&dSwJholawGu b0ay;
uHaumif;w,fvdkY qdk&r,f/
pmzwfayzwfwhJ OD;av;awG a':a':awG tazawG tarawG
tzdk; tzGm;awG &dS&if ydkvdkYaumif;w,f/ udk,fhudk ausmif;ynm
oifMum;ay;wJh q&m q&mrawGxJu pmzwfayzwf q&m q&mr eJY
pmoifcJhzl;&if tzdk;te*¾xdkufwJh uHaumif;rIjzpfw,f/
v pmaywefzdk;u jrifhw,f/

v pmMunfhwkdufrSL;wpfa,muf&JUwefzdk;u jrifhw,f/

v pma&;q&m wpfa,muf&JUwefzdk;u jrifhw,f/

v usrf;jyK yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf&JUwefzdk;u jrifhw,f/

pmMunfhwkdufrSL; pmaya&;om;jyKpkolawG usrf;jyKolawG

pmorm;awG[m vlrIjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; orm;awG jzpfw,f/
olwdkY[m
v a[majymolawG jzpfvmcJh&if

v pmayoifMum;olawGjzpf&if

v vlrjI yKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf vlrt I a&GUweG ;f olawG jzpf&if

vl r I t od k u f t 0ef ; [m uH a umif ; &J U qk v mbf u d k &w,f /
uRefawmfwkdY[m ynmorm;awGukd wefzkd;xm;&r,f/ csD;ajr§muf&r,f/
ynmqdkwm twef;ynmrS r[kwfbl;/ yd#uwfoHk;yHk tm*Hkaqmif
yk*¾KdvfrS r[kwfbl;/ yg&*lbGJU&olrS r[kwfbl;/ ynmudk ynmtjrifeJY
csJUMunfhrS aumif;r,f/
ynmudk wefzdk;xm; av;pm;jyD; OD;nTwfwJh vlUtodkif;t0ef;u
MuD;yGm;wmyJ/ jrefrmjynfrSm wu,fhynmeJY vkyfpm;olawG[m b0
tajcrvSMubl;/ olwdkY[m csKdUcsKdUwJhwJheJYb0 ed*Hk; csKyfMu&w,f/
28 rif;aoh
ynmorm;xJu vltenf;i,fom b0 qnf;qmu om,mw,f/
wnfjiddrfw,f/ &ifeifhp&m/
ynmorm; pmorm;u vlawG&JU av;pm;rIudk &w,f/
odkYayr,fh aiGaMu;awmh r&Mubl;/
vlawG[m bkef;MuD;eJU &[ef;oHCmavmufudkom vSLMuzdkY
pdwfoefw,f/ vSL&aumif;rSef; odMuw,f/ ynmorm;awGudk aiG
aMu;axmufyHhzdkY a,mifvdkYawmif pdwful;xJ rxnfhMubl;/ 'g[m
vlrI"avh&JU tm;enf;csufjzpfw,f/
wpfcgw&H vlrI"avhudk,fwdkifuyJ udk,fhvlrI"avh rwdk;wuf
atmif ckcaH ew,f/ wm;qD;aew,f/ vlrjI yKjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;awGu
vlrI"avhawGudkyJ jyKjyifMu&wmyJ/
ynmorm; pmorm; pmMunfhwkdufrSL; eJY vlrI0ef;usif tquf
tpyfudk 'DvdkyJ ½dk;½dk;&Sif;&Sif; a&;vdkufw,f/
zwfMunfh/ awG;Munfh/ qifjcifMunfhaygh/
wpfckck &wefaumif;yg&JU/
eHeuf 10 ; 41
31 atmufwdkbmv 2017
Aef;armfjrKdU/

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 pma&;q&m
pma&;q&m wpfa,muf[m cdkifrmwJh pmayt,ltq&dS&r,f/
pGpJ jJG rJjrJ vkyw
f wf&r,f/ aumuf½k;d rD;pdwef YJ pma&;vdkY r&bl;/ pmwdkayp
a&;wwf½HkeJY pma&;q&m emrnf rwyfoifhbl;/ rlr&dSbJ ay:jyLvm
jzpfcsif½HkoufoufeJY pmayudk zefwD;&if r½dk;om;&musw,f/
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u pma&;wwfcsifw,f/ 'gayr,fh olwdkYu
zifrjrJMubl;/ pma&;q&mjzpfcsif&if cHkeJYwifyg;udk aumfeJY uyfxm;rS
&r,f/ pma&;q&m vkyfr,fhol[m vlxJvnf; wdk;&w,f/ pmtkyfyHk
xJvnf; wdk;&w,f/ pmpHkzwfwJholu pma&;wJholawGxJrSm wpfyef;
omw,f/ pmudk ememzwfavav pmudk acsmatmifa&;zdkY tcGifhom
avavyJ/
aemufjyD; pma&;q&mu csUJ jyD;vnf; a&;avh&w Sd ,f/ csKUH jyD;vnf;
a&;avh&dSw,f/ ol[m olUOD;aESmufudk tvG,fwul qGJqefYEdkifzdkY
avhusifh&nf0jyD;om;yk*¾Kdvf jzpfw,f/
pmudk pdwful;,OfjyD; a&;vdkY&ygw,f/ awG;jyD;vnf; a&;vdkY
&w,f/ jrifwJht&mudk jrifatmif a&;vdkY &w,f/ pk wk jyKvnf;
30 rif;aoh
vkyMf uwmyJ/ &djS yD;om; ta[mif;udk tjrifopfeYJ csn;f uyfjyMuwmvnf;
&dSw,f/ pma&;om;jcif;yHkpHawGu trsK;d rsK;d yJ/ tvkyjf zpfatmif pma&;zdkY
vnf; vdkw,f/
pmaumif;awG[m b,fawmhrS wdrjf rKyfroGm;bl;/ wdrjf rKyfoGm;
cJh&ifvnf; ywåjrm;vdk rlv wefzdk;ysufoGm;rSm r[kwfbl;/
v wcsKdUpmawGu odzdkY/

v wcsKdUpmawGu oHk;zdkY/

v wcsKdUpmawGu owdxm;zdkY/

v wcsKdUpmawGu oufwrf;udk qGJqefYzdkY/

pma&;q&mawGu pum;vHk;awGeJY uckew f ,f/ pum;vHk;awGukd

olwku Yd pDrHcefcY MJG uw,f/ pum;vHk;awGeyYJ J vlUpwd af wGukd vTr;f rdk;jyKjyif
atmif wwfprG ;f Muw,f/ pum;vHk;awGrmS vm;&m ajrmufrsm;pGm&dw S ,f/
vm&m ajrmufjrm;pGmvnf; &dSw,f/ OD;wnf&mu trsK;d rsK;d / qif;ouf
vmyHku tzHkzHk/
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EdkifEdkifeif;eif;oHk;wwfae&ifudkyJ tawmf t&ma&mufvSjyD/ pmorm;
jzpfzdkY cufw,f/ pma&;oljzpfzkdY ydkcufw,f/ pma&;q&m jzpfzdkYu
tcufqHk; jzpfw,f/ tcufqHk; qdkwJh t&mudk vG,v f G,af v;,lMuwJh
olawGudk MunfhjyD; armw,f/
q&m tqifhjzpfrS q&m vdkY ynwfcH,lvdkufwm aumif;w,f/
trSefqdk bmq&mMuD;vnf; rodbl;/ qdkufum; q&mMuD;vm;/ vuf
orm; q&mMuD;vm;/ yef;&Hq&mMuD;vm;/ bmvm;/ bmvm;yJ/
pma&;q&mudkawmh tckajymovdk q&mMuD; pm&if;t0ifrcHEkid v f kYd
xifovdk jrifovdk a&;vdkufygw,f/
rif;aoh
nae 5 ; 47
27 'DZifbmv 2017/
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ukefw,f/ a[majymwmrsm;&ifvnf; avukefw,f/ pma&;ygrsm;&if
vufukefw,f/
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&if qufa[m&if vlawGu udk,u hf ,
G &f mrSm iaygMuD;vdkY [m;vdrrhf ,f/
topftopf ray;Edki&f ifvnf; vlawG jiD;aiGUoGm;Edkiw f ,f/ udk,hftjyK
trleJY aiGawG&w,fvdkY vlawGujrif&if vkyfpm;olMuD;vdkYawmif qkdif;
bkwfwyfwm cH&Edkifw,f/
tjrJwrf;vdkvdk pmoif pma&; a[majymaeol[m Output
rsm;wJholeJY wlygw,f/ zwftm;rsm;wJhol tawGUtMuHKrsm;wJholu
xkwv f kytf m; ydkaumif;ygw,f/ cHpm;rI tm;aumif;vGe;f olawGuvnf;
tEkt&GawG tvS&oawG xGuw f wfygw,f/ uAsmjzpfjzpf pmjzpfjzpf
tawG;jzpfjzpf trsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkifygw,f/
pmzwfemolawG pmzwfrsm;olawG ajym&if a[m&if a&;&if
t&nftaoG;aumif;wJh t&mawG xGufw,f/ zwfwm enf;enf;
32 rif;aoh
a&;wm rsm;rsm; qdk&if aygh&w T &f w
T t f &mawGom rsm;ygw,f/ wpfcgw&H
aygif;cHa&awGu aygh&Twf&TwfEdkifvSw,f/
pma&;wJhol a[majymwJhol[m vlawGxJukd rsm;rsm; wdk;0ifEkdif
avav olUrmS a&;p&m ajymp&m ukeMf urf;rsm;rsm;&avavjzpfygw,f/
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D m
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v a[majymolwpfa,muftzdkY

v olU&UJ udk,y f kid f avmutjrifu tifrwef ta&;MuD;ygw,f/

a[majymolawG[m olwdkY&JU avmutay: cH,lwJh tjrifeJY
a[mMuw,f/ ajymMuw,f/ pma&;wJholawGuvnf; xdkenf; vnf;
aumif;ygyJ/ olwdkYb0awG&JU ½dkufcwfcsufawGtay:rlwnfjyD; vlrI
tjzpftysufawGudk Munfhavh&dSw,f/ cg;oD;&JU t&mawGyJjzpfjzpf
csKdjrwJht&mawGyJ jzpfjzpf pma&;olawGtwGuf tm;vHk;[m ukefMurf;
awG jzpfukefMuwm csnf;ygyJ/
pma&;q&m[m owåd&dSvm&if &J&ifhvm&if avmuMuD;udk
t&GJUwku
d cf siv f m&if pmudk &Si;f &Si;f eJY bGi;f bGi;f a&;awmhwmyJ/ ol[m
bmudkrS zHk;uG,rf xm;bJ t&Su d kd t&dSwkdi;f vlawG jrifzkdY BuKd;pm;w,f/
tm;xkwfw,f/
avmu"Hu pma&;q&mawGudk a'goxGufatmifvkyf&if tEk
vuf&maumif;awG xGuw f wfw,f/ tEkynmqdkwm a0'emtm;vHk;&JU
tpktaygif;vdkY ajymMuw,f r[kwv f m;/ a0'emawG jyif;xefavav
tEkvuf&m ajrmufavavyJ/
pma&;q&mawGu-
v OD;aESmufeJYvnf; tvkyfvkyfw,f/

v ESvHk;om;eJYvnf; tvkyfvkyfw,f/

v pdwfeJYvnf; tvkyfvkyfw,f/

v um,eJYvnf; tvkyfvkyfw,f/
pmzwform;odkU 33
OD;aESmuf[m awG;ac:zdkY/ ESvHk;om;[m cHpm;zdkY/ pdwf[m
jzpfwnfrIawGudk MunfhzdkY/ um,[m zefwD;zdkY jzpfygw,f/
pma&;q&mawGu olwkdYvufudk arSmf0ifzdkY BuKd;pm;Muw,f/
owdr&dw S phJ ma&;ol[m ol bma&;a&; aumif;w,fvYkd xifaewwfw,f/
awmfawmfrsm;rsm; pma&;q&mawG tpu tawmf[kwjf yD; aemufykdi;f rS
a&SmfoGm;wm tyÜrm'w&m; odyfruyfvdkY jzpfEdkifw,f/
pmqdkwm awG;jyD; a&;vdkU&ygw,f/ odkYayr,f tawG;awGudk
avhvmtm;eJY tpmroGyfEdkif&if tawG;awGu ayghwefoGm;w,f/
a,bk,susoGm;w,f/ orm;½dk;us jzpfvGef;oGm;w,f/
q&mMuD; a'gufwm oef;xGef;u ajymw,f/
todopf tawG;opf tjrifopf ay;p&mr&Sd&if pmtkyfopf
ra&;eJYwJh/
pmoifolawG a[majymolawG pma&;olawG[m a'gufwm
oef;xGef;xHk; ESvHk;rljyD; BuKd;pm;tm;xkwf&if jrefrmh vlUtodkif;t0ef;
twGuf t&nftaoG;aumif;wJht&mawG rsm;vmEdkifygw,f/
pmzwfoal wG (vlawG) uvnf; tvG,v f rf; rvdkuof ifyh gbl;/
wcsKUd pmawGu pmzwfolukd npftm; awmif;wm &dSygvdrrhf ,f/ b,fvkd
pma&;q&mu awmif;cHovJqkw d mawmh od&vdrrfh ,f/ Munf&h vdrrhf ,f/
bmyJajymajym ckacwfu vlawG wdk;wufvmMuygjyD/ vuf
aoG;csif yg;pyfaoG;csifwJh vlawGrsm; vmMujyD/ 'gh[m aumif;wJh
vu©PmjzpfzkdY vdkw,f/ *vdkb,fvkduaf Z;&Si;f acwfrSm tdki'f D,mawG
jyefYusJukefjyD/ yGxukefjyD/ ckeful;vmjyD/ a&maxG;ukefjyD/
em;axmifol zwfolu a&;ol a[molukd a&G;&vdrhrf ,f/ a&;ol
a[moluvnf; em;axmifol zwfoludk a&G;&vdrhfr,f/
udk,fwefzdk;eJY udk,fhavmuudk csDçr EdkifMuygap/
n 7 ; 58
3 Zefe0g&D 2018 /
awmifMuD;jrKdU/
 rsm;rsm;zwfzdkYxuf ememzwfzdkY
pmtkyaf wG zwfwahJ e&mrSm rsm;rsm; zwfzkx Yd uf ememzwfzku Yd kyd J
wdkufwGef;csifw,f/ 'g uRefawmfh pmzwfoufwpfavQmufvHk;rSm
uRefawmf &cJhwJh enf;yJ/
rsm;rsm;zwfzkYv
d nf; rvdkb;l vm; qdkawmh/ vkwd ,f/ txl;ojzihf
pmudk pzwfwJholawGrSm ydkjyD;vdkw,f/ awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk wdkYxMd unfh
xm;rS pmtkyt f xmudkord ,f/ pma&;olawG&JUoabm taMumif;t&m
awG&JU rlvteufudk qufpyfrdr,f/
pmudk ememzwf/
v wcsKdUpmawGu rsufvHk;eJY zwf½HkeJY r&bl;/

v vufeJY zwfrS&r,f/

v vufeJY zwfw,fqdkwm

v vdkif;om; rsOf;om; ca&yGifhjy rSwfpkxkwf

v rSwfcsufa&; pwmawGudk ajymwm jzpfygw,f/

pmzwform;odkU 35
wcsKUd pmtkyaf wGu npftm; awmif;w,f/ awmf½Hktm;xkwrf IeJY
zwfvkYd r&bl;/ tJ'h phD mtkyu
f kd zwfzkYd olUa&SUrmS MudKwifjyD; ausvnfatmif
zwfxm;&r,fh pmtkyf oHk;av;ig;tkyf avmuf&dSxm;&r,f/
pmawGudk rsm;rsm;zwfwm aumif;w,f/ pmawGudk ememzwf
wm ydkaumif;w,f/ pma&;q&mwdkY e,fy,ftaMumif;t&m tvdkuf
qdkwmawGudk pD;&D;vdkuf xm;zwf&if taumif;qHk;jzpfygw,f/
v odef;azjrifhudk pD;&D;vdkufzwfr,f/

v jroef;wifhudk pD;&D;vdkuf zwfr,f/

v armifpl;prf;udk pD;&D;vdkufzwfr,f/

v aomif;a0OD;udk pD;&D;vkduf zwfr,f/

v aeZifvwfudk pD;&D;vkduf zwfr,f/

v ausmf0if;udk pD;&D;vdkuf zwfr,f/

v azjrifhudk pD;&D;vdkufzwfr,f/

v armifarmifpdk;udk pD;&D;vdkufzwfr,f/

v qef;vGif OD;a&Tatmif OD;aZmwdu yg&*l tp&dSojzifh

pD;&D;vdkuf zwfMur,fqk&d if pma&;ol&UJ tmabmfukd taumif;qHk;

EIdufxkwfrdvdrhfr,f/
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qufpyf&vdrhfr,f/ 'gu pmzwfjcif;rSm ta&;MuD;w,f/ tifrwefukd
ta&;MuD;ygw,f/
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qdkif&meJY pma&;olawGudk wGJjyD;awmif zwfvdkY &ao;w,f/ ordkif;udk
avhvmcsi&f if a'gufwmoef;xGe;f udk pD;&D;vdkuzf wfr,f/ tDaumfaemrpf
udkavhvm csi&f if OD;[efxGe;f eJY armifpl;prf;udk pD;&D;vdkux f m;zwfr,f/
tawG;tac: 'óeawGtwGuf eE´mode;f ZHwYkd a'gufwmcifarmif0if;wdu Yk kd
twGJvdkuf 0,fzwfwmrsKd;/ pme,fZif;e,fy,ftwGufqdk&if vlxk
pdef0if;udk pD;&D;vdkuf xm;zwfwmrsKd;/
36 rif;aoh
ppfbufa&;&mrSmqd&k if ynm&Sif tpHpk &kH UJ ppfa&;avhvmcsuaf wGukd
a&;om;jyKpkxm;wJh jrefrmvdk t*Fvyd v f kd pmtkyaf wG trsm;MuD; &dSw,f/
bmomjyefawGvnf; &dw S ,f/ ppfbufu vlawG a&;wJh pmtkyaf wGvnf;
aumif;w,f/ tckaemufykdi;f OD;cifneT Yf pmtkyaf wGvnf; pD;&D;vdku0f ,f
zwfoifhw,f/ Adkvxf Ge;f Munf (rHk&Gm) wdkY/ wifhaqG (zsmyHk) wdkY/ at;pef
wdkY pmtkyfawGvnf; aumif;w,f/

jrwfxef (AdkvfrSL;MuD;a[mif;wifarmif) a&;wJh pmawGvnf;

aumif;w,f/ aomif;a0OD;&JU wcsKdUpmtkyfawGvnf; avhvmxdkufwm
ygyJ/ Avrif;xif bmomjyefwJh [efwifwef &JU The STATE &
SOLDIER pmtkkyv f nf; zwfoifhwmyJ/ ESpw
f JaG wmif &dSw,f/ ppfom;eJY
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qufqHa&; pmtkyv f nf; &dSwmyJ/ CMR twGuf avhvmvdkY aumif;wJh
pmtkyfawG &dSaewmyJ/ zwfzdkYyJ vkdw,f/
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23 Zefe0g&D 2018
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26 azazmf0g&D 2018/
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n 8 ; 04
1 {jyD 2018 /
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udk,fht,ltqvnf; r[kwf/ EdkifiHjcm;pmtkyfawGu ed'gef;
avmufudk jrefrmvdk tusOf;a&;avmuf½HkeJY pmtkyfawG trsm;MuD;
cGJxkwfMuwm tifrwef &GHUp&maumif;vSygw,f/ &Sufwwf&if udk,fh
rsuEf mS udk udk,f oeyfcg;yJMum;vdr;f jyD; csKrd kid rf kid o
f m ujyvku
d yf gawmh/
nae 7 ; 04
29 Zefe0g&Dv 2018
awmifMuD;jrdKU/

p
 owif;pmq&m ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;
Edkiif aH &;orm;u qifvkyd /J ta&xlw,f/ awmf½keH YJ jyKwfrEl;bl;/
pkef;jyL;vdkYawmh rajymcsifygbl;/
'Dpum;u em;xJ0ifwm EkyfvdkY/ jyD;awmh uefYvefYMuD; 0ifoGm;
awmh t0ifqkd;w,f/ pme,fZif;qdkwm uavmifeJY tkycf sKyfwJh tpdk;&vdkY
*sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmifa&;wm zwfzl;w,f/ pme,fZif;r@Kdifudk
pwkw¬r@KdifvdkY qdkMuw,f r[kwfvm;/
'Drdkua&pDpepfrSm r@KdifoHk;&yfudk xdef;ausmif;zdkY jyifyr@Kdif
wpfckp&D ifxm;wJo h abm/ 'Dawmh tmPm&yf0ef;u ta&xlwhJ Edkiif aH &;
orm;awGukd xde;f ausmif;zkYd owif;pmq&mawG&JU uavmifu cRef;vdk
pl;rS xufrS &w,f/
trSeq f kd ta&xlorm;awGukd odyw f kd;vdkY r&bl;/ xde;f vdkYvnf;
r&bl;/
qifqkw d hJ trsK;d u tm;MuD;w,f/ rmefBuD;w,f/ ÓPf&nfxuf
jrufw,f/ av;yifwhJ 0efawGukd xrf; Edkipf rG ;f &dw S ,f/ c&D;Murf;rSmvnf;
MuHUckdio
f efrmw,f/ toufvnf; jyif;w,f/ touf&Snw f ,f/ ta&
vnf; xlw,f/
aumif;uGufawG trsm;MuD;yJ/
50 rif;aoh
odkaY yr,fh qdww f pfaumif aomif;use;f &if b,favmuf ysupf ;D
rSmvJ/ tenf;tusO;f ayhg/ qifqk&d ifawmh tJv h kd r[kwb
f ;l / tysut f pD;
tqHk;t&H;I rsm;w,f/ taotausvnf; rsm;w,f/ 'Dawmhum; tm;MuD;
jyD; ta&xlwJh qifudk cßGef;EdkifEdkif tkyfEdkifrS awmfumusr,f/
qifwdkif;u qifvdr®m r[kwfbl;/ qif,Ofvnf; r[kwfbl;/
EdkifiHa&;awmeufxJrSm qif½dkif;aygif;rsm;pGm &dSw,f/ 'Dawmh cRef;u
vnf; xufrS pl;rS &w,f/
trSefwu,fuawmh udk,fhtvkyfudk,f vkyfMuzdkYygyJ/qifu
vnf; ta&xlatmif MuHr,f/ qifjzpfjyD; ta&rxl&if &Sufp&mMuD;/
0efawG rxrf;wJ tvkyfrvkyfwJh qifqdkvnf; tvum;yJ/
aejynfawmfuvdk qifjzLawmfMuD;qdk&ifawmh jypm;vdkY &wmaygh/
vlMunfhvdkU&w,f/
wd&pämef½HkrSmawmif rupm;wwf raqmhwwf&if vmvnfol
awG&JU arwåmudkr&bl; r[kwfvm;/
0efMuD;MuD;awG qGJEdkifwJh qifqdk&if vlawGtwGuf ydktusKd;jzpf
w,f/ ydk aumif;usKd;jzpfw,f/
pme,fZif;e,fu owif;pmq&mawGuvnf; acwftvdkuf
udk,u hf avmifukd udk,af oG;aeMurS aumif;r,f/ uavmifu wHk;ae&if
ta&xlwJh qifawGukd cRef;tkyv f kdY r&bl;/ pwkw¦r@Kdit f aeeJY wm0ef
auspGm xdef;ausmif;EdkifrSm r[kwfbl;/ cRef;uvnf; cRef;vdk xufrS/
cRef;udkvnf; vdkovdk toHk;jyKwwfrS/ ae&wum wpfa'gufa'guf
acgufqG raezdkYvnf; vdkw,f/
tyfvkd txdk;cH&ol rcHEkdiaf tmif ao;ajr§mifajr§mifrjzpfzkdYvnf;
vdkw,f/
cRef;vm; ajrmuf&r,f/ cßGef;u tyfr[kwfbl;/ tyfu cRef;
r[kwfbl;/
tckacwfrmS awGUae&wmu ta&rxlwhJ qifawGeYJ cRe;f rxufwhJ
pmzwform;odkU 51
pwkw¬r@KdifawG/ xufvGef;wJh cRef;awGuvnf; tyfvdk pl;&S&SawG
qdkawmh ESpfzufu rQajcysufaew,f/
olUtkd;olUqef awmf½Hkaumif;w,f/ wcsKdUvnf;vnf; tdk;&GJUvdkY
pavmif;&GJUeJY zkH;wmvdkY qdkcsiffMujyefw,f/
bmyJajymajym e,fy,ftoD;oD;rSm vdktyfcsufawG &dSaeMu
wmygyJ/
'Drdkua&pDudk oGm;&mvrf;u olrsm;udkvnf; vufn§Kd;xdk;
axmufjyzdkY vdkw,f/ udk,hfukd,u f kdvnf; jyefxkd;jyD; ar;cGe;f xkwaf ezdkY
vdkw,f/
q&mawmf &SifaqudE´u olU&JU "r®pmpkxJrSm a&;xm;w,f/
,HkMunfxdkufwJhol&JU pum;udkrS em;axmifMuwm wJh/
udk,hpf um;em;axmifapcsi&f if av;pm;xdkuaf tmifaeaygh wJh/
uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiHrSm EdkifiHa&;orm;uvnf; avmufavmuf
vm;vm;/ owif;pmq&muvnf; xufxuf&S&S/ ya&mfzuf&Sife,f
usus jzpfMu&if aumif;rSmyJ/
uRefawmfudk,fwdkifu EdkifiHa&;vkyfw,f/ odkYayr,fh EdkifiHa&;
orm; r[kwfbl;/ ygwD0if r[kwfbl;/ pmoifwJhtvkyfudk vkyfaeay
r,fh ausmif;q&m ppfppfvnf; r[kwfbl;/ pma&;w,f/ pma&;q&m
r[kwfbl;/ *sme,f r*¾Zif; tcsKdUrSm pma&;ayr,f owif;pmq&m
r[kwfbl;/ [dkra&muf 'Dra&mufvdkY ajymcsifajym uRefawmfuawmh
uRefawmfavQmufwJhc&D;awGukd a&mufatmifoGm;cJhwmcsn;f yJ/ 'Dawmh
ESpzf ufpvHk;u tm;enf;csuaf wGukdvnf; jrifw,f/ tm;omcsuaf wG
udkvnf; awGUrdw,f/
udk,fpDudk,fpDrSm udk,fhwmudk,f rvHkwmawG &dSw,f/ ayghaygh
avsmah vsmh vkyvf kud Mf uwmawG &dw S ,f/ vlom;qdkawmh tjypfruif;bl;/
odkYayr,fh vlom;qdkwm azmufjyefwwfwJh trsKd; r[kwfvm;/ b,f
r@dKifudkrqdk xdef;ausmif;wJh mechanism udk pD&ifzefwD;ay;&rSm
r[kwfvm;/
52 rif;aoh
'DvdkrS r[kwf&if wpfckudkwpfck xdef;ausmif;wJh tm;awG
avsmhMu&ifjzifh...
,cifvdk... t&ifvdk...
aejrJ pm;jrJ vkyjf rJ cd;k jrJ 0Sujf rJ vdrjf rJ a&omcdjk rJ tacsmifvu
kd jf rJ...
tçjrJ... wHk;jrJ... qifjcifay;jrJ.../
nae 5 ; 11
19 atmufwdkbm 2107

p
 pmtkyfopf
a'gufwm oef;xGef;u ajymw,f/
todopf tawG;opf t,ltqopf ryg&if pmtkyo f pf ra&;eJY
wJh/
uRefawmfpmoif&if uRefawmfpma&;&if a'gufwm oef;xGe;f rlukd
tjrJvdkvdk udkifjyD;a&;w,f/ &Hzef&Hcg a&;csifpdwfay:w,f/ 'gayrJh
'g[m orm;½dk;ustjrif jzpfaew,f/ ½dk;vGe;f wJh tcsut f vufjzpfae
w,f/ pmzwfoltwGuf topf oufouf r[kwb f l; qdk&if a&;wmudk
rvkyfbl;/ awG;wmudkawmh qufvkyfaew,f/ xdkenf;vnf;aumif;
wpfcg xyfpOf;pm;w,f/ tm;vHk; em;vnfxm;jyD;om; taMumif;t&m
jzpfyifjzpfjim;aomfvnf; ½Iaxmifhopf tawG;opfeJY csO;f uyfrI topf
jzpf&if a&;w,f/ ajymw,f/
pwda*smh(Af) u Think different vdkY ajymw,f r[kwfvm;/
udkwmuvnf; a&;w,f/ wjcm;wpfzufrS qifjcif&eftaMumif;rsm;
qdkwJhrleJYa&;w,f/ taMumif; tjzpftysuaf wGukd axmifhajymif; tawG;
54 rif;aoh
awGeYJ awG;wm ynmjzpfygw,f/ udpw ö pfckukd axmifah jymif;pOf;pm;csuf
awGeJY csOf;uyfwm ynmjzpfygw,f/
tawG;awG wlae&if tdkif'D,mtopf rjzpfbl;/
pOf;pm;csufawG wlae&ifvnf; enf;vrf;topf rxGufbl;/
avhvmyHkawG uGJjym;rS
&Iaxmifh aygif;pHku MunfhwwfrS
xdek nf;vnf;aumif;yJ axmifah jymif;tawG;awGeYJ ud, k &fh UJ ½jI rifru
I kd
tkwfpDrS aumif;r,f/
a'gufwm oef;xGef;u olU&JU ]igajymcsiforQ ightaMumif;}
pmtkyfxJrSm a&;w,f/
ynm&JUwefzkd;[m b,favmuf Contribute vkyEf kdio f vJ qdkwJh
tay:rSm rlw,fw,fwJh/ ynmwwfwJholawG &dSygw,f/ odkYayr,fh
ynmwwfwdkif; rjzefYcsdEdkifbl;/ udk,fhpdwfxJrSmawmh odaew,f/
olrsm;wumawG a&;ae ajymae&ifvnf; odaew,f/ udk,w f kid ef m;vnf
aew,f/ odkYayr,fh olrsm;wumudk xdkolwdkYvdk a&;om;jzefYcsdzdkY
ajymjyzdkY usawmh rwwfuRrf;wJholawG &dSw,f/ olwkdYu bmav;awGeJY
wlovJ qdkawmh ]bk&m;i,f} av;awGeJY wlw,f/
]yapöuAk'¨} awGeJYwlw,f/ tJh'Dh ]yapöuAk'¨}awGu olwdkY
udk,fwkdifawmh cE¨mh0#fu uRwfatmif vkyfEdkifMuw,f/ tJh'DvdkyJ
opömw&m; r*¾if&Spfyg;udk odpGrf;Muw,f/ tJh'Dhw&m;eJY owå0gawG&JU
tmoa0gw&m;udk acscRwfzdkYawmh rwwfpGrf;Mubl;/
a*gwrAk'¨uawmh tJhvdk r[kwfbl;/
olu, kd w
f ikd v
f nf; wwfprG ;f w,f/ owå0gawGuv kd nf; tmoa0g
w&m; ukefcrf;atmif a[majym nTefjyEdkifpGrf; &dSw,f/ 'g[m Oyrm
jycsufomjzpfygw,f/ wjcm; qdkvdk&if; tvsOf;r&dSyg/
tJhawmh ynm&dSwJholwdkif;u jzefYcsdrIudk rvkyfEdkifbl;/
xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yJ ynmwwfwJholwdkif;uvnf; olYvdk
wwfuRrf;em;vnfatmif jzefUcsdrI jyKEdkifcsifrS jyKEdkifr,f/
pmzwform;odkU 55
olrsm;wumudk wwfoed m;vnfatmif vkyEf kid pf rG ;f &dw S m twwf
ynmwpfckjzpfygw,f/ olrsm;wumudk wwfuRrf;em;vnfatmif
jzefYcsdEdkifjcif;[m twwfynmwpfckjzpfygw,f/
jzefYcsdwJhae&mrSmvnf; trsKd;rsKd;&dSw,f/
c a&;om;jcif;enf;tm;jzifh jzefYcsdvdkY&w,f/

c a[majym ydkYcsjcif;jzif jzefYcsdvdkY&w,f/

c aqG;aEG; tMuHKjyKjcif;jzif jzefYcsdvdkY&w,f/

c wpfpHkwpfckudk zefwD;pD&ifjyD; jzefYcsdvdkYvnf; &w,f/

c jzefYcsdjcif; enf;emawG trsm;MuD;&dSygw,f/

orm;½dk;usenf;vrf;awGuawmh a&;om;jcif; jyKpkjcif; oifMum;

jcif; a[majymjcif; ydkYcsjcif;eJY okawoe azmfxkwfcsufawGygyJ/
tJhawmh tJh'DhtxJu wpfckckudk yifwdkif pGJpGJjrJjrJvkyfudkifEdkif&if
udk,u f kd,w f kid u
f vnf; vlUtodki;f t0dki;f udk wpfpHkwpfck jzpfjzpfajrmuf
ajrmuf jzpfatmif topfwpfckck ay;p&m ususee &dx S m;&if jzefcY sjd cif;udk
rjywfvkyfae&ygr,f/ vkyfvnf; vkyfaeoifhygw,f/
a'gufwmoef;xGef;&JU rludk avhvmMunfhyg/
q&mMuD; a'gufwmoef;xGef;[m okawoeudk yDyDjyifjyif
ppfppfrSefrSef vkyfygw,f/ vkyfjyD; 'Dtwkdif; rxm;ygbl;/ ususee
rSwfwrf;jyKpkw,f/ a&;om;w,f/ jyD;awmhvnf; odrf;rxm;ygbl;/
vltrsm;odatmif avhvmvdkY&atmif yHkESdyfjzefYcsdzdkY tjrJvdkvdk MudK;pm;
ygw,f/
q&mMuD;&JU pmtkyaf wGu wpfESpaf evdkYrS a&mif;ukecf sif ukev f rd hf
r,f/ av; ig; ajcmufESpfaevdkYrS a&mif;ukefcsif ukefvdrfhr,f/
b,fvkyd jJ zpfaeygap topftopfawGukd a&;om;jyKpk okawoevkyjf yD;
oGm;&if ynm&yfudk qufvuf t"GefY&Snf jyefYyGm;zdkYtwGuf yHkESdyfjzefY
csdjcif;udk vkyfjzpfatmif vkyfw,f/
'ghaMumifhvnf; a'gufwmoef;xGef;udk ynm&JUoauFwvdkY
rSwfcsufjyKMuwm xifygw,f/
56 rif;aoh
tJhawmh vlUtodkif;t0dkif;xJu vlwpfa,muf[m ]ZD;uGuf
avmufawmh iSufwdkif;vSygw,f} vdkY pum;çwif; rqdkbJ vkyfoifh
vkyfxkdufw,fvdkY ,HkMunfwJht&mawGudk vkyfoGm;zdkY vdkygw,f/
'grSvnf; ynmorm; ppfppf&JU vkyf&yfjzpfygvdrfhr,f/
onfawmhh...
c ynmqdkwm topftopfudk azmfxkwfEdkifjcif;/
c ynmqdkwm jzefYcsdEdkifjcif;/ vufqifhurf;Edkifjcif;/
c ynmqdkwm wefzdk;wpfckudk xyfqifh wGef;wifaejcif; vdkYyJ
qdk&ygr,f/
aeYv,f 2 ; 30
26 azazmf0g&Dv 2018
rEÅav;jrdKU/

p
 pmtkyfa&G;yHk
pmtkyfa&G;cs,fyHk/
uRefawmfpmtkyw f pftkyu
f kd 0,fawmhr,fqkd&if tajccH tcsuf
(2) csufudk MunfhjyD; 0,fzdkY r0,fzdkY qHk;jzwfygw,f/
eHygwf wpf tcsufu taMumif;t&mudk Munfhw,f/
eHygwf ESpf tcsufu pma&;oludk Munfhw,f/
'Dae&mrSm pma&;q&mvdkY roHk;ygbl;/ pmtkyfa&;olwdkif;u
pma&;q&m r[kwfMuygbl;/ pma&;q&mqdkwm pma&;olwdkif;udk
ac:a0:ynwfwJh emrfyk'f r[kwfygbl;/ xm;awmh/
pmtkyfwpftkyfudk aumufudkifMunfhvkduf&if pmtkyfu bm
taMumif;vJqkw d m Munfhw,f/ yxrqHk; pmtkyef mrnfukd Munfhw,f/
aemufjyD; xyfraocsmao;&if rmwdumudk vSew f ,f/ rmwdum wpfck
csi;f pDukd aphaphpyfpyf vdkuMf unfhw,f/ aemuf twGi;f om;udk vSejf yD;
58 rif;aoh
zwfMunfhw,f/ 'DvdkrS raocsm ao;&if trSmpmygvm; Munfhw,f/
trSmpmyg&if trSmpmudk cyfoGufoGuf scan zwfMunfhvkdufrdw,f/
taMumif;t&mt& udk,ef o YJ ifah wmfw,f/ a&;oluvnf; apwemygwJh
ta&;tom;jzpfr,f/ xkwo f l yHkEydS o f u
l vnf; apwemygwJh yHkEydS x f kwf
a0jcif; rnfw,fqkd&if tJh'Dh pmtkyu f kd 0,fzkdY yxrtqifh qHk;jzwfcsuf
csvdkufygw,f/ odkYayr,fh rjyD;ao;bl;/
aemufwpfcku tJh'DhtaMumif;t&mu udk,fhtwGuf ta&;MuD;
vko d vm;/ ta&;ay:vdkovm;/ odw kY nf;r[kwf &do S ifw
h ,f/ aemufrsm;
rSm toHk;0ifvmEdkiwf ,fvkYd ,lqovm; qdkwhJ ar;cGe;f awG udk,u hf k,
d uf kd
ar;&ygw,f/
tJh'Dh ar;cGef;udk ar;jyD;&if 'kwd,ajrmuftqifh qHk;jzwfcsuf
csvdkufygw,f/
aemuf eHygwf ESpftcsufu pma&;ol (wpfenf;) pma&;q&m/
uRefawmfpmtkyf 0,fjzpfwkdi;f pma&;olukd tjrJ xnfhpOf;pm;jzpfw,f/
pmzwfouf EkpOftcgu taMumif;t&mudkom t"duxm; a&G;w,f/
'Dhaemufydkif; taMumif;t&mqdkwmxuf pma&;oludk ydkaZmif;ay;jyD;
a&G;jzpfw,f/ 'gu rSm;w,f rSefw,f/ aumif;w,f qdk;w,f qdkwm
r&dSygbl;/
pmtkyaf &G;cs,jf cif; pmzwfenf;udk a&G;cs,u f sihfoHk;jcif;awGrSm
w&m;aot,ltqudk wwfEdkiforQ cGmxm;EdkifrS aumif;ygvdrfhr,f/
pma&;ol[m bmvJ/ b,folvJ/ b,f&nf&G,fcsuf&dSovJ qdkwmudk
wwfEkdiof rQ tuJcwfjyD; Munfhw,f/ jyD;awmh olU&JU uavmif t&nf
taoG;udk ÚmPfrDoavmuf tuJcwfw,f/ olU&JU pmay jzwfoef;yHkukd
Munfhw,f/
wcsKdUpma&;olawGqdk pmayjzwfoef;rI odyfMuD;MuD;rm;rm;
r&dSMuygbl;/ odkYayr,fh olwdkY a&;om;xkwfa0wJh pmtkyftay:rSm
&nf&G,fcsuf aumif;w,f/ apwem rSefw,f/ tm;pdkufxm;rI &dSw,f
qdkwmawGU&w,f/ tJhvdk pma&;olrsKd;a&;wJh pmtkyfudk awGU&if pmay
pmzwform;odkU 59
jzwfoef;rI enf;yifenf; jim;aomfvnf; taMumif;t&mudkvnf;
BuKduf&if uRefawmfa&G;w,f/ 0,fw,f/ zwfw,f/
pma&;ol pma&;q&mudk udk,fav;pm;,HkMunfjyD;om;qdk&if
wwfEdkiforQ ol bma&;a&; 0,favh&dSw,f/ e,fpHky,fpHka&;wJh
pma&;q&mMuD;rsm;&JU wcsKUd pmtkyrf sm;u vGJ&ifaygh/ bmvdkYvJ qdkawm
uRefawmfh ÚmPfu ae&mwum rusufpm;Edkifbl;av/
Oyrm-q&mMuD; jroef;wifu h kd uReaf wmMudKufw,f/ a'gufwm
oef;xGef;udk uRefawmfMudKufw,f/ q&m ausmf0if;udk uRefawmf
MudKufw,f/ q&m armifpl;prf;udk uRefawmfMudKufw,f/
q&m armifpl;prf;eJY q&mausm0f if;wdkY&JU pmtkyaf wGukd tukev f Hk;
eD;yg; &wwforQ uReaf wmf0,fpkaqmif;jzpfw,f/ odakY yr,fh jroef;wifh
eJY a'gufwmoef;xGef; pmtkyftm;vHk;udk uRefawmf0,fzdkY rvkyfygbl;/
xkdenf;vnf;aumif; ausmfatmif a&TOa'gif; armifxGef;ol pwJh
pma&;q&mMuD;rsm; a&;wJh pmtkyfawGus tukef0,f,lzdkY uRefawmf
rvkyfbl;/
taMumif;u olwYkd nHvh Ykd r[kwb f J uReaf wmfh usiv f nfusupf m;&m
eJY rudkufvdkY jzpfygw,f/
wcsKdUpma&;olawG awGUzl;w,f/'DacwfrSmqdk tawmfrsm;vm
rvm;yJ/
uRefawmfvnf; pma&;olwpfa,mufrkdY udk,ef JYtvTmwl vlwef;
pm;awGudk ydkjyD; *½k"r®xm;Munfhjzpfw,f/
wcsKdU pma&;olawG a&;wJh pmtkyfawGqdk taMumif;t&mu
tjyefpm; tvSefpm;/
odkYayr,fh ta&;tom; bmomjyefcsuf yHkESdyfxkwfa0rIawGrSm
tawmf apwemenf;wmawGU&w,f/ tm;pdkufrI vHkYvxkwfrI csKdUwm
awGU&w,f/
a&;om;ol xkwaf 0olwkrYd mS &nf&, G cf suf trsK;d rsK;d &dyS gvdrrhf ,f/
60 rif;aoh
jzpfEkid af cs&wSd hJ &nf&, G cf suaf wGukd uRefawmfra&;awmhygbl;/ pmzwfol
u rdrdbmom awG;ac:&if ydkaumif;ygw,f/
tJh'Dvdk uRefawmfh bmomawG;MunfhwJhtcgrSm 'Dpmtkyf[m
0,f,o l ihf zwf½o I ifh pkaqmif;oifhwhJ pmtkyf r[kwb f ;l qdkwm qHk;jzwf
vdkuf&wm rsm;w,f/
tJh'Dhae&mrSm udk,fuvnf; udk,fh&JU twåaemrwdeJY Munfhwm
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pma&;wJh tvkyfudk vlwdkif; vkyfEdkifayr,fh pma&;q&m qdkwJh
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pmzwform;odkU 67
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jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vlawG aeYpOf pma&;aew,f/ aeYwdkif; pmtkyf
topfawG xGufaew,f/ pmtkyfawGu odef;eJY csDjyD; jrefrmEdkifiHrSm
&dSygvdrhrf ,f/ odkYaomf zwfp&m &Sm;w,f/ acwfa[mif;pmayawGvnf;
rsm;yg w,f/ vwfwavm tjrJ topftopf pm;oHk;&r,fh zwfp&m
&Sm;w,fvkYd jrifw,f/ pmtkyaf ygw,f/ zwfp&m &Sm;w,fqkw d hJ oabm
aygh/
zwfp&mqdw k mudk avmufavmufvm;vm; pmtkyf avmufavmuf
vm;vm; pma&;q&mvdkY nTef;csifw,f/ ta[mif;awGxJrSmawmh
pmzwform;odkU 71
taumif;awG trsm;MuD;&dSygw,f/ topftopfxGufvmwJh txJrSm
awm wpfOD;csif;eJY,SOf&if tm;&p&mxif&ayr,f EdkifiHeJY csDjyD; Munfh
vdku&f if tm;&p&m r&dyS g/ wufusr;f u@ &opmayu@ bmoma&;
pmay okw EdkifiHa&; zGHUjzKd;a&; abm*aA' pdwfynm ponfjzifh/
rsKd;qufopfudk vdkcsifw,f/ pmayrSm rsKd;qufopf &Sm;w,f/
txl;ojzifh wpdkurf wfrwf tm;xkwaf e wJh ol&mS ;w,f/ wpfa,mufp
ESpaf ,mufpawmh awGUygw,f/ 'gayr,fh wpfEkdiif HvHk;taeeJY Munfh&if
tm;r&bl;/ udk,fudk,fwdkifvnf; udk,fhudk,fudk tm;r&bl;/ 'DvdkeJY
aMumifhMupdkufjyD; tjrJ wGef;ae& w,f/
pmtkyfzwfnTef;awG a&;&wm auseyfw,f/ udk,fajymcsif&m
ajym&vdkYvnf; jzpfygvdrhrf ,f/ odkYayrJh t&rf;uma&m vufvw G pf y,f
rvkyyf g/ taMumif;tusK;d tuefYtowfeJY tusK;d tjrwfukd xnfhwGuf
jyD; csed q
f a&;ygw,f/ pdwrf ygyJ ra&;bl;/ tm;&rI rjzpfbJ pmzwfou l kd
razmfjybl;/
udk,v hf ufu xGuw f hJ pum;vHk;awGukd udk,chf spo
f v
l kd udk,vhf uf
wGJazmfvkd cspw f ,f/ jrwfEkd;w,f/ aemufqHk;udk,hfom;orD;vdk rSw, f l
w,f/ udk,u f uav;zat rjzpfzl;awm tJhtoHk;udk rEIid ;f csiyf gbl;/
ajymcsiw f mu udk,phf um;vHk;awGukd ESajrmw,f/ 'ghaMumifh vufxu J
tvG,fwul pm&Gufay:wifzdkY rvkyfbl;/ udk,f auseyfrS wifw,f/
udk,fMudKufrS wifw,f/
pmzwforl sm;vm&if jzpfvmwJh pdwu f &dwS ,f/ udk,af &;vdkuw f hJ
pum;vHk;wkid ;f udk vSapcsiw f m/ udk,cf spw
f Jh olukd vSapcsiw f m xHk;pH
ygyJ/ obm0ygyJ/ pum;vHk;awG qef;opf&wm MudKufw,f/ odkaY yr,fh
rsufpdpyg;arT; pl;p&mjzpfatmifawmh qef;opfwm rMudKufygbl;/
wDxGif wmaumif;w,f/ qef;opfwm aumif;w,f/ qef;jym;vGe;f &if
enf;enf; uvufwwfwwfEdkifygw,f/ pum;vHk;awGu ½dk;½dk;av;
vSwmaumif;ygw,f/ ,Of,Ofav; vSwmaumif;ygw,f/ tMunfhcH
wmaygh/
72 rif;aoh
pmtkyaf wG taMumif;ajym&if; pma&;q&m taMumif;a&mufw,f/
pum;vHk;awG taMumif;a&mufw,f/ vlawGtaMumif;a&mufw,f/
pdwaf wG taMumif;vnf; a&mufw,f/ pma&;&if; pmzwf&if; taMumif;
t&maygif;pHkrSm pdwu f usiv f nfusupf m;ae&wmudk aysmaf eygw,f/
'DvkdeJY uRefawmfpma&; oljzpfvmw,f/ ywf0ef;usirf Sm uRefawmftjrJ
pum;ajymaecsifw,f/ 'ghaMumifh uRefawmfpma&;w,f/
n 10 ; 36
13 atmufwdkbm 2017 /

p
 pmzwfenf;
pmzwfenf;taMumif; ajymcsiyf gw,f/ uReaf wmfh pmoifcef;xJrmS
tjrJMuHK&wJh ar;cGef;jzpfygw,f/b,fpmzwfenf;u taumif;qHk;vJ
qdkwm... pmudk b,fvdk zwf&rvJ qdkwm...
uReaf wmf... ½d;k &Si;f pGm ajzw,f/ uReaf wmfh pmzwfoufwpfavQmuf
uRefawmfudk,fwdkif &cJhwJhenf;udk ajymvdkufw,f/
v zwfcsifovdk zwf

v MudKufwJhenf;eJY zwf

v udk,fhp½dkufeJY udkufwJh enf;u taumif;qHk;ygyJ

vlawGtm;vHk;twGuf taumif;qHk; pmzwfenf;qdkwm r&dSbl;/

udk,phf ½dkuef YJ tudkun
f q D kH;aom pmzwfenf;udk oHk;Edkio f ul pmzwfjcif;
uae tusKd;aus;Zl; trsm;qHk; &wJholygyJ/
jrefrma&m urÇmrSmyg pmzwfenf;awGukd pmtkyaf wG a&;Muw,f/
'gawGudkvnf; zwfMunfhoifhygw,f/ olrsm;awG b,fvdk zwfovJ
qdkwm od&wmaygh/ tJhvdkyJ udk,fhtwGuf oHk;MunfhvdkY &wJh enf;udk
&wm aygh/ 'gayr,f em;vnfxm;zdu Yk olU&UJ taumif;qH;k pmzwfenf;u
74 rif;aoh
udk,t hf wGuf taumif;qHk; pmzwfenf; jzpfcsirf S jzpfr,f/ jzpfcsiv f nf;
jzpfr,f/ bmrS yHkao r&dSbl;/ w&m;ao rrSef bl;/
vlawGu p½dkufawGrS rwlMuwm/
tJhawmh pmzwform; wpfa,muf[m udk,fydkif pmzwfenf;udk
&zdkYtwGuf vkyf&r,fh tvkyf (5) ck &dSw,f/
v eHygwf (1) u udk,p hf ½dkuu
f bmvJ qdkwmudk em;vnfatmif
vkyfzdkY/
v eHygwf (2) u b,fvdk pmzwfenf;awG &dSovJ qdkwmudk

avhvmzdkY/
v eHygwf (3) u uk, d t
hf wGuf oifah wmfr,fxifwhJ pmzwfenf;
twdkif; wpfpdkufrwfrwf usifhoHk;MunfhzdkY /
v eHygwf (4) u pmudk zwfae&if; uk, d ef YJ wu,foifah wmfovm;
qdkwmudk rjywfoHk;oyfMunfhaezdkY/
v eHygwf (5) u oHk;oyfvdkY&vmwJh &v'ftay: rlwnfjyD;

avhusifhoifh&if xyfavhusifh ajymif;vJoifh&if xyfjyD;

ajymif;vJ/
v tJh'Dvdk eHygwf(1) uae (5) txd vdyfywfvnfatmif

vkyfMunfhzdkY vdkw,f/
pmzwfjcif;uae tusK;d rsm;rsm; &EdkiMf uapzdkY a&;vdkuyf gw,f/
n 11 ; 25
9 {jyD 2018 /

p
 pma&;q&mb0
uReaf wmfwkYd rdwaf qGawG pkjyD;awmh tck ,kMH unf&m pmMunfw h u
kd f
uav; axmifjzpfw,f/ oufwrf;tm;jzifh ig;ESpfavmuf&dSjyD/
uRefawmfwdkYwawG udk,fwdkifu pmorm;awG pm*sydk;awG jzpfwmrdkY
pmtkyfawGudkvnf; cspfw,f/ pmayjrwfEdk;ol tcsif;csif;udkvnf;
cspwf ,f/ pma&;olawG pma&;q&m awGuv kd nf; jrwfE;kd wefz;kd xm;rdw,f/
pmayeJY qufpyfwJh todkif;t0ef;[m uRefawmfwdkYwawG&JU &if;ESD;wJh
rdwfaqGawG jzpfcJhzl;w,f/
uRefawmfwdkYawG pmawGzwfMu&if; wu,fh pma&;q&m
ppfppfMuD;awG&JU b0udk zwfrMd uw,f/ q&mMuD; a&TOa'gif; q&mMuD;
yDrdk;eif; q&mMuD; wufwdk; q&mMuD; yg&*l q&mMuD; jroef;wifhwdkY&JU
b0u pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;vSw,f/
'DbufacwfrSm uRefawmfwdkY q&mMuD; jroef;wifhudk aumif;
aumif;rSDw,f/
q&m jroef;wifhu 1998 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 18 &ufaeYrSm
uG,fvGefw,f/
76 rif;aoh
jroef;wifh&JU pmawG zwfMunfh&if; pma&;q&m wpfa,muf&JU b0udk
uReaf wmfwkd o Y wdxm;rdMuw,f/ q&mjroef;wif&h UJ b0[m pma&;jcif;
oufoufeo YJ m toufarG;oljzpfw,f/ pma&;jcif;oufoufeYJ touf
arG;zdkY b,favmufawmif pGeYfpm;cJh&ovJ qdkwmudk uRefawmfwkdY pmem
rdw,f/
0if;jidrf;u jroef;wifhudk tifwmAsL;w,f/
tJh'Dh tifwmAsL;udk ]"m;awmifukdausmí f rD;yifv,fukdjzwfcJhol
(odkYr[kw)f jroef;wifhESihfawGUqHkjcif;} qdkjyD; pmtkyyf g;yg;av; xkwf
xm;w,f/
tJh'Dh pmtkyxf JrSm q&mMuD; jroef;wifhu olUb0 eJY qufpyfjyD;
pma&;q&mawG&JU taMumif;udk ajymw,f/
]odwJhtwdkif; pma&;q&mqdkwm bmtmrcHcsufrS &dSwJh tvkyf
r[kwfbl;/
tqifroifh&if iwfEdkifw,f/ qif;&JEdkifw,f/ b0ysufoGm;
Edkiw
f ,f/ pma&;q&mtjzpf atmifjrifO;D rSatmifjrif&ifvnf; 'Datmifjrif
rIudk t&Snfwnfatmif xdef;wwfOD;rS awmfumusw,f/ bmrS rao
csmbl;/ 'Dawmh azmifzsufjyD; ul;&Jatmif owådawmh arG;&w,f} vdkY
ajymcJhzl;w,f/
pma&;q&m wpfa,muf[m pmayudk wpfpkdurf wfrwf a&;om;
EdkifzdkY b,favmufxd cufcJcJhrvJ/ b,favmufxd pGefYpm;cJh&rvJ/
b,favmufxd ½kef;uefcJh&rvJ/
pma&;q&m ppfppfwpfa,muf[m vufvIyfrS yg;pyfvIyf&wJh
b0rsKd;udkvnf; a&muf&w,f/ a&;csifcsif ra&;csifcsif tjrJa&;om;
Edkiaf tmif tm;xkwaf e&w,f/ topftopfaom taMumif;t&m awG
&oawG pmayawGeJY pmzwfoludk csdwfqufay;ae&w,f/
'DbufacwfrmS owif;eJY tcsut f vufawG aygufux JG u
G u
f kev
f kYd
pma&;q&mwpfa,muf[m r&dS rjzpfae&mrSm &dSawmhr,f rxifygbl;/
odkYayr,fh odp&mzwfp&m Munfhp&m em;pGifhp&m awG;awmp&m
pmzwform;odkU 77
ajzazsmpf &m enf;yg;wJh acwfumvrSm pma&;q&mwdkY&JU tcef;u@u
MuD;ygw,f/ 'Dvkt d csed rf sK;d rSm awmif pma&;jcif;oufoufeYJ toufarG;zdkY
cJ,Of;w,f qdk&if tckawmh qdkzG,f&m r&dS/
ay:yifawGa&;wJh pma&;q&mtrnfcaH wG tzdkY &yfwnfzkYd tqif
ajyaumif; ajyayr,fh wu,fh ,HkMunfcsu&f Sd&Sd cH,lcsujf ynfhjynfh00
eJY a&;om;wJh pma&;q&mppfppfMuD;awG tzdkY cufcJvSw,f/ Murf;wrf;
vGef;vSygw,f/
uRefawmfwkdY vlUtodkut f 0ef;u ynmudk pmayeJY jzefYcsw
d wfwJh
pma&;olawG pma&;q&mMuD;awG&JU tcef;u@udk vspfvSsL&I&if
olwdkYudk wefzdk;xm;rI edrfh&if... wjznf;jznf;eJY wu,fhpma&;q&m
qdkwm &Sm;yg; owå0gpm&if; 0ifEdkifygw,f/
pmorm;jzpfol uRefawmfwkdYwawGvnf; pma&;q&mMuD;rsm;&JU
pmawGzwf olwdkY b0awG avhvm&if; vuf&dSvlUtodkif;t0dkif;&JU
jzpfwnfrIudk tckvdkyJ awG;vdkufrdygw,f/
17 {jyD 2018 /

p
 zwfol
wcsKdUpmtkyfawGu pmzwfol&JU tm;xkwfrIudk awmif;w,f/
pmzwfolu wpfpHkwpf&m tm;pdkufrI r&dSbJ tJhpmudk zwfvdkYr&bl;/
zwfvkYd &w,f qdkOD;awmh em;rvnfEkid b f l;/ jyD;awmh wcsKUd pmtkyaf wGu
olUudk rzwfcif olUt&if MudKwif ausausvnfvnf zwfxm;&r,fh
pmtkyfawG &dSw,f/ pmtkyf av; ig;q,f tkyfudk ausausvnfvnf
em;vnfxm;rS tJh'Dh pmtkyfudk zwfvdkY&wmrsKd; &dSw,f/
tifrwef tqifhjrifhwJh pmawGu tJonfvdk jzpfwwfw,f/
tJ... uRefawmfu 'DvdkajymvdkY zwf&vG,f em;vnfvG,fwJh
t&mawGu ao;Ekyw f ,f odrzf si;f w,fvkYd qdkvkí
d r&aMumif; owdcsyf
apcsifygw,f/ MuD;us,fwJh oabmw&m;awGudk &Sif;vif;em;vnf
vG,fvG,fulul a&;om;xm;wJh pmayawG trsm;MuD; &dSygw,f/
odkYayr,fh wcsKdUaom ynm&yfqdkif&m pmtkyfawG pmwrf;awGu
vG,fvG,fulul zwfvdkY r&wm rsm;w,f/
olUa&SUrmS pmtkyaf ygif; &m*Pef;avmuf zwfxm;rS em;vnfvk&Yd
wmawG &dSw,f/
olUa&SUrSm bmom&yf wcsKUd ukd aocsm pepfwus em;vnfxm;rS
zwfvdkY vkdufrSDwJh pmawG &dSygw,f/
pmzwform;odkU 79
wjcm; wpfzufrSmvnf; bmom&yfu MuD;us,fjyD; a&;olu
nHhvGef;wJhtcgrSm zwf&cufwmawG &dSygw,f/ 'gawGudk xyfjyD;
rajymvdkygbl;/
tck[mu a&;ol jyKpkoluvnf; awmfw,f/ xl;cRefw,f/
pepfwus ajyjypfpGm a&;om; xm;w,f/ a&;xm;wJh taMumif;t&m
uvnf; us,w f ,f eufw,f ½Iyw f ,f rsm;w,f qdkwhJ pmtkyrf sK;d awGukd
ajymwm jzpfygw,f/
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cufwmawG &dyS gvdrrhf ,f/ awGUygvdrrhf ,f/ tJ'h t hD cgrS &yfrypfvku d b
f eJ YJ
tck uRefawmfajymwJh tcsuf wcsKUd eJY wdki;f Munfhyg/ tu,fí udk,hrf Sm
'Dpmtkyu f kd zwfzkdY tcHwcsKUd vdktyfr,fqkd&if aocsm pl;pdkujf yD; tajccH
udk jyefoGm;yg/ tajccHusus oabmw&m; EdkifEdkifa&;xm;wJh Basic
Concept awGudk pdwf&Snf&SnfeJY em;vnfatmif vkyfyg/
jyD;awmh udk,af vhvmzdkY cufwJh bmom&yf&JU Key Word awGukd
ausausnufnuf em;vnfykid Ef kid af e/ 'gqdk&if zwfzkYd cufwJh pmtkyu f
tvSrf;rSDvmjyD/ xdkYtwlyJ em;vnfzdkY cufwJh pmtkyfu wpfaMumif;
zwfwdkif; em;vnfvdkY &aejyD/
'ghaMumifh wcsKUd pmtkyaf wG[m pmzwfol&JU tm;pdkurf Iukd awmif;
qdkw,fqkdwm odapcsiyf gw,f/ 'DvkdeJY awmfawmfrsm;rsm;aom bmom
&yf us,fus,fMuD;MuD;awGudk EdkifEdkifeif;eif; avhvmEdkifwJhol zwfEdkif
rSwfEdkif em;vnfEdkifwJholjzpfvmygvdrfhr,f/
'gu uRefawmfMuHK&wJh pmzwfjcif;uae MuHKwJh tjzpfwcsKdUudk
rQa0jcif;jzpfygw,f/
n 9 ; 56
28 4 2018

p
 pmudkvufeJYzwf
uRefawmfpmorm;jzpfvmwJh tcgrSm pmzwfenf; awmfawmfrsm;
rsm;udk oHk;Munfhw,f/ taumif;qHk; pmzwfenf;&,fvdkY r&dSygbl;/
udk,ef YJ udkuw f hJ pmzwfenf;u taumif;qHk;ygyJ/ odkaY yr,fh pmzwfenf;
awGxJrSm pmawGxJuae tusK;d tjrwftrsm;qHk; &cJhwJh pmzwfenf;udk
uRefawmf&cJhw,f/ uRefawmfhtwGuf &cJhw,fvdkY ajym&r,f/ wjcm;
olawGeJY wlcsifrS wlygvdrfhr,f/
tJh'Dh pmzwfenf;xJu wpfckuawmh vufeJY zwfjcif;ygyJ/
omreftm;jzifh vlawGu pmudk rsufpdeJY zwfw,f/ enf;enf;
em;vnfwo hJ ul em;eJzY wfw,f/ t*Fvyd v f kd rSwcf si&f if Visual reading
vdkY ac:w,f/ Audio reading vdkY ac:w,f/ vufeJY pmzwfwmu
tay:,Hzwfwm r[kwfygbl;/ surface reading r[kwfygbl;/ deep
reading jzpfygw,f/ deep learning jzpfygw,f/
vufeYJ pmzwfjcif; tusK;d aus;Zl;aMumifh uReaf wmfpmtawmfrsm;rsm;
oifEdkifcJhw,f/ pmoif&ifvnf; tdkif'D,mawGtjrif &IaxmifhawG
rxyfapbJ oifEdkifcJhw,f/ pmawG tawmfrsm;rsm; a&;Edkifaew,f/
pmzwform;odkU 81
pma&;&ifvnf; tdkif'D,mawG rxyfbJ a&;EdkifcJhw,f/ 'gu vufeJY
pmzwfcJhjcif;&JU tusKd;vdkY jrifrdw,f/
vufeJY pmzwfw,f qdkwm rsufvHk;eJY zwfjcif;xufawmh ydkjyD;
eufeufzwfwJh oabm&dSygw,f/ &o pmayvdk pmtkyrf sK;d u rsuv f Hk;eJY
zwf&if vHkavmufw,f/ odkaY yr,fh ynm&yfqkid &f m tawG;tjrifqkid &f m
eJY oabmw&m;a&;qdki&f m pmtkyaf wGu vufeYJ zwfav ydkjyD;xJx0J if0if
em;vnfavavjzpfyg w,f/

vufeJY b,fvdkzwfrvJ...
pmudk vufezYJ wfw,fqkw d m rSwpf kxkwjf yD; zwfwm jzpfygw,f/
rSwpf uk vnf; pmaMumif;wdik ;f udk zwf wm r[kwyf gbl;/ pmyd'k w f ikd ;f vnf;
rvdkygbl;/ pmtkyfwpftkyfrSm a&TpawG udef;aew,f/ pmtkyfxJrSm
pdef½dkif;awG &dSw,f/ odkYayr,fh pmwdkif;u pdefr[kwfbl;/ pmwkdif;u
a&Tr[kwb f l;/ pdeaf wGu ausmufp&pfcJawG eJY a&maew,f/ a&GTawGu
oJawG ajrMuD;awGeJY a&maew,f/
'ghaMumifh a&TawGudk a&G;xkwfzdkY udk,f&JU pmzwfud&d,mudk
oHk;&r,f/ 'guawmh abmyif cJweH YJ a&mifpkH aqmhzyf ifawG jzpfygw,f/
pmzwfol&JU vufxJu abmyifwpfacsmif;[m pmtkyfxJu a&TawG
pdefawGudk wl;zdkY aygufjym;wpfvufeJY wlw,f/ wl&Gif;wpfvufeJY
wlw,f/
vufxJrSm abmyifwpfacsmif; udkifjyD; pmzwfr,f/
vdki;f om;r,f/ ca&yGihjf yr,f/ pmtkyf rm*sief ab;rSm rSwcf suf
a&;r,f/ aumufcsuaf wG a&;r,f/ t0dik ;f 0dik ;f r,f/ av;axmifyh ;kH cwfr,f/
uGi;f puGi;f ydwf vkyrf ,f/ vdktyf&if udk,h&f JU rSwpf kpmtkyx f JrSm a&;ul;
r,f/ Munfhul;r,f/ a&;&if; ul;&if; udk,fhtawG;ay:vm&if udk,fh
tjrif udk,fht,ltqudkyg xyfa&;r,f/
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vufa&;vSveS YJ pdraf jyeajya&; Munfjh yD;ul;r,f/ a&;ae&if; ul;ae&if;eJY
82 rif;aoh
a&;aewJh pm&JU oabmw&m;awGu udk,fhudk,fxJudk pdrfh0ifaer,f/
ysHUESHYaer,f/
a&;aewJh pm&JU tESpt
f om;awGu udk,Ohf ;D aESmufxrJ mS wpdrphf rd hf
0ifaew,f/ tdki'f , D mawGu ul;vl; aer,f/ tcsi;f csi;f "mwfjyKaer,f/
aygif;pyfjyD; tdkif'D,m j'yfpiftopfawG xGufaer,f/ udk,fpm;vdkuf
wJh tpmu tm[m&tjzpf ajcnufaer,f/ aMunufaer,f/

vufeJY pmzwfwmu aMunufaom pmzwfenf;ygyJ

v udk,fhcE¨mudk,fxJ
v udk,fh OD;aESmufxJ

v udk,hE f SvHk;om;xJukd wpdrhpf rd hf pdrh0f ifysHUESHYenf;eJY pmzwfjcif;

ygyJ/
pmyg taMumif;t&mudk eufeufeJeJ em;vnfzkdY pmyg taMumif;
t&mudk eufeufeeJ J oabmaygufzkYd pmzwform;[m vufeYJ pmzwfjcif;
enf;udk ususee vkyfzdkY wdkufwGef;vdkufygw,f/ vufeJY pmzwfjyD;
udk,&hf UJ ESvkH;om; MuGuo f m; OD;aESmufMuGuo f m;rsm; MuHUckid f rmausmjyD;
tzdk;te*¾xdkufEdkifMuygap/
n 7 ; 20
5 arv 2018 /

p
 rdefYrSmcsufawG
pmzwform;jzpf&if MudKufwwfwhJ pmtkyaf wG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;
&dSw,f/ tJh'Dhawmfawmfrsm;rsm;xJu tqdktrdefYawG aumufcsufawG
rSwfcsufawGudk pkxm;wJh pmtkyfawGtaMumif; ajymcsifygw,f/
uRefawmf pmzwform;b0 tpuwnf;u tqdktrdefYawG pkxm;wJh
pmtkyaf wGukd wpfckww f pf& pkw,f/ aqmif;w,f/ jyD;awmh tcsed u
f u
G f
uGufuav;awGrSm aumufaumufzwfw,f/
'Dvdk zwfvmyg rsm;vmawmh wpfckowdxm;rdw,f/ tqdk
trdefYawG aumufcsuf rSwfcsufawGu jzpfpOfudk em;vnfay;atmif
vkyaf y;w,f/ wpfcgw&H pmwpfyk'f zwfw,f/ pmwpftkyf zwfw,f/
qkdvdk&if;udk csufcsif; oabmraygufwJh pmtkyfawG trsm;MuD;/ tqdk
trdefYpkpnf;xJu pmwpfaMumif; pum;wpfcku acgif;xJudk wpfckck
vif;oGm;w,f/ vufoGm;w,f/ tJhonfvdk cHpm;&w,f/
jzpfpOfukd em;vnfvu kd w
f ,f/ tjzpftysuu
f kd em;vnfvu
dk w
f ,f/
oabmw&m; wpfck[m pmawG pum;awG trsm;MuD; ajymjyD; &Si;f jyp&m
84 rif;aoh
rvdkbJ tvdkvdk OD;aESmufxJrSm em;vnfoGm;ovdkrsKd;/ ESvHk;om;xJrSm
pGJpGJjrJjrJ odvdkufwmrsKd; jzpfoGm;apw,f/
tqdktrdeaYf wGukd zwfwhJ aumif;usK;d u vlaygif;pHk&UJ tdki'f ,D mudk
pm;oHk;cGifh&w,f/ olwdkY MuHKwJh olwdkY em;vnfxm;wJh t&mwpfckudk
pmwpfaMumif; pum;wpfcGef;eJY ppfxkwfjyD; &vdkufwmrsKd;/ 'gawGu
pmzwform;awGtwGuf toHk;0ifw,f/ pmawGudk qufjyD; zwfzdkY
wGef;tm;jzpfapw,f/ xkdenf;vnf;aumif;yJ taMumif;t&mwpfck
bmom&yfwpfck oabmw&m; wpfckudk tvG,fwul em;vnfoGm;
atmif taxmuftul jyKw,f/
Oyrm - 'óe aumufcsuf wpfck wpfavudk uReaf wmfxw k Ef wI jf yr,f/
v twkyJ cdk;vdkY&r,f... tppfqdkwm usifhrS...

v trSefodoavmufusifh... tppfjzpfw,f/

v b0jrifh&if b0ifjrifhwwfw,f/ b0yJ jrifhygap/

v cGepf kdut
f m;pdkuf rvkyyf JESihf taumif;qHk;qdkwm r&&dSEkdi.f ..
v taumif;qHk;udk vdkcsif&if omrefeJYawmh b,f&rvJ...

v b0qdkwm *D,m q,fcsufygwJh pufbD;wpfpD;eJYwlw,f/

uRefawmfwkdYu wjcm;*D,mawG ajymif;xdk;jyD; eif;zdkY arhae

Muw,f...
v jzpfEdkifacs &dSwmudk vkyfwm EdkifiHa&;...

v xm0& &efol xm0& rdwfaqG qdkwm r&dS/

v xm0& tusKd;pD;yGm;om &dSw,f...

v ordkif;qdkwm vlwef;pm; wdkufyGJ....

v avmurSm jrJaom t&m r&dS...

v jrJaom t&m &dS&ifawmif wpfckyJ &dSw,f...

v tJh'g ocFg&...

v urÇmavmuMuD;udk ajymif;csifwJholu

v udk,fhudk,fudk t&if ajymif;ypf&r,f...

pmzwform;odkU 85
v rdom;pk qkdwm EdkifiHawmf&JU tajccH,lepf/

v b0qdkwm pdwf&JU a&mifjyef[yfrI/

v &ifhusufw,fqdkwm vlMuD;pdwf/

v uav;pdwfu r&ifhusufbl;/

v rsm;rsm;vdkcsif rsm;rsm;avhvm/

v tvum; vdkcsifolu tvum;vl/

uReaf wmfh pmzwfouf wpfavQmuf tqdt k rdeaYf wmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk

rSwfpkxkwfcJhw,f/ tqdktrdefYawG rSwfcsufawGu avmuMuD;udk
em;vnfatmif vkyfay;w,f/ vlawGtaMumif; obm0taMumif;
tvkyftaMumif; pdwfaeoabmxm;awGtaMumif; pdwfobm0awG
taMumif; pwmawGudk em;vnfvmapw,f/
'DvdkyJ atmifjrifrI taMumif; us&HI;rItaMumif; avmu"r®
taMumif; pmaytaMumif; tEkynm taMumif;... pwJh taMumif;
w&m;awGudk em;vnfatmif vkyfay;w,f/ 'gawGwifrubl;/
taMumif;t&m wpfckeJY wpfck qufpyf em;vnfatmif vkyfay;w,f/
tqdktrdeYaf wGu wefzkd;MuD;w,f/ txl;ojzifh olwkdYb0&JU jzwfoef;rI
tESpcf sKyfvnf;jzpfw,f/ avhvmrI tESpcf sKyfvnf; jzpfw,f/ em;vnf
xm;rI wpfck&JU tajccHtaMumif;w&m;vnf; jzpfw,f/ tqdktrdefY
wpfck[m rD;cvkwfeJYvnf;wlw,f/ vQyfppfrD; b,favmuf vmae
vmae cvkwf rzGihv f kdu&f if rD;oD;u rvif;bl;/ 'DvkdyJ taMumif;t&m
wpfckukd em;vnfzkdY pmawGtrsm;MuD; zwfaeayr,fh csucf si;f yGihrf oGm;
wmawG &dSw,f/ 'gudk tqdktrdefY awGu vkyfay;Edkifw,f/
'ghaMumifh pmzwform;awG[m udk,fh&JUavhvmrI jzpfpOfrSm
tqdktrdeaYf wGukd zwfzkYd vdkw,f/ tqdktrdeYf awGu em;vnfrI jzpfpOfukd
vdyfywfvnfatmif vkyfay;w,f/ vQyfppfrD;cvkwfwpfckvdk rD;vif;
atmif qufpyfay;wJh qufxkH;wpfckjzpfw,f/ pmtrsm;MuD; zwfaewm
xuf pmwpfyk'd f pmwpfaMumif;u udk,t hf odukd vif;atmif vufatmif
vkyaf y;Edkiw
f ,f/ tdki'f D,mawGukdvnf; xkwaf y;w,f/ qGay;w,f/
86 rif;aoh
&dSjyD;om; todawGudk csdwfay;w,f/ qufay;w,f/ wGJay;w,f/
aygif;ay;w,f/ 'g[m todwpfcku toHk;usvmzdkY ta&;MuD;qHk;
tcsuf jzpfygw,f/
n 10 ; 18
24 ar 2018

p
 pma,mifaya,mif
pmyumoeorm;awG taMumif;wpfck xyfajymcsifygw,f/
pmorm;awGu p½dkufpHkw,f/ trsKd;tpm;vnf; pHkw,f/ pmorm;
trnfcjH yD; pma,mifaya,mif vkyaf eolawGvnf; &dw S ,f/ txl;ojzihf
tJhvkd vlawGursm;ygw,f/ pmorm; rSe&f if pum;ajymwJhtcg pmvdkvkd
ayvdkvkd vkyw f mawG &dSw,f/ olUukd olawG;pp vkyo f vdkvkdawGvnf;
&dSw,f/ wu,fawmh tJhavmuf r[kwfbl;&,f/ *dkufqdk'frsm;aewm/
jyD;awmh pmtkyaf wGukd tay:,H zwfjyD;awmh oHa,mifzrf;wwfw,f/
pmtkyx f Ju q&mMuD;awGtwdki;f avoH ypfwwfw,f/ 'gudk pmorm;
aygufp awmfawmfrsm;rsm; MuHKzl;Muw,f/ odkYayr,f pmzwform;
xJu tenf;pkyJ tJh'Dh tjyKtrludk ausmfEdkifMuw,f/
pmeJY ywfoufwJholawGu avMuD;avus,f Edkiw f m rsm;w,f/
pmzwfayzwform;awGvnf; avMuD; avus,af wG rsm;w,f/ pma&;
wJholqkd ydkvkdYawmif qdk;ao;/ pmudk jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf a&;jyDqkd&if
awmh odyfrjzpfawmhbl;/ rawmufwpfacguf a&;wwfjyD pmwdkayp
a&;vdkY udk,u fh k,
d u
f kd owdruyf &if tJv
h kd aomufMuD; aomufus,af wG
vkyfwwfMuw,f/ 'guvnf; cspfp&m tjyKtrl jzpfw,fvdkY jrifvdkY
&ygw,f/ wpfcgw&Hvnf; cspfp&m r[kwfbl;/ aomufjrifuyfp&m
rsufpdpyg;arT; pl;p&m jzpfw,f/
t&uform;pum;eJY ajymr,fqdk&if aomufwmu enf;enf;
avwufjyaewmu rsm;rsm;jzpfaew,f/ pmzwfayzwform;awG
88 rif;aoh
'Dvkd tjyKtrlawGukd owdxm;zdkY vkyd gw,f/ pmorm; rSe&f if ESpv f kzd ,
G f
jzpfjyD; aygif;vdkY oif;vdkY aumif;&rSm/ wu,fawmh tJv h kd r[kwMf uwm
rsm;w,f/ pmorm;rSef&if bk*vefY vdkY ajymcH&w,f/ xifcH&w,f/
wu,fawmh tJhvdk rjzpfoifhbl;/ pmorm;rSefvm&if omrefvlxuf
todu omvmvdkY olU&JUajymyHk qdkyHk aeyHkxdkifyHk awG;yHkac:yHku
ydkaumif;vm&r,f/ ydkjyD; ESpv f kdz,G f jzpf&r,f/ tJh'grS aumif;r,fav/
pmorm;jzpfvmjyD; t&ifuxuf aygif;vdkYoif;vdkY ydkcufvmr,fqkd&if
raumif;ygbl;/ t&ifuxuf ESpfvdkzG,fjzpfwJh tjyKtrl jzpfrvm&if
pm&JU tusK;d tmedoif rjyovdk cHpm;ae&r,f/ tJh'g raumif;bl; av/
tEkwfvu©PmxGufwmaygh/
pum;yHkrSm rjynfhwJh tdk;d abmifbif cwfw,f vkYd ajymMuw,f/
pmudk p zwfcgprSm tJhvkd jzpfwwfwm obm0ygyJ/ odkYayr,fh tJh'gu
tjrJ raumif;bl;/ pmzwfouf Mumvm rsm;vmwmeJY trQ tJhvkd tjyK
trlrsK;d u ydkjyD; yg;yg; vmoihw f ,f/ vlU*pG m p½dku[ f m aumif;ovdkvkd
eJY raumif;bl;aemf/
uRefawmfOyrm wpfck ajymjyyghr,f/
pmorm; jzpfcsifwJhcsmwdwf wcsKdU *Dw pmqdkMuD;jzpfcsifwJh
csmwdwfwpfcsKdUudk awG;Munfh jrifMunfhyg/ uRefawmfvnf; tJhvdk
jzwfoef; zl;ygw,f/ pmorm; csmwdwfu pma&;q&mjzpfcsifw,f/
tJhawmh pma&;q&mMuD;awGukd Munfhw,f/ avhvmw,f/ olwkdY tjyK
trltwdki;f twkck;d jyD; aeMunfw h ,f/ pma&;q&m MuD;u aq;jyif;vdyu f kd
aomufw,f/ olUpdwfxJrSm odyfpwdkifusw,fvdkY xifvmw,f/
igvnf; tJhvdk aeMunfhr,fqdkjyD; ycHk;rSm vG,ftdwfMuD;vG,f/
aq;jyif;vdyMf uD;udk EIwcf rf;rSm awh/ tJv h kd *dkuzf rf;&if; MudK;pm;vdkuw f m
csmwdwcf rsm pma&;q&mMuD; rjzpfbJ aq;jyif;vdypf GJoGm;wJh tjzpfrsK;d
awGUzl; zwfzl;r,f xifygw,f/ 'DvdkyJ *Dw pmqdkMuD; tm;usvdkY
pmqdMk uD;u t&ufuav;eJY tmpGww f mudk oabmusjyD; pmqdMk uD;rjzpfbJ
t&ufaomufusihf pGJoGm;wJh csmwdwaf wGukd awGUzl;r,f xifygw,f/
pmzwform;odkU 89
'g[m twkcdk; rrSm;zdkY jzpfygw,f/
vlwdkif;rSm olUp½dkufeJY ol jzpfwmawmh rSefygw,f/ odkYayr,fh
pmorm; rSef&if bk*vefY jzpf&r,f/ a*guf awmufawmuf jzpf&r,f
*Gpm jzpf&r,f qdkwmuawmh w&m;ao r[kwyf gbl;/ tJhvkd p½dku[ f m
vlawGeYJ aygif;oif;qufqaH &;rSm tifrwef rESpjf rKUd z, G f tjyKtrljzpfw,f/
'gudk vlwkdi;f u oabmus ovdkvkdeJY wu,faygif;Munfh&if raumif;
wm odvmygvdrhfr,f/
pmudk yumoevdk zwfolawGukdawmh rajymvdkygbl;/ wu,fh
pmorm;awGudk tJhvdk yumoeorm;awG a&mjyD; jrifMurSmpdk;vdkY a&;
jzpfwmjzpfygw,f/ pmtkyq f kwd mudk vlvnfacgifrmS wpfayGUwpfyku d Mf uD;
ydkuf jyD;oGm;&wmudk ESpo f ufMuygvdrrfh ,f/ uRefawmfvnf; oabmus
wmygyJ/ 'gayr,fh pmeJY xdawGUjcif;[m yumoexuf ydkoifhw,f/
aemufjyD; pmtkyMf uD;MuD;udk "mwfyHk½kdujf yjyD; vljrifatmif tGev f kid ;f rSm
wif/ pmorm; *dkufzrf;/ jyD;awmh acgif;xJu rEl;reyf/ tqHacsmif
qdk&ifawmh b,faumif;rvJ/ 'Dxuf pmorm; ta&jcHKjyD; avMuD;
avus,fawG a&;&if ajym&if vlUtodkif;t0dkif;twGuf rsufpd½Iyfp&m
jzpfygw,f/
vl[m ud, k vhf w
G v f yfciG t hf wdik ;f ud,
k f aecsio
f vdk pdwMf udKuaf eMu
rSmjzpfayr,fh pmorm;rSef&if tumeJY rjyD;bJ tESpfudk ususee
a&mufatmifomG ;apcsiw f Jh qE´eJY a&;vdkuw f mjzpfygw,f/ txl;ojzihf
pm&JU tESpo f m&udk qkyuf kid jf yD; udk,b
hf 0 twGuf wu,f tusK;d &daS tmif
vkyfapcsifvdkY vufwdkY vdkufwm jzpfygw,f/
vl[m pdwt f momtwGuf wpfcgwpf&H tay:,H yumoeawGukd
vkyrf ad umif; vkyrf yd gvdrhrf ,f/ udpö r&dSygbl;/ odkYayr,fh wpfcguae
ESpcf g ESpcf guae oHk;av;ig;cg qufwku d qf ufwku d f tJhvkd tjyKtrlrsK;d
udk vkyfrdjyDqdk&ifawmh owdxm;zdkY ajymvdkufcsifygw,f/
n 9 ; 43 ^26 ar 2018
p
 pma&;q&meJYvl
vlawGu pma&;q&m wpfa,muf&JU cHpm;csufudk em;vnfzdkY
cJ,Of;Muw,f/ pma&;q&mawGuawmh vlawGxu J ae a&;p&m pmawG
&aeMuwmrdkY vlawGudk em;vnfatmif vkyf,l&w,f/ tJh'gu pma&;
q&meJY omref vlwpfa,muf tMum;rSm uGmjcm;wJh t"du uGmjcm;csuf
wpfckvdkY jrifw,f/
pma&;q&mawGu vlawGudk avhvmw,f/ pmtkyfawGudk zwf
w,f/ avmuMuD;ukd pl;prf;w,f/ tjzpftysufawGudk &SmazGw,f/
wcgwav tJhvdk vkyf&if; oludk,fwdkifu tjzpftysuf wpfck
jzpfvmw,f/
olMuHKawGU&wJh tajctae oljzwfoef;&wJh tawGUtMuHK[m
olUtwGuf avhvmp&m jzpfvmw,f/ tJvykd J wcsKUd aom pma&;q&mawGu
olUtjzpftysuu f kd ol &SmazGzkdY vlawGMum;xJ0if avmuMuD;xJ wdk;jyD;
oludk,fwdkif jzpfysufypfvdkufMuwwfw,f/ 'DvdkeJY pma&;q&m[m
olUavmurSm trSm;awGudk MuHKMu&w,f/
pmzwform;odkU 91
pma&;q&mu ola&;csiw f Jh pmudk pçwnfvkduw f ,f/ wnfjyD;
a&;w,f/ a&;&if; a&;&if; olwnfwJht&mudk olaysmufvmwmvnf;
MuHK&w,f/ 'Dvkyd J a&;&if;eJY xnfzh kYd rpOf;pm;rdwmudk pOf;pm;vmrdw,f/
'DvdkeJY ydkaumif;rSmyJvdkY xifwmudk aumufxnfhvdkufw,f/ jyD;awmh
qufa&;w,f/ rMudKufwmudk zsufw,f/ xnfhoifhw,f xifwmudk
qufa&;w,f/ pma&;q&m[m ola&;wJh tyk'fxJrSm taMumif;t&m
wpfckukd xyfxnfhr,fqkdwkdi;f wpfckeJYwpfck tcsw d t
f quf rdzkdY pOf;pm;
w,f/ oifh\ roifh\ vnf; a0zefydkif;jcm;&w,f/
wpfcgw&Hvnf; pma&;q&m&JU a0zefqifjcifrIu rSm;w,f/
tJhawmh ola&;wJhpmu ysufoGm;w,f/
pmzwfou l pma&;q&m&JUa&;pOf Z,m;udk rodygbl;/ em;rvnf
ygbl;/ pmzwfo[ l m pma&;q&m&JUvufu xGuv f mwJh &v'feYJ jzpfay:
csufudkom wdkif;wmEdkifwm jzpfygw,f/ pma&;q&m&JU ½kef;uefrI
vIyf&Sm;rIudk em;rvnfEdkifygbl;/
pma&;q&m[m OD;aESmufrSm tpm&dSzdkY tm;xkwf&w,f/
ESvHk;om;rSm uGefYjrL;zdkY olUbmom prf;oyf&w,f/
olUvufu ,kpd D;vmwJh pum;vHk;awG[m ESvHk;om;eJY OD;aESmuf
tMum;rSm pdrfh0if ,dkzdwfvmwJh j'yfpifawGom jzpfw,f/
'ghaMumifh *E¦0ifajrmufwJh pma&;q&mawG&JUpmudk a0zefzdkY
cJ,Of;wm jzpfygvdrhrf ,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf pmzwfolawGrSm pma&;q&m&JU
pmawGudk vGwfvyfpGm a0zefcGifh &dSw,f/ 'gudkvnf; pma&;q&mawG
udk,w f kdiu
f vGwv f Gwv
f yfvyfMuD; vufcHxm;w,f/ olwkdY pmawGukd
a0zefwm axmufjywm rSwfcsufay;wmudk pma&;q&mawGu BuKdqdk
Muw,f/
'gayr,fh tcsdefMumvmwJh tcgrSm vlawGu pma&;q&m&JU
pmudk a0zef½w kH ifrubl; pma&;q&m&JU b0udyk g a0zefcsiv f mawmhw,f/
'Dvked YJ vlawGeYJ pma&;q&mtMum; y#dyu©topfawG xGuaf y:vmw,f/
92 rif;aoh
pma&;q&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u pma&;zdYk vltrsm;Mum; wd;k 0ifMu&ayr,f
olwdkY b0udk vlawGeJYa0;a0;rSm xm;vdkMuw,f/
v pma&;q&m[m vlawGaMumifha&;p&m &w,f/

v pma&;q&m[m vlawGaMumifh npfnL;&w,f/

v pma&;q&m[m vlawGaMumifh uavmifom G ;xufvmw,f/

v pma&;q&m[m vlawGaMumifh uavmifukd pGey Yf pfuek Mf uw,f/
pma&;q&meJY b0awG tMum;rSm y#dyu©u tjrJ &dSaew,f/
'Dy#dyu©ukv d nf; pma&;q&mudk,w f kid u
f MudKufEpS o
f ufaewwfw,f/
pma&;q&m[m tcuftcJawG jyóemawG y#dyu©awGukd omrefvlvkd
cH,lavh r&dSbl;/
wdkuyf aJG wG y#dyu©awG jyóemawGaMumifh avmuMuD;taMumif;
ydkem;vnfvm&wmvdkY cH,lw,f/
'ghaMumifh pma&;q&m[m avmuMuD;taMumif; ydek m;vnfcsiv f m
avav wdkufyGJawGtMum; y#dyu©awG tMum; jyóemawGtMum;
ydkjyD; wdk;0ifvmavav jzpfavh&dSw,f/
wu,fawmh pma&;q&m[m olUuavmifeJY olU b0tMum;rSm
tjrJ vGefqGJjzpfwnfae&w,f/ 'DvdkyJ olUb0eJY vlawG&JU b0tMum;
tjrJ uefYvefYumwpfck jcm;xm;ae&w,f/ wpfcgw&H oludk,fwdkif
tJh'DhuefYvefYumudk zsufqD;ypf&w,f/
pma&;q&m[m jy|mef;csufawGudk vkyfw,f/
'Dvked YJ ola&;wJh jy|mef;csuaf wG[m olUb0udk olrodvku d cf ifrmS yJ
&pfywf csKyfaESmifypfvdkufMuw,f/ 'gudk pma&;q&mudk,fwdkifu
aemufusrS odMu&w,f/
pma&;q&m[m wifjycsufawGudk vkyfw,f/ awGU&dSwmawGudk
rSww f rf;wifw,f/ olU xifjrif,q l csuu f kd pmzwfoxl H aoaooyfoyf
xkwfydk;jyifqifjyD; ay;zdkY tjrJ arQmfvifhaew,f/
pma&;q&m[m vlawGeYJ y#dyu© jzpf&ovdk olUb0eJY olUuavmif
tMum;u y#dyu©udkvnf; &ifqdkif&w,f/
pmzwform;odkU 93
pma&;q&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u b,fvdk a&;&rvJ qdkwmudk
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pmzwform;odkU 95
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96 rif;aoh
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98 rif;aoh

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aeYv,f 1 ; 59
25 ZGef 2018
awmifMuD;NrKdU/

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 pmayapmifhewfrsm;
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awmfawmfMudK;pm;,l&tHk;r,fh taetxm; yg/
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a&;&JU wefzkd;udk awG;rdw,f/ pmaywpfck t&nftaoG;jrifhzkdY a0zefa&;
acwfpm;zdkYvdkw,f/ pmaya0zefa&; u@usqif;wJhtcgrSm pmay
t&nftaoG;awG edrfhukefw,f/
pma&;wJholawGxJrSm aygufvTwyf Jpm;awG rsm;vmw,f/ A&rf;
AwmawG rsm;vmw,f/ pma&;olqkdwm a&;csi&f m a&;wwfwJhobm0
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S ,f/ odkaY yod pmzwfou l kd av;av;eufeufoabmxm;jyD; a&;om;
jyKpkwm rvkyf&if pmayavmu&JU tqifhtwef; usqif;vmw,f/
pmzwfolawGu a0zefa&;udk vkyw f wfavh r&dSygbl;/ 'gayr,fh olwkdY
pdwx f JrSm zwfvkduw f meJY pmtky&f JU twdrt f euf pma&;ol&JU apwemudk
tuJcwfrdMuw,f/
tckacwfrSm ydkqdk;vmw,f/ pma&;olawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u
tvG,v f rf;udk vdkuvf mMuw,f/ acwfuvnf; ydkjyD; vG,v f mwmudk;/
tifwmeufawG jrefEIef;jrifhvmw,f/ ae&mwum &vmEdkifMuw,f/
avhvmrI tajccHav; &dSol *l;*Jvu f kd ESHYESHYpyfpyf acgufwwfwwfwJhol
t*Fvdyfpmav; tajccHem;vnf wwfodwJhol pmydk;av;vnf; 0ifae
ol... polwdkY[m pma&;zdkY MudK;pm;Muw,f/
pma&;wm aumif;ygw,f/ pma&;wm[m tawG;tMuHeJY tawGU
tMuHKukd zvS,Mf uwmygyJ/ 'Dae&mrSm tawG;tac:awG yef;aygif;wpf&m
pmzwform;odkU 105
NyKdiMf uap&if taumif;qHk;aygh/ pmaya0zefa&;[m yef;ckwyf GJ r[kwf
ovdk tnTefYcsKd;wmvnf; r[kwfygbl;/
pmaya0zefa&;[m pmayudk apmifhwJhewfyg/ txl;ojzifh pmay
e,fy,frmS A&rf;AwmvlawG csO;f eif; 0ifa&mufvm&if okwo f if&iS ;f vif;
ay;zdkY apmifha&SmufwJh ewfjzpfygw,f/ pmaye,frSm uavmifaumif;
awG &dSw,f/ pmaye,frSm uavmif,kwaf wG &dSw,f/ uavmifqkd;awG
&dSw,f/ pmaytqift hf wef;udk edrhaf tmifvkyrf ,fh uavmif,kwaf wGukd
pmaya0zefa&;ewfeJY wdkufxkwf&ygr,f/
pmayudk t&nftaoG;usapr,fh wifjyyHkawG wifjycsufawG/
pmayudk txifao;½Iwfcsp&m jzpfvmEdkifwJh pmtkyfrsKd;a&;olawG
okwo f if&r,f/ z,f&mS ;&ygr,f/ pmay&,fvkYd jzpfvm&if tayghtoGr;f
vnf; &dSEdkifovdk tav;tyifawGvnf; &dSEdkifygw,f/ tjrJwrf;
tav;tyifawG vkyfaezdkY rqdkvdkyg/ xdkenf;vnf;aumif; pmayudk
tav;tyifawGcsnf;yJ &dSaezdkY rvdkyg/
ayghayghyg;yg; azsmfajzrIudk ay;wJh pmayqdk&ifawmif aumif;
aumif; rGefrGef pepfwus tm;xkwfxm;wJh yHkpHrsKd;jzpfoifhygw,f/
jrefrmjynfrSm [mopma&;q&mawG &dSwmyJ/ olwdkY[m pdwf[m',
&Tijf rL;zdkY &nf&G,jf yD; [moawG a&;Muayr,fh awG;p&mawG ygw,f/
q&mMuD; OD;atmifoif; ajymovdk &,fp&m aemufrSm armp&mygw,f/
tawG;udk ay;w,f/ acwfukd xif[yfw,f/ vlro I ½kyu
f kd azmfMuw,f/
tDMumauG; armifaumif;xdkuf polwkdY[m pdwaf zsmaf jzp&m [moawG
a&;Muayr,f h csmaywl ; awG r[k w f M uygbl ; / avmuf a vmuf
vm;vm;&dSwJh pma&;q&mawG jzpfygw,f/
wu,fawmh pmaya0zefa&;udk vkyMf uwmu pmzwfoal wGyg/
pmzwfolawGu tjrJwrf;a0zefa&;udk vkyaf eMuw,f/ 'gayrJh pmzwf
olawG&JU pmaya0zefa&;[m olwdkYudk,f olwdkYom odapjyD; wjcm;
pmzwfolawGudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefYodapzdkY rjzpfMuygbl;/
'ghaMumifh pmaya0zefa&;q&mawGu pmaye,fxJ csOf;eif;
106 rif;aoh
0ifa&mufvmwJh pmtkyfawGudk a0zefa&; rjywfvkyfMu&ygr,f/
uavmif,kwfawGudk a0zefokwfoifa&; rvkyfvdkY pmaye,f[m
jynfolawG txifao;p&m jzpfvmw,f/ pmayudk ckwHk;vkyjf yD; udk,f
usKd;pD;yGm; csJUxGifwJholawG &dSvmvdkY pmay[m wu,fwwfodolawG
tMum;rSm wHawG;cGuf yufvufarsmae&w,f/ 'gudk owd&o Sd ifw
h ,f/
pma&;q&mawGa&m pma&;olawGa&m pmzwfolawGa&m pmorm;awG
pm*sydk;awG pmaycspfjrwfEdk;ol awGa&m ynmorm;awGa&m owd&dS
oifah eygjyD/ wu,fh pmaya0zefa&;orm;awG tpOfwpdkuf MuD;pdk;aeyg
ap/ tay:,H pmaya0zefa&;orm;awGvnf; tqifhwpfqifhudk
wufEdkifMuygap/
aeYv,f 12 ; 02
5 Zlvdkif 2018/

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 zwfnTef;awG
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zwfneT ;f awGu pmorm;tcsi;f csi;f zvS,zf kYd jzpfw,f/ zwfneT ;f
awGu pmzwf&if; tp rqGrJ ad o;olawGtwGuf taxmuftyHjh zpfw,f/
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w,f/
zwfnTe;f awG a&;&if; MunfhnTe;f awGyg a&;jzpfw,f/ zwfnTe;f
awGqdkwm pmtkyfawGudk ajymwmjzpfjyD; MunfhnTef;qdkwmuawmh
½kyf&SifawGudk nTef;wmjzpfygw,f/ wpfcgw&H pmrzwfcsif&if ½kyf&Sif
aumif;awG[m pmtkyaf umif;awGvkdyJ tjrif t,ltqawGukd &Edkiaf p
w,f/ 'ghaMumifh 0w¬KawGtay: tajccH xm;wJh Munfph &mawGuvnf;
ta&;MuD;vdkY aejyefw,f/
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108 rif;aoh
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ar;cGe;f xkww f ,f/ udk,hx f if jrifcsuu
f kd ajymw,f/ olwkdY rSwcf suu f kd
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em;axmifw,f/
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twGuv f nf; taxmuftuljyKygvdrrhf ,f/ zwfp&mawGu rsm;vSw,f/
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awmifrsm;aygh/ vluvnf; oufwrf;wdkw,f/ vlUb0qdkwm &cJw,f/
vlUb0a&muf&ifvnf; pmayudk ESpEf pS Nf cKduNf cKduaf vhvmoljzpfzkYd cJ,Of;
jyefw,f/ pmzwfayzwfjzpfcsi&f ifawmif ywd½lyjzpfwJh tajctaeudk
a&mufOD;rS &OD;rS/ tpOfwpdkuf &zdkYrvG,f/ &&ifvnf; pmawmxJrSm
vdkcsifwmr& jzpfwwfjyefw,f/
tJhawmh zwfnTef;awGu wpfpHkwpf&m ulnDay;EdkifMuw,f/
vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u udk,fhtouft&G,fxuf aemufusjyD;wJh
&ifhusufrIudkom &Muw,f/ toufeHygwfxuf ydkwJh todÚmPfudk
&wJhol&Sm;w,f/ vl[m tcsdef&JUaemufrSmom trSDvdkufaeMu&w,f/
tcsdefxuf a&SUudk BuKdajy;aewhJolu &Sm;w,f/ 'Dawmh b0rSmvnf;
jzpfcsiw f mawGukd aemufusjyD;rS &Muw,f/ tcsed rf SD tHukduf a&mufMu
wJhol &Sm;w,f/
tJhawmh pmzwform;awGvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yJ/ pmzwf
oufwrf;eJY trQ ydkjyD; t&nftaoG; aumif;wJh pmzwfjcif;rsKd;udk &zdkY
cufvSw,f/ awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m zwfMuw,f/ 'gayrJh tcktcsed x f d
b,fvdk zwf&r,f qdkwmudk em;rvnfMuwm rsm;w,f/
v b,favmufzwfw,f qdkwmxuf b,fpmtkyu f kd zwfwm
qdkwm ydkta&;MuD;w,f/
v b,fpmtkyu f kd zwfw,f qdw k mxuf b,fvzkd wfw,fqw kd m
ydkta&;MuD;w,f/
pmzwform;odkU 109
v b,fvkd zwfw,fqkw d mxuf b,f&nf&, G cf suef YJ zwfw,f
qdkwm ydkta&;MuD;w,f/
v b,f&nf&, G cf suef YJ zwfw,fqw kd mxuf bmpdwef YJ zwfw,f
qdkwm ydkta&;MuD;w,f/
v bmpdwfeJY zwfw,fqdkwmxuf zwfcsifvdkY zwfaewmu

taumif;qHk;jzpfw,f/
pmudk tay:,Hzwfwmxuf pm&if bmrS rzwfwm taumif;
qHk;jzpfygw,f/ zwf&ifvnf; pmtkyftrsm;MuD;zwfwmxuf pmrsm;
rsm;zwfwm ydkaumif;w,f/ pmrsm;rsm;zwf&ifvnf; ememzwfrS &r,f/
pmenf;enf;udk ememzwfwmeJY pmrsm;rsm;udk tay:,HzwfwmeJY tawmf
uGmjcm;ygw,f/ pmorm;awGxJrSm tpmraMuwJh pm*a,mifawG
rsm;ygw,f/ pmtkyaf wGtrsm;MuD;zwfjyD; pum;vHk;awG ydaewJholawG
awGU&w,f/ pum;vHk;awGeJY wdkiyf wfaeolawG rsm;w,f/ tESpo f m&udk
rawGUEikd b
f J tay:,H jrnfweG af wmufw;D aewwfwmudk om,maeolawG
rsm;w,f/
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r&dSygbl;/ tom;uom tm[m&jzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfqkd [dk;t&ifu vlawGpmzwfayzwf r[kw&f if txif
ao;wwfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tck tJh'D tjrifajymif;oGm;w,f/ pmudk
tay:,HzwfjyD; vlMum;xJ a[mifzGma[mifzGm vkyaf ewJhvlxufpm&if
bmrS rzwfwJholu ydkvdkYawmif ESpfvdkzG,f &dSaeygao;w,f/ wcsKdUu
pmzwfw,f/ 'gayr,fh jrnfweG af wmufw;D wwfzkYd zwfw,f/ vltrsm;
Mum;rSm EIwfqdwfaewmxufpm&if jrnfwGefawmufwD;wwfwm
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wwfwJhtqifheJY bmrSvkyfvdkY r&bl;qdkwm em;vnfzkYd aumif;w,f/
pmorm;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m ajymwwfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh wu,fvkyf
wwfol &Sm;ygw,f/ olwdkY tvkyfudku ajymzdkYvdk cH,lolvnf; &dSyg
110 rif;aoh
w,f/ rSeo f ifhoavmuf rSeyf gw,f/ odkYayr,fh wpf&m&mcdkiEf Ie;f rrSef
yg/ todjyD;&if em;vnfrI vdkuf&w,f/ em;vnfrI[m vufawGUeJY
aygif;rS tukeftpOf jyD;ajrmufwJh tqifhudka&mufw,f/
odjcif; em;vnfjcif; vufawGUvkyfjcif;awGrSm xyfrHpOf;pm;
qifjcifjcif; ryg&ifvnf; rvG,fyg/ ynmtpOf vdyfywfrvnfwJh
tajctaeudk a&muf&ygw,f/ vdyfywfrvnfwJh avhvmrI[m
vlUtodkif;t0dkif;twGuf tqdyftawmufjzpfEdkifygw,f/ jyD;awmh
vlUywf0ef;usiftwGuf npfnL;p&m jzpfygw,f/
pmzwfayzwform;awG avhvmrI vdyfywfvnfygap/
pmawmhzwfw,f/ tpmraMubJ tefxkwjf yD; &ifjynfh&ifu,f
jzpfjcif;rS uif;a0;Muygap/
pmtefzwfawGeJY jynfoludk tvkyftauR;rjyKcsifprf;ygeJYvdkY
qdkcsifygw,f/
pmu &wJhtm[m&eJY cGeftm;jzpfjyD;&vmwJh vkyftm;eJYom
vlxkudk tusKd;jyKEdkifMuygap/
nae 4 ; 16
5 Zlvdkif 2018/

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 pmrsm;eJYvl
i,fi,fu zwfcJhzl;wJh pmtkyfawGtaMumif; jyefawG;rdw,f/
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MuD;jrwf ovdk cHpm;ae&w,f/
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pma&;q&mawG&UJ vTr;f rdk;rIukv d nf;cH&w,f/ uRefawmfh p½dkuf udk,w f kid f
u tpGJMuD;olqkdawmh pma&;q&mudk txifMuD;av;pm;pdwu f tvdkvkd
pGJjyD;om; jzpfaew,f/ pma&;olqdk&if tvdkvdk txifMuD;aejyD;om;
qdkwJhyHkpHvnf; jzpfaeawmhw,f/
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awGukd ydki;f jcm;jyD; rjrifwwfao;wJh tcsed /f 'Dvkdtcsed af wGrSm jzpfcJhwJh
pdwu f aumif;vnf; aumif;w,f/ raumif;vnf; raumif;bl;/ bmyJ
ajymajym tJ'Dtcsed af wGu pmzwftm; t&dSet f aumif;qHk; ESpu f mvawG
jzpfcJhw,f/ vGefcJhwJh 2008 2010 avmufujzpfygw,f/
112 rif;aoh
ajymif;vJjcif;oabm
ckaemufykdi;f pmtkyaf wGtay:rSm jrifwJhtjrif ajymif;vmw,f/
pma&;q&mawGtay: jrifwJhtjrif ajymif;vmw,f/ pma&;q&mqdkwJh
pum;vHk;a0g[m&udk pma&;jcif;tvkyfudk vkyfolqdkwmxuf ydkjyD;
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udk,fhpdwfxJrSm pGJpGJjrJjrJ jzpfvmw,f/ oD;oD;oefYoefYjzpfvmw,fvdkY
ajym&if ydkrSefygvdrfhr,f/
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v wcsKdUpma&;q&mawGu rav;pm;xdkufawmhbl;/

v wcsKdUpma&;q&mawGu av;pm;xdkufayr,hf rMunfnKd

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v wcsKdUpma&;q&mawGu vkyfpm;pm&if; 0ifvmw,f/

v wcsKUd pma&;q&mawGuawmh rnfumrwå jzpfjrJ jzpfqa J ygh/

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v wcsKdUpma&;q&mawGu a&mcsw,f/ azmcsw,f/

pmzwform;odkU 113
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v wcsKdUpma&;q&mawGu vufujrif;w,f/
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ckaemufydkif;
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MuD;&if omrefvludk rrDygbl;/ pma&;q&mawG jcKd;jcHjyDqdk&ifvnf;
omrefvl vdkuv f kdY rrDEkdiyf gbl;/ tckaemufykdi;f rSm pmudk tusK;d tjrwf
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a&;wJh ol &Sm;vmw,f/ pmudk a&;csiv f kYd a&;wJo
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rSm,l zwf½IolawGvnf; rsm;vmw,f/ tGefvdkif;rSmvnf; pmawG
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zwf&IwJholawGvnf; rsm;vdkYvmaew,f/

ajymif;vJvmjcif;
trSefwu,fqef;ppfMunfh&if 2012 aemufydkif;avmuf pjyD;
ajymif;vJrIjzpfpOfudk awGUvm&w,f/ pma&;olawG&JU taetxm;
ajymif;vmw,f/ pmzwfoal wG&UJ taetxm;ajymif;vmw,f/ pmzwfykH
awGvnf; ajymif;vmw,f/ jzefYcsdyHkawGvnf; ajymif;vmw,f/
'Dvdkajymif;vmwJhae&mrSm pma&;olawG ajymif;vmwJh yHkpHudk
trsK;d rsK;d awGUvm&w,f/ pmzwfoal wG&UJ pmzwfyv
kH nf; odoo
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114 rif;aoh
tm;enf;csuf ud, k pf &D v
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r,f/ vlwkid ;f vufxrJ mS rdkbkid ;f zke;f wpfvkH;pD &dv S mjcif;uae tjyefu
Y s,f
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pmzwfjcif;uae&wJh todÚmPftaetxm;uvnf; ajymif;vmw,f/
pmzwfjcif;eJY pma&;jcif;tay: cH,w l hJ tjrife"YJ avhyg ajymif;vmw,f/
aemufig;ESpfavmufqdk&if ydkjyD; ododomom jzpfvmygvdrfhr,f/
vlrIaA'udk avhvmwJhol vlrIaA'e,fy,frSm ausmufcs&Sio f ef
aeolawGu 'Dajymif;vJjcif;jzpfpOf tay:rSm avhvmqef;ppfjyD;awmh
pmawGayawG a&;om;&if odyfaumif;rSmyJ/ bmyJajymajym ajymif;vJ
jcif;[m aumif;aom ajymif;vJjcif;bufukd &mcdkiEf eI ;f rsm;rsm; a&muf&if
atmifjrifygw,f/ qdk;usK;d bufukd ta&mufveG jf yD; pma&;ol pmzwfol
bufu t,l,drf;vdkY wdrf;rSm;oGm;jyD; xdef;uGyfrJholenf;vm&if
wdkif;jynf epfemw,f/
'Dawmh zefw;D olvnf; zefw;D Muaygh/ xde;f olvnf; xde;f Muaygh/
udk,pf tD vkyrf mS apwemygygeJY wpdkurf wfrwf MudK;pm;tm;xkwo f al wG
rsm;vm&if pmawGvnf; aumif;/ vlawGvnf; aumif;vmr,fvdkYyJ
,HkMunfygw,f/
n 10 ; 32
31 Zlvdkif 2018/

p
 rufaqhcsfzvS,frI
rsKd;qufa[mif;u rsKd;qufopfudk tarGay;onf/ bmawGudk
ay;cJhoenf; qdkwmudk ar;cGef;xkwf&rnf/ aumif;arGESifh qdk;arGrsm;
ygEdkirf nf/ tawGUtMuHKrsm;ygrnf/ tawG;tMuHrsm;ygrnf/ &SmazGazmf
xkwfEdkifcJhonfrsm; ygovdk rauseyfcsufrsm;udkvnf; vufqifhurf;
Edkifao;onf/ 'gudk xnfhwGuf&rnf/
rsK;d qufa[mif;ESihf rsK;d qufopftMum; todumG [rI &dES kid o f nf/
pepfa[mif;rSm ydwaf vSmifcH&olESihf 'pf*spw f ,frsK;d qufwkdYtMum; em;
vnfrI vGEJ kid o f nf/ todEke,faomrsK;d qufopfukd ½dkuo f iG ;f yHkavmif;rI
vnf; jzpfoGm;Edkio f nf/ acwfopfurÇmü jzpfwefpGr;f rsm; rsm;vSonf/
tdkiwf DaMumifh owif;wdkY tysHUus,v f monf/ tdkiw f DaMumifh rufaqhcsf
rsm; ysHUvmonf/ rufaqhcsfrsm;ü tmCmwrsm; ygvmonf/ trkef;
w&m;rsm; ygvmonf/ tNiKd;taw;rsm;ygvmonf/ tdkifwDudkoHk;í
pum;vHk;csi;f wdkucf ku d rf Iukd ,ck MuHKae&onf/ rauseyfcsurf sm;onf
tdkifwDudk pD;eif;í rsKd;yGm;vmonf/
tdkifwDaMumifh rufaqhcsfrsm;udk azmcsif;aomcsif; &vmonf/
rufaqhcsaf wGu ,cifuxuf aygvmonf/ rufaqhcsrf sm; r&Sm;awmh/
odkYaomf b,frufaqhcsfu trSef b,frufaqhcsfu trSm;qdkwmudk
a0cGEJ kid rf I ÚmPf&nf edrv hf monf/ a0zefykid ;f jcm; pdppfjcif; enf;vmonf/
116 rif;aoh
Information Literacy edrhv
f monf/ odkYaMumifh y#dyu©rsm;u MuD;xGm;
vG,fonf/
rsK;d qufopfonf tdkiw f Dukd aumif;aumif; udkiw f G,Ef kdio f nf/
rsKd;qufa[mif;onf tdkifwDESifh tuRrf;r0if/ odkYaomf olwdkYrSm jzefYcsd
p&m rufaqhcsrf sm; wjyHKwpfacgif;MuD; &daS eonf/ twdwu f rufaqhcsf
rsm;udk tem*wfodkY o,fvmMuonf/ ypöKyÜefonf axGjym; ½IyfaxG;
jcif;jzifh ESpyf g;oGm;ae&onf/ vlwkdY\ OD;aESmufukd tjref pOf;pm;cdki;f
onf/ tjref qHk;jzwfcdkif;onf/ OD;aESmufonf tdkifwD\ tjrefEIef;udk
vkdufae&í armvmonf/ xdkYaemuf OD;aESmufyef;vmonf/
csed JYaom OD;aESmufjzifh rufaqhcsrf sm;udkppd pf&m trSm;rsm;ygvm
onf/ trSm;onf tdkifwDaMumifh ysHUESHYEIef;jrefvmonf/
acwfopfurÇmonf rufaqhcsfrsm;jzifh jynfhESufaeonf/
rsKd;qufopfwdkY cHpm;csufrsm;jzifh tpmoGyfcH&aom rufaqhcsfrsm;udk
pm;oH;k &onf/ ynm[lonf rsK;d qufopftwGuf rufaqhcsjf zpfvmonf/
wu,fawmh rufaqhcsq f kdwm odrI\ueOD;tpom jzpfonf/ rsK;d quf
opfwu Ykd tpueOD;rSmyif csmcsmvnfaeonf/ xdaYk Mumifh wu,fyh nmrSm
usKHU0ifaeonf/
rsK;d qufa[mif;u ynmudk tarGray;/ tmCmwudkom tarG
ay;onf/ olwkYd rjzpfco hJ nfrsm;udk tm;rvdktm;r&ESihf jzefcY srd I jyKcsiMf u
onf/ rsK;d qufa[mif;\ ADZqdk;udk rsK;d qufopfu jiif;y,foifhonf/
tarGqdk;ukd vufrcHoifh/ rufaqhcsfrsm;udk wdnd§oifhonf/
þum; rsK;d qufa[mif;ESirhf sK;d qufopft&m rufaqhcsf zvS,rf I
jzpfpOfudk wifjyjcif;jzpfonf/
n 10 ; 09
21 Mo*kwf 2018
awmifMuD;NrKdU/

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 pma&;q&meJY pma&;q&mr[kwfwJh
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udk jyefvnfqef; ppfoihfjyDvkdY xifygw,f/
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udk e*dkrlvtwdkif; tomwMunf vufrcHao;bJ tenf;i,f txGefY
wufMunfhw,fvdkY qdkcsifu qdkvdkY &ygw,f/
118 rif;aoh
'ghaMumifh uRefawmf txGefYwufMunfhygOD;r,f/
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wpftkyfxkwfwdkif; pma&;q&mvdkY rac:xdkufygbl;/ pma&;q&meJY
pma&;oltMum;rSm uGm[csuf&dSygw,f/ xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yJ
pma&;oleJY usrf;a&;ol rwlEdkifygbl;/ usrf;jyKoleJY 0w¬Ka&;olvnf;
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aumif;awGu pma&;q&mawGqDu qdkwmxuf pma&;olawGqDu
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wifolawG tjrJvdkvdk vdktyfaeygvdrfhr,f/
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120 rif;aoh
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um;ru©fudk Munfhyg/ um;ruf©[m pma&;q&m r[kwfygbl;/
pma&;olomjzpfygw,f/ olU&UJ aus;Zl;aMumifh t&if;&Sipf epfukd awmfveS f
Edkirf ,fh oabmw&m;udk qkyu f kid Ef kid cf Jhw,f/ ol[m acwfukd ajymif;Edkif
cJhol jzpfygw,f/ t'rfprpfudk Munfhyg/ t'rfprpf[m pma&;q&m
r[kwfygbl;/ 'gayrJh ol[m emrnfausmfjzpfvmr,fh EdkifiHrsm;\
"eOpömusr;f udk a&;cJw h ,f/ pmtkyu f kd a&;cJw h ,f/ ol[m awG;ac:ynm&Sif
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ol[m rif;wdkifyif trwfwpfa,mufom jzpfygw,f/ pma&;q&m
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olUusr;f [m tckxd Edik if aH &;odyeHÜ 'YJ óeduaA'e,fy,frmS avhvmoif,l
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w&kwfjynfMuD;udk pkpnf;ay;EdkifcJhwJh armfpDwkef;udk Munfhyg/
armfpDwkef;udk b,folu pma&;q&mvdkY ynwfygovJ/ ynwfwJhol
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armfpDwke;f [m pma&;cJhygw,f/ olU&JU vufa&G;pifusr;f awG[m wpfcsed f
wpfcgu uGejf rLepfurÇm&JU ud;k uG,&f wJh vufpuJG sr;f awGjzpfczhJ ;l ygw,f/
tar&duefor®wawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u pmtkyf wpftkyfp
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rcHygbl;/ odkYayr,fh pma&;Muw,f/ olwkdY&JU tawGUtMuHKawG tawG;
tjrifawGudk pma&;om;jcif;twwfeJY jzefYcsdrSwfwrf;wifcJhzdkY MudK;pm;
Muw,f/ olwdkYawG&JU pmtkyfawGu tzdk;wefw,f/
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pkMunf[m aMumuf&GHUrIu vGwfuif;a&;pmtkyfudk a&;cJhw,f/ a':
atmifqef;pkMunf[m pma&;q&m r[kwyf gbl;/ pma&;q&mvdkYvnf;
emrnf rcHygbl;/ jyD;awmh [pfwvmMuD;udkvnf; MunfhvdkufygOD;/
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zwfaeMu&qJyg/
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olukd,w f kdiu
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0efMuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek[m pmtkyaf wG rsm;pGm a&;cJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
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pmtkyaf wG trsm;MuD;udka&;cJo h yl g/ 'gayr,fh ode;f azjrifu
h kd pma&;q&m
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n 11 ; 00
20 atmufwdkbm 2018/

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vSvyS y jzefcY sad wmhonf/ pma&;jcif; tEkynmonfyif cHkrifz, G af umif;
aeawmhonf/
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n 9 ; 12
28 atmufwdkbm 2018/

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apcsifw,f/ vla[mif;awG&JU tw¬KyÜwådawGvnf; qufzwfr,f/
udk,fhEdkifiHu vlawG&JUtaMumif;wif rubl; wjcm;EdkifiHu vlawG&JU
taMumif;udkvnf; ememzwfMur,f/ 'gawGudk zwfMujyD; vwfvwf
qwfqwf xGuaf y:vmwJh tw¬KyÜwpåd mtkyaf wGukv d nf; a&;om;xkwaf 0
Mur,f/ a&;xdkuaf tmifvnf; avmufavmufvm;vm; tm;xkwx f m;o
awGtaMumif;udk apwemygyg a&;om;jyKpkxm;wmawG zwfcsiw f ,f/
onfvkd avmufavmufvm;vm; tw¬Kyw Ü aåd &;xdu
k of al wGjzpfatmifvnf;
MudK;pm;Mur,fqdk&if ydkaumif;Edkifr,fvdkY arQmfvifhrdygw,f/

zmax;tpD&ifcHpm rvdkcsif
a&;om;csufawGuvnf; orm;*kPfjy udk,fh*kPfudk,fazmf
rolawmf yHkpHrsK;d awG rjzpfMubJ udk,hjf zwfoef;rIuae odjrif rSwof m;
oifcef;pm,lp&m twk,lp&m enf;,lp&m udpö&yfrsKd;awGudk yg0if
atmif a&;om;Muyg&r,f/ onfvkd tw¬KyÜwåpd mtkyrf sK;d udk udk,w f kdiyf J
a&;a&; wjcm;oluyJ a&;a&;zwfcsifygw,f/ ppfbuft&m&dSa[mif;
arSmf0ef;om; OD;cifnGefY a&;ovdk ]zmax; tpD&ifcHpm} yHkpHrsKd;vnf;
rzwfcsifygbl;/ trSm;awGvkyfcJhonfjzpfapOD;awmh apwemxm;jyD;
152 rif;aoh
vufqifhurf;a&;om;&if trSm;awGxJu oif,lp&mawG &Edkirf ,fvkdY
,lqygw,f/
jrefrmjynfrmS tw¬Kyw
Ü aåd &;xdu
k of rl sm; rsm;rsm; ay:xGuv
f mygap/
tw¬KyÜwåad umif;rsm;vnf; rsm;rsm;eJYoefYoefY xGuaf y:vmEdkiMf uygap/
eHeuf 1 ; 02
17 Zefe0g&D 2019 /

rSwfcsuf/ / aemufrsm;usrS uRefawmfhvuf0,f pkaqmif;xm;wJh jynfwGif; jynfy

acwfopf acwfaESmif; vlyk*¾Kdvf &[ef;yk*¾Kdvf tw¬KyÜwådvHk;csif; pkpnf; udk,fwdkifa&;
wjcm;ola&; pwJh pmtkyfawG pm&if;udk jyKpkjyD; jyefvnf rQa0csifygao;w,f/

p
 pma&;q&mtvkyf
pma&;jcif;tvky[f m u&dux odyrf sm;wJhtvkyf r[kwyf gbl;/
½kd;&Sif;wJhtvkyfygyJ/ vG,fulwJhtvkyfvdkYvnf; rajymcsifygbl;/
vG,fulw,fvdkY ajym&if apm'uwufMurSmudk jrifa,mifrdvdkY jzpfyg
w,f/ ½dk;w,fvdkY ajymwm taMumif;&dSw,f/
pma&;&if cJwHwpfacsmif;&,f pm&G,fvGwf&,f &dS&if&jyD/ 'grS
r[kwf abmyifwpfacsmif;aygh/ yef;csDvdk uif;AwfMuyfp&m rvdkbl;/
pkwfwHeJY aq;a&mifpHk rvdkbl;/ pma&;q&m wpfa,mufoHk;wmu
rifwpfa&mifwnf;/ teuf teD tjym wpfckck &dSxm;&if &jyD/
yef;csDorm;wpfa,muftzdkY olUpdwf0dnmOfeJY obm0 ½Icif;
'grSr[kwf vlr0I ef;usiwf pfckvk;H [m oltm½Hk0ifpm;p&m jzpfygvdrrhf ,f/
pma&;q&mwpfa,muftzdkY oltm½Hk0ifpm;wmu bmjzpfEdkifygovJ/
pma&;q&mwpfa,muf[m pmtkyfawGMum;rSm usifvnf&w,f/
vlawGtMum;rSmvnf; usiv f nf&w,f/ obm0rSmvnf; usupf m;&
w,f/ vlrI0ef;usix f Jvnf; wdk;0if&w,f/ olUpw d 0f n
d mOfukd olukd,f
wkid f tm½Hkusatmifvnf; vky&f w,f/ jyD;awmh olUbmomol txyfxyf
tcgcg ar;cGef;xkwf&w,f/
bmtwGuf a&;wmvJ/ b,fvdka&;rSmvJ/ bmawGxnfhrSmvJ/
b,fvdk oHk;EIef;rSmvJ/ bmhaMumifha&;rSmvJ/ bmudk a&;rSmvJ...
pojzifh/
154 rif;aoh
bmvJ
a&;wJhpmrSm tcsptf aMumif; &dScsi&f Srd ,f/ Edkiif Ha&;eJY jidcsiv
f nf;
jidr,f/ ppfa&;vnf; xdr,f/ vlrsK;d a&;vnf; ygr,f/ pD;yGm;a&;vnf;
wdrkY ,f/ vlraI &;vnf; udkirf ,f/ trsK;d rsK;d &dES kid yf gw,f/ pmwpftkyx f rJ mS
taMumif;t&mrsKd;pHk ygEdkifovdk taMumif;t&m wpfckwnf;eJYvnf;
ausmufcsaeEdkifcsif aeEdkifwmyJ/
pma&;wmu vG,faumif;vG,fr,f/ 'gayr,fh wifjyzdkYu
rvG,fbl;/ udk,fa&;wJhpmudk pmzwfolqD a&mufatmifwifjyzdkY
rvG,fbl;/ txl;ojzifh pmzwfol jrifuGif;a&SUrSm umv&SnfMumpGm
wifjyEdkifzdkY rvG,fbl;/ udk,fa&;wJhpmudk vlUa&SUa&mufatmif jyzdkY
cufw,f/ udk,feJY rodwJhvlawGa&SU a&mufatmuf ydkYzdkY cufw,f/
'DacwfrSm owif;rD'D,mawG *sme,fawG owif;pmawG
r*¾Zif;awG trsm;MuD; xGuv f maejyD/ tGev f kdi;f pmrsuEf Smay:rSmvnf;
pmawG rdIvdkaygufaew,f/ udk,fh0ef;usifrSm ukd,fhpmrsufESmrSm udk,f
a&;wJhpmudk azmfjyzdkY vG,foGm;jyD/ 'gayr,fh tuefYtowf&dSw,f/
udk,fhpmudk xdk;azmufzdkY MudK;pm;&wm vHkYvxkwf&wm &dSw,f/
vltrsm;tMum; a&mufcsiaf ZmeJY vlUonf;ajcMudKufawGcsn;f yJ vkyv f kdY
r&bl;/ wnfaqmufxm;wJh uavmif[m usKd;Edkifw,f/ yJhEdkifw,f/

0rf;pm
pma&;q&m[m olUtvkyu f kd aumif;aumif;vkyEf kdizf kdY tjrJjznfh
wif;ae&w,f/ pdwt f pmudk jznfah e& w,f/ OD;aESmuftpmudk jznfah e&
w,f/ ESvk;H om;rSm jzpfwnfcpH m;ay;ae&w,f/ q&mMuD; '*kew f m&mu
ajymzl;w,f/ pma&;w,fqdkwm OD;aESmufeJYvuf&JU qufoG,frIyJwJh/
OD;aESmufevYJ uf wpfom;wnf;usatmif b,fvkd vkyEf kid yf govJ/
avhusijhf cif;uyJ vkyaf y;Edkirf ,f xifygw,f/ txyfxyfavhusirhf ,f/
xkom;ayom;usatmif avhusifhr,f/ tjrJwrf;avhusifhaer,f/
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pmzwform;odkU 155
oHk;EIef;yHkazmfMunfhr,f/ zefwD; Munfhr,f/ wkyMunfhr,f/ jyKpkMunfh
r,f/ pkpnf;Munhfr,f/ trsKd;rsKd;avhusifhEdkifygw,f/

ewfMuD;w,f
avhusihfrIrSm ZGJeyJ r&dS&if wdcedqw d u f eef;eJY bmrS jzpfvmr,f
rxifbl;/ ta&;tom;rSm *si*f siv f nf atmif vkyx f m;rS pmaypifjrifh
ay:udk a&mufr,f/ pmaypifjrifhqkdwmvnf; ewfMuD;w,f/ pifjrifhay:
a&muf&if vlwkid ;f 0dki;f MunfhEkid jf yD/ vlUjrifuiG ;f a&SUukd a&mufjyD/ t&ifvkd
vlawGeYJ a&ma&ma&ma&m jzpfaerSm r[kwb f ;l / t&ifu vltyk Mf uD;tMum;
rSm udk,hef ab;u vluyJ udk,hu f kdMunfhr,f/ pifay:a&muf&if tm;vHk;
u 0dki;f Munfah eMur,f/ udk,[ f m usO;f Muyfvmr,f/ taeMuHKUvmr,f/
pdwfxJ rodk;roefYjzpfvmr,f/ 'DvdkeJY pifjrifhay:uaevnf; ckefcscsif
csoGm;Edkifw,f/

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pma&;q&m[m olUacwfeJY olUtcgudk xif[yf&w,f/ acwfukd
yHkjc,fjy&w,f/ vltrsm; em;vnfatmifvnf; vky&f w,f/ vltrsm;
ESpfvdkzG,fjzpfatmifvnf; jyK&w,f/
pma&;q&m[m pmra&;cif t&ifpOf;pm;&w,f/ ,kwådudk
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156 rif;aoh
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vufaqmh MunfhzdkYvnf; r[kwfbl;/ ,HkMunfcsufeJY vkyf&r,fh t&m
jzpfygw,f/ wpdkurf wfrwf vkyaf e&r,fh tvkyjf zpfygw,f/ wdckY edqw
d f
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r&Edkifygbl;/
n 7 ; 41
26 rwf 2019 /

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 todopf tawG;opf t,ltqopf pmtkyfopf
a'gufwm oef;xGef;u ajymw,f/
todopf tawG;opf t,ltqopf ryg&if pmtkyo f pf ra&;eJw
Y /hJ
uReaf wmfh pmoif&if uReaf wmfh pma&;&if a'gufwm oef;xGe;f rlukd
tjrJvdkvdk udkifjyD; a&;w,f/ &Hzef&Hcg a&;csifpdwf ay:w,f/ 'gayrJh
'g[m orm;½dk;us tjrif jzpfaew,f/ ½dk;vGe;f wJh tcsut f vufjzpfae
w,f/ pmzwfoltwGuf topf oufouf r[kwb f l; qdk&if a&;wmudk
rvkyfbl;/ awG;wmudkawmh qufvkyfaew,f/ xdkenf;vnf;aumif;
wpfcg xyfpOf;pm;w,f/ tm;vHk; em;vnfxm;jyD;om; taMumif;t&m
jzpfyif jzpfjim;aomfvnf; &Iaxmifhopf tawG;opfeJY csO;f uyfrI topf
jzpf&if a&;w,f/ ajymw,f/
pwda*smh(Af) u Think differentµ vdkY ajymw,f r[kwfvm;/
udkwmuvnf; a&;w,f/ wjcm;wpfzufrS qifjcif&eftaMumif;rsm;
qdkwJhrleJYa&;w,f/ taMumif;tjzpftysuaf wGukd axmifhajymif; tawG;
awGeJYawG;wm ynmjzpfygw,f/ udpöwpfckudk
v tawG;awG wlae&if tdkif'D,mtopf rjzpfbl;/

v pOf;pm;csua f wG wlae&ifvnf; enf;vrf;topf rxGub f ;l /

avhvmyHkawG uGJjym;rS &Iaxmifh aygif;pHku MunfhwwfrS xdkenf;
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aumif;r,f/
158 rif;aoh
a'gufwm oef;xGef;u olU&JU]igajymcsiforQ ightaMumif;}
pmtkyfxJrSm a&;w,f/
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tay:rSm rlw,fw,fwJh/ ynmwwfwJholawG &dSygw,f/ odkYayr,fh
ynmwwfwdkif; rjzefYcsdEdkifbl;/ udk,fhpdwfxJrSmawmh odaew,f/
olrsm;wumawG a&;aeajymae&ifvnf; odaew,f/ udk,w f kid f em;vnf
aew,f/ odkYayr,fh olrsm;wumudk xdkolwdkYvdk a&;om;jzefYcsdzdkY
ajymjyzdkY usawmh rwwfuRrf;wJholawG &dSw,f/ olwkdYu bmav;awGeJY
wlovJ qdkawm ]bk&m;i,f}av;awGeJY wlw,f/
]yapöuAk'¨}awGeJYwlw,f/ tJh'Dh]yapöuAk'¨}awGu olwdkY
udk,fwkdifawmh cE¨mh0#fu ußRwfatmif vkyfEdkifMuw,f/ tJh'DvdkyJ
opömw&m; r*¾if&Spfyg;udk odpGrf;Muw,f/ tJh'Dhw&m;eJY owå0gawG&JU
tmoa0gw&m;udk acscßGwfzdkYawmh rwwfpGrf;Mubl;/
a*gwrAk'¨uawm tJhvdk r[kwfbl;/
olu, kd w
f ikd v
f nf; wwfprG ;f w,f/ owå0gawGuv kd nf; tmoa0g
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jycsufomjzpfygw,f/ wjcm; qdkvdk&if; tvQif; r&dSyg/
tJhawmh ynm&dSwJholwdkif;u jzefYcsdrIudk rvkyfEdkifbl;/
xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yJ ynmwwfwJholwdkif;uvnf; olYvdk
wwfußGr;f em;vnfatmif jzefcY srd I jyKEdkicf sirf S jyKEdkirf ,f/ olrsm;wumudk
wwfoed m;vnfatmif vkyEf kid pf rG ;f &dwS m twwfynmwpfckjzpfygw,f/
olrsm;wumudk wwfußrG ;f em;vnfatmif jzefcY sEd kid jf cif;[m twwfynm
wpfckjzpfygw,f/
v jzefYcsdwJhae&mrSmvnf; trsKd;rsKd;&dSw,f/

v a&;om;jcif;enf;tm;jzifh jzefYcsdvdkY&w,f/

v a[majym ydkYcsjcif;jzihf jzefYcsdvdkY&w,f/

v aqG;aEG; tMuHKjyKjcif;jzihf jzefYcsdvdkY&w,f/

pmzwform;odkU 159
v wpfpHkwpfckudk zefwD;pD&ifjyD; jzefYcsdvdkYvnf; &w,f/
v jzefYcsdjcif; enf;emawG trsm;MuD;&dSygw,f/

orm;½dk;us enf;vrf;awGuawmh a&;om;jcif;? jyKpkjcif;??

oifMum;jcif; ? a[majymjcif;ydcYk sjcif; eJY okawoe azmfxw k cf suaf wGygyJ/
tJhawmh tJh'DhtxJu wpfckckudk yifwdkif pGJpGJjrJjrJvkyfudkifEdkif&if udk,f
udk,w f ikd u
f vnf; vlUtodki;f t0dki;f udk wpfpkHwpfck jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf
jzpfatmif topfwpfckck ay;p&m ususee&dSxm;&if jzefYcsdjcif;udk
rjywfvkyfae&ygr,f/ vkyfvnf; vkyfaeoifhygw,f/
a'gufwmoef;xGef;&JU rludk avhvmMunfhyg/
q&mMuD; a'gufwmoef;xGef;[m okawoeudk yDyDjyifjyif
ppfppfrSefrSefvkyfygw,f/ vkyfjyD; 'Dtwkdif; rxm;ygbl;/ ususee
rSwfwrf;jyKpkw,f/ a&;om;w,f/ jyD;awmhvnf; odrf;rxm;ygbl;/
vltrsm;odatmif avhvmvdkY&atmif yHkESdyfjzefYcsdzdkY tjrJvdkvdk MudK;pm;
ygw,f/
q&mMuD;&JU pmtkyfawGu wpfESpfaevdkYrS a&mif;ukefcsif ukef
vdrfhr,f/ av; ig; ajcmufESpfaevdkYrS a&mif;ukefcsif ukefvdrfhr,f/
b,fvkyd jJ zpfaeygap topftopfawGukd a&;om;jyKpk okawoevkyjf yD;
oGm;&if ynm&yfudk qufvuf t"GefY&Snf jyefYyGm;zdkYtwGuf yHkESdyfjzefYcsd
jcif;udk vkyfjzpfatmif vkyfw,f/
'ghaMumifhvnf; a'gufwmoef;xGef;udk ynm&JU oauFwvdkY
rSwfcsufjyKMuwm xifygw,f/
tJhawmh vlUtodkif;t0dkif;xJu vlwpfa,muf[m ]ZD;uGuf
avmufawm iSuw f kid ;f vSygw,f} vdkY pum;çwif; rqdkbJ vkyo f ifv
h kyf
xkdufw,fvdkY ,HkMunfwJht&mawGudk vkyfoGm;zdkY vdkygw,f/
'grSvnf; ynmorm; ppfppf&JU vkyf&yfjzpfygvdrfhr,f/
tJhawmh
v ynmqdkwm topftopfudk azmfxkwfEdkifjcif;/

v ynmqdkwm jzefYcsdEdkifjcif;/ vufqifhurf;Edkifjcif;/

160 rif;aoh
v ynmqdkwm wefzkd;wpfckukd xyfqifh wGe;f wifaejcif; vdkYyJ
qdk&ygr,f/
aeYv,f 2 ; 30
26 azazmf0g&Dv 2018

p
 pmtkyfa&;jcif;? pmaya0zefa&; ESifh
yHkESdyfjzefYcsdxkwfa0a&; tcuf? tcsuf
pmtkyf wpftkyfjzpfzdkYcufw,f/ pmtkyfwpftkyfjzpfzdkY a&;ol
&dS&r,f/ yHkEySd rf ,fhol &dS&r,f/ xkwaf 0r,fh ol &dS&r,f/ pmtkyw f pftkyf
u pmzwfol vufxJa&mufzkdY cufw,f/ a&mufjyD;&ifvnf; pmzwfol
[m',eJYudkufzdkY cufw,f/ MudKufzkYd cufw,f/ xyfwvJvJ zwfzdkY
cufjyefw,f/
pmtkyw f pftkyx
f kwaf 0zdkY vG,&f ifawmifrS tJh'Dh pmtkyf jzpfvmzdkY
twGi;f xJu pmom;awG &zdkY cufygw,f/ 'Dvkyd J pmawGu ta&twGuf
rsm;rsm; &zdkY cufjyefw,f/ t&nftaoG;aumif;aumif;awG rsm;rsm;&zdkY
ydkjyD; cufw,f/ aemufwpfcku pmxJrmS ygwJh taMumif;t&m wpfckcsi;f pD
wpfyk'fcsif;pD tquftpyf &dSzdkY ydkvdkY cufjyefw,f/ pmrlwpftkyftjzpf
avmufavmuf&&ifvnf; pmtkyw f pftyk f tjzpf avmufavmufvm;vm;
yHkESdyfjzpfzdkY cufvmjyefw,f/ pmtkyfu aoaooyfoyf ususee
jyifjyifqifqif jzpfzkdY MudK;pm;Mu&jyefw,f/ jyD;awmh 'Dtwdki;f xm;vdkY
r&bl;/
pmzwfol vufxJa&mufatmif jzefYcsda&;udk vkyf&w,f/ zwf
csiw f JholqDukd tvG,w f ul a&mufzkdY cufvSygw,f/ jzefYcsjd yD;&ifvnf;
a&mif;ukefzdkY rvG,fbl;/ a&mif;ukefjyef&ifvnf; xkwfa0olvufxJ
pmtkyft&if;jyef&zdkY xyfrHcufcJjyefw,f/ t&if;tukef&jyD; tjrwf
162 rif;aoh
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f l;/ tm;vHk;eJY qdkiw
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qHk; oHk;yg;vHk;nDnTwfrS jzpfw,f/
aMumfjimu@uvnf; ta&;MuD;w,f/ pmtkyx f u
G w f m pmzwf
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pmzwform;wdki;f u tjrJvkdvkd ra&mufEkdib f l;/ a&muf&ifvnf; vdkcsif
wJh pmtkyftm;vHk;udk r0,fEdkifMujyefbl;/ ckacwfrSm ydkufqHvHkvHk
avmufavmuf&dSrS pmtkyfudk pdwfMudKufzwfvdkY &wJhumv/ pm*sydk;
vkyf&wm rvG,fyg/
pdwfvnf;pdkuf&w,f/ ydkufqHvnf;pdkuf&w,f/ vHkYv xkwf&
w,f/ 0D&d,xm;&w,f/ rsufpdudk zGifhxm; em;udk pGifhxm;&w,f/
jyD;awmh zwfjyD;wJh pmu csufjcif; tusKd;rjzpfbl;/ tenfxdkifatmif
apmifh&w,f/ zwfwJhtcgrSmvnf; tay:,H zwfrdjyD; pmtkyf AD½dkxJ
xm;rd&if pmtkyfu MumMumtdyf aewwfw,f/ aemufwpfcg jyefEdk;zdkY
tawmf vkyf,l&w,f/
,aeYacwfrSm pmtkyfpmwrf;awG rsm;pGm xGufaew,f/ aeYpOf
vdkudk xGufaew,f/ a&;olawGvnf; aygrsm;vmw,f/ odkYayrJh
pmaya0zefa&; 'dwfatmufoGm;w,f/ aemufqkwfoGm;w,f/ jrefrmh
"avht& a0zefa&;udk raumif;jrif &Iaxmifhu Munfh&w,f/ pmay
a0zefa&; aemufqkwfoGm;awm pmay t&nftaoG; usoGm;w,f/
a0zefa&;pmxGuv f m&ifvnf; taMumif;t&meJY a&;om;yHkqkw d m
xuf yk*¾Kdvfa&;udk a0zefMuw,f/ yk*¾Kdvfa&; ra&;&ifawmif ta&;cH
&olu yk*¾Kdvfa&; wdkufcdkufw,fvdkY xifaew,f/ tJhawmh pmay
a0zefa&; rjzpfxGef;bl;/ jrefrmjynfrSm tdkifwDu aygufuGJvmw,f/
'ghaMumifh wpfckcsif;pDudk pdppfzkdY cufvmw,f/ pmaya0zefa&;udk
avmufavmufvm;vm; vkyEf kdiw f Jholuvnf; &Sm;yg;vmw,f/ r&dSo
avmufudk jzpfvmw,f/
pmzwform;odkU 163
pmayudk ESHYpyf&r,f/ owdåvnf; &dS&r,f/ ormorwfvnf;
jzpf&r,f/ cGJjcrf;pdwjf zmEdkipf rG ;f jrifh&r,f/ EIid ;f ,SOo f Hk;oyfEkdipf rG ;f vnf;
&dS&r,f/ twdwfudkvnf; ausnuf&r,f/ EdkifiHwGif;eJY EdkifiHjyifyudk
ajcqefY usifvnfEdkif&r,f/ pmayavhvma&;t& ajcqefYEdkif&r,fvdkY
ajymwm jzpfygw,f/ pmrsK;d pHkpHkukd EIu d xf kwEf kdiw f Jh olvnf; jzpf&r,f/
vlrI oabmw&m;udkvnf; ESpYH yfuRr;f usi&f r,f/ pum;vHk; toHk;tEIe;f
rSm yg&*l ajrmuf&r,f/ ½dk;om;wJh pdwftcHvnf; tpOftjrJ &dS&r,f/
tpGuJ if;&r,f/ bufvku d rf I uif;&r,f/ yDyjD yifjyif &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;eJY
tjyKoabmaqmifEdkif&r,f/
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pmtkyf tzHk;eJY yHkESyd yf Hk'DZkdi;f yHkpHcsyHkawG csKyfyHkzyd HkawGu tp tao;pdwf
vky&f w,f/ owfyHkpum;vHk; tustayguf ppfwmu tp/ pmaMumif;
wpfckeJYwpfck tuGmta0; rm*siv f kdi;f cseyf Hkutp tifrwef ta&;MuD;
ygw,f/
pmtkyf pmapmifawGeJYywfoufjyD; tukefvHk;vdkvdk ta&;MuD;
ygw,f/
tm;vHk;u ta&;MuD;wJh tcg ydkvdkY cufygw,f/
v pmtkyfudk a&;wJholu ay:jyLvmjzpfcsifvdkY a&;&if

v pmtkyf xkwfa0olu tjrwftpGef; OD;pm;ay;jyD; xkwf&if

v yHkESdyf 'DZdkif;csolu A&rf;Awm ayghqq vkyf&if

pmzwfolukd rav;pm;&m usw,f/ r½dk;om;&mvnf; usw,f/

vkypf m;&mvnf; usw,f/ 'Dvkd udpöawGukd a0zefxkduw f ,f/ jypfwif
xdkufw,f/ pmzwfolawG tay:rSmvnf; r½dk;om;&m usw,f/
jrefrmpmtkyaf wG ajrmufjrm;pGm xGuaf ew,f/ tGev f kid ;f rSmvnf;
vlawG aeYpOfvkdvkd a&;om;aeMuw,f/ trSew f u,fawmh ]ig;rsm;jyD;
164 rif;aoh
[if;[kH}aeygw,f/ pmtkyw f pfckukd tuJjzwfwJh ae&mrSm aumif;jcif;
eJv
Y nf; wdki;f w,f/ MudKufjcif;eJv Y nf; wdki;f w,f/ MudKufwkid ;f raumif;
Edkifovdk aumif;wdkif;vnf; rMudKufEdkifMuygbl;/
xkwfa0olawGu tjrwftpGef;jzpfzdkYvnf; xkwfMu&w,f/
vdktyfw,fxifvdkYvnf; xkwfMu&w,f/ &dSoifhw,fvdkY ,HkMunfMu
vdkYvnf; xkwMf uw,f/ yHkEySd o f lawGu pmudkcsn;f yJ yHkEySd 'f DZkdi;f vkyMf u
&wm r[kwfbl;/ ajryHkawG "mwfyHkawG? 'dkif,m*&rfawG? Z,m;awG?
tnTe;f awG? udk;um;awG? atmufajc rSwpf kawG ponfjzif yHkpcH s&w,f/
Munfhaumif;atmif zwfvdkY&atmif vkyfMu&w,f/ pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
jzpfatmifvnf; vky&f w,f/ aooyfuse rSeu f efatmifvnf; vkyMf u
&w,f/ ta&mifxnfhoifhwm xnfh&w,f/ rSed o f ifhwm rdSeaf wmufoifh
wm awmuf ponfjzifh tuGufaphatmif vkyfMu&w,f/
pmqdkwm pum;vdk r[kwfygbl;/
pum;qdkwm avxJrSmvGifhjyD; usefcJhw,f/ pmqdkwmuawmh
rSww f rf;tjzpf yHkEydS jf yD; ESpyf &dapå' rsm;pGmMumatmif wnf&aSd eMuw,f/
yHkESdyfpmvHk;awGu wm0efMuD;ygw,f/ tGefvdkif;ay:rSm tcsdefra&G;
wnf;jzwf y,fzsuv f kdY &ayr,f yHkESyd jf yD;om; pum;vHk;awGu zsuv f kdY
r&bl;/ jyifvkYd rvG,af wmhygbl;/ tJah wm ra&;cif yHkrESyd cf if rjzefcY scd if
awGrSm tjrJvdkvdk owdxm;&r,f/
tcsut f vufawGukd vrf;aMumif;rsK;d pHku tpHkpkH&Edkiw f hJ acwfrmS
vlwkdi;f pma&;EdkiMf uw,fvkdY xifp&m &dSw,f/ odkYayr,hf wu,ftJhvkd
r[kwyf gbl;/ ydkuq f H &dS&if pmtkyx f kwv f kdY &w,fvkdY xifp&m &dSayr,hf
yHkEySd &f r,fh pmu avmufavmufvm;vm; &dSzkdY vdkygw,f/ xkwaf 0oleJY
yHkESdyfolu yHkESdyfjzefYcsda&;udk A&rf;Awmvkyf&if tm;vHk;twGuf tusKd;
,kwfygw,f/
a&;ola&m zwfola&m vlUtodki;f t0ef;twGuyf g epfemygw,f/
pmtkyfu pmaumif;ayrGefqdk ydkvdkYawmif tjypfxkdufygao;w,f/
pmzwform;odkU 165
pmayorm;tcsif;csif;? pmorm;tcsif;csif;? pma&;q&m tcsif;csif;?
vlUtodki;f t0dki;f tay:rSm ½dk;om;wJh pdwt f cHawGeJY xHkrTr;f ae&if jrefrm
pmayavmuvnf; ydkvdkY t&nftaoG;aumif;Edkifygw,f/
tck uRefawmfah jymaewm ta&twGut f & rsm;jym;vmzdkY r[kwf
ygbl;/
&dSjyD;om;awGxJu &dSvmr,fh t&mawGxJu t&nftaoG; jynfh
jynfh00eJY wm0ef,lrI wm0efcHrI &dSwJh pmaya&;om; jyKpkolawG avmuf
avmufvm;vm; ay:xGef;vmapzdkY jzpfygw,f/ xdkenf;vnf;aumif;
&djS yD;om;vlawGvnf; t&nftaoG; wufapzdYk aemufwufwo hJ al wGvnf;
avmufavmufvm;vm; rsK;d qufopfawG jzpfvmzdkY &nf&G,v f kd&if;om
jzpfygw,f/
pmayt&nftaoG;wdk;wufzkdY qdk&iftm;vHk;ta&;MuD;ygw,f/
a&;ol? a0zefol? xkwfa0ol? yHkESdyfol? jzefYcsdol? zwf&Iol? tm;vHk;
ta&;MuD;ygw,f/
tpdk;&u pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'aumif;vdkY csrf;omwJh jynfolawG
rsm;rsm;pm;pm; jzpfvm&ifvnf; pmzwfayzwfawG rsm;rsm; &dSvm
Edkiw f ,f/ pmtkyu f kd yifwkdif wpfpkdurf wfrwf pkaqmif;olawG aygayg
rsm;rsm;jzpfvmEdkiw f ,f/ pmtkyo f rm;awGvnf; csr;f omMuD;yGm;Edkiw f ,f
r[kwfvm;/
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 pmay ta&;tzGJU
tzGJUtEGJUrsm;xJwGif
v vludk zGJUjcif;

v obm0udk zGJUjcif;

v cHpm;csufudk zGJUjcif;

v tvSudk zGJUjcif;

v pdwfudk zGJUjcif;

v tZÑwåudk zGJUjcif;

v o½kyfudk zGJUjcif;

v tjyKtrludk zGJUjcif;

v jzpfpOf jzpf&yfudk zGJUjcif;

v taMumif;udpörsm;udk zGJUjcif;

trsKd;rsKd; &dSwef&monf/
onfhaemufykid ;f vlrsm;taMumif; uRefawmfha&;jzpfonf/ vlrsm;
xJrS EIdufxkwf,liifp&mrsm; &dSvdkY jzpf onf/ vlwdkY\ tZÑwå vlwdkY\
obm0ESifh vlwdkY\ vkyf&yf cHpm;csuf tawG;tjrif t,ltqrsm;
onf pmtkyw f pftkyzf wf&ovdk pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;onf/ pmtkyrf sm;
onf oufrJhjzpfonf/ vlonf ouf&dSjzpfonf/ vlUtaMumif;udk
avhvm&wm ouf&dSpmtkyfudk zwf&ovdk jzpfonf/ vlawGeJY pum;
pmzwform;odkU 167
ajym&wm ouf&Spd mtkyEf Sihaf qG;aEG;&ovdk jzpfonf/ vlonf pmtkyv f kd
jzpfaeonf/
okYad omf pmtkyo
f nf a&;om;jy|mef;xm;jyD;onfjzpfí rajymif;
vJawmh/ vlonf ajymif;vJonf/ pmtkyüf pmrsuEf mS wpfrsuEf mS jyD;vQif
aemufwpfrsuEf SmtwGuf BudKwifa&;om;xm;jyD;om; &dSonf/ ouf&Sd
vlom; pmtkyfrSmrl xdkodkYr[kwf/ 'DtaMumif;t&m ajymaomfvnf;
aemufwpfrsuEf Smü tjcm;taMumif;w&m; &dSaeEdkiaf o;onf/ wpfjyD;
vQiff ESpfvmrnf[k yHkao,lqvdkY r&/ wpfcgw&H vlom;pmtkyfonf
zwfae&if; jzpfcsif&mjzpfaeonf/ vlonf rsufESmrsm;pGm &dSaeonf/
cHpm;csuf tZÑwårsm;pGm a&m,Sufaeonf/

(1)
pmtkyrf sm;udk Munfhí pmjyefa&;onf/ vlrsm;udk Munfhí pmjyef
a&;onf/ cHpm;csufrsm;udk Munfhí pmjyefa&;onf/ tawGUtMuHKESifh
tawG;tMuHrS pmjyefa&;onf/ pmrsm;onf vrf;aMumif;aygif;pHkrSjzpf
wnfvmonf/ pmygtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk pepfwus tcsdwftquf
rdrdjzpfap&ef tm;xkwf MudK;yrf;&onf/ pma&;vQiff tcsdwftquf&dSrS
aumif;onf/ taMumif;tusKd;nDrS aumif;onf/

(2)
vludkzGJUjcif;
vlrsm;udk zGUJ jcif;ü t,ltqrsm;pGm &dyS gvdrrhf nf/ jrifuiG ;f aygif;pHk
&dSygvdrfhrnf/ a&;olonf ol&yfMunfhaomaxmifhrS jrif&onfudk a&;
onf/ wjcm;wpfzufrS jrifívnf;a&;onf/ wwd,vlae&mrS Munfí h
vnf; a&;onf/ þodjkY zifh ta&;cH&olrmS pmxJwiG f ½kyv f k;H MuGvmonf/
½kyyf Hkonf yHkMurf;aumufaMumif;oabmjzpfaumif;jzpfrnf/ odkYaomf
tZÑwåukd zrf;Edki&f rnf/ azmfEkdi&f rnf/ rl&if;"mwfcHukd nTe;f Edkiaf vav
ta&;cH&ol\½kyfyHku MuGvmavavjzpfonf/ tjyKtrlrsm;onf
168 rif;aoh
rajymaom bmompum;rsm;jzpfí þudk,t f rlt&m bmompum;udk
em;vnfjcif;u tusKd;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ vludkzGJU&mü udk,fhtwåESifh
jid&mudkom zGJUrnfjzpfí pma&;olrSm twåygEdkifonf/ buftpGJ &dSEdkif
onf/ odkYaomf ½dk;om;pGm jrifaom xkqpfcsufomjzpf&rnf/

pHpm;csufudk zGJUjcif;
cHpm;csuu f kd zrf;qkyrf zd kdY rvG,/f cHpm;csuu f kd udk,w
f kdif odjrif
Edkizf vkYd nf; rvG,/f udk,chf pH m;csuu f kd udk,af zmfEkid zf kYd wyg;olcpH m;csuu f kd
azmfjyEdkifzdkYvdkonf/ 'grS pmrSm cHpm;csufygvmrnf/ zwfolonf
cHpm;csuu f kd ul;vl;cGihf&rnf/ pma&;jcif;onf zvS,jf cif; ul;ajymif;
qufoG,af y;jcif; wHwm;wpfckvkdjzpfonf/ wHwm;onf ul;vl;oGm;
vmzdo kY ifah om taetxm; &d&S rnf/ cHpm;csurf sm;onf tcsed w f kid ;f jzpfae
onf/ ouf&SdvlwGif wpfrsK;d r[kww f pfrsK;d ouf0ifcHpm;rI &dSaeonf/
Ak't ¨ a[mwGif cHpm;csuf (3) rsK;d jzifh tcsKyaf [monf/ cHpm;rIaumif;jcif;
cHpm;csufqdk;jcif;ESifh cHpm;rIaumif;onfvnf; r[kwf qdk;onfvnf;
r[kwf [lí oHk;rsKd;jyonf/ okc 'ku© Oayu©moabmjzpfonf/
cHpm;csuf oHk;rsK;d udk tajccHjyD; pdwjf zpfpOf tajrmuftjrm;ay:vm
onf/ cspfjcif; rkef;jcif; Muifemjcif; ,k,jcif; remvdkjcif; 0efwdkjcif;
tjiKd;taw; tmCmw rme twå avmb a'go aomu rodrI
arm[ aMumifhMurI &efvdkrkef;wD;rI Murf;wrf;cufxefrI 0HhMuGm;jcif;
odrfi,fjcif; ponfh pdwftoGifrsm; ay:xGufvmonf/
cHpm;csufrsm;udk tpmoGyfí taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk pD&ifum
pmudk a&;om;zGJUEGJUMuonf/

jzpf&yfrsm;udk zGJUjcif;
vlUtjyKtrlrsm;aMumifh jzpf&yfrsm;ay:vmonf/ twdwfwGif
ajrmufjrm;pGmaom jzpf&yfrsm; jzpfwnfjyD; cJhjyD/ vlUtjyKtrlaMumifh
vlUwkHYjyefcsuaf Mumifh vlUya,m*aMumifh jzpfvmaom jzpf&yfrsm;onf
pmzwform;odkU 169
pmtkyfpmayxJwGif tajrmuftjrm; &dSxm;jyD;aejyD/ jzpf&yfrsm;udk
azmfía&;jcif; jzpf&yfrsm;udk rSef;qí a&;jcif; jzpf&yfrsm;udk jzpfpOf
wpfckvkd pOfí a&;jcif; paom ta&;tom;rsm; &do S nf/ jzpf&yfrsm;onf
vlUordkif;udk azmfjyaeonf/ vlUordkif;onf vlUtjyKtrlrSwfwrf;yif
jzpfonf/
b,folawG bmvkyfcJhonf qdkwmudk rSwfwrf;wifjcif;onf
ordkif;jzpfonf/ vkyf&yfrsm;onf olwumESifhrwl xl;jcm;aevQiff
ordki;f rSwwf rf;wGif a&;xGi;f cH&onf/ orkid ;f onf aumif;jcif;udkvnf;
a&;onf/ qdk;jcif;udkvnf; a&;onf/ oabmobm0udk qufpyfrd
atmifvnf; a&;onf/ vufqifu h rf;vdkonfh oabmjzifh trSwt f om;
csex
f m;&pfcahJ om oabmjzpfonf/ ordki;f onf jzpf&yfrsm;udkpkxm;jcif;
pepfwus azmfjyxm;jcif; oabmaqmifonf/
pma&;olonf jzpf&yfrsm;udka&;&ef ordkif;udk avhvm&onf/
orkid ;f xJü jzpf&yfrsm; tajrmuftjrm; ude;f atmif;aeonf/ vuf&Sjd zpf
&yfESihf twdwjf zpf&yfukd csed xf kd; pyf[yfí tEk&oygatmif a&;onf/
cHpm;csurf sm;udk jzpf&yfrsm;jzifh csw
d q f ufvkud of nf/ a&maESmvdkuo f nf/
arTaESmufvdkufonf/ vlrsm;udk Zmwfaumiftjzpf zefwD;vdkufonf/
pum;rsm;udk 'dki, f mavmhct f oGijf zifh tpmoGyv f ku
d o
f nf/ tjyKtrlrsm;
udk jzpf&yfrsm;tjzpf yHkazmfatmif a&;zGJUvdkufonf/ þpmxJwGif
&nf&, G cf suf tawG;tac:ESihf pdwt f jyKtrlrsm;udk aemufcjH yKvdkuof nf/
0w¦Kaumif;wpfyk'fonf þodkY ay:xGufvmonf/

(3)
vl cHpm;csuf jzpfpOfjzpf&yfwkdYonf obm0xJwGif jzpfwnfae
onf/ obm0udk pmtjzpf toGiaf jymif;atmif vky, f ljyD; a&;om;Mu
onf/ xdkYaemuf pmawGxJu t&mrsm;udk obm0xJ jyefvnf,laqmif
oGm;Muonf/ þodkYjzifh urmÇMuD;vnfaeonf/ vl pm jzpfpOf jzpf&yf
170 rif;aoh
cHpm;csuf obm0 olUenf;olU[efESifh vnfywfaeonf/ tm;vHk;onf
olUoabm olaqmifaeonf/
pma&;q&monf jzpf&yfrSeu f kd pmxJokdY o,fvmonf/ pdwu f l;
udkvnf; pmxJodkYo,fvmonf/ jzpf&yfrsm; pdwful;rsm;udk olUtawGU
tMuHKESifhtawG;tMuHxJ jzwfpD;apjyD; tEkynmudk xkwfvkyfonf/
pmaytEkynmonf pdwftwåESifh ruif;/ a&;zGJUol\ vHkYvjyKcsufjzifh
ay:xGufvmaom tEkynm&yfjzpfonf/
pma&;q&monf um,vkyo f m;vnf;jzpfonf/ ÚmPvkyo f m;
vnf;jzpfonf/ pdwt f vkyo f rm;vnf; jzpfonf/ pma&;jcif;tvkyu f kd
pdwtf vkyaf y;rxm;bJ vkyí f r&/ OD;aESmufukd tvkyrf ay;vQifv
f nf;
pm ra&;Edki/f vufESihpf w
d Of D;aESmuf ESvHk;om;wdkY\ qufoG,rf IaMumifh
tu©&m oauFwrsm; tpDt&D ay:vmayonf/
n 7 ; 54
7 rwfv 2019 /

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puufcsfcsdK *&yfzD
SKETCHIOGRAGHY
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pum;pjrnfajym&if; uRefawmf a&;aejzpfonfh pmrsm;taMumif; ajym
jzpfMuonf/ ]uRefawmf '*kew f m&ma&;ovdk ½kyyf HkvTmawG a&;aew,f
SKETCH awGaygh/ Profile awGvdkYvnf; ajymvdkY&r,f '*kefwm&m&JU
½kyyf HkvTmvdkyJ/ tckvnf; rif;aoh&JU½kyyf HkvTm}vdkY ajymvdkuo
f nf/ 'gudk
a'gufwmcGeu f ]'Dr,f... q&maoh} qdkjyD; pum;vHk;wpfckukd olUzke;f
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vdkY ajymonf/
tckawmh q&mcGef Oçxm;onfh taumifav; aygufygjyDvdkY
ajymvdkufygrnf/ uRefawmf av;pm; tm;us&onfh yk*¾KdvfxJwGif
'*kew f m&m yg0ifonf/ uReaf wmf '*kew f m&mudk tjyifrmS rjrifz;l vdu
k yf g/
uRefawmfwkdYu rsK;d quf tuGmt[MuD;rm;onf/ '*kew f m&mudk pma&;
q&m Edkiif Ha&;orm; 'óeorm;wpfa,muftjzpf uRefawmf av;pm;
MunfnKdonf/ ½kyyf HkvmT udkzwf&if; igvnf;wpfaeYus onfvkd a&;r,f
vdkY pdwfcsifjcif; ay:rdonf/
'*kefwm&meJY uRefawmfuawmh uGm[vSonf/ '*kefwm&mu
ol usifvnfxdawGUjzpfonfh yk*¾KdvfausmfawGudk a&;onf/ uRefawmf
174 rif;aoh
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pma&;oufaygufp uavmifikyfwkyf/ uRefawmfa&;onfholrsm;u
avmufavmufvm;vm; aygufaygufajrmufajrmufawGcsn;f / olUae&m
eJYol txifu &&dSxm;jyD;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/
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qef;ppfonfhtaejzifh a&;onf/ uRefawmfa&;onfh t&mrsm;onf
olwkdY a&;onfhpmrsm; olwkdYajymonfh pum;rsm; olwkdY todki;f t0dki;f u
olwdkY 0ef;usifu vlrsm;u rSwfcsufjyK a&;om;ajymqdkcsufrsm;uae
vmygonf/ þawGU&Scd surf sm;udk uRefawmfh [m',rSm ude;f xm;onf/
uRefawmf cHwiG ;f awGUonfukd a&;vdkuo
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sketch qdkonfrSm yef;csD toHk;jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ yef;csDq&mu ½kyfyHk
ra&;csif t&if yHkMurf;aumufaMumif;udk jcpfvdkufonf/ jyD;rSm jznfh
wefjznf pGufwef pGufonf/ tEkpdwf jc,foifhonfudk jc,fonf/
rIef;oifhonfudk rIef;onf/ zdoifhonfudk zdí azmhoifhonfudk azm
azsmhoifhonfudkazsmhonf/ xdkYaemuf olUtZÑwåudk olU pkwfwHrSm
toufoGif;í ½kyfyHkudk a&;onf/
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½kyfvHk;ay:½HkrQom jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
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pmzwform;odkU 175
rudkufonfrsm;udk uRefawmf azmha&;csif a&;rdrnf azsmufa&;csif
a&;rdrnf/ aumufaMumif;oabmjzpfí tao;pdwrf xnfhbJ yHkay:½Hk
a&;onfrsm;vnf; &dSonf/ aumufaMumif;a&;onf jzpfí tao;pdwf
rvdk[kvnf; ,lqygonf/ xdkYaMumifh þyk*¾Kdvfrsm;udk uRefawmfu
þodkY a&;jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh uRefawmfh xkqpfcsufomjzpfonf/
xdkolrsm;\ tZÑwåudk zrf;qkyfí a&;zdkY MudK;pm;cJhygonf/
uRefawmf þodkYa&;í olwdkY þodkY [kwfcsifrSvnf; [kwfvdrfh
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tMunfh/ wpfa,mufpç ESpfa,mufpuawmh teD;Munfh/
l awmifwef;MuD;onf ta0;u MunfhvQif jymonf/

l cyfvSrf;vSrf;u MunfhvQif pdrf;onf/

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vHk;0 r[kwf/
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uRefawmf &DAsL; a&;zl;onf/ tnTe;f qdkvQif ydkrSerf nf/ tckawmh *sL;udk
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cHpm;csufrsm;udk yHkazmf wl;qGMunfhonf/ *sL;pmtkyf trsm;tjym;udk
wpdkufrwfrwf rzwfjzpf/ odkYaomf &Hzef&Hcg aumufudkifavh&dSonf/
uRefawmfudk,fwdkif cHpm;csufrsm;jzifh rtyfpyfvdkYvnf; jzpfaumif;
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178 rif;aoh
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pmzwform;odkU 179
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pdwu f kd csO;f uyfEkdio f nf/ cHpm;csurf sm;udk o½kyaf zmf oauFwjyK&mü
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uavmif&Sifjzpfonf/
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180 rif;aoh
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188 rif;aoh
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190 rif;aoh
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pmzwform;odkU 205
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&dScJholjzpfonf/
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tjrJwzGzG owday;aewwfol/

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b0udk,f wnfaqmufcJhonf/
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[k ajymol &dSaumif;&dSrnf/ uRefawmf vufcHygonf/ a,bk,sawG
ajymcJhygonf/ odkUaomf omref rnf umrwå a,bk,srsm; r[kwf/
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f ikd x
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206 rif;aoh
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jrefrmvlxk[m EdkifiHa&;a&csdef edrfhvGef;vSw,fvdkY qdkolrsm;udk
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wyftyfajymEdkifonf/
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[laom arQmfvifch suf uRefawmfwkw Yd iG f &do
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208 rif;aoh
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l wyfrawmfESifhwlaom ppfwyfjzpfvmonfh wpfaeY/

l q&mESifhwlaom q&mrsm;jzpfvmonfh wpfaeY/

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l oHCmESifhwlaom bkef;MuD;rsm; jzpfvmonfh wpfaeY/

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212 rif;aoh
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vlxk\ MoZmudkomcHonfh aESmifBuKd;rJh Edkiif Ha&;orm;ppfppfjzpfonf/
jrefrmjynfwGif pme,fZif;orm; ppfppfenf;aeonf/ yGifhvif;
aom acwfumvudk twdkif;twmwpfckxdom a&mufao;vdkYvnf;
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jrefrmjynfonf rMumcifu yGiv hf if;vmonf/ owif;tcsut f vufrsm;u
tGefvdkif;aygufuGJrIESifhtwl trSm; trSefawG a&maxG;ygvmonf/
pme,fZif;r@Kdif rMuHUckdiaf o;cif tGev f kdi;f u 0ifvmonf/ xdkYaMumifh
owif;rsm;abmufaomufjzpfco hJ nf/ 'gudk wnfrh wfay;zdkY vlxkped 0f if;
u MudK;pm;onf/ olwwfonfh ynmjzifh pmrsm;udk tqufrjywfa&;onf/
pme,fZif;twGuf rsKd;qufopftwGuf EdkifiHhtwGuf/
pme,fZif;r@Kid f r,dik rf eJY MuHUMuHUcikd af p&ef tm;ukeBf uK;d yrf;cJo
h nf/
uavmifudkifí rsKd;qufopf owif;pmq&mrsm;ukd vrf;jycJhonf/
oGefoifcJhonf/ acwfrDatmif usifh0wf&dSatmif tusKd;&dSatmif jzpfzdkY
&nf&G,fcJhonf/

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vlxkpdef0if;onf 1940 wGif arG;onf/ ygwDaumifpDacwf
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onf/ jzpfonf/ a&;onf/ jrefrmjynf\ pma&;om;EdkifqHk; pm&if;
0ifawmif jzpfcJhao;onf/ 2008 ^ 2009 aemufydkif; wpfaeYudk pmrl
ESpfyk'f oHk;yk'f a&;xGufonf txd/
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pme,fZif;orm;rsm;tMum; vufpGJzwfae&wkef;/
pmzwform;odkU 213
vlxkped 0f if;u 2012 ckEpS rf mS uG,v f eG of nf/ vlaoaomfvnf;
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rvJpwrf; uavmifukdií f awmfvSecf Jhol/ uavmifukdií f vrf;jycJhol/
atmufwef;aemufwef;usaeaom jrefrmjynfukd yJyh ifxed ;f uGyEf kid f
r,fhpmrsm;udk q&mMuD;u a&;cJhonf/ azmfvefzm; taemufwkdif;
yGJpm;rsm;udk &J&J0Hh0Hh a0zefapmaMumcJhonf/ ya&mfzuf&Sife,f rqefrI
rsm;udk r&GUH wef; ½Iwcf sco
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r&dS aMumifa&csK;d ol ADZ"mwfcH rrSeo f lrsm;udk riJhruGuf a0zefcJhonf/
qifp, G ef ef;u ]jyifnm,S}d MuD;rsm;udk rn§mwrf; a0zefcJhonf/ rsuEf Sm
jzL ukvm;jzLrsm;udk bk&m;xl; armfz;l wwfonfh jrefrmrsm;udk ydóav;
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wdkufwGef;a&;om;cJhonf/ vlxkpdef0if;pmrsm; zwfjyD; vlxkpdef0if;udk
avhvmEdkifonf/

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MuHK&aomfvnf; q&mMuD;u r,dkirf vJ jrJjrHpGmavQmufcJhonf/ aiGjzifh
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214 rif;aoh
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pme,fZif;r@Kdifu rMuHUcdkifao;/ rkqdk;pdkifoif oGm;ae&ao;onf/
wpfzufrSmvnf; uavmifESifh tpdk;&udk xdef;ausmif;rnfholawG
rsm;rsm;pm;pm; vdkaeao;onf/

olvdkvl
vlxkpdef0if;u 0g&dSonf/ obm&dSonf/ jzwfoef;rI&dSonf/
ynm&dSonf/ owå&d So d nf/ pGeY&f Jonf/ udk,u
f sihjf rJjrHonf/ Munfhwwf
jrifwwfonf/ a&;&Jom;&Jonf/ tawGUtMuHKrsm;jyD/ tpdk;&raumif;&if
tpdk;& ygwDraumif;&ifygwD twdkuftcHraumif;&if twdkuftcH
pme,fZif; raumif;&if pme,fZif; jynfolraumif;&if jynfol
ponfjzifh tm;remwrf; axmufjyajymqdk&Jol axmufjyajymqdkEkdio f l
jzpfonf/
q&mMuD;a&TOa'gif; vlxkOD;vS vlxka':trmwdkY qDrS teD;uyf
enf;rSD; oGefoifcHcJh&oljzpfonf/ jrefrmjynf\ tpOftvm&dSaom
EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfa,mufvnf; jzpfonf/ rnfolUrsufESmrS rMunfh/
jynfoUl rsuEf mS wpfckwnf;om Munfah om pme,fZif;orm; ppfppfvnf;
jzpfonf/ 0g&ifh owif;pmq&mMuD; wpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/
pmzwform;odkU 215

vlxpk ed 0f if;\ pmrsm;onf &Si;f onf/ oGuo f nf/ zwf&vG,o f nf/

axmufrae/ awmifhrae/ pum;ajymvnf; pum;ajym tavsmuf/
pum;ajyvnf; pum;ajytavsmuf oifw h ifah vsmufywfatmif a&;om;
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a,mifum;vkyfonfh q&mMuD;wpfyg; r[kwf/ taemufwdkif;avoH
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r[kw/f qifpG,ef ef;u ynm&Srd [kw/f ykqkd;jcHKí vufoD;vufarmif;
wef;cJoh l r[kw/f igajymovdkvkyf igvkyo f vdk rvkyef UJ qokd nfv
h pl m;rsK;d
r[kwf/
tvkyftauR;jyKol
vrf;jywpfql
owday;acgif;avmif;EIdl;ay;aeol
q&mMuD;vlxkped 0f if;onf 'Drkdua&pDqkdwm aemufqHk;yef;wdkif
r[kw[ f k a[mcJhonf/ pme,fZif; qdkwm uavmifukdio f nfh tpdk;&[k
ajymcJhonf/ roefayr,fh pGrf;olrsm;taMumif;a&;cJhonf/ a&vdkuf
vGJaeonfh jrefrmhtusifhrsm;udk wl;qGa0zefcJhonf/
vlxkpdef0if;ajympum;rsm;onf q&mMuD;\ pmrsm;xJwGif
'keJYa'; jrKyf0ifaevdkY aeonf/ tjrJvkdvkd uRefawmfwl;qGMunfhro d nf/
216 rif;aoh

pmrsm;udk wl;qG&if; tZÑwårsm;udk wl;qGrdonf/ vlxkpdef0if;onf

jrefrmjynftwGuf tzdk;wef &wem/ vlaoaomfvnf; pmrsm; rao
ao;bJ vlxktwGuf tvkyt f auR;jyKaeol/ vli,frsm;twGuf vrf;jy
wpfql jzpfaewkef;/ jrefrmjynftwGuf owday;acgif;avmif;udk
EdI;aewkef;/

n 9 ; 34
21 atmufwdkbm 2018 /

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 ae0if;armif (atmifxG#f)
vlxk vdk rvdk
'Drdkua&pD tul;tajymif;rSm jrif;oHk;aumif bufnDnDqGJrS
a&GUr,fvkYd a'gufwmae0if;armifu ajymcJo h nf/ Edkiif aH wmfqko d nfjh rif;
aps;uGufqdkonfh jrif; t&yfbuf tzGJUtpnf;qdkonfh jrif;/ jrif;wdkY
tm;aumif;armif;oef ½kef;MuygrS jrefrmhvSnf;tdkMuD; a&GUayvdrfhrnf/
ZGefyef;½Hk teD;
vSnf;bD; EGHxJ uRHaeonf
0dkif;ulí wGef;ay;Muyg
av;vGef;í rwGef;Edkifbl;vm;
NyKdifwlwGef;vQif a&GUEdkifygonf/
uRefawmfwkYd i,fpOfu &Gwcf ahJ omfvnf; t&Gwt f aeeJY pm;cJjh cif;
aMumif tm[m&jzpfrvmMu/ t&Gwpf m;í tm[m& rjzpf/ tom;pm;rS
tm[m&jzpfvdrfhrnf/ uRefawmfwdkY Ak'¨*kPfawmfwdkYudk yg;pyfu
218 rif;aoh
wpfwGwfwGwf &GwfMuonf/ tbd"r®musrf;rS y|mef;rsm;udk toHrpJ
ckESpf&uf ckESpfvD &GwfMuonf/ omoemu xdkenf;vnf;aumif;
twdkif;yif/ EdkifiHa&;üvnf; uRefawmfwdkYtwGif;wGif a&&GwfMuonfh
pum;vHk;rsm; &dSonf/
l jynfol jynfol jynfol... vlxk vlxk vlxk...

l 'Drdkua&pD... 'Drdkua&pD...

l jynfolUtajcjyK... jynfolom y"me

l jynfolUta&; ...

uRefawmfwdkY pOf;pm;zdkY vdkaeonfrSm wu,fh jynfolUta&;

[kw&f UJ vm;... wu,fh jidr;f csr;f a&;[kw&f UJ vm;... qdkonfh awG;qcsuf
rsm; jzpfonf/
atmifxG#fu jrefrmjynfrSm apmapmpD;pD; uG,fvGefoGm;onf/
jrefrmjynftwGuf vlawmfwpfa,mufqHk;½HI;vdkuf&onfhtwGuf 0rf;
enf;&onf/ atmifxG#fuawmh uRefawmfwdkYausmif;rSm qdkcJhonfh
uAsmwpfydk'fudk qdkjycJhvdrfhrnf xifonf/
c&D;rwfwyf vrf;ckvyfwGif
udk,fvGwfa&SmifcGm cGJ&ygí
tm;emcJhaMumif; ajymygav..
ponfh uAsmtydk'fudk tcgcg &Gwfvdrfhrnf xifygonf/

ae0if;armif\ tZÑwå
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tul;tajymif;rSm wpfaxmifhwpfae&mu tql
tqJcHí ta&xlxl vkyfoifhwmudk vkyfEdkifcJhonf ae0if;armif/
ae0if;armifu uRefawmfwku Yd kd Edkiif w
H nfaqmufa&; vrf;p qGx
J kwaf y;
oGm;onf/ jzpfoifhonfrsm; jzpfEdkifacsrsm;twGuf BuKdwifjyifqif
xm;Mu&ef wyfvSeYfay;cJhonf/ oDtkd&DESihft&dSw&m;wdkY tMum; [mrdkeD
jzpfjzpf nd§Mu&ef wdkufwGef;onf/
pmzwform;odkU 219
'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;rSm EIef;pHrsm;jzifh ajccsKyfrrdzdkY
vufawGUvkyfjyoGm;onf/ ae0if;armifudk rMudKufol rESpfoufolwdkY
rsm;aumif;rsm;ygvdrfhrnf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap EdkifiHa&;jyóemrsm;ü
cHpm;rIudk wwfEdkiforQ cGmMunfhEdkifrS t&dSw&m;ESifh eD;pyfayvdrfhrnf/
toGiu f l;ajymif;a&; tprSmwif aphpyfn§Ed iId ;f a&;"avhESihf eD;pyf
atmif atmifoG,fay;cJhaom vlxkatmifoG,fawmfMuD; jzpfcJhonf/
pepfrsm; tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;\ touf0ifrIudk wpfzGzG owday;cJh
aom pme,fZif;orm;MuD;vnf; jzpfcJhonf/
ae0if;armifrSm
l a,bk,s pme,fZif;orm; oufouf r[kwf

l EdkifiHa&;orm; ppfppfvnf; r[kwf

l ynm&Sifqefaom EdkifiHa&;ta&GUudk wGef;oljzpfonf/

ae0if;armif\ pmrsm;xJwiG f tcsut f vufrsm;tay: tajccHí

oHk;oyfwifjyrIrsm; awGU&onf/ pme,fZif;orm;vnf; jzpfjyefí
em;r½Iyfaom rsufpd rvnfapaom wifjycsufrsm;jzif jynfolrsm;
vG,ful &Sif;vif;pGm qifjcifoHk;oyfEdkif&ef tqufrjywf wifjyay;
cJholjzpfonf/
EdkifiHa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrSm EdkifiHwnfaqmufa&;ESifh jydKifwl
jzpfoifhonf[laom awG;qcsufudk cdkifcdkifrmrm csxm;oljzpfonf/
vlrS rlodkY tul;ajymif;ü rlwdkY touf0ifa&; acwfrD tvkyfjzpfa&;udk
t"du pOf;pm;oljzpfonf/

ta&GUrsm;
Edkiif Hwnfaqmufa&;onf Ekid if HhpD;yGm;a&;udk wnfaqmufjcif;
jzpfonf jynfolMuD;yGm;csrf;omjcif;onf EdkifiHMuD;yGm;csrf;omjcif;
jzpfonf[laom ,lqcsut f jrifukd olUacwf olUumvu tpdk;&rif;wdkY
acgif;xJ pGJ0ifoGm;Edkiaf tmif wpfzufwpfvSr;f u vHkYvxkwcf Jholvnf;
jzpfonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap pD;yGm;a&; vkyfydkifcGifh tawmftwef &dSvm
220 rif;aoh
cJhMuaom OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&acwfü wpfpHkwpf&m todtrSwfjyKrI&cJh
onfom/
OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&acwfü -
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jzpfukefonf/
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tygt0ifjzpfonf/
rD'D,mvGwv f yfcGihEf Sihf Edkiif Ha&;tusO;f om;rsm;udpö ajzavsmhrI
rsm;onfvnf; rSwfwrf;wpfck jzpfcJhonf/
yk*¾vduydkifjyKrIESifh aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIudpö&yfrsm;onf tawmf
,dk,Gif;aom pDrHcefYcGJrIjzpfonf/
EdkifiHa&; aphpyfndEIdif;rI wpfpHkwpf&m rSwfwdkifwpfck &dScJhonfh
twGuaf wmh 0rf;omp&mjzpfco hJ nf/ xdkaY Mumifyh if twdkut f cH Edkiif aH &;
tiftm;pktwGuf uefp&muGif; yDyDjyifjyif&cJhonf/ uGif;udkvnf;
csJUEdkifcJhonf/ aumif;aom&v'frsm; jzpfonf/
jynfolwdkY a&G;aumufyGJESifh txdtawGU &dSvmjcif;onfyif
ordki;f tawGUtMuHKaumif;wpf&yf jzpfco hJ nf/ rJay;w,fqkw d m b,fvkd
b,fuo hJ Ykd qdw
k mawG Edik if aH &;ygwDawGqw kd m b,foYkd b,fyq kH wkd mawGukd
vltrsm; rSe;f qrdvmMuonfu 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf aumif;aomjcif;&m
vu©Pmjzpfonf/
rnfoykYd ifjzpfap OD;ode;f pdet f pdk;&udk trSwaf y; todtrSwjf yKp&m
rsm;&dSovdk axmufjyp&mawGvnf; rsm;pGm &dSygvdrhrf nf/ Edkiif Ha&;ta&GU
wpfckudk a&mufcJhonfudkawmh uRefawmfwdkY tm;vHk;todtrSwfjyKMu
&rnf/ qdki&f m qdki&f mwdkY udk,pf D wGe;f cJMh uíom a&GUco hJ nf[k uRefawmf
,HkMunfonf/
owdxm;&rnfrSm uRefawmfwdkY jydKifwlwGef;wdkif; ra&GUqdkonfh
tcsu&f o Sd nf/ tm;vHk;u OD;wnf&mwpfckwnf;udk a&S;&Ionf r[kwb f J
awmifbufu vlu ajrmufukdwGe;f ajrmufbufu vlu awmifbuf
pmzwform;odkU 221
udk wGef; ta&SUbuf vlu taemufbufudk wGef; taemufbufu
vlu ta&SUukd wGe;f vQif wGe;f um;wGe;f \ ra&GU jzpfrnf/ uRefawmfwkdY
vm;&mwlaom t&yfqDodkY wGef;MuzdkY vdkonf/
yef;wdkiftwGuf rSwfwdkifrsm;
ae0if;armifu pme,fZif;orm;tjzpf olUudk,fudk Zmwfcif;í
Edkiif HMuD;om; yDorI qE´rJay;rI udpörsm;onf jynfoltwGuf ta&;MuD;
aMumif; tjrJajymaecJo h jl zpfonf/ ae0if;armifwiG f pdwu f ;l ,Oftyd rf uf
&dyS gvdrrhf nf/ odkaY omf aemufqkH;yef;wdkiaf &mufzkYd rSww f kid wf pfckcsi;f pDukd
yDyDjyifjyif pdkufxl&rnf[laom cH,lcsuf &dSvdrfhrnf/
xdkYaMumifhyif ae0if;armifu olUpmrsm;xJwGif
l 'Drdku&ufwdkufaZ;&Sif; enf;em obm0 rSwfwdkif
l zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' rSwfwdkif

l EdkifiHwnfaqmufa&; rSwfwdkif

l wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf yDjyifa&; rSwfwdkif

l t&yfbuf tzGJUtpnf;rsm; rSwfwdkif

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l Edkii f aH &;ygwDEiS hf Edkiif aH &;orm;wd\ kY pOf;pm;awG;qcsurf sm;

twGuf rSwfwdkif
ponfh ponfh rSww f kid rf sm;udk tjrJpku
d xf zl kYd MudK;pm;cJo h jl zpfonf/
ae0if;armif\ pmrsm;aMumifh wuúokv d af usmif;om;b0rSmwif
Edkiif aH &;udk jyL;jyJMunfw h wfonfh pGr;f &nf uRefawmf&cJo h nf/ vufawGU
EdkifiHa&;ESifh oDtdk&DwdkY\ oabmudk tuJcwfrdEdkifcJhonf/ toGiful;
a&;umvwdkYrSm pOf;pm;oifhaom oabmxm; &yfwnfcsufrsm;udk
avhvmcGifh&cJhonf/
222 rif;aoh
uRefawmfodoavmuf ae0if;armifu olUa&;orQ aqmif;yg;
acgif;MuD;rsm;udk pkpnf;jyD; pmtkyf oHk;tkyfom a&;oGm;EkdifcJhonf/
tajymif;tvJtwGuf vlxkvdkonf pmtkyf acsmwdkifwufolrsm;
pmtkyfESifh oef; 50 udk tEdkifay;yg pmtkyfwdkY jzpfonf/ qufqHa&;
tEkynm pmtkyyf g;uav; xGucf Jhzl;ao;onf/ aygif;vQif pkpkaygif;
(4) tkyfom/ ESvHk;a&m*gaMumifh apmapmpD;pD; xGufcGmoGm;cJh&onf/
ae0if;armifuG,v f Geaf wmh uRefawmfholi,fcsi;f wpfa,mufu
ajymzl;onf/ uReaf wmfwkYd jrefrmEdkiif u H vlom;used pf mrsm;oifah eovm;
rodwJh/ awmfol aumif;olrsm;qdkvQif apmapmpD;pD;aoMuw,f [lí/
olUajymyHkt&qdkvQif touf&Sifaeolrsm;uyJ rawmf raumif;olrsm;
jzpfomG ;ovm; pOf;pm;p&m/ tm;vHk;awmh r[kwyf g/ awmfol aumif;ol
rsm;a&m qdk;,kwo f lrsm;a&m &dSygonf/ rawmfvnf; rawmf rqdk;vnf;
rqdk;olrsm;vnf; &dSygonf/
rnfokYdjzpfap xl;xl;jcm;jcm; olrsm;xuf acgif;ESpv f Hk; oHk;vHk;
omol vlawmfval umif;rsm; apmapmpD;pD; uG,v f eG Mf ujcif;udk uReaf wmf
wdkY Edkiif HcH&onf/ aemufjyefMunfh/ Adkvcf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf OD;cspaf rmif
vnf; apmapmpD;pD; uG,v f Geu f keMf uonf/ tjcm;olrsm;vnf; &dSygOD;
rnf/ pmzwfolom pOf;pm;yg/
ae0if;armif\ pmrsm; zwfjyD; uRefawmf&cJhaom tawG;prsm;
&dSonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pD ta&;rSm -
l Activist ppfppfvdkonf/

l Politician ppfppf vdkonf/

l Statesman ppfppf vkdonf/

EdkifiHa&;orm;vdkvdk wufMuGvIyf&Sm;olrsm; rvdkvm;/

wufMuGvIyf&Sm;ol (Activist) tvkyfvkyfjyD; EdkifiHa&;*dkufzrf;
olrsm; rvdkvm;/
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm -
pmzwform;odkU 223

ausmif;q&m ppfppfvdkonf/
ppfom; ppfppf vdkonf/
bkef;MuD; ppfppf vdkonf/
EdkifiHa&;orm; ppfppf vdkonf/
wufMuGvIyf&Sm;ol ppfppf vdkonf/
Edkiif Hwnfaqmufa&;udk aZmufcsí wpfpkdurf wfrwfvkyo
f lrsm;
vdkonf/
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tay:,H oumtkyfolrsm; rvdk/
&TD;orm; azmorm;rsm; rvdk/
rvdk rvdk rvdk/
vdkonf/ vdkonf/ vdkonf/
10 ; 00 attrf^ 9 ZGefv 2017/

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 '*kefwm&m (odkYr[kwf) wm&maA' avhvmcsuf
'*kewf m&m\½kyyf kv H mT rsm;udk zwfonf/ ½kyyf kv
H mT onf ueOD;ydki;f
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[k '*kefwm&mu a&;onf/ ½kyfyHkvTmemrnfMuD;jcif;rSm atmifqef;
(odkYr[kwf) t½dkif;aMumifh jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ wu,fawmh atmifqef;
(odrkY [kw)f t½dki;f wpfyk'w
f ifaumif;onf r[kwyf g/ ½kyyf kv H mT wpfcsuf
csif;pDu &ifxJudk pGJvsuf jidvsuf/

]ar} udk zefwD;ol

'*kefwm&m\ tzGJUtEGJUydkif;udk ½kyfyHkvTmrsm; zwf&jyD; uRefawmf
cHwiG ;f awGUomG ;onf/ uRefawmf pzwfrad om pmtkyrf Sm ]ar} jzpfonf/
]ar}\ ed*Hk;ur®tqHk;owfü ]taumif;udk &Sm\/ taumif;um;
pmzwform;odkU 225
r&dSawmh} qdkonfh tzGJUu &ifxJrSm pGJusef&pfwkef;/ arudk zefwD;ol
'*kefwm&mudk uRefawmf pdwf0ifpm;oGm;onf/ ar 0w¬Konf pmay
acwfOD; awmfvSefa&;twGuf 0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfcJhonf[k qdkonf/
xdkYaemuf uRefawmf oabmusaom q&mausmf0if;u olUpmrsm;wGif
'*kefwm&mudk cPcP nTef;í a&;onfudk awGU&onf/ '*kefwm&mh
pmrsm;xJu aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udkvnf; udk;um;í a&;wm zwfae
&onf/ onfvdk awGU&zefrsm;vmaomtcg '*kefwm&mudk uRefawmf
odcsifvmonf/ '*kefwm&mudk avhvmcsifvmonf/ wm&maA'udk
nufnufausatmif avhvmr,f[k pdwfxJu qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/

wm&maA'
'*kefwm&mh pmawG zwf&if; '*kefwm&mudk pGJí pGJí vmonf/
'*kefwm&mh ta&;tom;rsm;u uRefawmfhudk,fxJ pdrfh0ifvmonf/
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onf/ ta&;tom;udk ESpfoufonf/ a&;zGJU[efudk oabmusonf/
&Sif;ívif;í pum;vHk; ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif oHk;wwfaom pma&;q&m
wpfa,mufukd awGU&onf/ xdaYk emuf pmawGxrJ S tbd"r®mudak wGU&onf/
'*kefwm&monf pma&;q&moufouf r[kwf/ 'óeorm; ppfppf
yghvm;qdkwm awGUvku d &f onf/ pmawGxJrS tawG;tac:wdkYukd xkw, f l
Munfhvdkufrdonf/
emrnfausmf jidrf;csrf;a&; 'óewpfckudk awGUvdkuf&onf/
l &efoludk rdwfaqGjzpfatmif vkyfwm EdkifiHa&; /
l rkef;ol r&dS cspfolom &dS

l &efol r&dS rdwfaqGom &dS/

pmayajymif;vJrIqdkwm tqifheJUoGm;wm/
wpfqifhwpfqifh ajymif;vJoGm;wwfw,f/
EdkifiHa&;vdkayghAsm
226 rif;aoh
awmfvSefw,fqdkwm
tqifhqifhawmfvSefoGm;Muwm...
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f pf vlom;vdkY
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f m&mh
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ewfuGef;/
'*kewf m&monf pmaye,frmS ewfaeudik ;f tjzpf use&f aSd eonfvm;
rajymwwf/ '*kew f m&m\tbd"r®mudk &SmonfrSm rukeEf kdi/f qef;opf
azmufxGufaom ta&;tom;onf acwfaESmif;uae acwfopftxd
o,fvmEdkio f nfh tajctae/ '*kew f m&mu wu,fhacwfrSm MuD;jyif;
vmol/ pmayESifh EdkifiHa&;e,frSm ul;vl;cwfjyef oGm;vmjyD; pmay
tbd"r®mudk xkqpfcJhol/

a&;[ef
'*kefwm&mh a&;[efonf wdk\ jywf\ wdus\/ odkYaomf
yDrdk;eif; vdk [efrsKd;awmh r[kwf/ '*kefwm&mh pmrSm tEkynmygonf/
'óeyg onf/ t,ltqcdik cf ikd rf mrm yg&do S nf/ omref pma&;q&mrsm;vdk
vHk;rcs/ a&mrcs/ ydkiyf kdiEf kdiEf kdif xdxrd rd d &dSonf/ uavmifrSm cdkio
f nf/
rif&nfrmS oGuo f nf/ a&;onfv h ufu jrJonf/ tEkt&Gukd cHpm;rdonf/
'*kefwm&mh uavmifrSm tEkynmarSmf0ifaeonf/ 'óepef; &dSonf/
vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aom ESvHk;om;jzifh acwfudk &Ijrifonf/ xdkYaMumifh
'*kefwm&mhpmrsm;u *E¦0ifajrmufaeonf/
pmzwform;odkU 227
'*kewf m&mh pmrsm;zwf&if; pmayt,ltq Edkiif Ha&;½IaxmifhESihf
'óetjrifrsm;udk tHkvdkufusif;vdkuf &vmonf/ wm&maA'onf
eufeJaypG/
pmrsm;onf pum;rsm;jzpfonf/ pum;rsm;onf ESvHk;om;xJrS
'óersm;jzpfonf/ 'óe\ jrpfzsm;cH&m wnfae&monf b,frSm
udef;0yfaeygoenf;/
xdef;odrf;wJhae&mrSm
qkyfxm;vdkU rjzpfbl;/
qkyfxm;&if wdk;wufrSm r[kwfawmhbl;/
'*kefwm&m 0if;jidrf;ESifh pma&;q&mrsm;

us,fajymvSygwum;
'*kewf m&mu pmaya0zefa&;rsm;udkvkycf o hJ nf/ uAsm 0w¬Kwdu
kY kd
vnf; a&;cJo h nf/ ½kyyf vkH mT rsm;udv
k nf; zGUJ co
hJ nf/ 'óetjrifrsm;udv k nf;
a&;cJhonf/ oljzwfoef;cJhaom jzpfpOfjzpf&yfrsm;udkvnf; rSww f rf;wif
cJhonf/ '*kew f m&monf pmaye,frSm ae&mtESHYajccsxm;onf/ pmay
*Dw tEkynmvnf; rvGwfyg/ EdkifiHa&; tawG;tac:ESifh acwfpepf
udkvnf; rvGwfyg/ uRefawmf avhvmaeaom wm&maA'rSm rpHkvif
ao;yg/ eufev J pS mG wum;vdkY ajym½HkrS ty uReaf wmf tvSr;f rrDEkid af o;/
pmayt,ltqrsm;rSm yDyDjyifjyif jywfjywfom;om;ESihf vlxkESiht f [yf
nDaom yHo k @mefukd awGU&onf/ tjiif;tckejf zpfaeaom pmayt,ltq
rsm;tMum; vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aomtjrifjzifh csOf;uyfonf/ wdk;wuf
aom yGifhvif;aom vGwfvyfaom jywfom;aom o½kyfouefrsm;udk
'*kefwm&mh qDrSm awGUEdkifonf/
'*kew f m&monf tdraf xmifrjyK/ aooGm;onf txd tdraf xmif
rjyKcJhyg/ '*kefwm&mvdk vlrsKd;twGuf ESvHk;udk ausmufcsxm;rnfh
tdraf xmifrvdkyg/ tcsp[ f lonf vlwpfa,muftay:ESihf aoG;om;ADZ
awmfpyfol tay:rSmom uGuí f usa&mufaejcif;onf usO;f ajrmif;aypG/
228 rif;aoh
'*kefwm&mavmuf cspfwwfaomol &SmMunfhygOD;vm;/ tifrwef
&Sm;yg;ygvdrfhrnf/ urÇmavmu wpfcGif wpfjyifrSm obm0 avmu
awmawmifr S m Moumoavmu owå avmurS m cspf jcif ;onf
tus,fjyefYqHk; wnf&dSaeygonf/ ESvHk;om;onf vGwfvyfaypG/
tvGwfvyfqHk;ol[m tcspfEdkifqHk; vlom;jzpfrnf xifygonf/

atmifyef;
toufMuD;aomtcg atmifyef;rSmyifaeí atmifyef;rSmyif
acgif;csoGm;onf/ atmifyef;NrKdUonf uavmESifh uyfvsuf NrKdUi,f
uav;jzpfonf/ uavmudk vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; odygvdrfhrnf/
xif;½SL;rsm; aygonfhNrKdU/ at;onfhNrKdU/ csrf;onfh NrKdU/ pdrfhonfh NrKdU/
obm0awmawmifESifh NrKdU/ awmifay:NrKdU/ &Srf; "EkESifh yavmif
ytdk0;f vlrsK;d wdkY aeonfNh rKdU/ tif;av;ESihf eD;onfNh rKdU/ rEåav; awmifMuD;
oGm;&m vrf;ray:uNrKdU/ atmifyef;onf uavmESihf uyfvsu&f ySd gonf/
þae&mü '*kefwm&mu at;csrf;pGm aexdkifcJhonf/

wm&mhpm
'*kew
f m&mh pmrsm; 0w¬Krsm;xJu pum;vHk;rsm; a0g[m&rsm;udk
uRefawmf vdkurf rDyg/ odyaf rGUjcif;ESihf eufeJjcif; *kP&f nfwkdY a&mpyfí
jzpfwnfvmaom pum;vHk;rsm;jzpfaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ pum;vHk;
tzGJUtEGJUwGif '*kew
f m&mavmuf odraf rGUeufeJaom ta&;tom;rsK;d udk
uReaf wmf tckxd rzwfz;l ao;yg/ tzGUJ tEGUJ ykid Ef kid o
f nf[k ausmMf um;aom
0w¬Kq&mrsm;onfyif '*kefwm&mh vufudk rrSDao;yg/ '*kefwm&m\
aumif;jcif;rSm ajymrqHk;Edkifawmh/ rnfodkY aumif;onfqdkwmudk
&Sif;jy&ef vdkygrnfvm;/ vdkrnf rxifyg/ uRefawmf ajymvQifvnf;
vHkavmufrnf rxifyg/ '*kew f m&mhpmrsm;om &SmzwfMuzdkY wdkuw f Ge;f
csiyf gonf/ acwfEiS phf epfukd tusK;d jyKaom acwfa&SUajy;aom jynfou l kd
pmzwform;odkU 229
pmayrD ; &S L ;jzif h vrf ; jy tvif ; ay;aom pmrsKd ; ud k '*k e f w m&m
a&;zGJUcJhygonf/
'*kew
f m&m\ tuGet Yf nTerYf sm;onf pdwu
f ;l wnf&h m pdwu
f ;l ,Of
awG;ac:xm;onfrsm; r[kwf/ vufawGUrS vmonf/ vlUtwGif;u
vmonf/ obm0xJrS vmonf/ vGwv f yfaom vlom;ADZrS vmonf/
'*kefwm&mu
orm;½dk;us jzpfaewmawGukd wGe;f vSeyf pfwm oGm;awGU&w,f/
wifrdk;
zefrD;tdrfESifh awGUqHkay;jcif; 0if;jidrf;/
pmayt,ltqrsm;tay: tm½HkrusvQif '*kefwm&mhpmrsm;udk
zwfv&kYd rnf rxif/ ordki;f ESihf Edkiif aH &; avhvmrI "mwfcH avsmv
h Qiv
f nf;
wm&maA'udk rausnufEdkif/ zwfolu tdkif'Da,mfvdk*sD tusOf;us
aeaom '*kefwm&mudk cHwGif;awGUEdkifrnf rxif/ ESvHk;om; ao;odrf
usOf;ajrmif;olqdkvQifvnf; tm½Hkusrnf r[kwf/ jrefrmudk pdwfr0if
pm;bl; qdkvQifvnf; '*kefwm&mudk jiD;aiGUaeygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf
jrefrmjynfü wm&maA'udk avhvmaeolaom vlvwfydkif;wpfpkudk
awGUae&ygonf/ wm&monf rwdrfaumao;/

rnfokdY...
'*kefwm&mudk jidrf;csrf;a&; wrefawmf[k zGJU&rnfvm;/ pmay
ewfom;[k zGJU&rnfvm;/ odkYwnf;r[kwf 'óepmqdk[k qdk&rnfvm;/
'*kefwm&monf ol\pdwf ESvHk;om;ESihf OD;aESmufudk rnfodkY csdefqyg
oenf;/ rnfodkY rQajcndSygoenf;/ qef;Mu,faypG/
q&mausmf0if;uawmh þodkY ajymygonf/
]q&m '*kew f m&mrSm 'dkYArm(jrefrm) tpnf;t½Hk;acwfavmufrS
pí ,aeYxufwkdiaf tmif pmawG tqufrjywfa&;aeaom pma&;q&m
MuD; jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;b0uyif ewfoQifaemif&wkudk acgif;tHk;
ab; xm;tdy&f if;rS bHk0g'aMunmpmwrf;udk w½Iu d rf ufrufavhvmcJo
h l
230 rif;aoh
jzpfonf/ '*kefr*¾Zif; &wkydk'fpHkrsm;rS acwfay:uAsmtxd xHkul;cJhol
uAsmq&mMuD;vnf; jzpfonf/ ol\ cspv f pS mG aom rdwaf qGrsm;ESit hf wl
tif;vsm;&dyf a&TawmifMum;ESihf jynfaxmifpk&yd o f mxd c&D;&SnMf uD;udk
jzwffcJholvnf;jzpfonf/ odkYaomfolonf EdkifiHa&;orm; r[kwf/ þ
tcsufudkvnf; oludk,fwdkif rMumcPa&; zl;onf/ wcsKdUu 'gudk
rBuKduf/ uRefawmfuawmh 'gaMumifhyif ydkí pdwf0ifpm;rdonf}
(ysm;&nfjrpfxJrS tdyfcfçpf\ toH ausmf0if;)
onftcsuEf iS hf ywfoufjyD; '*kew f m&m rMumcPa&;cJo h nfrsm;udk
uRefawmf &SmMunfhonf/ udkA[def; taMumif;a&;xm;aom ]y'kr®m
MumyGifh tjyHK;&Sif} rSm þodkYawGUonf/
]uRefawmfhukd Edkiif Ha&;avmuodkY a&mufapcsio f lrSm udkA[de;f /
wu,fu uRefawmfonf e,fjcm;rsOf;aMumif;ay: &yfaewwfol/
ta0;rSaejyD; teD;ta0;jrifuGif; trSefjzifh rMunfhwwfvQif wpfzuf
wnf; a&mufaeonf[k tjrifrmS ;oGm;wwfonf/ uReaf wmfuudkA[de;f
udkatmifqef;wdkYvkd Edkiif Ha&;orm;vky&f ef &nf&, G cf suf &dSonf r[kw/f
pdwf"mwf&dSaomfvnf; uefYvefYum aemufuG,frSom aecsifonf/
a&;ay;rnf/ zwfay;rnf/ 'gu t&om &dSonf[k xifonf}
'*kew
f m&m Edkiif Ha&;orm; [kwf r[kwEf Sihyf wfoufjyD; aumuf
csufcsEdkifrnf taxmuftxm;wpfck jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaemuf
'*kefwm&mu udkA[def;ESifhywfoufjyD; xyfa&;ao;onf/ udkA[def;
½kyfyHkvTmxJrSm jzpfonf/
]udkA[de;f u uRefawmfhukd Edkiif Ha&;orm; jzpfapcsi\ f / odkYaomf
rjzpf/ uRefawmfu udkA[def;udk pma&;q&m jzpfapcsif\/ odkYaomf
rjzpf} (A[def; odkYr[kwf uAsm rS)
wm&monf vljzpfonf/ odkaY omf vlwumxufu vljzpfonf/
pmayrSm uAsmrSm tawG;tac:rSm EdkifiHa&;rSm/
vlxkpmMunfhwkdufrSL; udkatmifjrifhOD;u '*kefwm&mpm '*kef
wm&m pum;rsm;udk pkí pmtkyif ,fav; xkwx f m;onf/ onfpmtkyrf mS
pmzwform;odkU 231
crf;0rf;qdkolu trSmpma&;onf/ xdkoludk uRefawmf rod/ odkYaomf
olU trSmpmrSm '*kefwm&mESifh ywfoufjyD; yHkazmfcsufwcsKdUygonf/
l q&mwm&monf rsK;d EG,t f & ajrydki&f Sif v,fykdi&f Sirf sK;d ½dk;rS
qif;oufvmoljzpfonf/
l acwfynmwwfwpfOD;

l befaumufykqkd; 0wfqifwwfjyD; EkEk&G&G uAsmtvSrsm;udk

wpfzufurf;cwfatmif zGJUoDEdkifol
l aq;yef;csDpkjc,fo&mü aysmfarGUol

l EdkYESpfa&mif pE´&m; cvkwfav;rsm;ay:ü ol\ tEkynm

vufacsmif;uav;rsm;u ajy;vTm;aqmhupm; wD;cwfwwf

ao;ol jzpfayonf/
l pG,fpHktEkynmausmf[k qdku rvGefwef&may/

l q&mwm&monf ]tEkynmonf tEkynmtwGu} f qdkonfh

tawG;t,lorm; wpfOD;awmh r[kwfacs/
l q&mwm&monf pmaytEkynmESih f Edi k if aH &;wdu
k yf t
JG Ekynmudk
rSefuefpGm aygif;pyfEdkifol jzpfay onf/
l jrefrmpmayordkif;ü pmayopf oabmw&m;rSwfwdkifudk

OD;aqmifpkdux f lEkdicf Jhaom pmayacgif; aqmifwpfOD;vnf;

jzpfayonf/
l q&mwm&monf tEk y nmtvS t yES i f h awmf v S e f a &;

tawG;tac: ql;cufrsm; aygif;pyfxm;\/

l ppfEi S ahf wmfveS af &;acwfwiG f q&mwm&monf arG;zGm;cJ\ h /
uRefawmf rrSv D ku
d f rawGUvku d af om pmayewfa'0g wpfyg;udk
zGJU&onfrSm uRefawmfhtwGuf cufcJygonf/ onfacwf t&G,f (20)
ausmfvli,frsm;ü '*kefwm&mudk odol '*kefwm&mudk tm½Hkusol
&Sm;yg;ygvdrrhf nf/ vli,fwkid ;f pmayudk 0goem rxHkEkid yf g/ Edkiif aH &;udk
pdwfr0ifpm;Edkifyg/ pmayESifhEdkifiHa&;udk pdwf0ifpm;aomfvnf; xJxJ
0if0if avhvmzdkY cJ,Of;ygvdrfhrnf/ xJxJ0if0if avhvmapOD;awmh
232 rif;aoh
'*kew
f m&mh 'óersm;tay: tm½HkuszkYd cJ,Of;ygvdrrhf nf/ '*kew
f m&mESihf
qHkqnf;&jcif;onf a&pufygrS jzpfvdrfhrnf xifonf/

&SmawmfyHk
0w¬KBuKduw f wforl sm;xJrmS *E¦0ifukd a&G;zwforl sm;&dyS gvdrrhf nf/
Munfat;udkov d Qif '*kew
f m&mudk qufvrS ;f &ygvdrrhf nf/ '*kew f m&m\
]ar}ESifh ]NrKdif}udk rdrd&&zwf&ygvdrfhrnf/ þacwf þtcgrSm ]ar}
u orm;½dk;us jrefrmhvlUtzGJUtpnf;udk udkifvIyfypfvdkufEdkifcJhonf/
orm;½dk;usyHkpHawGxJu azmufxGuf vmaom cGJxGuv f maom wDxGif
zefw;D vdkuaf om ]ar} udk pmzwform;awmfawmfrsm;rsm; arhvrd Ohf ;D rnf
rxifyg/ '*kew f m&mudk odzkdY ]ar} ESihfyif &yfaevdkY r&/ wm&maA'udk
qufvufEIdufxkwfazG&Sm&ef vdkaeao;onf/ tbd"r®mrsm; awGUvQif
vnf;r&yfEiS hf qufwk;d yg/ a&SUrmS pmay ewfwpfyg; apmifah eygvdrrhf nf/
MudKaeygvdrhrf nf/ Ektd odraf rGUí jrJjrHaom vufjzifh MudKESihyf gvdrhrf nf/
'*kefwm&mhtaMumif; onfavmufyif a&;Edkifygvdrhfrnf/ uRefawmf
vdkurf rDaom tbd"r®mw&m;rsm;udk wm&maA'xJrSm qufvuf&SmazG
ygOD;rnf/
aeYv,f 12 ; 44
3 Zefe0g&D 2019 /
rif;uGef;awmif½dk; r*¾ifacsmif /

rSwfpkrsm;
1/ uRefawmfpmayavmuxJ a&mufvmyHkuawmh odyfxl;xl;
axGaxG r&dSvSygbl;/ 'gayrJh uRefawmf i,fpOfuwnf;u 0goemyg
cJhwm pmayr[kwfbl;/ *DweJY yef;csD 0goemygcJhwm/ jzpfcsifwmu
pE´&m;q&m yef;csDq&m/ pmayavmuxJ0ifzkdY vHk;0 pdwu f l; r&dScJhbl;/
&wkyk'd pf Hk uAsmwpfyk'af &;vku
d w
f m '*kerf *¾Zif;u azmfjyay;vdkuaf wmh
tJ'DupjyD; pmayavmuxJ a&mufoGm;wmygyJ/
pmzwform;odkU 233

2/ uAsm pa&;awmh uRefawmfhtouf q,fav;ig;ESpyf J &dSao;

w,f/ pa&;wke;f u uavmifemrnfu ]jrdKifoZif}/ 'DuavmifemrnfeYJ
ESpEf Spo
f Hk;ESpaf vmufyJAs/ aemufawmh 'Duavmifemrnfvnf; rMudKuf
wmeJY tckvuf&dS uavmifemrnfudk ajymif;cJhwmyJ/ wm&mqdkwm
Mu,f r[kwv f m;/ tJ'D wm&mqdkwhJ pum;vHk;av;udk oabmusw,f/
'gavmufygyJ/ odyfMuD;MuD;us,fus,f taMumif;awmh r&dSygbl;/
'*kef qdkwmuawmh '*kefr*¾Zif;udk taMumif;jyKjyD; ,lwm/
3/ 1941 ckESpfavmufrSm ar0w¬Kxkwfjzpfw,f/ 'gvnf;
rSD;a&;wJh 0w¬Kwpfyk'yf gyJ/ pma&;q&m Beverly Nichols &JU Self qdkwJh
0w¬Kukd rS;D xm;wmyg/ a&;wmuawmh 1938-39 ckEpS af vmufuwnf;u
a&;cJjh yD; 1941 ckEpS uf srS e*g;eDuae xkwjf zpfw,f/ tJ'gudk taMumif;
jyKjyD;awmh pmayavmuxJudk a&mufw,fvdkY ajymEdkifr,f xifw,f/
4/ yif&if;uawmh olUtwdki;f yJ/ 'gayr,fh olUtwdki;f tukevf Hk;
r[kwb f ;l / Oyrm - ar 0w¬KtqHk;rSm uReaf wmf a&;xm;wmawGUrmS aygh/
]taumif;udk &Sm\/ taumif;um; r&dSawmh} qdkwm/ olUrl&if;u
taumif;rS r[kwfbJ/ Black to the flash, the flash had gone wJh/
234 rif;aoh

'gudk t"dymÜ ,fqifw, l k;d rSm; jzpfatmif jyef&wmyJ/ rS;D w,f ac:rSmaygh/
(rSwfpk 1 rS 4 onf ayzl;vTmr*¾Zif; 0if;jidrf; tifwmAsL;rS)
5/ uRefawmfum; Edkiif aH &;orm; r[kwf uGejf rLepfvnf;r[kw/f
(udkA[def; odkYr[kwf uAsm '*kefwm&m)
6/ '*kew f m&mü uavmiftrnfaygif; (53)ck&o Sd nf/ jrefrmpmay
avmuü uavmiftrnf 'kw, d trsm;qHk; yk*K¾ v
d jf zpfonf/ odyaHÜ rmif0
\ uavmifcGJonf (57) ck&dSí '*kefwm&monf 'kwd, uavmifcGJ
trsm;qHk; toHk;jyKoljzpfaMumif;awGU&onf/
7/ tdraf xmifrjyKaom vlysKMd uD;wpfOD;jzpfonf/ '*kew f m&m\
b0wpfavQmufvkH;wGif tpdk;&tvkyEf iS hf pD;yGm;a&;tvkyrf sm;udkrvkyb f J
vGwfvyfaom pma&;oltjzpfom aexdkifcJhonf/
8/ 1919 arv (10) &ufaeY paeaeY nae (6) em&D (15)
rdepfwGif zcif OD;btkef;ESifh rdcif a':zGm;&SifwdkYrS armifaX;NrKdifudk
{&m0wDwkdi;f usKu d v
f wfNrKdUe,fteD; rGe&f Gm wpf&Gmjzpfaom xdkiu f ljrpf
wef;&Gmü arG;zGm;cJhonf/ wpfOD;wnf;aom om;jzpfonf/
9/ 1933 ckESpf wuúodkvfodyHÜr*¾Zif;ü rIefjym&D0w¬Kwdkudk
pmzwform;odkU 235
jrdKifoZif uavmiftrnfjzifh yxrqHk; yHkESdyfazmfjyjcif;cH&onf/
1934 ckESpf '*kefr*¾Zif;ü a'gif;rifhoD[mcsD &wkydk'fpHkudk yxrqHk;
uAsmtjzpf azmfjyjcif;cH&onf/
10/ 1940 ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\
0g'jzefYcsda&;rSL;/ wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾rS xkwfa0aom tdk;a0
r*¾Zif;\ t,f'Dwm/ ArmEdkiif HvHk;qdki&f m ausmif;om;or*¾rS xkwaf 0
aom rsK;d nGeYfr*¾Zif;\ t,f'DwmcsKyf/ tif;0ausmif;aqmifrS xkwaf 0
aom tif;0&Jacgifr*¾Zif;\ jrefrmpm pmwnf;/
11/ 1946 ckESpf wm&mr*¾Zif; t,f'DwmESihf xkwaf 0oltjzpf
udk,w f kdiOf D;pD;jyD; pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf/ 'DZifbm 4 &ufaeYü wm&m
r*¾Zif;trSwf (1) udk wefzdk; (1) usyfjzifh xkwfa0cJhonf/ wm&m
r*¾Zif;rS Munfat; ausmfatmif armifMunfvif jroef;wif rdk;pnf
armifpnfol paom pma&;q&mrsm;udk pwifarG;xkwfay;onf/
12/ ½kyfyHkvTm (&efukef *sme,fausmfrrav; pmayjzefYcsda&;
1955) udk xkwfa0onf/ xdkpmtkyfwGif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;
pmay *Dw yef;csDtEkynmonfrsm; pkpkaygif; (16) OD;taMumif;
wpfpdwfwpfydkif; a&;om;xm;onf/
p
 vlxkOD;vS
OD;vS[m emrnfev YJ ku
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vufn§dK;xdk;jyrnf/ ynm&Sifpdwf"mwf ynm&Sifb0 ynm&Sifvkyf&yf
qdkwmudk uGuu f u
G uf iG ;f uGi;f o½kyaf zmfjyEdkicf o
hJ rl mS a'gufwmoef;xGe;f
omjzpfonf/ olUp½du k f olUvyk &f yf olUc, H cl suf olU,MkH unfcsurf sK;d onfom
ynm&Sifp½dkuf ynm&Sifvkyf&yf ynm&Sif\ o½kyfouefjzpfonf[k
uRefawmf,HkMunfonf/
n 11 ; 54
3 rwf 2019 /

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 vlxk a':trm
rSwrf Sw&f & uRefawmf q,fwef;pmar;yGJ ajztjyD;/ aEGOD;&moD/
ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;rSm/ zwfrdaom pmtkyfwpftkyf/ vlxka':trm\
tarha&S;pum; 'kw, d wG/J zwfjzpfcw
hJ mu aEGO;D &moD/ vlxak ':trmu
a&pBuKd yckuúL jrif;rl ajrmif NrKdUe,frsm;udk c&D;oGm;jzpf&if; tnm\
trSwo f ½kyrf sm;udk a&;zGJUxm;onfrsm; zwf&onf/ xaemif; refusn;f
wrm wdkY\ toHk;0ifyHk toHk;wnfhyHk tusKd;jzpfyHk tnmESifh o[Zmw
jzpfyHk vlUtwGuf tusK;d jyKyHkawG tygt0if wrmEkcsed f refusn;f ay:csed f
xaemif;a0csdefawGrSm tnmoltnmom;wdkY cl;,lpm;aomufonfh
yHkpHrsm;udk cyfoGufoGufav; a&;oGm;onf/ zwf&wm acsmaeonf/
em;xJwGif tnmoltzGm;wpfa,muf udk,hfeHab;rSm xdkiaf jymaeovdk
cHpm;rdaeonf/
onfu pí a':trmudk podoGm;onf/ a':trmESifhtwl
vlxk OD;vSukdyg ydkpw d 0f ifpm;rdvmonf/ 'DarmifESHu bmvJ b,fvkdvJ
qdkonfh pl;prf;csifpdwf ay:vmonf/ a':trm a&;jyaomaMumifh
udk,fhtdrfeHab;u refusnf; xaemif;ESifh wrmwdkY\ wefzdk;udk
pmzwform;odkU 295
aumif;aumif;owdxm;rdoGm;onf/ ][m... ightrd rf Smvnf; 'DvkdawG
vkyfpm;MuwmyJ} qdkjyD; udk,fhwefzdk;udk ukd,fjrifvdkuf&onf/
tckvdk aEGqdk anmifzl;rsm; zl;jyD/ xaemif;vnf; a0jyD/ wrm
vnf;EkjyD/ xaemif;&Gufokwf wrm&GufwdkY anmifzl;jyKwfwdkYudk
tm;yg;w±vdkY &jyD/ tarrmudk aus;Zl;wifvkduw f m/ udk,hyf wf0ef;
usif udk,fha'o udk,fhae&mXmeudk wefzdk;xm; jrwfEdk;wwfatmif
oifjyay;vdkY/ vlxka':trmESifh ywfoufvQif trSwf&p&mrsm;
wpfckru uRefawmfhrSm &dSaeygonf/
tnm\ o½kyfESifh tnm\ oauFwrsm;udk owdxm;rdatmif
vufwv kYd ku
d o
f nfh taMumif;udk ajymvQiyf if &Snv f sm;axGjym;ygOD;rnf/
uRefawmf csmwdwfb0/ obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;qdkonfh
bmom&yftaMumif;t&mrsm;udk bmrSrodem;rvnfao;cif vlxk
a':trm\ tnmc&D;oGm;aqmif;yg; yHkpH pmrsm;udk zwfjyD; obm0\
wefzdk;udk odvmonf/ tnm\ wefzdk;udk em;vnfvmonf/ wrm
refusnf; xaemif; &Sm;yif ukuúKdyifwdkY\ tusKd;aus;Zl;udk odvm&
onf/ em;vnfvm&onf/ obm0 ywf0ef;usiu f kd wefzkd;xm; jrwfEkd;
onfhpdwfrsm;ay:vmonf/
refusn;f yifu refusn;f &Gurf sm;EkvQif uReaf wmfwkYd armifErS awG
aysmaf ysmyf g;yg; wufcl;zl;onf/ vG,t f w d u
f kd pvG,o f kdi;f jyD; refusn;f
&GufEkEkxGwfxGwfav;rsm;udk tjyGwftodyf xdk;odyfcl;cJhzl;onf/
refusn;f &Guo f nf uRefawmftMudKufqkH; tpm;tpmjzpfonf/ refusn;f
&Gufudk pyfcsOfcsufpm;pm; tpdrf;vdkufokyfpm;pm; qm;eJYodyfjyD;
okypf m;vdkuf csO&f nfMudKpm;vdkuf trsK;d rsK;d vkypf m;onf/ refusn;f &Guu f kd
tpdr;f vdkuf axmif;pm;onf/ pyfcsOu f kd ykZGeaf uG;av;awGeJY xnfhcsuf
onf/ csO&f nfBuKdvQif OoQpf&u G uf av; cyfvkduaf o;onf/ refusn;f
oD;tpdrf;udk jyKwf/ a&iifjyD; rkefYnif;ESifh csOf&nfcsufvQif bmeJYrS
rvJEdkif/ jyKwfjyD; rokHk;awmhwJh refusnf;oD;tpdrf;aph uav;awGudk
cGmcGmpm;&wmudku uav;b0u t&om/
296 rif;aoh
refusn;f oD;rSnhf ajymOD;rvm;/ tcktcsed x
f d refusn;f azsm&f nfukd
toJ pGJpGJaomufwkef;/ aEGwkef;uqdk twmtdk; cyfao;ao;av;udk
oefYoefYav;0,f/ refusnf;oD;rSnfhudk
ypf x nf h / qm;av; enf ; enf ; cyf /
yefawmfusi;f xef;vsuu f kd opfom;vH;k eJY
cyfqqxkjyD; ypfxnfh/ aomufa&cGuf
oHk;cGuaf vmuf xnfhxm; jyD; tzHk;av;
tkyfxm;/ tdk;av;udk vufck pkwfav;
a&pGwf n§pjf yD; ywfxm;/ aeYv,f aEGyl
aeylyltcsdef tdrft&dyfcyf at;at;rSm
cyfaomufvdkuf/ tm;yg;yg; aumif;
vdkufonfh jzpfjcif;/ vlUpnf;pdrfqdkwm
'gygvm;vdkY xif&avmuf onftxd
cHpm;wwfcJhonf/

pmayrS b0
pmayu &aom t&omu vufawGU pm;aomufrIyHkpHukd wefzkd;
xm; t&omcHwwfonftxdjzpfcJhonf[k em;vnfvdkufonf/
a':trm\ aus;Zl;jzpfonf/ wrmEkav;rsm;udk refusn;f rSnahf v;xnfh
jyKwf/ qm;iHjym&nfav;eJY wdkY/ xaemif;&Guu f kd ajryJaxmif; Edki;f csi;f eJY
xnfo h kw/f a&aEG;Murf;eJjY rnf;/ 'DvkEd iS hf tnmudk uRefawmf wefzk;d xm;
wwfvmonf/ tnmrSmawGU&aom wrm xaemif; refusnf;wdkY udk
cspfwwfvmonf/ xdkYaemuf tnme,f &Gmv,fu uGrf;awmifudkif
yef;awmifukid f ysKjd zLndKacsmav;rsm;udk rsupf d cHwiG ;f vdkupf mG cHpm;wwf
vmonf/ tnm[m tifrwef vSyghvm;vdkY wzGzG ajymwwf vmonf/
pmonf b0ESihf cHpm;rItay: tJonfhavmuf vTr;f rdk;wwfyguvm;/
a':trmu tarha&S;pum;wGif qHk;rpum; aqmif;yg;rsm;
a&;xm;ao;onf/ onfaqmif;yg;rsm;udk zwfjyD; udk,u hf kd qHk;rowday;
pmzwform;odkU 297
vrf;jyonf[k cHpm;ae&onf/ tarwpfa,muf ud, k t hf bGm;wpfa,muf
eab;u olUom; olUajr;av;udk pdk;xdwpf w d ef JY qHk;rvrf;jyaeonf[k
cHpm;vm&onf/ acwfay: toHk;taqmif vlaerIyHkpHrsm;\ qef;jym;
vmrItay: owdESifh oHk;pGJaexkdifwwfzdkY pOf;pm;rdvmonf/ tarh
tqHk;trrsm; pmtkyfxJuae zwf&ovdk cHpm;rdonf/ onfvdkESifh
vlxk a':trmonf uReaf wmf av;pm;cspjf rwfE;kd &onfh pma&;q&mrMuD;
wpfa,mufjzpfvmonf/
a':trm\ pmrS wpfqifh a':trm\ b0udyk g pdw0f ifpm;vmonf/
OD;vS\ pmrsm; zwf&onfuku d ydkjyD; jynfph kv
H monf[k cHpm;vm&onf/
a':trmhpmzwfvQif OD;vSukd owd&onf/ OD;vSpmzwfvQif a':trmudk
owd&onf/ OD;vSESihf a':trmonf ESpv f Tmvnf; aygif;vdkY&/ wpfvTm
wnf;ESihfvnf; yPmwifhaom opf&Guv f kd jzpfonf/ udk,pf Gr;f udk,pf
&dSaom udk,f&nfudk,faoG;aumif;aom ESpfvdkzG,fjzpfaom vlom;
ESpaf ,muf aygif;zufjcif;onf r*Fvmrnfyg\/ wefzk;d vnf; jrifyh g\/
a':trm\ pmtkyftm;vHk;udk uRefawmf rzwfzl;yg/ odkYaomf
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk zwfjzpfonf/ a':trm\ a&;[efukd oabmus
onf/ cyfoGufoGufESifh acgif;xJ ESvHk;om;xJ avsmceJ 0ifoGm;aom
ta&;tom;u axmufrae/ tnm[ef tnmoHvnf; xGufonf/
rEåav;oH aygufonf/ jrefrmem; jrefrmrsufpdESifhvnf; udkufonf/
&ovnf; ygonf/ tawG;vnf; ygonf/ acwfpepfudkvnf; a0zef
wdx kY x
d m;onf/ vrf;nTerf I tMuHay;rIvnf;ygonf/ vlrb I 0awGvnf;
ygonf/ acwf\jzpfyHk ysufyHkudkvnf; zGJUonf/ ajymif;vJvmaom
vlrIb0rsm;udkvnf; aumufaMumif; qGJjcpfxm;onf/ acwfjydKifrsm;\
b0 ZmwfaMumif; jyKrIajymqdkyHkrsm;vnf; zwf&onf/ OD;vStaMumif;
vnf; pHkpHkaphaph zwf&onf/ rEÅav;taMumif; rEÅav;\ "avh
rEÅav;\ tEkvuf&m ae&mXme rEåav;ordkif; aemufaMumif;rsm;
udkvnf; pHkpHkvifvifzwf&onf/
298 rif;aoh
þodkU
a':trmhpmudk zwfjyD; arm&pfaumvpfudk pçodoGm;onf/
w&kwfjynftaMumif; ydkpdwf0ifpm;oGm;onf/ a':trmu arm&pf
aumvpfpmtkyfudk bmomjyefzl;onf/
þbmomjyef j zif h pmayavmuxJ
csO;f eif; 0ifa&mufvmonf/ t*¾gpEdk;\
pmtkyfudk bmomjyefonf/ b0csif;
rwlonfh w½kwjf ynf qdjk yD; pmtkyx
f Ml uD;
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pmtkyfrsm;rSm tajrmuftjrm; jzpfyg
onf / a':trmu 0w¬ K rsm;vnf ;
a&;onf/

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uRefawmf tHhMoonfu aeYpOfvdkvdk pma&;jcif;tvkyfudk tm;
xkwEf ikd cf ahJ om vlxak ':trm\ tavh tusijhf zpfonf/ wpf&ufwpfav
wpfvwpfESpf qufwkdufa&;jzpfcJh onfqdkvQif odyfrtHh/ a':trm\
pmaytvkyftay:tm;xkwfyHku tHhp&m/
pdwaf eoabmxm; vlMuD;vlaumif;qefrI trsK;d orD;*kPo f u
d m©
jynfh0rI wnfMunfrI &J&ifhrI jywfom;rI ESpfvdkzG,faumif;rI vkHYv&dSrI
wpdkufrwfrwf &dSrI pdwf"mwf cH,lcsuf tavhtusifh txHk"avh...
ponfwrYkd mS twk,pl &m erlem,lp&mjzpfonf/ tm;usp&mvnf;jzpfonf/
pma&;jcif;udk tvkyw f pfckvkd aeYpOf pGJpJjG rJjrJvkyjf cif;udku awmf½Hktavh
tusifh r[kwf/
vlxka':trmwGif wm0efrsm;&dcS yhJ gonf/ pmaywm0ef owif;pm
vkyfief; yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif; vkyfief; tdrf&Sifrwm0ef om;orD;rsm;udk
jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;wm0ef pmayvlrIwm0ef ponfjzifh trsm;tjym;
&dSygvdrfhrnf/ wm0efrsm;udk rvpf[if;atmif aoaooyfoyf xrf;
pmzwform;odkU 299
aqmifoGm;EdkifcJhonf/ tarvlxka':trmrSm ajrmufrsm;pGmaom
*kPfyk'faygif;rsm;pGm &dSygvdrhfrnf/
tarrmhpmESihfom xdawGUcGihf&aom uRefawmfhtzdkY uavmifikyf
wkwfjzifh þodkY wdkYxdvdkufygonf/
eHeuf 10 ; 30
7 rwf 2019

p
 OD;cspfarmif (odkYr[kwf) ½dk;om;pGm odkodyfol
OD;cspaf rmif/ OD;cspaf rmifqkdonfrSm *sme,fausmf OD;cspaf rmifukd
qdkvkdjcif;jzpfonf/ OD;cspaf rmifESihf uRefawmf rqHkzl;yg/ qHkzl;p&mvnf;
r[kwfyg/ OD;cspfarmifonf jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;r&cifuyif
uG,v f eG o
f mG ;cJhjyD;jyD/ owif;pmq&mwpfa,muftjzpf vlord sm;onf/
onfaeYonfacwf vli,frsm;ü pmzwfayzwf vli,fwo kYd m OD;cspaf rmif
udk odMuawmhrnf xifonf/ trsm;pkaom vli,fwdkY Mum;zl;MuyHk
ray:/ OD;cspfarmiftaMumif; odaeMujcif;onfyif OD;cspfarmif ZeD;
rwifviId f (ac:) *sme,fausmf rrav;aMumifyh ifjzpfygvdrrhf nf/ *sme,f
ausmrf rav; a&;aom ]olvkv d l} 0w¬KrSm emrnfausmo
f nf/ xdkYaMumifh
OD;cspfarmifudk vlod&jcif;jzpfEdkifygvdrfhrnf/
OD;cspfarmifa&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&dSyg/ ol
toufi,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh uG,fvGefoGm;í jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ touf
(30) ausmfrSmyif uG,fvGefcJhonf/ OD;cspfarmif\ tokbodkY AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef; vdkufydkYonf[k zwfzl;onf/ OD;cspfarmifa&;om;aom
emrnfausmf pmtkyfwcsKdU&dSonf/ ]urÇmMuD;ysufpD;vkeD;jyDavm} ]ol}
pmzwform;odkU 301
0w¬K wdkYjzpfonf/ a&Tvif;,keftrnfjzifh ]&Sm&SmazGazG} ]rIid f;rIefrIef}
pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/ OD;cspfarmif\ aeYpOfrSwfwrf;
pmtkyfvnf; xGuf&dScJhonf/

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rSwrf Md uygvdrhfrnf/ udk,&f nfukd,f aoG;t& pHxm;tyfaom p½dku&f Sd
Zmwfaumifjzpfonf/ ]ol}0w¬Kudk taMumif;jyKjyD; pma&;q&m
v,fwiG ;f om;apmcspu f ]yef;jrKdiv
f ,frS O,smOfrLS ;} 0w¬Kudk a&;onf/
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tjzpfyg rSww f rf;0ifonf/ emrnfausmf rif;om; ausm[ f ed ;f o½kyaf qmif
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0w¬Kudk Edkiif Hjcm;bmomaygif;awmfawmfrsm;rsm; bmomjyefqkdMuonf
[k od&onf/ þum; *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif a&;cJhaom ]ol}
0w¬K\ tusKd;pOfjzpf&yfjzpfonf/

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cspfarmifudk tm;usaecdkuf 0if;wif bmomjyefaom ]uGd} 0w¬Kudk
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q&mMuD; oHk;a,mufjzpfonf/ þodjkY zifh *sme,fausmo
f nf uReaf wmfEiS hf
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OD;cspfarmif\ *kPfyk'frsm;udk a&&GwfvQif cyfrsm;rsm; xGufus

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u EdkifiHa&; tcsuftvufrsm; &SmazGwifoGif;ay;olvnf; jzpfonf/
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EIwu f xkwaf jymaomaMumifh oufqkdio f lrsm; odvkdu&f jcif;jzpfonf/

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armifwGif &dSonf/ tm;emwwfjcif; iJhn§mwwfjcif;onf OD;cspfarmif
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OD;cspfarmifonf rnfonfht&mudkrS riJhuGuf/ &Sif;&Sif;bGif;bGif;
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25 pufwifbm 2018/
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wynfh/
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tawmifv h ku
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Edkiif Ha&;buf 'óebufESihf tdki'f Da,mfvkd*sDbufwkdYwGif awGU&onf/
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zwf&vG,fonf/ t"dutcsufrsm;udk aumufEkwfjyonf/ jyD;awmh
rSwfcsufjyKonf/ 'óee,fudk avhvmolwdkYESifh udkufnDonf/
ta&;tom;uvnf; &Si;f onf/ vif;onf/ olUtjrifuvnf;
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&Sif;jyonfudk awGU&onf/ jrefrmwpfa,mufu tckvdk jrifw,f
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a[*,f um;vf;rwf bx&ef &yfq,f... aemufawmh jzpf
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uRefawmfwdkYodaom um;vfrwfudk þodkY a&;onf/
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'óeonf us,f\/ ½IyfaxG;onf/ us,fajymaom ½IyfaxG;
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avhvmcsuf wcsKdU&cJhonf/
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wGe;f tm;onf b,fí b,frQaygufajrmufaMumif; avhvm&ayrnf/
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aumufEkwfcsuf ^ pm - 59
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teufjyefqdkxm;onf/
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n 7; 59
19 'DZifbm 2018/

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v Ak'¨udk vlom;pifppfvdkY jrifatmif vkyfay;onfh pmtkyf/
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v wefck;d &de
S af pmfawGukd z,fjyD; yuwdt&du
S kd jrifatmifazmfay;
onfh pmtkyf/
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awmfvSefvdkufonfh pmtkyf/
v obm0usus qifjcifazmfxkwfxm;onfh pmtkyf/

v aMumif;usK;d qufpyfrIeJY a0zefapmaMumxm;onfh pmtky/ f

v o'¨gvGefolrsm; rzwf&Jonfh pmtkyf/

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330 rif;aoh
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OD;at;armifa&;onfh pmtkyrf sm;u emrnfausmo f nf/ awmfawmfrsm;rsm;
u tcktcsed x f d yHkEySd x
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awGu a&mif;wef;0ifaeqJ/ a&mif;vdkY aygufaeqJ/

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OD;at;armif\ Zçudk prf;rdomG ;onf/ a&;aompmjzifh a&;ol\tqifu h kd
wdkif;wmEdkifonf/
pmzwform;odkU 331
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[lí/
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(yxrydkif;) ESifh rif;uGef;q&mawmf\ r[mAk'¨0if (pwkw¦wGJ)rsm;udk
t*Fvyd b f momodkY jyefqkdcJhonf/ ,ck Ak'¨ESihf Ak'¨0g' (oHk;wGJaygif;csKyf)
udkvnf; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh jyefqdkcJhjyD;jzpfonf/ trnfu The
Buddha and His Teaching [lí jzpfonf/
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onf/
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raysmufysuaf tmif xde;f odr;f apmifh a&Smufawmfral om &[ef;oHCmrsm;
ygVd yd#uwfudk jrefrmjyefqdkaom ygVdynm&Sifrsm;ESifh Ak'¨ç Ak'¨"r®
taMumif; EIu d cf Rwaf vhvmaom taemufEkid if AH k'p¨ mayokawoDynm&Sif
wdkY\ aus;Zl;um; MuD;rm;vS ygonf/ xdkyk*¾KdvfwdkYtm; þpmtkyfjzifh
tav;jyKygonf} [lí azmfjyxm;onf/

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qef;ppfykid ;f jcm; awG;ac:rIukad wGU&onf/ taxmuftxm; tuk;d tum;
ESifh ,kwådwefwef ajz&Sif;xkwfEIwfazmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
Ak'¨ESihfAk'¨0g'onf xifjrifcsuo f ufoufjzifh a&;om;xm;aomusr;f
r[kw/f ta&SUwkdi;f usr;f ½dk;rsm;udk csn;f udkií
f a&;om;xm;aomusr;f
332 rif;aoh
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vlwG,fus,f vkyfxm;aom usrf;pmvnf; r[kwf/ o'¨g,dkzdwfí
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rTef;xm;aom pmtkyfvnf; r[kwf/
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f m;
onfukd qifjcifÚmPfjzif taxmuf txm;usus avhvmoH;k oyfxm;aom
pmtkyjf zpfonf/ rsuuf ef;Ak'b¨ momwdkY rsm;pGm zwfoifah om pmtkyjf zpf
onf/ rd½;kd zvm e,frS vGwaf jrmufvakd om jrefrmrsm; ememzwfoifo
h nf/
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xm;onfh jrefrmrsm; zwf&rnfh pmtkyfjzpfonf/

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jyKaom 0g'jzpfonf/ t&rf;,Hk tuef;,Hk 0g' r[kw/f w&m;ao0g'
r[kwf/ obm0ESifhqefYusifaom 0g'r[kwf/ umvrokwfudk yrm
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0g'jzpfygonf/ yk*K¾ v
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aMumifh ynmudk t"dywdxm;í udk;uG,f qifjcifzdkYjzpfonf/ Mum;zl;
aom pum;wpfck&dSygonf/
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oHCmudk bkef;MuD;uG,fw,f} qdkonfh pum;jzpfygonf/
pmzwform;odkU 333
jrefrmjynfrSm tESpftom;wkdY aysmufaeonf/ OD;at;armif\ Ak'¨ESifh
Ak'¨0g'usrf;udk 1962 rSm a&;onf/ 1963-64 wGif yxrtMudrf
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pOff;pm;qifjcifÚmPfudk tav;xm;olwdkY vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:olwdkY
bmoma&; rIdif;0g'rsm;u vGwfatmifBuKd;pm;olwdkY zwfMuaom
pmtkyf jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
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qef;ppfrrI sm;udk tudk;tum; taxmuftxm; atmufajcrSwpf krsm;jzifh
&Sif;vif;jyxm;onf/ awGUu&m aumuf,lxm;aom tcsuftvuf
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f wnf;uodcsiv f kYd
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pmzwform;odkU 335
em;vnfcsifol pOf;pm;qifjcifvdkolrsm;om zwfzdkY rsm;ygonf/
xdkYaMumifh rd½kd;zvme,fü bmodbmom aeolrsm;vnf; rsm;csirf sm;yg
vdrhfrnf/
rnfokyYd ifjzpfap OD;at;armifpmtkyu
f uRefawmfth wGuf tawmf
toHk;wnfhonf/ orm;½dk;us r[kwfaom pmtkyfudk zwf&í qifjcif
ÚmPfyGm;&onf/ pl;prf;avhvmrI tm;xkwf&onf/ onfpmtkyfudk
zwftjyD; uRefawmfhpdwfxJwGif Ak'¨udk vlom;pifppf wpfa,mufvdk
obm0usus awG;jrifvmEdkicf o hJ nf/ ,cifuwnf;u Ak'u ¨ kd bk&m;[k
uRefawmf rjrif/ vlom;pifppfvdkY jrifcJhygonf/ onfpmtkyfudk zwf
tjyD; r[mvlom;wpfO;D \ obm0usaom tjyKtrlrsm; av;pm;MunfnKd
xdkupf &mrsm;udk ydkí awGUvm&onf/ xdkYaMumifh vlom;ydkqefvmaom
Ak'¨udk uRefawmf ydkí MunfnKdvm&onf/
pl;prf;jcif; avhvmjcif; pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif; tavhudk tm;ay;
aom Ak'¨\vrf;pOfudk OD;nTwfyg\/ OD;cdkufyg\/
aeYv,f 12 ; 43
21 'DZifbm 2018
rif;uGef;awmif½dk; r*if¾acsmif/

p
 q&mjrESifh olwdkU
pmnTef;- aZmf*sD uRefawmfESifh oD&dypö,mtvGrf; ^ jroef;wifh
q&mjrESihfywfoufvQiff olU\ bmomjyefcsurf sm;om tzwf&
rsm;onf/ q&mjrwGif yifudk,fa&;0w¬KtcsKdU &dSygonf/ r[m*E¦0if
bmomjyefcsurf sm;vnf; trsm;tjym; &dyS gonf/ Edkiif w H umbmomjyef
owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;vnf; zwf&onf/ q&mjrESifhywfoufvQiff
pmaygif;pHktaxGaxGudk rsm;rsm;pm;pm; xlxlxJxJ zwf&onfh pma&;
q&m[k rSwfcsufcsvdkufygonf/ q&mjra&;aom pmtkyfaygif;rSm
xkwfa0jyD;pD;xm;onfudkuyif 100 ausmf&dSaeygvdrfhrnf/
aZmf*sD uRefawmfESifh oD&dypö,mtvGrf; pmtkyfudk a&G;í nTef;
vdku&f jcif;taMumif;&dSonf/ q&mjr\ b0jzwfoef;yHkESihf olUywf0ef;
usi\f jrifuiG ;f wcsKUd ukd jrifvkdu&f íjzpfonf/ a&;xm;onfh pmrsm;u
pmzwform;odkU 337
tcef;quf aqmif;yg;&Snf yHkpHjzpfonf/ q&maZmf*sD taMumif;? *sme,f
ausmrf rav;taMumif;? vlxkO;D vStaMumif;? tqdkawmf ½ky&f iS rf if;om;
pma&;q&m 'g½dkuw f m xkwv f kyo
f l 0if;OD;taMumif;? Aef;armf wifatmif
taMumif;? yDrdk;eif;taMumif;? rav;vHktaMumif;? vrf;avQmufjcif;
taMumif;? pum;0dkif;rsm;taMumif;? taMumif;...taMumif;...
taMumif;/
aZmf*sDudk uRefawmf pdwf0ifpm;onf/ *sme,fausmfrrav;udk
oabmusonf/ OD;vSukd av;pm;MunfnKd onf/ 0if;OD;udk MudKufonf/
Aef;armfwifatmifudk tm;usonf/ yDrdk;eif;udk pdwf0ifpm;onf/
rav;vHk taMumif; odcsio f nf/ xdakY Mumifh onfpmtkyu f kd zwfjzpfonf/
zwf&if;zwf&if; tJonfah cwfu yHk&yd jf rifuiG ;f rsm; rsuv f k;H xJ uGuu f uG f
uGi;f uGi;f jrifvmonf/ q&mjru aqmif;yg;&Snrf sm; a&;jcif;aMumihf
wcsKUd taMumif;t&mrsm;onf pmrsuEf Smtawmfrsm;onf/ zwf&olyif
pGJípGJí vmonf/ ½kyv f Hk;ay:í ay:í vmonf/ rsuv f Hk;xJ uGuu f uG f
uGi;f uGi;f jrifvmonf/ pum;vH;k rsm;jzifh ½ky&f iS ½f u
kd jf yaeovdx k if&onf/
q&mjru yckuúLe,fom;/ pmayavmuxJa&mufawmh &efuek rf mS
tajccs/ &efukef&JU jrifuGif;udk yHkazmfyHkrsm; ESmacgif;xJwGif rkefY[if;
cg;eHYoif;onf txd/ vrf;avQmufjcif;taMumif; ajym&if; zdeyf\
'óeudk a&mufoGm;onf/ zwf&if; jroef;wifh\ uavmifarSmfudk
prf;rdonf/ wu,fh pma&;q&mqdkwm ajrpmjrufyiftaMumif; a&;wm
awmif aumif;aeyghvm;qdkwm owdxm;rdvdkufonf/ q&mjr\
pmayjzwfoef;rI wcsKdUudkvnf; zrf;rdvdkufonf/ pmayxkwfa0a&;
pmaya&;&m udpöawGrSmxm;onfh q&mjr oabmxm;udk EIdufxkwfrd
onf/ acwfjydKif pma&;q&m EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;\ o½kyfouefudk
vnf; em;vnfvdkufonf/
Aef;armfwifatmiftaMumif;udk q&mjru a&;onf/ Aef;armf
wifatmifvkd vlpm;rsK;d udk rsupf ad &SUrSm tawmifhvkduf jrifvkdu&f ovdk
q&mjru a&;onf/
338 rif;aoh
]uRefawmf yxrqHk; awGUzl;aom udkwifatmif\ ½kyfyHkvTmudk
jrifa,mifaeonf/ t&yfu ig;ayq,f vufr um,Avaumif;aumif;
½kyfuvnf; ½kyfacsm/ tar&duef Zmwfvdkufrif;om; a&mhcf[wfqef
ESihf wlovdkvk/d eHo
Y mEka&mif ydk;aysmph ydk&Y yS t
f usÐ eufjyma&mif ouúvwf
abmif;bDwdk taemufa&mif *Ref0Iduf &SL;zdeyf wdkYjzifh om;em;aeonf/
yg;pyfwGif t*Fvdyfvkyf 'ef;[D;vfaq;wHudk cJvsuf/ t*FvdyfawG
aqmif;onfh awmfyDac: umuDa&mif azmhOD;xkyfudk vufu udkifxm;
wwfonf/ t*Fvyd f pum;udk vSyoGuv f ufpmG ajymEdkio
f nf/ aemufrS
od&onfrSm olonf ppfrjzpfcifu rDvD&Sm;udk; ac:onfh t*Fvyd w f yf
xJodkY cP0ifzl;ol/ pwD;b&m;om; opfvkyfief;wGif vkyfzl;ol/
c&pf,mefbmom tqHk;tratmufwGif MuD;jyif;vmcJhol}
aumufEkwfcsuf ^ pm - 273
xdkYaemuf Aef;armfwifatmiftaMumif; aumufaMumif;rsm;
qGJjcpfvkdufao;onf/
]olonf tar&duefpma&;q&m *sufvef'efvdk b0pHkol/
ppfom; opfuefx½dkuf pma&;q&m owif;pmq&m axmiftMudrMf udrf
usol ordkif;usrf;jyKq&m obm0odyÜHusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkol EdkifiHa&;
usr;f rsm;udk a&;ol/ olUpum;ajyonf tpwke;f u EkEkvv
S /S aemufawmh
or®musrf;pm pum;ajyrsKd;/ aemuf jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;MuD;rsm;\
a&;[ef/ tqifhqifhajymif;vmonf/ MuD;vmonfhtcgwGif i,fi,f
wkef;uvdk EkEkvSvS a&;[efawGudk MudKufyHkr&awmh/ i,fi,fwkef;u
a&;[efrsm;udk Munfhí jyHK;rdayonf[k aemufwpfMudrfxkwfonfh
bkef;armifwpfa,mufwnf;&,f 0w¬Ked'gef;wGif zwfvdkuf&onf}
aumufEkwfcsuf ^ pm - 279
q&maZmf*sDESifh qHkyHk awGUyHk bD,maomufMuyHk/ *sme,fausmf
rrav; \ b0½ky/f olvkdvlxJwGif OD;cspaf rmiftaMumif; odEkdio f nf/
q&mjr\ pmü rrav;taMumif; aumif;aumif; odEkdio f nf/ *sme,f
ausmrf rav;\ tZÑwåESiht f rltusif tjyKtrlrsm;udk tEkpw
d f cs,rf Ie;f
pmzwform;odkU 339
xm;onfh aqmif;yg;&SnMf uD;udk zwf&onf/ rde;f rom;ayr,fh xkom;
ayom;usatmif MuHUMuHUc&H ifqikd yf kHukad wGU&onf/ xl;jcm;aom ½kyyf kHvmT
wcsKdUudkvnf; awGUvkdufonf/ *sme,fausmfrrav;\ t0wftpm;
rufarmyHk tdrMf uD;&cdkirf Sm MuD;MuD;us,u f s,f crf;crf;em;em;aewwfyHk
wdki;f &if;aq;ukxHk;tay: Oyg'geftpGJMuD;yHk pojzifh rsuEf Smpm aygif;pHk
udk awGU&onf/ q&mjrpmü *sme,fausmfrrav;\ vlom;qefaom
rde;f rom;wpfa,mufb0udk bGi;f bGi;f MuD;awGUvkdu&f onf/ tifrwef
&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGtrsKd;orD;wpfa,mufudk zGJUyHkrsm; orm;½dk;us
cs;D rGr;f cHoufoufukd zwf&onfEiS hf rwl/ obm0usaom vlom;b0udk
awGUvkdu&f onf/ q&mjru *sme,fausmrf rav;ESihf yk*¾Kv d af &;tawmf
&if;ESD;onf/ *sme,fausmrf rav;tdru f q&mjr\ pm;tdraf omuftrd f
jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh *sme,fausmfrrav;taMumif;udk i,faygif;
oli,fcsif; wpfa,mufozG,f riJhruGufa&;onfudk awGU&onf/
oabmusp&mawGUvQif ESpv f kdzG,&f Sad omta&;udk a&;onf/ oabmr
awGUwm &dSvQifv f nf; yGihfyGihfvif;vif; a&;onf/ uRefawmf xifrxm;
aom *sme,fausmrf rav;\ ½kyyf HkvmT udk awGUvkdu&f onf/ pma&;q&m
[lonf vGwfvyfygbd/ þodkY jzpfatmifyif q&mjru olUb0udk
þodkY aocsm a&G;cs,fxm;onf[k pmtkyfrSm a&;onf/
rkqdk;rb0 *sme,fausmfrrav;\ tjzpfudk þodkY a&;onf/
]*sme,fausmfrrav;onf wpfzufwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udk
vkyfaeaomfvnf; wpfzufu yHkESdyfwdkufaxmifum *sme,fwpfapmif
xkwf&ef BuKd;yrf;aeonf/ olUrSm tm;csdef em;csdef[lí r&dS/ reufvif;
onf ESihf a&rdk;csK;d jyD; yef;qdk;wef;&dStvkyw f kduu
f kd ajy;&onf/ aeYv,f
em&DjyefwpfcsufavmufwGif taemf&xmvrf;ray:&dS yHkESdyfwdkufodkY
vm&onf/ yHkEySd w f kduwf Gif olUom;MuD; armifoed ;f wefESihf olUarmifi,f
udkwif0if;&dSonf/ odkY&mwGif olwkdY ESpfa,mufvHk;u pdwfcsí rjzpf/
armifodef;wefuvnf; cyfayay/ udkwif0if;uvnf; cyfayay/
yHkEydS w
f kud uf kd vufxrJ mS yHktyfxm;í r&/ xdakY Mumifh *sme,fausmrf rav;
340 rif;aoh
onf yef;qk;d wef; tvkyw
f u
kd rf S jyefvmjyD; yHEk ydS w
f u
kd u
f kd OD;pD;&ao;onf/}
aumufEkwfcsuf ^ pm - 146
þa&;om;csufonf *sme,fausmfrrav;\ rkqdk;rb0udk
tenf;i,fazmfjyaeonf/ cifyGe;f a,mufsm; uG,v f Geo
f Gm;aomfvnf;
pmayvkyfief;udk qufvufvkyfudkifyHk cyfayayom;orD;rsm;udk
xde;f ausmif;&í uoDaeyHk OD;cspaf rmif rvkycf &hJ aom tvkyaf wGtwGuf
xyfqifhvkyaf e&yHkawGukd zwf&onf/ wjcm;wpfzufrSmvnf; csr;f om
aom rdom;pk todkut f 0dki;f rS qif;oufvmoljzpfí 0goemtxHkÚmOf
uav;udk jznfhqnf;&ef MudK;pm;aeyHk ponfh vlom;qefaom pma&;
q&mrMuD;wpfa,muftaMumif;udk teD;Munfh Munfhvdkuf&onf/
]OD;cspfarmifu pmzwfoavmuf *sme,fausmfrrav; pmzwf
onfudk uRefawmf odyfrawGU&zl;yg/ tcsKdU olrsm;onf pmudk tawGU
tMuHKjzifh a&;aomfvnf; *sme,fausmrf rav;onf pmudk pdwjf zifah &;jcif;
jzpfygonf/ tcsKUd u todÚmPfjzifh a&;aomfvnf; *sme,fausmrf rav;
onf pmudk cHpm;csufjzifha&;ol jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfu pmzwf&ef
ajymonfhtcgwdkif; *sme,fausmfrrav;onf tif;rvIyf tJrvIyf
vkyfaewwfonf}
aumufEkwfcsuf ^ pm - 160
q&mjru olrv D ku
d o
f l olEiS hf acwfjydKif (odrkY [kw)f olUa&SUpeD ,
D m
usaom pmayrdwaf qGrsm;udk þodkY a&;onfjzifh rjyD;ao; q&maZmf*sv D kd
q&mMuD;rsK;d xHrS awGU&if;qHk&if; qnf;yl;avhvm& avhvmoif,&l onfh
tjzpfoepfrsm;udk a&;onf/ q&maZmf*sED iS hf awGU&if;qHk&if; pmaya&;&m
aqG;aEG;csurf sm; udka&;wm zwf&onf/ q&mjr\ pmaya&;&m tjrif
,lqcsurf sm;udk zwf&onf/ tvkyu f ESpvf kyjf yD;jyD/ taMumif;t&mrsm;
udkvnf; od& tjzpfoepfrsm;udkvnf; avhvm& zwf& rSwf& tjrif
,lqcsurf sm; udkvnf; enf;rSD;&/ aMomf... pmzwfw,fqkdwm [if;rsK;d
aygif;pHkukd wpfpm;yGx
J J wifpm;&ovdkygyJvm;... [k rSwcf sucf sro d nf/
yDrdk;eif;udk q&mjr rrDvdkufyg/ odkYaomf yDrdk;eif;taMumif;udkvnf;
pmzwform;odkU 341
q&mjr a&;wm zwf&onf/ q&mjru yDrdk;eif;udk tckvdk a&;onf/
]yDrdk;eif;onf 19 &mpkESpfukefcgeD;wGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/ 19
&mpk ESpMf uD; ukeí
f 20 &mpkEpS Mf uD; ul;ajymif; onfukd oljrifvu
dk &f onf/
olonf tdrrf S xGuaf jy;onf/ bHkqkdiw f Gif tvkyv
f kyo
f nf/ pma&;vkyf
onf/ A&if*sDbmomodkY 0ifonf/ bke;f MuD;wpfyg;\ arG;pm;om;tjzpf
pifumyloYkd oGm;í vufwifbmom oifonf/ c&pf,mef w&m;a[mq&m
vkyfonf/ ausmif;q&m pmjyifq&m pma&;q&m vkyfonf/}
aumufEkwfcsuf ^ pm - 314
q&mjru yDrkd;eif;taMumif;udk cyfwkdwkdom a&;onf/ okYad omf
yDrkd;eif;taMumif;udk jcHKrdiHkrvd kduo
f nf/ ed*Hk;owfrSm yDrkd;eif;taMumif;
xyfí jc,foao;onf/
]qif;&Jiwfjywfjcif;onf yDrdk;eif;\oauFw jzpfaeonf/
pma&;q&mqdkvQif qif;&J&rnf iwf&rnf jzpfovdkaewwf&rnf[al om
tjrifonf yDrdk;eif;udkMunfhí ay:vmaom tjrifjzpfvdrfhrnf[k
xifonf/ yDrk;d eif;vdk emrnfausmf pma&;q&mMuD;wpfa,muf iwfjywf
aeonfudk jrif&onfhtcgü qif;&Jjcif;ESifh iwfjywfjcif;onf pma&;
q&mrsm;\ yk*¾vdu ypönf;[k oabmxm;vdkufMuyHk&onf/}
]yDrdk;eif;onf owif;pmaumfvHaqmif;yg;vnf; a&;onf/
r*¾Zif;aqmif;yg;vnf; a&;onf/ "mwfusrf;rsm;udkvnf; a&;onf/
pdwfynmusrf;rsm;udkvnf;a&;onf/ 0w¬Kwdk 0w¬K&Snfrsm;udkvnf;
a&;onf/ a&muf&mae&mwGif pmrsK;d pHka&;Edkio f ljzpfonf/ awGUorQjrif
orQonf olUMudwq f HktwGuf Mudw0f g;&m ypön;f awGcsn;f jzpfaeonf/
olUpma&;q&m OD;aESmuftwGuf a&;p&m ukeMf urf;awGcsn;f jzpfaeonf/
yDrkd;eif;onf jrefrmEdkiif HwGif pmrsK;d pHk a&;Edkiof l pmtrsm;qHk;a&;Edkio
f l
jzpfonf rajymwwf yDrk;d eif; onf Edkiif aH &;udkvnf; a&;vdkuaf o;onf}
]yDr;kd eif;onf jrefrmpum;ajy ta&;tom;ü a&SUaqmifojl zpfonf/
vrf;opfudkxGifoljzpfonf/ ta[mif;rS vrf;cGJxGufol jzpfonf/
0w¬Kwdkü yDrkd;eif;onf uRefawmfwkdY vrf;jyjzpfonf/ acwfopf 0w¬Kwdk
342 rif;aoh
a&;enf;udk yDrdk;eif;upcJhonf[k qdkEdkifonf/ 0w¬K&Snfüvnf;
yDrkd;eif;onf uRefawmfwkdY a&SUaqmif jzpfonf/ xdkrQru yDrkd;eif;onf
jrefrmpmayavmuwGif udk,fwdkifa&; tw¬KyÜwådudk yxrqHk; a&;ol
jzpfrvm; rajymwwf/ yDrk;d eif;u ol\ tw¬KyÜww åd iG f tqdk;taumif;udk
tukefa&;onf/ oltdrfu xGufajy;yHk rdef;rESifhuGJyHk bdef;qdkifpma&;
H tp tukeyf gonf/ a&S;vlMuD;wpfO;D u yDrk;d eif;\
bHkqkid pf ma&; vkyyf ku
yDrkd;eif; udk zwfjyD; ESmacgif;&HIUonf/ ax&kyÜwård sm;udkom a&;aumif;
onf[k a&S;vlMuD;rsm;u ,lqonf/ ax&kyÜwådrsm;avmufudkom
a&;aumif;onf[k xifaeonfh tcsed w f iG f yDrk;d eif;onf olUtw¬KyÜwåu d kd
a&;csvku d o
f nf/ vrf;opfukd xGiv f ku
d of nf/ od&kY mwGif vrf;opfxiG o f l
qdkonf csKH EG,yf w
d af ygif;wdku
Y kd wdk;&pjrJjzpfonf/ ql;jcpfc&H jrJjzpfonf/
tcuftcJukd awGU&jrJjzpfonf/ vrf;opfukd aemufvw l kYd avQmufvmMu
onft h cgrS xdkvrf;onf ajzmifjh zL; vm&jcif; jzpfonf/ ajyjypfvm&jcif;
jzpfonf}
aumufEkwfcsuf (pm ^ 316 )
q&mjr\ pmrsm;onf a&mí jyGrf;aeonf/ tqmyvmtpHk
Edkif;csif;xnfhxm;onfh tpHkokyfudk pm;&ovdk zwfae&onf/ pmay
ordkif;pOfvnf; ygonf/ pma&;q&mrsm;\ b0o½kyfazmfrsm;vnf;
ygonf/ pmayorm;csi;f aygif;oif;qufqo H nf pmay0ef;usiu f kv
d nf;
tuJcwf&onf/ pmayt,l tq jrefrmjynf\ pmaytwdwv f rf;aMumif;...
ponfjzifh pHkvdkY pdaeonf/
uRefawmf þpmnTef;udk a&;jcif;ü aumufEkwfazmfjyonfrsm;
rsm;onf[k xifaumif;xifygvdrfhrnf/ cGifhvTwfem;vnfMuygukef/
q&mjr pmtkyrf mS tyk'af & 20 yif rjynfyh g/ okaYd omf aqmif;yg;&SnMf uD;
rsm; jzpfí zwf&if; ajymp&mrsm; vufwkdYp&mrsm; rsm;rsm;vmí jzpfyg
onf/ uRefawmfh [m',ESihf udkuo f nfrsm; udkvnf; aumufEkwcf sií f
jzpfygonf/ pmrsufESm 119 rS pvdkufaom *sme,fausmfrrav;
taMumif;onf pmrsufESm 194 a&mufrS tqHk;owfonfudk Munfhí
rSef;qEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ pmtkyfqdk'frSmvnf; (15 cGJ - 13 cGJ pifwD)
jzpfí qdk'Mf uD; trsK;d tpm;jzpfonf/ *sme,fausmrf rav;taMumif;ESihf
q&maZmf*sD taMumif;onfyif pmtkyfyg; ESpftkyfpm jzpfaeonf/
q&mjr taMumif;ESifh olwdkYtaMumif; zwfcsifolrsm;twGuf
vufwdkYtnTef;ay;vdkuf&ygonf/
nae 4 ; 18
21 'DZifbm 2018
rif;uGef;awmif½dk; r*¾ifacsmif/

p
 tnrnoabm
pmnTef;- ADZESifhywf0ef;usif OD;at;armif /
vl[m udk,fhADZudk udk,faumif;atmif tjrJvkyfae&onf/ e*dk
rlv"mwfcHtwkdif; xm;vdkufvQiff ydkí wkd;rvm/ ydkí wufrvm/
'Hk&if;'Hk&if; twdki;f om jzpfvrd hrf nf/ ADZonf ywf0ef;usiEf Sihf qufpyf
aeonf/ ywf0ef;usio f nf ADZ\ jyKjyifp&D ifraI Mumifh ajymif;vJvm&onf/
onfESpfckonf tjyeftvSef trSDo[Jjzpfaeonf/ tjyeftvSef
aus;Zl;jyKaeMuonf/
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uav;rsm; tpm;xdk;vdku&f if Muufuav;awG aygufvmyghrvm;;/}
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348 rif;aoh
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22 'DZifbm 2018
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350 rif;aoh
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352 rif;aoh
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28 'DZifbm 2018
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r[kwfbl;aygh/ ('*kefwm&m)
2/ uAsmqdkwmu b,ftcsdefrSm b,fvdk ay:vmr,fqdkwm
ajymvdkrY &bl;/ apmifah evdkvY nf; r&bl;/ rapmifb h eJ v
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jrefoGm;rSmyJ/ (armifom&)
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jyD;awmh vlreS o f rQcifw,f/ q&m ta&SUa&m taemufuyg pma&;q&m
wcsKdUeJY awGUzl;ygw,f/ olwdkYtaeeJY 0g'uGmcsif&ifom uGmr,f/ rl
taeeJY a0zefcsif a0zefr,f/ vlukdawmh vltaeeJY cifMuw,f/ 0g't&
vlwef;pm; cGJjrifwmawmh wjcm;aygh/ 'gaMumifh tEkynmorm;[m
arwåm0g'DvkYd q&m qdkcsiyf gw,f/ (pmaytcspef b YJ momjyef ^ wufwk;d )
7/ vlqkdwm vlUorkid ;f jzpfpOfeJY wGJaeygw,f/ ordki;f aMumif;udk
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pmzwform;odkU 363
8/ pma&;q&mjzpfr,fv h el YJ usew f ohJ al wGeYJ bmuGmovJ/ pma&;
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ygbl;/ usewf o
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vdkawmh Sensitivity ac:w,f/ pma&;q&mjzpfr,fholu Very
Sensitive jzpfw,f/ jrefrmvdk ajym&&ifawmh ol&JU tm½Hkw&m;awGu
wjcm;olawGxuf xufjrufwwfw,f/ olrsm; em;raxmifrdwm
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olrsm; rcHpm;wwfwmudk cHpm;wwfw,f/ 'gudk q&mwdku Y tm½Hkw&m;
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wuúodkvf bkef;Edkif)
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rnfh tem*wfonfrkcsrsm; t&mra&mufawmhrnfh acwfqdkwmudk
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pGJaeMurnf xifonf/ xm;awmh/

awmfzvmharSmf
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wnfo h nf/ toHk;0ifonf/ awmfzvmhtifwmAsL;ü awmfzvm jzwfoef;
cJhaom b0 wpfpdwfwpfa'oyg0ifonf/ ol*sme,fvpfb0rSm tp
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rsuEf Smpmaygif;pHkuae ½kyv
f Hk;MuGatmif azmfomG ;Edkio
f nfu awmfzvmh
arSmf[k qdkvdkY&rnf xifonf/
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awmfzvmESifh pum;pjrnf qdkonfh pmtkyf jzpfonf/ onfpmtkyfudk
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rvkyfjzpf/ aemufawmh nOD;ydkif;wpfckrSm tdyfr&wmeJY awmfzvmESifh
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J mG ;½Hkru awmfzvmh
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vGef;onfh q&mhvufpGrf;udk tm;usrdonf/ acwfpum; acwftjrif
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0ifoGm;atmif bmomjyefwwfygbd/ pum;vHk; zvS,fyHkuvnf;
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awmfzvmu vlUtzGJUtpnf;taMumif; &Sif;jyonf/ rkcsorm;
rsm;,lqaom t,ltqrsm;udk jzpfpOf jzpf&yfjzifh jiif;onf/ vIid ;f rsm;
onf wpfcsed rf Sm wpfckru &dSEkdiaf Mumif; ajymonf/ ajymif;vJvmaom
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JG aMumif;?
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awmfzvmhpmtkyu f kdbmomjyefjyD; zwfMuonf[kyif qdkonf/ w½kwf
acgif;aqmifawG udk,w f kid f awmfzvmh pOf;pm;csurf sm;udk wa&;w,l
vkyfcJh&onf qdkonfhoabm/ w½kwfuGefjrLepfawGu tdkif'D,meJY
&IaxmifhawGudk pm;oHk;onfhoabm/ tJonfhaemufydkif; w½kwfrSm
pD;yGm;a&;tyGifh jzpfcJhonf/ awmfzvmh pmtkyfxGufvmwm 1970
wpf0u kd jf zpfygvdrrhf nf/ awmfzvmh pmtkyu f kd w½kwu
f wdeaf &Smufzed Mf uD;
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awmfzvmh\ tem*wfaoG;vefrY pI mtkyf xGujf yD;jyD;csi;f urÇmrSm
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zvmh vufcsmawGudk em;axmifzdkY urf;vSrf;onf/ awmfzvmu
wuúodkvfcef;rawGrSm a[monf/ aqG;aEG;jiif;ckHrIawG vkyfonf/
tem*wfudk tar&duefawG pdk;&drfaeMujyD[k oabmayguf&onf/
urÇmwpf0ef;uvnf; odyfrMumcif a&mufvmawmhrnfh 21 &mpk
tcif;tusif;udk odcsifaeonf/ em;vnfcsifaeonf/ awmfzvmu
olUpmtkyrf mS a[mude;f rsm;udk rajym pOf;pm;csurf sm;ESihf jzpfwefprG ;f rsm;
udkom ajymcJh[efwlonf/ awmfzvmudk,w f kdiu
f oHo,MuD;ol/ bm
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vm;&mESihf jzpfEkdiaf csrsm;udkom oabmaygufatmif &Si;f onf/ awmfz
vmjrifaom tjrifrsm;udk uRefawmfwdkYvdk vlydef; em;vnfatmif
pmzwform;odkU 367
bmomjyefay;wwfaom q&mausmf0if;udk aus;Zl;wif&ygonf/

xdkpmtkyf
tck uRefawmf nTe;f onfhpmtkyrf Sm abmfpwGef South End Press
u awmfzvmh udk tifwmAsL;onfh Previews and Premises qdkonfh
pmtkyjf zpfonf/ onfpmtkyu f kd q&mausm0f if;u awmfzvmESihf pum;
pjrnfqdkjyD; bmomjyefonf/ tJonfhrwdkifcifu rdk;ESifh The Wave
r*¾Zif;wdkYrSm tcef;quf xnfhoGif;azmfjycJh[efwlygonf/ 2003
wGirf S yHkEydS jf zefcY sw
d mudk awGU&onf/ wu,fawmh onfpmtkyf uReaf wmfh
vufxJa&mufvmwmu 2016 avmufurS jzpfonf/ aocsm zwf
jzpfwmu 2018/ awmfzvmhpmtkyf xGuv f monfu 1970 0ef;usi/f
jrefrmpmzwfy&dwo f wfawGeJY xdawGUjzpfonfu 2000 ckESpf wpf0kduf
avmufu jzpfrnf/ wu,fhpifppf þacwfrSm ppftpdk;&vufxyf
tcsed rf mS yJ jzpfaeao;onf/ onfvkd tkid 'f , D mrsK;d jzifh pawGUEkid cf o
hJ nfu
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jrefrmjynfu qdk&S,v f pftyd rf ufrsm;jzifh ESpjf cKdupf Gm tdyaf ysmaf ewke;f /
,ckawmif awmfzvmqdkwm b,fvdkaumifrsKd;rSef; odMuao;vm;
rod/ awmfzvm &dS^ r&dSawmh rod awmh/ olwkdY *dkP;f om;rsm;jzpfaom
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jrefrmjynfu tifazmfar;&Si;f vIid ;f ykw'f Pfukd tvl;tvJ cHae&wke;f /
b,fokdY b,fyHk em;vnf&rSe;f rod/ ac;atmhpf yHko@mefxJwGif 0Jvnf
vdkufaeonf/ onfvdk tcif;tusif;udk awmfzvmu vGefcJhaom
ESpfaygif; 50 eD;yg;avmufuwnf;u &Sif;jyjyD;om;/ uRefawmfhwdkY
vlUtzGJUtpnf;onf b,fodkY ,Gef;ygrnfenf;/

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vlraI A'udk pdw0f ifpm;aom pmzwform;rsm;twGuf onfpmtkyf
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ordki;f udk qef;ppfvkdolrsm; zwfzkdY jzpfygonf/ awmfzvmh ajymqdkcsuf
368 rif;aoh
rsm;onf vlUtzGJUtpnf;taMumif; ordkif;qef;ppfcsufrsm;taMumif;
vlrItajymif;tvJ vlrIjzpfpOfrsm;taMumif; jzpfaomaMumifh urÇmh
ordki;f ESihf Edkiif Ha&;tdki'f Da,mfvkd*sD wcsKUd taMumif;udk *CeP oabm
aygufxm;rS em;&nfvnfEkid rf nf xifonf/ ordki;f jzpfpOfEiS hf vlrt I a&GU
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tjrifudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; jrifEdkifvdrfhrnf[k xifygonf/
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30 'DZifbm 2018/
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pmnTef; ^ pmaytifwmAsL; (aygif;csKyf) [def;vwf /
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tifwmAsL;rsm;aemufrS vdkuv f monf xifygonf/ 0if;jidr;f u pma&;
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aqmfzD wpfwef;wnf;om;jzpfonf[k rSwfrdxm;onf/ olUpmayudk
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a&mufonf/ aocsmzwfypfvdkufonf/
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372 rif;aoh
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ajymvm&if vGwfvyfrIvdkY ajymEdkifygw,f/ jzpfwnfrIy"me0g'[m
vlom;wpfOD;csif;pD&JU vGwfvyfrI udktav;teufxm;wJh t,ltq
jzpfygw,f/ vl[ vGwfvyfw,f/ vGwfvyfwJhvlom;[m udk,fhvkyf
aqmifrItwGuf udk,w f m0ef,l&r,f/ jzpfwnfrI y"me0g' udk,hfusihf
w&m;[m udk,fhbmom wm0ef,lrIeJY vGwfvyfcGifhudk wnfaqmuf
xm;wmjzpfvkYd bmyJvkyv f kyf taumif;tqdk;[m rdrad y:rSm rlwnfw,f/
MudKufwJhvrf;udk a&G;cs,fEdkifw,f/ BuKdufwJh vrf;udk avQmufvSrf;
Edkifw,f/ taumif; tqdk;uawmh aumif;wmjzpf&if p raumif;wm
jzpf&ifcH/ udk,fhvrf;udkavQmuf udk,fjzpfudk,fcH/}
armifarmifaZ,s\ ajzMum;csuf wcsKdUudk xyfMunfhygOD;/
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½kyf&SifawGqD ul;pufysHUESHY a&yef;pm;oGm;avh&dSygw,f/
txl;ojzif yef;csD0g'awGuaejyD; pmay0g' qD ul;puf
oGm;awmh ydkjyD; cdkifrm ydkjyD; vlodrsm;vmawmhwmaygh/
v tEkynmqdkwm wpfacwfuwpfacwf enf;wpfcku aemuf

wpfck tqifhwpfckaemufxyf tqifhwpfck tjrJwrf;

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v tEkynm[m qifjcifwkHw&m; xuf udk,w f ikd f cHpm;csuu
f kd
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tJ'D qifjcifwHkw&m;udk ZGwftwif; oGwfoGif;vdkuf&if
tEkynm[m yHkysufyef;ysuf jzpfoGm;avh&dSygw,f/
uRefawmfh [m',u zDvkdqkdzDbufrSm tm½HkusaevdkYvm; rajym
wwf/ jyD;awmh armifarmifaZ,su rmhupf 0f g'ESihf jzpfwnfryI "me0g'udk
pmzwform;odkU 373
EIi;f ,SOjf yD; ajymonf/ zDvkdqkdzD r[mwef; ausmif;om; yDoygayw,f
vdkY uRefawmf rSwfcsufcsrdonf/ xm;awmh/ onfrSmMunfhvdkufOD;pdkY/
wu,fawmh ½ky0f g' vdakY c:wJh vuf00J g'vdkY ac:wJ rmhupf 0f g'eJY
jzpfwnfrIy"me0g'[m tajccHcsif; wlw,fvdkY ajym&if&Edkifygw,f/
½kyf0g' vuf0J0g' rmhufpf0g'[m vlom;0g'udk tajccHxm;ovdk
jzpfwnfrI y"me0g'[mvnf; vlom;0g'udk tajccHxm;wmjzpfygw,f/
tajccHcsi;f wlyif wlaomfjim;vnf;yJ enf;pepf usio hf k;H yHk vHk;0rwlovdk
vlqkw d Jh owå0gudkcsO;f uyfyHkvnf; rwlwmudk awGU&ygw,f/ rmhupf f
0g'[m t&if;&Sifpepfu xkaxmif;vdkY ydjym;aewJhvlUtzGJUtpnf;udk
acgif;axmifvmatmif jyKpkysKd;axmifay;zdkY &nf&G,fovdk jzpfwnfrI
y"me0g'uawmh wpfppD aMuGrGysufjyKef;aewJh vlwpfa,mufudk
wpfppDvku d &f mS jyD; aumufwyfay;vdku&f if vlykHay:vmr,fvkYd ,HkMunf
jyD; vkyfaqmifwmjzpfygw,f/ 'DrSm bmuGmjcm;oGm;ovJqdkawmh
rmhupf 0f g'u vlUtzGUJ tpnf;udk ae&may;wm/ jzpfwnfryI "me0g'uawmh
wpfoD;yk*¾v vlwpfa,mufcsif;udk ae&may;wm/ wpfckuawmh vlU
tzGJU tpnf;&JU vGwv f yfcGihu
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yk*¾vvlwpfa,mufcsif;&JU vGwfvyfcGifhudk tav;teufxm;wm/
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ay;wm/

olUtjrif udk,fhtjrif
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tzdkY olU\ pmaytjrifu b,fokdY &dSvmygoenf;/ pmaya0zefa&;rsm;
usqkH;aeonfh ,cktcgwGif a0zefa&;rSm acwfxvmvQiff aumif;aypG/
374 rif;aoh
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tEkynmudk uRefawmf odyfrodyg/ pmaybufrSmawmh pmwdkayp
a&;oljzpfí enf;enf; ajzMunfhvdkufonf/
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tEkynmpsmeformywf 0ifpm;aeawmhrnf jzpfonf} [k ,lqonf/
uRefawmfhqkdvkdcsurf Sm wu,fhtEkynmorm;udk nTe;f jcif;jzpfygonf/
pmzwform;odkU 375
ta,mifaqmif tEkynmorm; twkta,mif pmay0g'D wpfa,muf
r[kwfyg/ pmayESifh tEkynmonf vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ e,fy,f u@
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vdkaumif;vdkygrnf/ wu,fh tEkynmorm;tzdkYawmh wul;wu
pOf;pm;csdefyif&rnf r[kwfyg/
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pma&;q&mjzpfvmwm[m process jzpfw,f/
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vdkufonf/ þodkY zwfMunfh&onf/
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ar;cGef;qifay;olomjzpfygonf/}
pmzwform;odkU 377
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usifh0wfudk azmfjyxm;ao;onf/
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 pmayvlMurf;rif;om;
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q&m 0if;jidrf;u q&mMuD; OD;atmifoif;udk ayzl;vTmtwGuf
tifwmAsL;onf/ q&m atmifoif;udk uRefawmf oabmacGUonf/
ta&;tom;ydki;f ESihf tajymta[mydki;f wGiyf g oabmusonf/ a&;aom
pm wifaumif;onf r[kwf/ ta[mtajymrSmvnf; yGJusatmifajym
Edkifaom pmayvlMurf;MuD;yg wum;/
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qHkjcif;[k acgif;pOfwyfonf/ þyk'üf qefYusib f uf a0g[m& ESpvf Hk;
udk wGJxm;onfukd awGU&onf/ ]vlMurf;} ESihf ]rif;om;} / vlMurf;ESihf
rif;om;onf wl rwl qdkwmudk uRefawmf pOf;pm;aerdonf/ rnfodkY
pmzwform;odkU 379
yifjzpfap q&mMuD; OD;atmifoif;onf pmaye,frmS vlMurf; Zmwfaumif
rif;om; Zmwfaqmifb0rSm yDyDjyifjyif ujycJhol jzpfygonf/
uRefawmf q,fausmfoufb0uwnf;u q&m OD;atmifoif;
avoHjzifh &if;ESD;aecJhjyD/ rsKd;qufopfwdkY wdk;wuf&pfzdkY pmtkyfonf
uRefawmfwdkY jrD;aumifayguft&G,frSm tonf;ausmf jzpfcJh&aom
pmtky/f pum;vHk; ajymifajrmufjcif;qdkonfukd xdkpOfuwnf;u owd
xm;rdcJhonf/ rsK;d qufopfwkdY wdk;wuf&pfzkdY pmtkyzf wfcJhpOfu tckxd
rSwrf ad eonfh pum;vHk;wpfvk;H &do S nf/ ]zJr;D vIo
H nf} qdkonfph um;vHk;/
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uRefawmf q,fausmo f uf b0rSmuwnf;u pGJoGm;onf/ zJ0kdi;f eHab;
uRefawmf a&mufoGm;wdki;f onfpum;vHk;u uRefawmfhukd ajcmufvSeYf
aeonf/ avmif;upm;0dki;f rSm uRefawmf &drS aeawmh/ onfavmuftxd
q&mMuD; OD;atmifoif;\ MoZmonf uReaf wmft h ay: oufa&mufco hJ nf/
xdkpOfuwnf;u q&mMuD; OD;atmifoif;qdkwm uRefawmfh\ rjrifzl;&
aom q&mwpfa,mufvkdjzpfaecJhonf/ vli,frsK;d quftay: q&mh\
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q&mwpfa,mufu pmrzwfonfh vli,frsm;tay: b,fvdkrS MoZm
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udk,f uRefawmf *kP, f lvku
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a[majymcsurf sm; em;axmif&vQiff uRefawmfhOD;MuD; bMuD;wpfa,muf
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xifaeonf/ þonfrSm q&mMuD;OD;atmifoif; ESifh ywfoufaom
ueOD;ed'gef;jzpfygonf/
380 rif;aoh
pmayapmifhewf
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pmoifcef;xJrS pmaya0zefa&; ausmif;q&mwpfa,muf pmayavmuxJ
csO;f eif;0ifa&mufvmyHkukd od&onf/ ta0zefcH&olrsm;u rauseyf\
tqJcH&onf/ wuúokdvf y&0kPrf S pmayO,smOfokdY ajymif; a&GUcJhaom
q&mhtwGuf MudKqdkvufurf;rnfhol tenf;i,fom &dScJhvdrfhrnf
xifonf/
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wm0efudk ,lvdkYjzpfygonf/ a0zefa&;acwfrxawmhaom ,ck aeYvdk
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xGuaf eaomfvnf; rSwaf usmufwifcHEkdiaf om pmayrsm; &Sm;vmonf/
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wcsKdUwavom awGU&awmhonf/

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pmzwform;odkU 399
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rSmw,f/
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n 8 ; 15
16 Zlvkdif 2018
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n 8 ; 29
14 atmufwdkbm 2018 /

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rcdkirf mwJh oabm&d&S if b,fvkv
d kyf tprf;oyfc&H rJ vJ/ udk,af wGU
&dSxm;wJht&mudk trSefw&m;ygvdkY ,HkMunfrxm;&if b,fvdkvkyf pdef
ac:&Jawmh rvJ/ pdeaf c:&Jwm tprf;oyfcEH kid v
f /kYd tprf;oyfc&H wJ mvnf;
,HkMunfrI &dSvdkYaygh/
pmzwform;odkU 411
ordkif;oufao
pdeaf c:&JjyD; owå&d SdwJholawGuom urÇmMuD;udk ajymif;vJEkdicf Jh
w,f/ urÇmUordki;f udkMunfhvkdu/f qdkua&;wD;eJY *,fvDvD,kd/ aemuf
csm;(p)'g0if/ qdkua&;wD;udk MunfhMuOD;pdkY/ qdkua&;wD; b,fvdk
aooGm;ovJ/ olUt,ltqawGu tJhwkef;u vlUtodkuft0ef;udk
azmufxGujf yD; jycJhw,f/ olUt,ltqawGukd vlawGtMum;rSm &J&J0Hh0Hh
jzefYcsdcJhw,f/ aemufqHk; vlawGu qdkua&;wD;udk 'Pfcwfw,f/
olUukd tqdyaf omufaoapw,f/ qdu k a&;wD;u &J&0J 0hH hH aojyoGm;w,f/
tck olUt,ltqawGu tawG;tac:&JU,kwdå enf;emaumif;awG
jzpfcJhw,f/
bk&m;ausmif;awmf&JUynwfcsuu f urÇmMuD;ujym;w,f/ pMu
0VmMuD;&JU tvnfA[dkwnfhwnfhrSm &dSw,f/ urÇmMuD;&JU tpGeb f ufrSm
tifrwefeufwJh acsmufurf;yg;MuD;&dSw,fvdkY ausmif;awmf&JU ynwf
csuaf wGu a[mw,f/ 'gudk *,fvDvD,kdu azmufxGujf yD; oufao
jyw,f/ urÇmMuD;qdkwm vHk;w,f/ urÇmMuD;qdkwm pMu0VmrSm&dSwJh
aeudk vSnyhf wfaewJh j*Kdvw f pfvk;H rQomjzpfw,f/ urÇmMuD;udk vSnyhf wf
aewJh j*dKvfu vjzpfw,f/ urÇmMuD;&JU tpGeq f kH; rSm acsmufurf;yg;MuD;
&dSw,fqkdwm r[kwb f l; qdkwmawGukd jiif;oGm;w,f/ oufaojyoGm;
w,f/ *,fvDvD,dku oufaojyjyD; jiif;wmjzpfw,f/ t½l;csD;yef;
xif&m pGwfajymoGm;wm r[kwfbl;/
a*gh (x) u bmajymovJ/ a*gh (x) u vlawGukd bk&m;ocifu
zefqif;w,fvkdY ajymw,f rvm;/ 'Dynwfcsuf tjrifukd rsupf rd w Sd jf yD;
ypf,Hkxm;wJh olawGuawmh bk&m;ocifeJY xdyf wdkuaf wGUp&m rvdkbl;/
vlUtodki;f t0dki;f &JU tjyifukv d nf; a&mufp&m taMumif;r&db S ;l / csm;(p)
'g0ifu vlukd bk&m;ocifu zefqif;wm r[kwb f ;l / vlu arsmufuae
qifhuJjzpfpOf oabm jzpfwnfvmwmvdkY oufaojyoGm;w,f/
qdkua&;wD;wdkY *,fvDvD,kdwkdY csm;(p) 'g0ifwkdYu urÇmMuD;udk
ajymif;vJapwJh t,ltq tjrifawGukd owdå&&Sd Sd &J&0J 0hH hH azmfxkwcf w hJ ,f/
412 rif;aoh
olwu kYd om vlUtodki;f t0dki;f rSm &dxS m;jyD;om;,lqcsuaf wGukd w&m;ao
qkyu f kdijf yD; ,HkMunfxm;vdku&f if urÇmMuD;u tckvkdjzpfvmyghrvm;
vdakY wmif oHo,&dv S &kYd w,f/ olwakYd wGu taMumif;tusK;d udk oufao
jyjyD; a0zefydkif;jcm; pdppf&JwJh OmOfaMumifh urÇmMuD;udk ajymif;vJEdkif
cJhw,f/
csKyfvkud &f if owå&d So
d lrS pdeaf c:&JwJholrS urÇmMuD;udk ajymif;vJ
ap Edkifw,fvdkY ,lvdkY &w,f/

tqifhrsm;
a0zef ydki;f jcm; pdppfrI vkyw
f Jh ae&mrSm tqifh (6) qifh &dSw,fvkYd
cGJjyxm;w,f/
(1) odrI tqifh
(2) em;vnfrI tqifh
(3) toHk;csrI tqifh
(4) cGJjcrf; pdwfjzmrI tqifh
(5) qufpyfMunfhjrifrI tqifh
(6) oHk;oyf qifjcifrI tqifh
qdkjyD; tqifh (6) qifheJY jyxm;w,f/

Key Words
knowledge tod ^ odjcif;
arrange pDpOf owfrSwfonf
comprehension em;vnfjcif;
divide cGJjcm;onf
application toHk;csjcif;
justify n§donf
analysis cGJjcrf; pdwfjzmjcif;
integrate aygif;pnf;onf
pmzwform;odkU 413
synthesis qufpyfMunfhjrifjcif;
modify tqifhjr§ifhonf
evaluation oHk;oyf qifjcifjcif;
rearrange jyefvnftpDtpOfcsonf
define t"dyÜm,fowfrSwf
substitute tpm;xkd;onf
list pm&if; jyKpk
plan tpDtpOf
describe azmfjycsuf
create zefwD;onf
identify o½kyfcGJjcif; trsKd;tpm;cGJjcif;
design yHkpHcsonf 'DZdkif;csonf
name trnf owfrSwfjcif;
invent wDxGifonf
explain &Sif;vif;jyonf
incorporate jyefvnf pkpnf;onf
summarize tESpfcsKyfonf
decide qHk;jzwfonf
discuss aqG;aEG;onf
rank tqifh owfrSwfonf
interpret teufazmfonf
test prf;oyfonf
demonstrate o½kyfjyonf
measure wdkif;wmonf
solve ajz&Sif;onf
compare EIdif;,SOfonf
classify twef;tpm; owfrSwfonf/
support axmufyHhonf
414 rif;aoh
discover &SmazGawGU&dSonf
conclude ed*Hk;csKyf tESpfcsKyfonf
Breakdown jiif;onf NzKdonf zsufonf
Distinguish ydkif;jcm;-odjrifonf
Prioritize tvsifusrIudk owfrSwfonf

odrI
bmudkyJ a0zefcsif ydkif;jcm;csif pdppfcsifygap/ odwJht&mudkyJ
a0zefvdkY&w,f/ odwJht&mudkyJ ydkif;jcm; pdppfvdkY&w,f/ odrxm;wJh
t&mudk a0zef ydki;f jcm;vdkY r&bl;/ odrxm;wJth &mudk a0zef ydki;f jcm;&if
wwfa,mifum; &rf;&T;D jzpfwwfw,f/ 'ghaMumihf bmudkyJ a0zefcsicf sif
oHk;oyfcsifcsif odatmif yxrqHk;vkyf&r,f/ odwJh t&mudkrS a0zef
Edkifw,f/ ydkif;jcm; pdppfEdkifw,f/ rodyJ a0zefw,fqdk&if &rf;MudwfyJ
jzpfr,f/

em;vnf;rI tqifh
odxm;wJt h &mudk ajcajcjrpfjrpf em;vnfatmif vkyx f m;&r,f/
tay:,Htod rSwo f m;xm;wJh todtcsKUd [m em;vnfrI r[kwaf o;bl;/
aeYwdkif; bk&m;&dScdk;&if bk&m;*kPfawmf &Gwfw,fr[kwfvm;/ t&[H
*kPfawmf b*0g*kPfawmf pojzifh &dSw,f/ &Gwfom &GwfwwfjyD;
t"dyÜm,fteufudk em;rvnf&if b,fvdkvkyf tusKd;rsm;rvJ/ a0zef
ydki;f jcm;r,fqkd&if em;vnfzkdY 'kw,
d vdktyfw,f/ em;vnfwJh t&mudkrS
aumif;aumif; pdppfEdkifr,f/ oHk;oyfEdkifr,f/ tay:,H [dkpyfpyf
'Dpyfpyf tod[m a0zefykdi;f jcm;rIukd aumif;aumif; vkyv f kdY r&Edkib
f l;/
vkyfw,fqdk&ifvnf; vGJEdkifw,f/ rSm;Edkifw,f/

toHk;csrI tqifh
&nf&nfvnfvnf em;vnfrS udk,&hf UJ vufawGUb0rSm toHk;cswhJ
tcg ydkoifhawmf rSefuefEdkifw,f/ odxm;wJh t&m[m olUcsnf;ae&if
pmzwform;odkU 415
bmwefzkd;rSjzpfrvmbl;/ todukd toHk;cs&r,f/ toHk;jyK&r,f/ toHk;
csrS toHk;usw,f/ toHk;usrS wefzdk;&dSw,f/
wcsKUd todawGu vufawGUtoHk;csrMunfb h J &nf&nfvnfvnf
em;rvnfEkid b f ;l / a*gwru opömw&m;udk awGUjyD; jzefcY sw
d hJ om"uudkyJ
MunfhMunfhyg/ edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;tusihaf umif;udk r*¾i&f Spyf g; w&m;
udk&mS azGw,f/ awGUawmh usiMhf unfw h ,f/ usiahf wmh odw,f/ em;vnf
w,f/ odawmh em;vnfawmh aygufajrmufoGm;w,f/ jyD;awmh r*¾
vrf;pOfudk a[mMum;jzefYcsdw,f/ a*gwr[m oludk,fwdkif usifhjyD;
odjyD; y,foifw h mudk y,fjyD;awmhrS w&m;OD; "r®pMumudk vSnw hf ,fav/

cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrI tqifh
½IyfaxG;wJh tjzpftysufawG jyóemawGudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjyD;
Munfjh rifEikd rf I tm;enf;&if tjrifEkywf ,f/ a*gwr bk&m; a[mMum;cJw h hJ
w&m;awmfawGudk yxroHCm,emwifawm jcif;awmif;oHk;awmif;
cGJjyD;pDpOfvkduw f ,f/ okwf 0denf; tbd"r®m qdkjyD; cGJjcm;w,f/ aemuf
awmhxyfcGJjyefw,f/ okwrf Sm okH;usr;f 0denf;rSm ig;usr;f tbd"r®mrSm
ckESpfusrf; qdkjyD; xyfcGJw,f/ 'g[m bmudk jyovJqdk&if trsKd;tpm;
cGw
J ,f/ wl&mwl&m tpkawG cGw J ,f/ aemufxyf tydki;f vdkuf tydki;f vdkuf
xyfcGJjyD; &Sif;vif; jyw,fqdkwJh oabmudk ajymwm/
tawG;tpOfawGudk tpDtpOfcswm b,f[mta&SU b,f[m
taemuf owfrSww f m[m cGJjcrf; pdwjf zmwmjzpfygw,f/ wpfckeJYwpfck
nd§wm jyefqifwm tpDtpOfcswm awGu cGJjcrf; pdwjf zmwJh ud&, d mawG
jzpfw,f/ tawG;awGu ½IyfaxG;ae&if tajzrxGufbl;/ todawGu
&Sif;vif;aerS jzpfr,f/ todawG tcsuftvufawGudk tpDtpOfuse
atmif olUtydkif;vdkuf tydkif;vdkuf u@tvdkuf trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf
cGJjcrf; pdwfjzmwwf&w,f/ 'g[m pOf;pm;enf;rSm odyfta&;ygw,f/
416 rif;aoh
qufpyfMunfhjrifrI tqifh
qufpyfMunfhwwfzkdY cufw,f/ todwpfvHk;&zdkYu cufw,f/
todESpfvHk;&zdkY ydkcufw,f/ todrsm;rsm;&zdkY ydkcufw,f/ 'gayr,fh
tcufqHk;&dSw,f/ todawGudk qufpyfMunfhwwfzdkYcufw,f/ tod
wpfvHk;eJYwpfvHk; b,fvdk qufpyfaew,f/ b,fvdk tjyeftvSef
aus;Zl;jyKaew,fqkw d mudk eufeufeeJ J em;vnfzkYd cufw,f/ todawGu
jyefUusJae&if bmrSoHk;vdkY r&bl;/ todawGu [dkwpfp 'Dwpfp z½dkz&J
jzpfae&ifvnf; vufwavm xkwfoHk;zdkY cufw,f/ todqdkwmudk
pkpkpnf;pnf;xm;zdkY ta&;MuD;/ [dkae&m pyfpyf pyfpyf 'Dae&m pyfpyf
pyfpyfeJY bmrSoHk;vdkY r&bl;/
ajcajcjrpfjrpfodxm; em;vnfxm;zdkY vdkw,f/ acwfopfrSm
owif;eJY enf;ynmawG wdk;wufvmw,f/ vlrIuGe, f ufawG rsm;jym;
vmw,f/ zGHUNzKd;vmw,f/ owif;wpfck&zdkY odyfrcufbl;/ urÇmU
taemufbuftjcrf;u tjzpftysufawGudk puúefYydkif;twGif;rSm
wpfurÇmvHk;u odEkid af ejyD/ owif;awG tcsut f vufawG todawGu
½Iyaf xG;vmw,f/ tjyefu Y s,vf mw,f/ owif;awG tcsut f vufawGukd
vlwdkif; tvQHty,f &EdkifaejyD/ 'gudk olvnf;od ukd,fvnf; odwm
jzpfwJhtwGuf xl;jcm;wJh tod&dSw,fvdkY ajymvdkY &Edkifovm;/
uGefjzL;&Syfu ajymzl;w,f/ yef;&eHYudk &I&dIufEdkifwm teHYcH
tm½Hkaumif;wm r[kw/f awmifwef;MuD;udk jrifEkdipf Gr;f &dSwm tjrifpl;
&Swm r[kwfwJh/ acwfrDSwJh enf;ynmacwfrSm owif;awG tcsuf
tvufawGudk vlwdkif;&EdkifaejyD/ 'gudk ig odvSjyD/ wwfvSjyDvdkY
rcH,o l ifah wmh/ olrsm;xuf xl;jyD;odxm; em;vnfxm;wJh t&mawG&rSd S
olrsm;xuf acgif;wpfvHk;omw,fvdkY qdkvdkY &r,f/
owif;awG tcsuftvufawG todawGudk qufpyf Munfhjrif
wwfjcif;u odrItqifh em;vnfrI tqifhawGxuf ydkjyD; eufeJw,f/
ydkjyD; odraf rGUw,f/ ydkjyD; em;vnf&cufw,f/ todwpfckcsi;f pD qufpyf
jzpfwnfaeyHk tcsut f vufawG wpfckckukd wpfck tjyeftvSef axmufyhH
pmzwform;odkU 417
wnfrSDaeyHk aus;Zl;jyKaeyHkawGudk qufpyfjyD; odwm wu,fh ynm
tqifhudk a&mufvmjyDvdkY qdk Edkifygw,f/

oHk;oyf qifjcifrI tqifh

oHk;oyfw,f qifjcifw,fvdkY ajymwJh ae&mrSm qHk;jzwfcsufcs
w,f/ twnfjyKw,f/ tqifhowfrSwfw,f/ prf;oyf ppfaq;jyD;
aumufcsucf sw,f wdik ;f wmw,f/ tESpcf sKyw
f ,f/ EIid ;f ,SOo
f ;kH oyfw,f/
axmufcHw,f/ uefYuGuw f ,f/ umuG,w f ,f/ jiif;w,f pwJh pum;
vHk;awGeYJ wGq
J ufvmw,f/ oHk;oyfqifjcifr[ I m a0zefykid ;f jcm; pdppfr&I UJ
aemufqHk; tqifhjzpfw,f/ olu tajzwpfckudk xkwf&awmhr,f/
qHk;jzwfcsufwpfckudk cs&awmhr,f/ olUrSm wduswJh jy|mef;csufawG
tudk;tum;awG taxmuftxm;awG oufaojycsuaf wG ygvm&awmh
r,f/ a&S;tpOfu vkycf JhwJhord I em;vnfrI qufpyfrIawG[m aemufqHk;
aumufcsufawG twGuf taxmuftyHhawGjzpfygw,f/ odrIcsKdU&if
oHk;oyfqifjcifrIrSm csKdUr,f/ em;vnfrI csKdU&if tajz&SmwJh ae&mrSm
csKdUr,f/ qufpyfawG;ac: MunfhjrifwwfrI nhH&if ed*Hk;aumufcsufrSm
rSm;Edkifw,f/

pOf;pm;enf;
pOf;pm;enf;awG trsKd;rsKd;&dSw,f/ uRefawmf odoavmuf
wifjy&&if
- Critical Thinking
- Lateral Thinking
- Clear Thinking
- Analytical Thinking
- Creative Thinking
- Logical Thinking
ponfjzifh &dyS gw,f/ a0zef ydik ;f jcm; awG;enf;? jzefx
Y u
G af wG;enf;?
418 rif;aoh
&Si;f vif;vif;awG;enf; cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmawG;enf;? wDxiG zf efw;D jyD;awG;enf;?
,kwådus awG;enf; ponfjzifh&dSygw,f/

awG;wmeJU pOf;pm;jcif;
pdwf&JU OD;wnf&mtwdkif; bm&nf&G,fcsufrS r&dSbJ ½kwfw&uf
pdwuf l;vdkuw f mudk awG;wmvdkY ,lqw,f/ pOf;pm;w,fqkdwmuawmh
&nf&, G cf su&f wSd ,f/ tm;xkwjf yD; tpDtpOfcsjyD; &v'fwpfckukd &atmif
pdwt
f vkyaf y;wmudk pOf;pm;wmvdkY uRefawmf ,lqygw,f/ bm&v'frS
rxGuf yJ pdwful;wJh&m awG;wm[m ysHUvTifhwJhoabmjzpfw,f/
pdwful;,OfwJh oabmjzpfw,f/ 'g[m pdwful;wJh tqifhrSm &dSaeyg
w,f/ pOf;pm;wm r[kwfao;ygbl;/ pOf;pm;wmeJY awG;wm[m
wlovdkvdkeJY rwlbl;qdkwmudk owdcsyfjyD; Munfhoifhw,f/

jyóem ajz&Sif;enf; ^ qHk;jzwfcsuf csenf;

jyóemwpfckudk ajz&Sif;wJh ae&mrSm tawG;axmifh (2) ckeJY
,SOfquf&w,f/ (1) a0zefydkif;jcm;awG;wmeJY (2) zefwD;wDxGifjyD;
awG;wm/ 'DESpcf k&JUqkHwJh trSwrf Sm jyóemawG qHk;jzwfcsuaf wG yDjyif
vmwwfw,f/ a0zefykid ;f jcm;rIu jyóem&JU t&if;tjrpfeYJ taMumif;udk
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjyD; Munfhvdrfhr,f/ wDxGifzefwD;wwfwJh ÓPfu tdkif'D
,mtopfawGudk ay;vdrfhr,f/ 'g[m enf;vrf;topfawGeJY jyóem
ajz&Sif;enf;awG &vmwwfw,f/
pmzwform;odkU 419
tawG;axmifh ESpfckpvHk;&JU qHkcsufu udk,fh&JU pOf;pm;enf;rSm
&dSw,f/ tawG;yHkpHawGukd jyóem csO;f uyfwJhae&mawGrSm ydkjyD; tH0if
cGiuf satmif awG;vmEdkiaf vav jyóemajz&Si;f enf;awGu yDjyifxd
a&mufvmavavvdkY ajymvdkY&w,f/

ydkif;jcm;a0zefzdkUtwGuf vdktyfcsuf
twåudk ausmfjyD; MunfhEdkifap
xdxda&mufa&muf o½kyfcGJEdkifzdkY ta&;MuD;ygw,f/ oHk;oyfzdkY
tESpfcsKyfwwfzdkYqdkwJh pGrf;&nfawGu a0zefydkif;jcm; pdppfEdkifpGrf;udk
taxmuftul jyKw,f/ udk,u hf k,
d w
f iG ;f rSm tpGaJ wG&w
Sd ,f/ udk,uhf k,
d f
udk,qf kd&if azmhawG;w,f/ olrsm;awGqkd&if zdawG;w,f/ cspw f Jholukd
azmhawG; rke;f wJholukd zdawG;wm[m vlUtwåygyJ/ a0zefykdi;f jcm;wwfzkdY
twGuf rdrdtwåudk ausmfvGefjyD; MunfhEdkif&r,f/ Munhfwwf&r,f/
vlawG pum;ajymMu&if olrsm; raumif;aMumif; udk,f aumif;aMumif;
ajymwwfMuw,f/ 'gawG[m twåtay:rSm t&if;cHwJh tjyKtrlawG
jzpfw,f/
tcsuftvufudk pHkatmifpk ay;xm;csufudk pHkatmif pk
pOf;pm;a0zefwJh ae&mrSm taMumif;tusK;d tcdkit f vHk &dS&r,f/
*ßGeaf r;ewfued ;f ajymzl;wJh pum;wpfck&Sdw,f/ tcsut f vufawG rpHk
ao;&if qH;k jzwfcsucf szYkd aemufqw k x
f m;ygw,f qdw
k hJ pum;jzpfygw,f/
tajzxkwfwJhae&mrSm ay;xm;csufawG rpHkvif&if udk,fxkwfwJh
tajzawGu rodudef;awGeJY xGufvmrSmjzpfygw,f/ rodudef;awG
(x- factor) awGygaewJh tajz[m b,fvkdvkyf toHk;wnfhygawmhrvJ/
ude;f *Pef;wdwu d sus rxGuw f hJ tajz[m jyóemudk ajz&Si;f wJah e&mrSm
toHk;0ifyghrvm;/ xda&mufyghrvm;/ 'gudk pOf;pm;oifhygw,f/
tcsut f vufawG pHkjyD;awm azmfjrLvm aumif;aumif; rqkyu f kdix
f m;
&ifvnf; tajzawGxGufvmrSm r[kwfygbl;/ aumufcsufawG[m
jyóemajz&Sif;wJh ae&mrSm xda&mufzdkY
420 rif;aoh
eHygwf (1) tcsut f vuf pHk&r,f/ ay;xm;csuu f kd pHkpHkvifvif
jznfhxm;Edkif&r,f/
eHygwf (2) azmfjrLvmaumif;&dS&r,f/ oabmw&m;awG &dSxm;
&r,f/
oabmw&m;awGeJY tcsuftvufawG pkaygif;jyD; tajzudk
wGux f w
k wf wf&r,f/ 'g[m jyóemwpfct k wGuf tajzxkwef nf;ygyJ/
- How to learn
- How to think
- How to do
b,fvkd avhvm&rvJ odwJh olu b,fvkd awG;&rvJ qdkwmudk
odw,f/ b,fvdk awG;&r,fqdkwJh pOf;pm;enf; odwJholu b,fvdk
vkyf&r,fqdkwmudk odw,f/ bmvkyf&r,fqdkwmudk odw,f/
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rvkyfjzpf/ ywf0ef;usif oli,f csif; taygif;toif;udk vdkufavsmrI
rsm;jym;aevQifvnf; rvkyjf zpf/ wpfckckukdvkyv f Qiff zifrjrJonfhtusihf
pGJaevQiffvnf; b0wpfavQmufvHk; avhvmol rjzpfEdkif/
rnfonfh taMumif;t&mudk avhvmonfqko d nfrmS ta&;rMuD;/
jciftaMumif;udk wpfoufvk;H avhvmí &onf/ yk&u G q f w
d tf aMumif;udk
wpfoufvHk;avhvmvdkY &onf/ jrufyifrsm;taMumif;udk b0wpfckvHk;
avhvmvdkY&onf/ ta&;MuD;onfrSm b,fodkY b,fyHk avhvmoenf;
b,fvdk avhvm oenf;qdkonfh tcsufyifjzpfonf/

aeUpOf tpmpm;ovdk
tu,f'rpform;rsm;tzdkY pOfqufrjywf avhvmrIESifh b0
wpfavQmufvHk; avhvmrIrsm;jzifh tom;usaeonfh tavhtxrsm;udk
awGU&Edkiof nf/ ynm&Siq f kw
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l kd qdkonf/
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aeovdk tcsdefrSefrSef pm;ae rS jzpfrnf/ wpfaeYwnf; wpf&ufwnf;
wpfvwnf; wpfESpfwnf; pm;aevdkYvnf; r&/ touf&SifzdkY aeYpOf
yHkrSef oifhwifhrQwpGm pm;aomuf&rnf/

tawmifhvdkuf pm;oHk;rI
pm;onfh tpmrsm; vwfqwf&rnf/ oef&Y iS ;f &rnf/ tr,fpkHoifh
onf/ rQrQww pm;oifo h nf/ ylyal EG;aEG; MoZm"mwf tjynfq h k;H tcsed rf mS
pm;oifhonf/ pm;onfh tpmudk udk,h0f rf;u aMunufatmifcsuEf kdirf S
&ovdk udk,&f Smonfh todtwdki;f tpudk udk,hOf D;aESmufESihf ESvHk;om;u
430 rif;aoh
aMucsuEf kid &f rnf/ pum;vHk;rsm; tawmifv h kud f oGwo f iG ;f aomavhvm
rIonf tpmrausaom ynmudk &apvdrhfrnf/ todraMu tpmraMu
vQiff ynmvdkY b,fodkY ajymEdkifygoenf;/ rajymEdkif/ rajymEdkif/
raMunufaom em;vnfrI odrI qifjcifrIu ynmrjzpf/
pmrsm;udk OD;aESmufxo J kYd tawmifv
h ku
d o
f w
G o f iG ;f rI jzpfpOfom jzpfonf/
þt&mudk ynm[k rxifzdkY vdkonf/

toHk;0ifrI wefzdk; &SdrS

vlonf tpmcsnf; pm;aevdkY r&/ pm;í &aom tm[m&onf
cGeftm;tjzpf ul;ajymif;&rnf/ &&dSaom cGeftm;jzihf cE¨mudk,fxJ tydk
odkavSmifxm;vQiff bmtoHk;usrnfenf;/ toHk;0ifrI wefzdk; r&dSaom
ynm onf wefzdk;r&dS/ rSefaygif;acsmifxJ tvSxnfhxm;&ynmonf
toHk;rus wefzdk;r&dS/ ynmrSefvQiff toHk;jyKEdkif&rnf/ toHk;0ifrI
wefzdk;jrifh&rnf/ ynmonf tvSMunfh&ef r[kwf/ oHk;zdkY jzpfonf/
wpfckckrmS toHk;0ifaerS ynmonf t&ma&mufonf/ t&ma&mufaom
ynmudk a&G;í avhvmoifhonf/
ynmudk a&G;ovdk ynmuvnf; udk,fhudk a&G;vdrfhrnf/ udk,f
avhvmaomynmu udk,b hf 0jzpfvmonf/ udk,ahf vhvmyHku udk,b hf 0
jzpfvmonf/ udk,haf vhvmyHku udk,hb f 0tqifhESihf wefzkd;udk owfrSwf
jy|mef;onf/ ynmudk toHk;csEdkifatmif avhvmrS aumif;onf/
toHk;csrS toHk;usonf/ toHk;usrS wefzdk;&dSonf/
wefzk;d odrS wefzk;d &doS nf/ wefzk;d &daS tmifvnf; wefzk;d odatmif
vkyfae&rnf/

(3) eufeufeJeJ avhvmrI

tay:,Horm;rsm;udk awGUzl;ygvdrfhrnf/ [dkae&mvnf; olwdkY
ygonf/ 'Dae&mvnf; olwdkY ygonf/ olwdkY udk,fol olwdkY odvS
wwfvSjyD[k xifMuonf/ wu,fawmh vl[lí jzpfvmjyD qdkvQiff
bmudkrS tukef tpOfrwwfajrmufEkdi/f tuket
f pOf rwwfajrmufrnfh
pmzwform;odkU 431
twlwl ravhvmbJ aumif;wmyJ[k owfrSwfvdkufvdkYvnf; r&/
tukeftpif rodEdkifaomfvnf; eufeufeJeJ em;vnfrIudk &Edkifonf/
obm0ed,mrw&m;ü avhvmp&mrsm; rukef/ obm0xJrSm
avhvmp&mawG &dSonf/ ynm&yfqdkif&m tm;vHk;onfvnf; obm0
xJrSmom &dSonf/ tvHk;pHkaom ynm bmom&yfrsm;onf obm0xHrS
rSD wnfjzpfwnfvm&onf/ a,mif0g;orm;rsm; bmwpfckrS jzpfjzpf
ajrmufajrmuf yDyjD yifjyif rvkyzf ;l olrsm;onf euferJ I csKUd wohJ jl zpfonf/
tjrJjym,mcwf wnfjidrfrI r&dSjcif;onf eufeJrI csKdUwJhjcif;\
o½kyjf zpfonf/ eufepJ mG avhvmjcif;udk aZmufvku d af om avhvmenf;[k
ac:onf/ a&&csifvQiff tay:,H [dkae&m wl;vdkuf 'Dae&m tay:,H
wl;vdkuf vkyfvdkYr&/ a&wGif;wl;ovdk atmufxJudk EIdufxkwfwl;qGrS
a&udk a&rnf/ wpfckck udk aZmufcsvkyjf cif; aZmufcs avhvmjcif;onf
yDjyifaom ynm&yftwGuf tavhtusifhaumif;jzpfonf/
ig;odkif;rsm;jyD; [if;[kHaom tjzpf ra&mufap&/ taMumif;
t&mrsm;udk jzefYusufavhvm&if; b,fwpfck ESckavmufrSm txl;jyK
avhvmrnf qdkonfudk qHk;jzwfoifhonf/ jy|mef;&rnf/
eufeufeJeJ avhvmrIonf aZmufcsavhvmjcif;/
txl;jyKavhvmjcif;/
a&wGi;f wl;ovdk wpfae&mwnf;rSm tpOfEu dI x
f kwaf vhvmjcif;/
wpfpdkufrwfrwfavhvmjcif;/
wpfckckukd tqHk;pGeq f Hk; odem;vnfatmif &SmazGazmfxkwaf ejcif;
avhvmqef;ppfaejcif; rjywfapmifhMunfhqnf;yl;aejcif; tavhtx
jzpfonf/
eufeJpGm avhvmwwfoltzdkY [dkpyfpyf'Dpyfpyf a,mif0g; rjzpf/
[dv k v
kd yk yf gvm; 'Dvv
kd yk yf gvm; igvnf; rvkyw f wfb;l qdo k rl jzpfawmh/
xdkolonf trsm;tjym; rvkyfEdkifapumrl wpfckckrSm aygufajrmuf
xGef;aygufoltjzpf vlUywf0ef;usifü t&ma&mufolyif jzpfonf/
ta&;ygol t&ma&mufolrsm;onf wpfzufzufrSm yg&*lajrmuf
xl;cRefolcsOf;om jzpfonf/ avhvmMunfhMuygukef/
432 rif;aoh
(4) us,fus,fjyefUjyefUavhvmrI
0g;vHk;acgif;xJ vomaewm raumif;/ udk,ehf ,frmS udk,b f k&if
vkyaf ewmroifh/ wwfEkdio f rQ udk,f A[dkjyKonfh e,fy,fESihf qufpyf
e,fy,frsm;okdY ajcqefY&rnf/ ul;vl; usufpm;&rnf/ txl;ojzihf
ynm&yfqdkif&matmufrS bmom&yfrsm; tm;vHk;vdkvdkudk xdawGUrS
aumif;onf/ qefYusifbuf bmom&yf taMumif;t&mrsm;udkawmif
avhvmqnf;yl;MuqdkvQiff qufEG,faome,fy,f bmom&yfrsm;udk
ajymp&mrvdk/
w½kwfor®wa[mif; usefZDrif;u ajymzl;onf/ odyÜHorm;
rsm;onf 0dZmÆ bmom&yfrsm;udk ydkrkad vhvm zdv
kY ko
d nf/ 0dZmÆ orm;rsm;onf
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orm;rsm;taejzifh odyeHÜ nf;emrsm;jzifh xdawGUygrsm;rS vufawGUusrnf/
odyÜHorm;rsm;uvnf; 0dZÆmbmom&yfrsm;jzifh ydkrdkxdawGUygrS wDxGif
zefwD;rI jrifhrnf/
odyÜHESifh 0dZÆmonf tjyeftvSef tnrn ul;vl;usufpm;aerS
aumif;onf/ cGJxm; uefYxm;&rnfht&m r[kwf/ wDxGifzefwD;rIESifh
vufawGUtoHk;usrIwdkYu ynmudk tay:odkY rçcsDoGm;vdrfhrnf/ us,f
us,fjyefYjyefYavhvmjcif;onf/ jzefYvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ txl;jyKavh
vmjcif;onf aZmufvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ jzefYjcif;ESifheufjcif; ESpfck
wGJygrS ynmu taumiftxnfvkduf jzpfvmrnf/ xkvkdux f nfvkduf
jzpfvmrnf/ tHkvkdufusif;vdkuf jzpfvmrnf/
avhhvmrI (4) &yfudk atmufoufauspGm avhusifhom;0apzdkY
vdkonf/ txl;ojzihf i,fi,f&G,f&G,f tcsdefrS avhusifhrS xda&muf
onf/ c&D;a&mufrnf/ acG;MuD;rS vufay;oifvdkYu odyfrwGifus,f/
b0qdkonfh ausmif;ü xm0&ausmif;om;tjzpf avhvmrI av;yg;udk
avhusifhEdkifMuygapukef/
aeYv,f 1; 23
11 Zlvdkif 2017
 ususrf; eHygwf wpf ESpf oHk;
vlawG avmufavmufvm;vm; ratmifjrif&wJh taMumif;awG
&dSw,f/ rsm;rSmaygh/ trsm;MuD; &dSEdkifwmaygh/ tJh'DhtxJu uRefawmfh
awGU&dScsufawGudk a&;csifygw,f/ a&;&atmif qdkvdkY ]rif;u bmawG
atmifjrifaevdkYvJ}vdkY tai:wl;Edkiyf gw,f/ uRefawmfuawmh MudK;pm;
½kef;uefae&jcif;udkyJ atmifjrifrIvdkY owfrSwfygw,f/

ususrf; eHygwf (1)

ratmifjrif&jcif; taMumif; eHygwf (1)u
v aumuf½dk;rD; pdwf"mwfaMumifh/

v bmudkrqdk aocsm rvkyfbl;/

v ususee rvkyfbl;/

v wdkYwdwdkYwd vkyfw,f/

v cPyJ vkyfw,f/

v a&&Snf rvkyfbl;/

v wpfpdkufrwfrwf rvkyfbl;/

v [kwfovdkvdkeJY aemufawmh a,mif0g;jzpfoGm;w,f/

aumuf½k;d rD;pdwu f vlwkid ;f vdkvkjd zpfwwfygw,f/ txl;ojzifh
udk,hu
f kd,u
f kd &SmazGvkdY r&avav aumif;Edk;&m&mawGukd vkyw f wfav
avygyJ/ pdwx f JrSm xif&mudk vkyw f ,f/ pOf;pm;jyD; rvkyb
f l;/ pdwx
f J
434 rif;aoh
ay:vmwJht&mudk &nf&G,fcsuf r&dS vkyfwwfw,f/ ysHUvGifhaompdwf
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twGuf vkyfaew,f qdkwmudk a,mifvdkYawmif rpOf;pm;bl;/ 'Dvdk
vlawGu ratmifjrifbl;/ aygufajrmufbl;/

ususrf; eHygwf (2)

aemuf eHygwf (2) tcsuf/
wwfa,mifum; vkyfwm/
r&dSwmxuf rodwmcuf/
rodwmxuf rodcsifwm ydkcuf/
rodcsifwmxuf odcsifa,mif aqmifwmu tcufqHk;/
wwfa,mifum;awGu tcufqHk;jzpfygw,f/ ywf0ef;usifu
wwfa,mifum;awGaMumifh wk;d wufvmwm r[kwyf gbl;/ urÇmMuD;u
wwfa,mifum;awGaMumihf tqifhjrifhvmwm r[kwfygbl;/
bmodbmomorm;awGu wwfa,mifum; vkyw f wfMuw,f/
wwfa,mifum; trsm;pku pyfpkwJh ae&mrSm py,f&S,fvpfawG/
'gayr,fh olwdkY avhvmtm;xkwfrIudk b,faomtcgurS pyfpkwJh
tqifu h ae wd;k jyD; rjr§iMhf ubl;/ pyfpyfppk k vky&f wmudyk J om,maew,f/
rSdef;armaew,f/ tJhvdk [dkpyfpyf'Dpyfpyf vkyfjyD; vltMum;rSm vlwGif
us,f vkyfae&wmudku olwdkYtwGuf r[mtmomajz aq;MuD;udk
aomufoHk;ae&jcif;ozG,f jzpfaew,f/

ususrf; eHygwf (2)

aemuf eHygwf (3) tcsuf/
bmodbmom aewm/
atmifjrifzdkY twGuf pmzwfzdkY vdkcsifrS vdkygvdrfhr,f/ pmrzwf
vnf; atmifjrifEkdiyf gw,f/ pmzwfayzwf qdk&ifawmh qxufxrf;ydk;
aygufajrmufEikd w
f maygh/ pmrzwfayr,hf olUavmurSm olUywf0ef;usirf mS
pmzwform;odkU 435
aygufajrmufaewJholawG uRefawmfh awGUzl;w,f/ olwkdY&JU jzwfoef;yHkeJY
trltusifh wcsKdUudk uRefawmfh avhvmMunfhw,f/ olwdkYawGu
½dk;om;Muw,f/ udk,t hf vkyuf kd udk,f pdw0f ifpm;Muw,f/ apwemxm;
jyD;vkyfw,f/ olu olUe,fy,fudk vGefjyD; odyfrsm;rsm;pm;pm;awmh
rodygbl;/ odkYayrJh olUywf0ef;usiu f kd ol aumif;aumif;odw,f/ olU
tvkyfudk ol aumif;aumif; em;vnfw,f/ ae&if; xdkif&if; bmod
bmom raewwfbl;/ *&kpkduw f ,f/ em;pGihfw,f/ olrsm;awG bmawG
vkyaf ew,f qdkwm pl;prf;w,f/ ar;jref;w,f/ pmrzwfayr,f vlawG
qDuae tawGUtMuHKawG vkyfxHk; oabmawGudk olUrsufpdeJY em;u
avhvmaew,f/ rjywf em;pGifhaew,f/ rsufpdudkzGifh em;udk pGifhxm;
w,f/
- bmodbmom raebl;/
- trIrJh trSwfrJh raebl;/
- a,mifraebl;/
- aigifraebl;/
- b,fvdk vkkyf&if ydkaumif;rvJ qdkwJhtawG;u olU acgif;xJrSm
tjrJ &dSw,f/
tJawmh olUavmurSm ol aygufajrmufzdkY/ ywf0ef;usifudk
trSw*f &kxm;jyD; em;pGihxf m;zdkY vdkw,f/ bmodbmom raezdkY vdkw,f/
zmodzmomorm;awGu rxGe;f aygufb;l / tay:,H [dkpyfpyf 'DpyfpyfeYJ
b0udk jzwfoef;w,f/ olUb0rSm owfowfrSwfrSwf jy|mef;xm;wJh
&nfrSef;csufvnf; r&dSbl;/ jywfom;wJh OD;wnfcsufvnf; r&dSbl;/
olvkyaf ewJt
h vkyf olajymaewJh pum;udkvnf; owdrxm;bl;/
rodbl;/ t&m&mudk ayghayghae ayghayghpm; aew,f/ aemufjyD; xyfqkd;
ao;wmu udk,fhbmom txifMuD;aewmyJ/ t&dSw&m;udk rodbl;/
awmf½kH vufrcHcsibf ;l / av;av;eufeuf r&db S ;l / ZD;uGuaf vmufawmh
iSufwdkif;vSygw,fvdkY tjrJ ESvHk;oGif;w,f/
436 rif;aoh
jyifzdkUqifzdkU
vlawGu atmifjrifzkYd qdkwmxuf ausmMf um;zdu kY kd ydkvkv
d m;w,f/
ausmfMum;&ifvnf; atmifjrifw,f vdkY xifMuw,f/ tJh'g rSm;w,f/
ausmfMum;w,fqdkwm odyfvG,fygw,f/ aps;xJ vltMum;rSm zifwHk;
vHk;cßGwjf yD; ajy;avQmufyg/ csucf si;f [dk;av; wpfausmjf zpfoGm;rSmyJ/
odyfrxl;qef;ygbl;/ ausmf Mum;w,f qdkwm vG,fw,f/ aumif;&m
rGef&m ae&mrSm ausmfMum;zdkYawmh cufw,f/ tJh'gus rvG,fbl;/
q&mawmf OD;aZmwduçu a[mzl;w,f/ atmifjrifw,fqdkwm
rSefuefwJh oabmxm;ygwJh/ rSefuefwJh oabmxm;udk xm;EdkifrS
atmifjrifw,fvkYd ac:w,f/ oabmxm; trSeu f kd arG;jrLEdkiw f mudkvnf;
atmifjrifrIvdkY owfrSwfw,f/
- atmifjrifwJhol[m udk,fhpdwfeJY udk,f tusOf;usraebl;/

- atmifjrifwJhol[m udk,fhb0xJrSm udk,f aexdkifw,f/

- udk,fhb0udk olrsm;udk ay;rxm;bl;/

- udk,fhb0udk ukd,fwkdif jy|mef;w,f/ pD&ifw,f/

- udk,fhESmacgif;aygufeJY udk,f touf&SLw,f/

- udk,fhOD;aESmufeJY udk,f pOf;pm;w,f/

- udk,fhajcaxmufay: udk,f&w,f/

- ywf0ef;usifudk odatmifMudK;pm;w,f/

- ywf0ef;usiftaMumif; odatmif vkyfovdk

- udk,t hf aMumif;udkvnf; udk,f *CeP odatmifvkyw f ,f/

- tjrJ owdeJY apmifhMunfhavhvmaew,f/

- olUaMumifh olUaewJh avmuMuD; wdk;wufzdkY tjrJ pdwftm;

xufoefaew,f/
ususrf; eHygwf wpf ESpf oHk; udk ausmfjyD; oabmxm;trSef
arG;jrLEdkifygap/
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6? azazmf0g&Dv 2018/
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 zdk;pD? pDav;vHk; (4C)
21 &mpktwGuf jyifqifcsuf/
21 &mpktwGuf acwfopfvlom;wdkY jznfhusihf&rnfh w&m; (4)
yg;&dSonf/
tqdkyg ynwfcsuu f kd udk,hfukd,w
f Gi;f rSm udk,hfywf0ef;usirf Sm
jznfq
h nf;Edkirf S t&ma&mufrnf/ xifay:rnf/ vlay:vlaZmfvkyEf kid rf nf/
vlawmwdk;Edkifvdrfhrnf/ odkYr[kwfygu atmufusaemufusb0jzihf
0g;vHk;acgif;xJrSm b0Zmwfudkodrf;&Edkifonf/
þum; pDav;vHk;/ zdk;pD[kac:onf/
v Critical Thinking
v Creation

v Communication

v Collaboration

eHygwf (1) pDrSm a0zefydkif;jcm; pdppf pOf;pm;jcif;jzpfonf/

tifazmfar;&Si;f enf;ynmyGxvmonf 21 &mpkwiG f tm;vHk;udkypf,Hkí
rjzpfawmh/ qef;ppf&rnf/ a0zef&rnf/ pdppf&rnf/ cGjJ cm;owfrwS &f rnf/
twef;tpm;cGJ&rnf/ tqifhowfrSwf&rnf/ tm;vHk;ua&maxG;í
vmonf/ pkjyKHí vmonf/ jyKHcJí vmonf/ jyKHrIcJrIrsm;udk qifjcifwHk
w&m;jzifh xdk;cGJvkdu&f rnf/ xdkYtwGuf OD;aESmuft&nftaoG;wuf&ef
vdkonf/
438 rif;aoh
eHygwf (2)pDrmS wDxiG zf efw;D rIjzpfonf/ orm;½dk;us vrf;aMumif;
jzihf avQmufvkYd r&Edkiaf wmh/ topf topfuk&d SmazGEkid rf S atmifjrifrnf/
21 &mpkonf a&S;½dk;pGJ0g'DwkdY\ ed*Hk;vnf; jzpfawmhrnf/ wDxGizf efwD;
rI\ toufrSm tkdif'D,mjzpfonf/ vGwfvyfrI jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfrI
r&dSbJ topfudkr&SmEdkif/ ta[mif;wGifomw0Jvnfvnfjzpfaernf/
ynmtwGuf vGwfvyfcGihf tkdif'D,mtwGuf vGwfvyfcGifh ponfwdkY
vko d nf/ vGwv f yfpmG pD;arsmjcif; vGwv f yfpmG aygif;pyfjcif; vGwvf yfpmG
cHku;l jcif;wdkuY topftopfaomqef;opfrrI sm;twGuf tc&musonf/
ynma&;vGwv f yfcGihEf Sihf tcsKyftaESmifuif;pGm uGeYjf rL;MuHqcGih&f Sad om
todkif;t0dkif;wGifom zefwD;rIrsm;t&ma&mufvdrfhrnf/
zefwD;rI r&dSomvl ratmifjrifEkdi/f orm;½dk;usvrf;aMumif;u
azmufxGufí vGwfvyfpGmul;vl; usufpm;olwdkYom 21 &mpkwGif
t&ma&mufvdrfhrnf/
eHygwf (3)pDrSm qufoG,fa&;jzpfonf/ uGef,ufjzpfonf/
tcsi;f tcsi;f tMum; csw d q f ufjcif;jzif vufwrH sm;ydkí us,v f monf/
avhusihfuGi;f wdkY ydkjyD;us,v f monf/ ywf0ef;usif us,af jymvmrIESihf
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0efxrf;qdk&if 0efxrf;vdkyJ pOf;pm;vdrrhf ,f/ 0efxrf;vdkyJ awG;vdrrhf ,f/
0efxrf;vdkyJ vkyfvdrfhr,f/ 0efxrf; tjyKtrlyJ awGU&rSmyJ/
uRefawmfw h kYd vkad ewm ynma&;0efxrf; r[kwb f ;l / q&mq&mr
ppfppfawG vkdaewm/ tajymif;tvJudk tpdk;&u vkyfcsif&ifawmif
tJh'Dhwuúokdv0f efxrf;awGuyJ ajymif;vJ&rSm aMumufaeMuwm trsm;
MuD; awGUzl;ygw,f/ wu,f ajymif;vJcsifwJh q&m q&mrawGvnf;
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rudk;csifbl;/ a&omcdk tacsmifvdkufcsifpdwfom rsm;w,f/ tJhawmh
wuúodkvfudk vGwfvyfcGifh&rSm aMumufw,f/ vGwfvyfcGifh &oGm;&if
&mxl;u rwnfjrJawmhbl;/ tpdk;&0efxrf;jzpfaewJhtcg taeMum&if
ar*smjzpfEdkifw,f/ taeMumvdkY ar*smjzpfwmuawmh ppfwyfxJrSm
acG;awmif AdkvfMuD;jzpfEdkifygw,f/
vGwv f yfciG &hf &if udk,t hf &nftcsi;f udk tjrJqef;ppfc&H awmhr,f/
450 rif;aoh
&mxl;u yHkao r[kwfawmhbl;/ twuftus &dSr,f/ twuftus
Murf;r,f/ udk,t hf &nftaoG;tay: Munfjh yD; tvky&f r,f/ rsuEf mS awG
bmawG axmufxm;rSm r[kwb f l;/ rSed ;f aevdkY r&awmhbl;/ wuúokdvf
0ifaiGukd udk,af wGyJ &Sm&awmhr,f/ udk,hfoif½kd;eJY udk,hfoifMum;enf;
pepfukd ausmif;om;awG a&SUrSm tprf;oyfcH&r,f/ wpfoufvHk; q&m
vkyv f mwJholu olUukd q&mvkycf H&rSm rMudKufbl;/ udk,hfjy|mef;pmudk
udk,fwdkif jy|mef;&r,f/ toHk;0ifrI wefzdk;udk MunfhjyD; wuúodkvf&JU
*kPo f ud ©mqdkwm jzpfvmr,f/ udk,hrf Smu toHk;0ifEkdiaf tmif oifMum;
EkdifwJhwefzdk;r&dSwm odvdkY vGwfvyfoGm;rSmudk aMumufaew,f/
Freedom from Fear r[kwfbl;/ Freedom of Fear jzpfaew,f/
tpdk;&wuúokv d af wGukd yk*¾vu d wuúokv d af wG tjzpfajymif;ypf
Edkif&if b,favmufaumif;rvJ/ tpdk;&wuúodkvfawGvnf; &dSr,f/
yk*¾vduwuúodkvfawGvnf; &dSr,f/ jynfe,fESifhwdkif; wpfckpDrSm
yk*¾vu d wuúokdvw f pfckpDom &dSMunfhvkdu/f jrefrmtwGuf tifrwef
aumif;oGm;r,f/
wuúokdvq f kdwm tpdk;&eJY pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awGukd csw d qf ufjyD;
vkyaf e&r,fh tzGJUtpnf;/ udk,hfausmif;om;awG[m pD;yGm;a&;twGuf
ukex f kwo f wåw d k;d apaom vkyt f m;pkawG jzpf&r,f/ uRrf;usiv f kyo
f m;
rSonf ynmwwfvkyo f m;udk wGe;f wifay;Edki&f r,f/ Edkiif Hwum&if;ESD;
jrKyfESHrIawGukd zdwaf c:jyD; wuúokv d af wGeJY csw
d q f ufay;&r,f/ &if;ESD;
jrKyfeSHrIrSm vkt d yfwJh tvkyt f iftm;pkukd wuúokdvaf wGu arG;xkwaf y;
vdrhfr,f/
tpdk;&u Mum;yGJpm;vkyf/
ynma&; rl0g'udk udkifxm;/
ynma&; t&nftaoG; qef;ppfrI aumfrwDvkd tzGJUtpnf;rsK;d udk
xlaxmifxm;jyD; tpdk;&wuúokdvaf wGeJY yk*¾vu d wuúokdvaf wG aum
vdyaf wG ausmif;awGukd t&nftaoG; ppfaq;rI rjywfvky/f tpD&ifcpH m
pmzwform;odkU 451
awGa&;/ tpdk;&udk tMuHay;/ ynma&; tzGJUtpnf;awGudk wifjy/
jynfolvlxk odatmifvkyf/
wuúodkvfawGu ya&mfzuf&Sife,f wuúodkvfawGjzpf&r,f/
vufawGUvkyfief;awGrSm vkyfudkifEdkifzdkY uRrf;usif tvkyform;awGudk
arG;xkwaf y;&r,f/ vufawGUeJY tyfpyfwJh oif½kd;awGukd jy|mef;&r,f/
wuúokdvaf wG&JU oifMum;rIawG[m Edkiif H&JU pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'eJY csw
d q f uf
ae&r,f/ Edkiif Hwum &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIawGuae enf;ynmawG vufqifh
urf;oif,lEkdifa&;udk a&S;&I&r,f/ EdkifiHwum ynm&SiftzGJUawG
uRrf;usif tpktzGJUawGeJY EdkifiHwumwuúodkvfawGeJY yl;aygif;jyD;
ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIawGudk vkyf&r,f/
v okawoeudk tajcjyKwhJ wuúov kd af wGjzpfatmif vky&f r,f/
v usrf;udk tiSm;a&;cdkif;wm rjzpfap&bl;/

v 0dZÆmvm; odyÜHvm;/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vm;/

v tdkifwDvm; bmompum;vm;/

v tajccH tvkyform;vm;/

v uRrf;usif vkyfom;vm; /

v ynmwwf vkyfom;vm;/

v pDrHcefYcGJolvm;/

v xkwfvkyfolvm;/

v &if;ESD;jrKyfESHolvm;/

v ynm&Sifvm;/

'Dpum;vH;k awGukd ynma&;0efxrf;awG aumif;aumif;em;vnf&if

ynma&; toHk;pm&dwrf sm;rsm; pm;pm;r&dSyJeJY &dSwJh twdki;f twmxJuae
xda&mufatmifvkyfEdkifwmawG trsm;MuD;yJ/ avhvm&aumif;rSef;
em;pGifh&aumif;rSef; odygavp/
ynma&;wdk;wufrItwGuf wGef;tm;ay;olawGvnf; awG;q
qifjcifMunfhMuygukef/
n 10 ; 13
23 Zefe0g&Dv 2018
 udk,fhudk,fudk odpGrf;jcif;
udk,fhudk,fudk odpGrf;jcif;u ÚmPfynmtm;vHk;&JU tOD;tpyJ/
qGefZl;u ajymzl;w,f/
udk,fhtaMumif;udk,fod/
&efolUtaMumif;udk od/
'gqdk&if
wkdufyGJ wpf&m atmifyGJ wpf&myJ..wJh/
yDwm'&yfumu pDrHcefYcGJrI wm0efMuD; 5 csufudk a[mw,f/
tJhonfhtxJrSm udk,fhudk,fudk,f pDrHcefYcGJjcif;udk eHygwf (1) ae&mrSm
xm;w,f/
Managing Self… udk,fhudk,fudk pDrHcefYcGJEdkifzdkY Reflective
Mindset vdkw,fvdkY ajymw,f/ udk,fhudk,fudk,f rSefvdk jyefjrifEdkifwJh
pdwftcH/
v udk,fhudk,fudk rjrif&if

v udk,fhudk,fudk b,fvdkrS pDrHvdkY r&/

v udk,fhtaMumif; udk,frod&if

v udk,fhtodÚmPfvm;&mudkvnf; rarmif;ESifEdkif/

Ak'u
¨ k,
d wf kid f opömav;yg; r*¾i&f pS yf g;w&m;udk &SmazGawGU&w
Sd m/
v udk,fwGif;xJu jzpfw,f/

v udk,fhudk,fxJrSm w&m;&dSw,f/
pmzwform;odkU 453
v udk,fhudk,fxJrSm "r®&Sdw,f/
v udk,fhudk,fxJrSm obm0&dSw,f/

v udk,fhOD;aESmuf/

v udk,fpdwf/

v udk,fhb0/

v udk,fhESvHk;om;/

v udk,fh udk,fusifhw&m;/

v udk,fh trltusifh udk,fhtawG;/

udk,hftaMumif;udk,?f udk,f rodpGr;f bJ tjcm;t&mrsm;udk rod

pGr;f Edki/f udk,huf kd,u f kd em;rvnfbJ tjcm;t&mrsm;udk em;vnfEkdipf Gr;f
r&dS/
obm0w&m;udk udk,feJY xyfwl,SOfjyD;MunfhEdkifwJhÚmPfu
tm*ÚmPf/ 'Dvdk t&nftaoG;rsKd;udk bmodbmomorm;rsm; r&/
ayghayghae ayghayghpm;orm;rsm; r&/
t&mtm;vHk;&JU tOD;tpu udk,jf zpfw,f/ obm0&JU tOD;tpu
udk,fjzpfw,f/ obm0udk odjcif;? t&mtm;vHk;udk odpGrf;jcif;udk
udk,fudk,fwdkifuyJ pwif&w,f/
udk,hu
f kd,w f iG ;f "mwfcHowåad wGukd ausvnfatmif odem;vnf
jcif; r&dSbJ obm0udk rodEkdi/f tem*wfukd rodEkdi/f twdwu f kdvnf;
rrSef;qEdkif/ tjcm;t&mrsm;udkvnf; avmufavmufvm;vm; rqkyf
udkifEdkif/
z½dkz&J... tvJtuGJESihf a&mufwwf&m&m vlUAvmb0eJY &Sio f ef
&Edkiwf ,f/ 'Dvkb d 0[m cE¨mt&touf&iS af ejyD; ESvk;H om;eJY OD;aESmufrmS
aoqHk;aewhJ vlUcE¨m oufoufrQom jzpfygw,f/
n 7 ; 05
30 Zefe0g&D 2018/
p
 ynmh &nfrSef;csuf
v ynma&;[m bmtwGufvJ/

v ynma&;qdkwm bmvJ/

v ynmudk bmhaMumifh oifMuovJ/

ar;cGef;awG ar;wwfjcif;u ynm&JUtpqdk&if uRefawmfhwdkY

udk,u
hf k,
d u
f kd ar;cGe;f awG rn§mrwm ar;&r,f/ udk,t
hf ajzudk &uf&uf
pufpuf ½dk;om;pGm udk,fwkdif ajzMu&r,f/

ynm [modzdkY
obm0 taMumif;udk odzdkY em;vnfzdkY ynmoifMuwm/
xdkenf;vnf;aumif; vlawGtaMumif;udkozd kYd em;vnfzkYd vlawGeYJ
yl;aygif;jyD; tvkyv
f kyEf kdipf Gr;f &dSzkdY odatmif MudK;pm;Mu&wm/ em;vnf
atmif vkyaf eMu&wm/ ynma&;[m vlUtaMumif; obm0 taMumif;
em;vnfatmif rwwfpGrf;Edkif&if tJh'gynma&; r[kwfbl;/

ynm [m jyLpGrf;EdkifzdkU
ynmqdkwm odjcif; em;vnfjcif;udk vGejf yD; &dSw,f/ em;vnfjyD;
&ifvkyfzdkY vdkw,f/ avmuxJrSm wpfckckudk zefwD; vkyfaqmifxm;
Edkicf Jhjcif;[m ynm&JU tESpo
f m&jzpfw,f/ wpfckckukd jyD;ajrmufatmif
vkyfEdkifpGrf; r&dS&if ynm[m nHhygw,f/
pmzwform;odkU 455
v vlUtusKd;jzpfjzpf

v e,fy,f bmom&yfqdkif&m tusKd;wpfckjzpfjzpf

v tEkvuf&m wpfckjzpfjzpf

v &SmazG awGU&dScsufjzpfjzpf

vlom;tusK;d avmutusK;d twGuf wpfpw kH pfck jyKprG ;f Edik jf cif;[m

ynm&JU tpGrf;jzpfw,f/ ynm&JU &nf&G,fcsufjzpfw,f/
odjcif; em;vnfjcif;uae jyKvkyaf qmif&u
G Ef kid pf rG ;f udk rul;Edki&f if
ynm[m wefzdk;wpfcktjzpf jyD;qHk;atmif ra&mufEdkifbl;/

ynm [m b0aeenf;udk odzdkU

vlawG touf&iS Mf uw,f/ vlawG pm;Muw,f/ aomufMuw,f/
oGm;vmaexkid Mf uw,f/ ajymqdk qufqMH uw,f/ rSeu f efaom pm;enf;
aomufenf; aeenf; xdkifenf; ajymenf; qdkenf;awG [kwfMu&JUvm;/
aeYpOf udk,v f kyaf ewJh edpö'l0 vkyif ef;pOfawGukd aoaocsmcsm oHk;oyf
Munfhvdkuf&if
rSefaom awG;enf;/
rSefaom vkyfenf;/
rSefaom ajymenf;awG b,favmuf jzpfcJhovJ/
aeYpOf pdwq f if;&Jjcif;udk MuHK&w,f/ pdwn f pfnL;jcif;udk MuHK&
w,f/ pdwf&JU zdtm;'PfawG MuHK&w,f/ jyóemawG jzpfw,f/
udk,ef JY ywf0ef;usit f Mum; jyóemjzpfw,f/ udk,hw f pfa,mufwnf;
udk,b hf m om jyóemjzpfaew,f/ taMumif;u bmvJ/ b0aeenf;udk
yDyDjyifjyif jywfjywfom;om; awGU&Srd xm;vdkY jzpfygw,f/ ynma&;[m
aeYpOfb0udk aumif;aumif; tusKd;jyKay;EdkifzdkY aumif;w,f/
udk,af eUpOfb0rSmudk aumif;pGm wnfhrwfay;Edkirf I r&dSwJh ynm
a&;[m b,frSm toHk;0ifygawmhrvJ/ b,frSm wefzkd; &dSygawmhrvJ/
456 rif;aoh
ynm [m b0t"dyÜm,fudk azmfzdkU
vl&,fvdkYjzpfvm&if pm;ae? aomufae? oGm;vm aexdkifae½HkeJY
rjyD;bl;/ b0udk tdyfpm;umr tvkyfoHk;ckeJYyJ ed*Hk;rcsKyfcsifMubl;/
vlUwefzkd; wpfckckukd jyKpGr;f Edkizf kdY MudK;pm;Muw,f/ tJh'Dhae&mrSm ynm&JU
tcef;u@ a&SUa&mufvmw,f/
v udk,fhb0t"dyÜm,fudk udk,f &SmzdkY/

v udk,fhb0 wefzdk;udk udk,f zefwD;zdkY/

v udk,fhb0udk udk,f xkqpfzdkY/

v udk,fhMur®mudk,f jy|mef;zdkY

ynm[m ta&;MuD;whJh tcef;u@rSm ygaew,f/

ynm&dSol[m ynmudk oHk;Edkio f l&JU b0 t"dyÜm,fu eufeJw,f/
av;eufw,f/ us,jf yefYw,f/ olU b0 t"dyÜm,fu ao;odrrf aebl;/
usOf;ajrmif;raebl;/ ynmudkvufawGUoHk;Edkifol&JU b0wefzdk;u
jrifw
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wefzdk;ujrifhovdk wefzdk;vnf; rsm;w,f/
ynm&do S [ l m b0udk yDyjD yifjyif xkqpfEkid w f ,f/ yHkazmfEkid w
f ,f/
a00g;raebl;/ olU&JU b0udk ½kyMf urf; b0eJY ypfrxm;bl;/ tEkvuf&m
tajrmufqHk;jzpfatmif tao;pdwf xkqpfyHkazmfEdkifpGrf;&dSw,f/ olU&JU
xkqpfcsuf[m olwumwdkYtwGuf tHhMoyifhouf jzpfapw,f/
cGetf m;&dSol[m udk,ht f m;udk,u f kd;w,f/ udk,hf OD;aESmufeJYukd,f
pOf;pm;w,f/ udk,ahf jcaxmufay: udk,&f yfw,f/ udk,Ehf mS acgif;aygufeYJ
udk,f touf&Iw,f/ olrsm;udk tm;rudk;bl;/ udk,fh Mur®mudk olrsm;
vufxJ xdk;xnfhrxm;bl;/ udk,fb0udk udk,f zefwD;w,f/ udk,fh
Mur®mudk udk,f jy|mef;w,f/
'gawGukd ynm&dSol pdw"f mwfcGet f m; jrifholawGyJ vkyEf kdiw f ,f/
olwkdY&JU vky&f yfawG[m wpfcPav; r[kwb f l;/ wpfvwnf;
r[kwfbl;/ wpfESpfwnf; r[kwfbl;/ b0wpfavQmufvHk;jzpfw,f/
pmzwform;odkU 457
olwkdY touf½SLaeorQ umvywfvHk; olwkdY b0udk olwkdY vufxJrSmyJ
xm;w,f/ olrsm;vufxJudk xkd;xnfh ray;bl;/
udk,fhESvHk;om;eJY udk,f touf&Sifw,f/
udk,fhESvHk;om;udk olrsm;udk jc,fvS,fcGifh ray;bl;/

ynm [m ajymif;ypfzdkY
ynm&JU tEÅdr &nfrSef;csuf[m ajymif;vJypfzkdY jzpfw,f/
v udk,fhudk,fudk ajymif;ypfzdkY

v udk,fhywf0ef;usifudk ajymif;ypfzdkY

v udk,faewJh avmuudk ajymif;ypfzdkY

v udk,f usifvnfwJh e,fy,fudk ajymif;ypfzdkY/

ajymif;w,fvkdY qdkwJhae&mrSm ydkaumif;wJh tajctaewpfckqDukd

ajymif;wm/ tqifhwpfckjrifhoGm;atmif ajymif;ypfEkdiw f m/ udk,ht f awG;
udk,fh tajymtqdk udk,fhvkyf&yfawGudk wpfaeYxuf wpfaeY ydkaumif;
atmif ajymif;ypfEdkifwm/ udk,fvkyfwJh tvkyfawGudk wwfEdkiforQ
trsm;udk tusKd;tjzpfxGef;qHk;jzpfatmif ajymif;vJypfEdkifwm/
avmuMuD;udk Munfhvdkuf/
urÇmMuD;udk Munfhvdkuf/
tjrJwrf; ajymif;vJypfEdkifMuvdkYom wdk;wufzGHUjzKd;vmMuwm/
rajymif;bJ 'Dtwdki;f aeoGm;Mu&if EGm;awG uRJawG tqifhxuf
bmrS ydkr,f rxifygbl;/
tawG;awGukd ajymif;vJypfEikd Mf uvdo Yk m urÇmMuD;wd;k wufvmwm/
vky&f yfawGukd ajymif;vJypfEikd Mf uvdo
Yk m urÇmMuD;wd;k wufvmwm/
awmfvSefaomtjrifawG zefwD;wDxGifrIawGeJYom urÇmMuD;udk
ajymif;vJypfEkid Mf uwm/ ynma&;[m orm½dk;us abmifxu J kd oGwof iG ;f
zdkY jzpfwnfvmwm r[kwfbl;/
v azmufxGufEdkifzdkY

v xdk;xGif;EdkifzdkY
458 rif;aoh
v wDxGif zefwD;EdkifzdkY

v topfwpfckqDudk ydkaumif;atmif ajymif;EdkifzdkY./

'gygyJ/
n 9 ; 38
24 azazmf0g&D 2018 /

p
 odrItay:qifjcifjcif;
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ajymif;jyef tcsKd;usw,f/ ydkodavav pGefYpm;&rI enf;avav/ odrI
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jrifhavav/
tJhvdk oabmvmygw,f/
tJhawmh uRefawmfhwkdY[m 'Dae&mrSm &yfraecsi&f if ajymif;&r,f/
ajymif;zdkYoifhw,f/ ajymif;r,fqkd&ifvnf; atmifatmifjrifjrifajymif;rS
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f Jh oabmudk
jyefa&mufomG ;r,f/ tJah wmh wpfckckukd vkyaf wmhr,f/ taumiftxnf
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edrfhavav qHk;½HI;Edkifacs jrifhavav jzpfw,f/
uRefawmfhwdkYwawG&JU pdwfu pdwfxif&mudk vkyfwwfw,f/
xifwmudk vkyw f meJY vkycf si&f mudk vkyw
f meJY rwlb;l / xifw,f
qdkwm aumif;w,fvdkY xifwJht&m/
aumif;Edk;&m&m vkyfcsifw,fvdkY xifwJht&m/
wu,f vkycf siaf ewm wu,fjzpfcsiaf ewm wu,fvkyo f ifah e
wmvm; qdkwmudk jyefrqef;ppfbl;/ tJhawmh pdwfxJaumif;Edk;&m&m
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460 rif;aoh
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cGJcGJjcm;jcm; em;vnfjyD;rS vkyfoifhw,f/ vkyf&r,f/
pdwxf aJ y:vmwJh tawG;pav; wpfcku taumif;jzpfcsiv f nf;
jzpfr,f/ rjzpfcsiv f nf; rjzpfb;l / tJ'h gu jzpfEkid o
f vm; jzpfoifo h vm;
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vkyfw,f/ ajymw,f/ tJhawmh jyóemawGu rsm;w,f/ MuD;w,f/
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n 10 ; 54
18? rwfv 2018/

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 ya&mfzuf&Sife,form;twGuf aywHav;acsmif;
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(1)
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(2)
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(4)

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pmzwform;odkU 465
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(5)
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ta&;MuD;ygw,f/ vufawGUuswJh tcsufvdkYvnf; ajymvdkY&ygw,f/
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udk,fapwemygyg vkyfudkifwJh udk,fhya&mfzuf&Sife,f tvkyfuae
aiGaMu; &&dSzkdY vdktyfygw,f/ 'g[m ya&mfzuf&Sief ,fb0udk axmufyHh
ay;wJh vufawGUusus ½Ijrifcsufjzpfygw,f/
pmzwform;odkU 467
(6)

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b,fvdk rQajcnd§MurvJ qdkwm jzpfygw,f/
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raumif;Edkifygbl;/ t&omu rav;ryif aygh&Twf&Twfvnf; r[kwf/
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xnfjh yD; csujf yKw&f if t&omaumif;wJh [if;wpfcu G f jzpfvmEdik yf gw,f/
ya&mfzuf&iS ef ,form;[m usi0hf wfqkw d mudk ypfy,fvkYd raumif;ygbl;/
aiGaMu;udkvnf; tvGeftuRH OD;pm;ay;vdkY r&ygbl;/ usihf0wfr&dS&if
raumif;ovdk aiGaMu; rvHkavmuf&ifvnf; raumif;ygbl;/ 'ghaMumifh
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v vGwfvyfpGm oabmuGJEdkifcGifh tjynfh&dSaeygw,f/

n 9 ; 32
18 azazmf0g&D 2019 /

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 tajymif;tvJ
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30 'DZifbmv 2017 /

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 *Pef;vdkvl
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*Pef;qdkwm ab;wdkuo f Gm;wJh aumif/ bJhwkduw f JhvlawGukd *Pef;vdkY
vlvkdY ajymMuw,f/ a&SUuvnf; roGm;bl;/ aemufuaevnf; aumif;
aumif; rvdkub f l;/ ab;wdkuf bJhwkduaf ewJh vlawGukd *Pef;vdkvlvkdY
ynwfMuwm&dSw,f/ *Pef;awGqkw d m vufraxmifwJhtrsK;d / Adkvcf sKyf
atmifqef;ajymzl;w,frvm;/ wdkYArmawGu yef;r0ifao;bl; wyf
axmifcsiw f ,f/ yef;wkid af &mufjyDqkdjyD; wyfukd qufravSmb f J a[;ceJ
wyfaxmifvdkufawmh udk,fhaemuf rwdrf;r,drf;vdkufvmwJh avSu
yxr 0if o G m ;w,f / bmh a Mumif h 'D v d k j zpf o vJ q d k a wm vuf r
axmifwwfwJh tusifhaMumifhyJ jzpfygw,f/
aemuf&aSd o;w,f/ zrf;xm;jyD;om; *Pef;awGukd awmif;xJxnfh
xm;&if tay:u tzHk;tkyfxm;p&m rvdkbl;...wJh/ bmvdkYvJ qdkawmh
*Pef;wpfaumifu awmif;EIwcf rf;0udk wG,w f uf&if tjcm; *Pef;
awGu qGcJ sw,f [lowJ/h *Pef;vdkval wG rsm;vm&if vlUtzGUJ tpnf;u
q&mOD;atmifoif; ajymovdkjzpfr,f/ q&mMuD; OD;atmifoif;u olU
a[majymyGJrSm b,fvdk ajymovJqdkawmh...
pmzwform;odkU 471
zatu um;orm; om;u py,f,m ajr;av;u qdu k u
f m;q&m
tJhajr;u arG;vmwJh om;orD;u cGuq f GJawmif;pm;wJh tqifha&mufrSm
Mudrf;aoyJqdkwJh yHkpHrsKd;/ uRefawmf Mum;zl;MuHKzl;w,f/ jrefrmawGu
bmr[kww f hJ ynmuav; wwfxm;wmawmif q&mpm;u csex f m;csif
ao;wm/ wdkYwke;f u oHk;ESpf oHk;rdk; xrif;pm;uRefcH wwfxm;&wmuG
rif;wdkYeJYusrS ig tvum; ray;Edkifbl;qdkjyD; 4 - 5 - 6 v avmuf
zdzdpD;pD;av; oifay;vdkuf½HkeJY ußGrf;usiftqifh jzpfoGm;r,fh ynmu
5 ESpfaevdkYvnf; rwwf 6 ESpfaevdkYvnf; rwwfeJY jzpfw,f/
rvQKd ygeJ/Y vQKd veG ;f &if wd0k ifomG ;wwfw,f/ 'gyJ ajymcsiyf gw,f/
aemufajymao;w,f/ q&mqDu vufcGJjyD;axmif&if q&mudk
umjyefw,f/ apmfum;w,f/ aus;Zl;uef; w,fqw kd hJ pum;emuxd;k ao;/
jrefrmjynfrSm 'Dvdkq&mrsKd;awGaMumihf wdkif;jynf rwdk;wufwmvdkY
xifw,f/
q&mrSe&f if ud, k x hf ufawmfww hJ ynhf rdbrSe&f if ud,
k x
hf ufawmfwhJ
om;orD; acgif;aqmifrSe&f if udk,hx f ufawmfwJh aemufvkduf arG;xkwf
ay;Edkif&rSmaygh/
tckawmh r[kwb f l;/ rsK;d quf wpfqufeJY wpfqufu wpfqifh
xufwpfqifh jrifhoGm;&r,fhtpm; edrhef rd ho f Gm;w,f/ q&mMuD; OD;atmif
oif; pum;u em;xJrSm tjrJyJhwifxyfaew,f/
vlUtzGJUtpnf;rSm *Pef;vdkvlawG yg;vsygap/
5? ZGefv 2017 /

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 ykwfoif#Dum
&ufpfref;
odkYr[kwf ykwfoifvdkvl/
tzGJUtpnf;twGif;rSm ykwfoifvdkvlawG rsm;&ifraumif;bl;/
txl;ojzihf ykwfoifvdkvlawG acgif;aqmifjzpf&if ydkraumif;bl;/
omref acgif;aqmifae&mrsKd; r[kwfbJ tqifhjrifhjrifh &mxl;udk &&if
wu,fh tqkd;0g;qHk;vdkYawmif ajymvdkY&r,f/
b,fvdkyJ ajymaeygap vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif;rSm 'DvdkvlawG
trsm;tjym;yJ &dSaew,f/ &dSvnf; &dSaecJhw,f/ &dSvnf; &dSaew,f/
&dSvnf; &dStHk;rSm jzpfw,f/ 'Dvkvd lawG &dSwm[m vlUp½dkuo f bm0jzpfwJh
twGuf ta&;MuD;w,f rxif&ayr,hf vlUtzGUJ tpnf;tvdkuf ykwo f ifvkd
vlUtzGUJ tpnf;jzpfae&if uifqma&m*gpGw J hJ vlUtzGUJ tpnf;vdkY emrnfwyf
vdkufcsifw,f/
vlUtzGJUtpnf;&JU tem*wfukd ykwo f ifvkd vlawGu owfw,f/
vlUtzGJUtpnf;&JUtem*wfukd ykwo f ifawGukd vdkvm;ESpo f ufwJh acgif;
aqmifawGu owfw,f/
ykwfoifqdkwm ae&mwdkif;rSm&dSEdkifwmyJ/
txl;ojzifh opfyifjrifhjrifhay:awGrSm awGU&wwfw,f/
jcHpnf;½dk;ay:rSmvnf; ykwof ifawGukd awGU&wwfwmyJ/ owdxm
Munfhaygh/ uRefawmfhwkdY ywf0ef;usirf Sm ykwo f ifawG trsm;MuD;&dSw,f/
pmzwform;odkU 473
ykwfoifawGrSm a,bk,svu©PmawG &dSw,f/
ykwfoifawGu
v tjrJ acgif;jidrfhw,f/

&ufpfref;aygh/ pDrHcefYcGJrIe,fy,frSm &ufpfref;awG bmawGvdkY

ajymw,f/ tJAm; [kwfuJhorm;awGaygh/
ykwfoifawGu...
v wG,fwwf uyfwwfw,f/

ajcjrJw,f vufjrJw,fayghAsm/
ykwfoifawGu...
v ta&mifajymif;w,f/

'ghaMumifh... Owk&moD ywf0ef;usief JY vdkuaf vsmnDaxG aexdkif

wwfMuw,f/
ykwfoifawGu ...
v ykwfoifudk csufpm; uifpm;&if odyfcsKdw,f/

'Dawmh vlawG odyfMudKufwmaygh/

tJ... t&omrodao;wJhvlawGuawm ykwo f ifpm;&if Elw,f
qdkvm;yJ/ uRefawmfhawmif t&omrodwJh olawGxJrSmygvm; rod/
'ghaMumifhvnf; ykwfoifawG&JU qdk;jypfawGudk a&;aerdwmxifw,f/
ykwo f if pm;zl;oluawm t&omodvkdY irf;irf;wufjzpfoGm;Muw,f/
ykwo f ifawGqkdwm a&S;acwf a*:ZDvmrsK;d awGeJY wlw,f/ olwkdY
toGifo@mefu uRefawmfhwdkY wDADGZmwfvrf;awGxJu Munfh&wJh
a*:ZDvmawGeJY odyw f lw,f/ a*:ZDvmawGuawmh rsK;d wkH;aysmufuG,f
ukefMuwm ESpfaygif; oef;ESifhcsD&dSjyD qdkvm;yJ/ a*:ZDvmawG rsKd;okef;
aysmufuG,fukef&jcif; t"du taMumif;wpf&yfu ywf0ef;usifeJY
vdkufavsmnDaxG rajymif;vJEdkifMuvdkY/ 'gudk a*:ZDvm tao;pm;
ykwfoifawGu oifcef;pm ,lyHk&w,f/
ykwo f ifawGu olwkdY ywf0ef;usiu f kd tjrJ avhvmw,f/ tuJ
cwfw,f/ olU0ef;usief YJ tqifajyatmif aew,f/ oGm;w,f vmw,f/
474 rif;aoh
pm;w,f/ olw, G u f yf&m opfyifu tpdr;f a&mufjzpf&if tpdr;f teDjzpf&if
eD&Tif&Tif tndKa&mifqdk&if tnKdjzpfatmif ajymif;w,f/
wu,fawmh...ykwo f ifjzpf&wm rvG,yf gbl;/ olwkdY[m tjrJ
ywf0ef;usifudk apmifhMunfhavhvmjyD; olwdkYvHkjcHKatmif olwdkY &Sifoef
&yfwnfaeEdkiaf tmif MudK;pm;vHkvY xkwMf u&w,f r[kwv f m;/ ykwo f if
vkyf&wm yifyef;ygw,f/ tJ... yifyef;cufcJwJh tvkyfudk &nfrSef;
csufMuD;MuD; xm;olawG vkyfwwfoAs/ 'Dvdk&nfrSef;csufMuD;MuD;
xm;MuwJhvlawGyJ txuftjrifhawGudk a&mufukefMuw,f/
'ghaMumifh...txuftjrifhukd a&muf&ifukd ykwo f ifvkd pGr;f &nf
rsm; &dSxm;vm;qdkjyD; uRefawmfh owdxm; Munfhrdw,f/ uRefawmfhu
teD;rIew f ,f/ odyrf jrif&bl;/ ta0;usawmhvnf; rjrifbl;As/ 'Dawmh
txufjrifhjrifh a&mufolawGu ykwfoifawGvm;? bmvm;qdkwm
uRefawmfh rodygbl;/
uRefawmfbh mom tdrjf cHpnf;½dk;ay:u ykwo f ifukyd J #DumzGirhf ad e
awmhw,f/
v pnf;½dk;ay:u ykwfoifrsm;

v yifjrifhay:u ykwfoifrsm;

v tdrfa&SUrif;wdkY xef;&nfeJY jrnf;wJh ykwfoifuifrsm;

ponfjzihf... ponfjzifh uRefawmfh awG;aerdw,f/

eHeuf 9 ; 39
25? ZGefv 2017/

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 aomutwGuf aywHrsm;
udk,fh&JUaeYpOfb0 tqifajy rajy qdkwmudk wdkif;wm&r,fh
aywHawG &dSw,f/ wu,fawmh aywHawG qdkwmxuf ar;cGef;awG
vdkY ajym&if ydkrSefygvdrfhr,f/ pdwfynm&SifawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u
pdwzf pd ;D rIawGuae b,fvakd usmv f mT ;&rvJ aomuudk b,fvakd jzazsmuf
&r,fqkdwmawGukd avhvmcJhw,f/ azmfxkwcf Jhw,f/ pdwyf nm&Siaf wG
omru pma&;q&mawGuvnf; tMuHay;a&;om;wmawG &dSw,f/
bmoma&;wdkif;rSmvnf; udk,fh&JU pdwftusOf;usrI pdwfusyf
wnf;rIukd om,m jidr;f csr;f atmif vkyaf y;Edkiw f hJ ukoa&;enf;emawGukd
ay;w,f/ azmfxkwx f m;wm &dSw,f/ pdwzf pd D;rI ausmv f Tm;a&;enf;awG
udk bmoma&;pmtkyfawGrSmvnf; a&;w,f/ wufusrf;awGrSmvnf;
a&;Muw,f/ pdwyf nmpmtkyaf wGrSmvnf; a&;wmawGU&w,f/ vlUb0
aeenf;xdkifenf;awGudk vrf;nTefjyowJh pmtkyfawGrSmvnf; awGU&
w,f/ pdwx f m;enf;eJY udk,&f nfukd,af oG;wdk;wufapzdkYtwGuf a&;wJh
pmtkyfawGrSmvnf; awGU&w,f/
a';umeuf*s&D UJ emrnfausmMf um;wJh ]aomuuif;a0;aexkid af &;}
pmtkyx f JrSm aomuudk ausmv f Tm;zdkY ar;cGe;f awG ar;zdkY ajymxm;w,f/
(1) ig bmtwGufeJY aomua&mufaewmvJ/
(2) ig onfudpöeJYywfoufvdkY bmvkyfEdkifovJ/
476 rif;aoh
'Dar;cGe;f ESpcf k[m tajccHusygw,f/ 'Dth wGuf qufpyfar;cGe;f eJY
yufoufjyD; tajzxkwEf kdirf ,fh ar;cGe;f (4) ckukdvnf; xyfajymw,f/
1/ bmjyóemvJ/
2/ jyóemtaMumif;t&if;u bmvJ/
3/ ajz&Sif;enf; b,fESrsKd;&dSovJ/
4/ b,fenf;udk a&G;rvJ/
vlwkdi;f rSm jyóemudk,pf D&SMd uw,f/ awmfawmfrsm;rsm; pmtkyf
awGuawmh jyóem ajz&Si;f enf;awGukd ajymMu a&;Muwm rsm;w,f/
jyóem pdppfenf;udkprf;oyfwJh ayw enf;emawG odyfray;Mubl;/
'g[m raumif;ygbl;/ vufawGU tvkyjf zpfa&; enf;vrf;udkomG ;Mu&rSm
jzpfygw,f/

aomut&if;tjrpf
a'gufwmqDpu D aomujzpf&jcif; taMumif; (5) rsK;d udkxkwjf y
xm;w,f/
(u) tdrfaxmifa&; ysufpD;jcif;
(c) pD;yGm;a&; ysufpD;jcif;
(*) tazmfo[J r&dSjcif;
(C) tjidK;pdwf arG;jrLxm;jcif;
(i) aomuaxGjym;jcif;
pwJh taMumif;t&if; (5)&yfu aomu&JUt&if;tjrpfvdkY ajym
w,f/
Opömysu&f ifvnf; vlu pdwzf pd ;D w,f/ aiGa&;aMu;a&; udpaö wG
aMumifhvnf; pdwfnpfEGrf;&wmyJ/ cspfaom oleJY auGUuGif;&&ifvnf;
vlu pdwrf oufombl;/ rESpo f ufwo hJ el YJ aexkid f ,SOw
f aJG e&wmuvnf;
pdwt
f qifrajyrIukd jyKw,f/ txl;ojzifh cHpm;rIa&;&m ESv;kH om;jyóem
wpfckckaMumifh pdwuf pOfhuvsm;jzpfrI MuHK&Edkiw f ,f/ vlrIaygif;oif;
qufqHa&; tqifrajy&ifvnf; pdwu f sO;f usyw f ,f/ tvkyrf Smjzpfjzpf
pmzwform;odkU 477
rdom;pktwGif;rSmjzpfjzpf ausmif;wufae&ifyJjzpfjzpf aygif;oif;
qufqHa&;udpöawGaMumihf pdwfzdpD;rI jzpf&wwfw,f/
twdwu f vky&f yfawG? udpöawG tjyKtrlawGaMumifh twdw&f JU
tusO;f om;tjzpfa&mufae&ifvnf; pdwu f ayhgyg;vef;qef;rSm r[kwf
bl;/ pdk;&dryf lyefrIawG? aMumifhMurIawG tvdkqE´awG &r®uaf wG vdkvm;
awmifwh rIawG rsm;jym;vGe;f wm ½Iyaf xG;vGe;f wmu pdwt
f usO;f tusyuf kd
jzpfapwJh taMumif;awG jzpfw,f/

tm½HkawG rsm;&if
tckacwfrSm jrifp&m Munfhp&m Mum;p&m xdawGUp&mawGu
odyfrsm;vmw,f/ tm½HkawG rsm;vmw,fvdkY ajym&r,f/ jrifp&m
Mum;p&m pm;p&m t&omcHp&m awGUxpd &mawG odyrf sm;w,f/ tJhonfh
t&mawGaMumifh awG;&wm pOf;pm;&wm cHpm;&wmawG rsm;vmw,f/
tJh'DhtxJrSm vdkcsipf &m a'gojzpfp&m aMumufp&m vefYp&m pdk;&drpf &m
awGyg wGjJ yD;ygvmw,f/ acwfrv D mawmh oGm;p&m ae&mawG aygif;oif;
qufq&H wJh vlawG odyrf sm;vmw,f/ tJ'h t hD cg onfvkd ywf0ef;usiaf Mumifh
jzpfvm&wJh pdwfcHpm;rIawGuvnf; rsm;vmw,f/ ½Iyfvmw,f/
pdwfcHpm;rIawG rsm;wm/ tm½HkawG rsm;vdkY tm½HkawG rsm;&if
pdwfawG vIyf&Sm;wm rsm;w,f/ pdwfawG axGjym;w,f/ pdwfawGu
jzpfwm ysuw f mawG jrefvm rsm;vmwJhtcg pdwaf MumifhjzpfwJh 'Pf&m
awG rsm;vmw,f/ pdwfuaewpfqifh jzpfvmwJh cHpm;csufawGu
txyfxyf txyfxyf jzpfvmw,f/
ay:vmorQ tm½Hak wGukd owdeYJ rxde;f Edik f owdeYJ ESv;kH roGi;f Edik w
f hJ
tcgrSm pdwu f wif;vmw,f/ pdwu f ½Iyv f mw,f/ pdwu f cPcP
tajymif;tvJawG jzpfvmw,f/ pdwf&JUappm;rIeJY pdwf&JUcHpm;rIawGudk
½kyuf vdkuv f kdY rrSDwJhtcgrS cE¨mudk,rf Sm wif;wmawG av;vHxkdi;f rIid ;f
wmawG aerxd xdkifromawG jzpfvmw,f/
478 rif;aoh
Ak'¨ta[mrSm onfvdkY &dSw,f/
tm½HkeYJ 'Gg,wdkuvf kYd pdwjf zpfw,f/ pdwu f kd jzpfapwJh taMumif;u
tm½HkupwmyJ/ tm½HkawG&JU jzpfwnfrIudk owdeJY rapmifhMunfh&if
pdwf&JU jzpfrIu rwnfjidrfEdkifawmhbl;/ tm½HkeJY pdwf[m qufaew,f/
tm½HkawG axGjym;&if pdwaf wG axGjym;r,f/ pdwaf wG axGjym;&if tm½Hk
awGu rMunfvifawmhbl;/ rMunfvifwJh tm½HkawGaMumifhyJ aomu
awG? Asmyg'awG zdpD;rIawGaMumifhMurIawG oufaomifh oufom
r&dSwmawG jzpfvmw,f/
tJh'ghaMumifh udk,af eYpOf MuHKae&wJh tm½HkawGukd owdeJY xde;f jyD;
Munfh&if pdwfat;jidrf;rIudk &w,f/ at;jidrf;wJh pdwfeJY vkyfwJh tvkyf
jzwfoef;wJh aepOf jzwfoef;rIu tqifajyw,f/ acsmarGUw,f/ t&m
tm;vHk;udk cspaf om rsupf ed JY MunfhEkid wf Jh pGr;f &nfukd &w,f/ 'Dvkv d l[m
atmifjrifw,f/
n 9 ; 40
6? Mo*kwf 2017 /

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 jywfjywfom;om;
q&mawmf OD;aZmwdu\ jywfom;jcif; tqdktrdeu Yf kd zwfvku d rf d
pOfuwnf;u uReaf wmfh pdwrf mS qufpyf tawG;rsm; qefx Y u G v f monf/
jywfom;wJh OD;wnfcsuf jywfom;wJh qHk;jzwfcsuaf wGu ta&;
MuD;w,f/ rjywfom;rIu tiftm;awGukd ,kwaf vsmah pw,f/ rjywfom;
rIuyJ tiftm;awGukd wdkupf m;oGm;w,f/ jywfom;vku d w f meJY cGet
f m;
awG tvdkvdk&vmw,f/ rjywfom;rIavmuf tm;avsmhwm r&dSbl;/
rjywfom;rIavmuf nHzh si;f wm r&dbS ;l / rjywfom;rIavmuf avsm&h w J m
r&dSbl;/ rjywfom;rIavmuf aysmhnHhwm r&dSbl;/
q&mawmf OD;aZmwdu pmrsm;udk zwfjyD; uRefawmfhtawG;u
tjidrfrae/ q&mawmfh tawG;'óersm;udk tajcjyKjyD; qifhyGm;awG;
wwfavh uRefawmfhrSm pGJuyfaeonf/
jywfom;jcif;udk uRefawmfh avhusifhonf/ q,fausmfouf
b0uwnf;u avhusifhjzpfonf/ jywfom;jcif;u cGeftm;awG
ay;w,fqkw d m uRefawmfh vufawGU odvku d o
f nf/ tckxd jywfom;jcif;
udk rjywfavhusifhzdkY MudK;pm;aeqJ/
jywfom;jcif;u cufonf/ jywfom;jcif;uae cGeftm;awG
&vmyghvm;qdkwmudk odem;vnfzkdY ydkí cufonf/ vufawGU jywfom;
vdkufjcif;u tcufqHk;jzpfonf/ tcuftcJawGudk jywfom;jcif;jzifh
480 rif;aoh
uRefawmfh &ifqkdizf l;onf/ tm;&dSvkduw f m/ jywfom;jcif;eJY vkyv f kduw f Jh
tvkyfawGu auseyfp&m aumif;onf/ tm;&p&m aumif;onf/
tcuftcJawGuyJ todudk wdk;aponf/ tcuftcJawGuyJ
ynmudkwdk;aponf/ tcuftcJawGuyJ cHEdkif&nf&dSvmaponf/
tcuftcJ awGuyJ ycH;k ta&jym;udk ydí k xlvmaponf/ tcuftcJaMumihf
'Pf&mawG &vmonf/ 'Pf&mawGuyJ trm&Gwaf wGukd zefwD;onf/
trm&Gwaf wGaMumifhyJ ta&xljyD; cHEkdi&f nf ydk&ifhvm&onf/ tcuftcJ
awG pdefac:rIawGuyJ vludk &ifhusufvmaponf/
&ifhusuw
f Jh olrS wm0efMuD;MuD; xrf;Edkipf Gr;f &dSonf/ ta&xlrS
wm0efudk Mum&Snf xrf;Edkifonf/ cHEdkif&nf&dSrS tcuftcJudk tHwkEdkif
onf/ todESifh ynm rwdk;bJ wm0efudk wdk;jyD; r,lEdkif/ todrsm;rS
wm0efrsm;rsm; ,lEdkifonf/ ynmMuD;rS wm0efMuD;MuD; ,lEdkifonf/
ynmESifh todonf wm0efESifh wdkuf½dkuf tcsKd;usonf/
c 'óe wpfaMumif;u qefYxGufvmwJh tod
c 'óewpfaMumif;u xGufvmonfh vkyf&yf
c 'óewpfaMumif;u ay:vmonfh tjyKtrl
ponfwku Yd cGeEf iS hf tm;ESihf jywfom;rIEiS hf pdeaf c:rIEiS hf &ifqkid Ef kid f
pGrf;ESifh b0tem*wfudk avQmufEdkifcJh&rnf/
eHeuf 8 ; 21
21 Edk0ifbm 2017

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 ynma&;a0zefcsuf
ynma&; taMumif;udk vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u a&;cJhjyD;jyD/ a&;
&r,fh taMumif;awGuvnf; &dSaew,f/ a&;vdkYvnf; ukefEdkifr,f
rxifbl;/ vlawGaMumifhjzpf&wJh ynma&; cRwf,Gi;f csuaf wGuvnf;
xyfwvJvJ jzpfaewmudk;/
ynma&; oif½kd;awG[m ausmif;om;awG acgif;xJukd xdk;xnfh
ay;zdkY r[kwfbl;/ oif½dk;awGudk toHk;csjyD; acgif;xJu t&mawGudk
qGJxkwfzdkY/
oif½dk;awGudk ausmif;om;awGuyJ toHk;csoifhw,f/ oif½kd;
awGu ausmif;om;awGukd toHk;rcsoifb h ;l / oif½k;d wpfck&UJ A[dkjyKcsuf
[m vlUpGrf;vlpudk jr§ifhwifzdkY qGJxkwfzdkY jzpfoihfw,f/
aqG;aEG;wmawGu aumif;w,f/ acgif;xJrSm bmrS r&dSbJ
aqG;aEG;apwm raumif;bl;/ aqG;aEG;rI aumif;zdkY qdk&if acgif;xJudk
wpfckck xnfhay;zdkY vdkw,f/ odkYwnf;r[kwf aqG;aEG;zdkY acgif;xJrSm
wpfckck &dSaeap&r,f/
acgif;xJrSm bmrS r&dSbJ aqG;aEG;&if avawGyJjzpfr,f/ b,fol
wpfOD;wpfa,mufrS tusKd;jzpfr,f rxifbl;/
oif½dk;udkcsnf; A[dkjyKvGef;wmvnf; raumif;bl;/ vludkyJ
A[dkjyK&ifvnf; raumif;bl;/ rSwÚf mPfukd tom;ay; oifMum;vGe;f &if
vnf; raumif;bl;/
482 rif;aoh
aqG;aEG;csufawG[m t&nftaoG; jynfhjynfhjzpfzdkY avhvmrI
atmufoufauscJhrS aumif;w,f/ ausausvnfvnf ravhvmrIu
vlUtodkif;t0dkif;udk tqdyfoifhapw,f/
tcsuftvufawGu aumif;w,f/ tcsuftvufawGudk
oabmw&m;awGeYJ aygif;pyfEikd &f if ydv k Ykd aumif;w,f/ tcsut f vufawG
oabmw&m;awGtjyif vufawGUjzwfoef;rIawGeJY csnf;uyfEdkif&if
ynma&;twGuf ydkvdkY aumif;ygw,f/
tawG;awG ½Iyaf xG;&if tvkyrf jzpfb;l / pum;vHk;awG &JUjzefcY srd u I
½Iyaf xG;ae&if raumif;bl;/ tawG;awG ½Iy&f if pum;vHk;awG ½Iyaf xG;
r,f/ pum;vHk;awGudk &Sif;&Sif;eJY bGif;bGif; jzefYcsdEdkifjcif;[m aooyf
&Sif;vif;aom tpDtpOfawGu vmw,f/
pDrrH t
I m;aumif;&if wpfenf;enf;eJY todÚmPfawG t&ma&mufvm
w,f/ todÚmPfukd pDrcH efcY zJG kYd enf;emvdkw,f/ pdww f nfjidrrf I vdkw,f/
zdtm;awG rsm;vGe;f wJh ynma&;[m pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m 'Pf&m'Pfcsuaf wGukd
ay;w,f/ at;aq;wnfjidrfrI rjzpf&if ynmu jzpfrvmbl;/
ynma&;rSm pdwfynmudk xnfhpOf;pm;&r,f/ odyÜHenf;usrIudk
xnfhpOf;pm;&r,f/ vlUobm0udkvnf; xnfhpOf;pm;&r,f/ vlUtuefY
towfudkvnf; xnfhpOf;pm;&r,f/ obm0u b,fvdk jzpfaeovJ
qdkwm em;vnfatmif vkyaf y;&ifukyd J ynma&;tzdkY wm0efausvSygjyD/
tcsuftvufawGudk acgif;xJ xdk;xnfhzdkY MudK;pm;aewJh q&m
q&mrawGukad wGUwkid ;f olwkYd pufuiG ;f u rvGww f Jh ausmif;om;awGukd
oem;p&mowå0gvdkY jrifrdw,f/
ausvnfatmif avhvmrxm;wJhq&m[m ausmif;om;awG
twGuf tqdyfjzpfw,f/ taESmihft,Sufvnf; jzpfw,f/ odrIudkyJ
tajccHjyD; oifMum;a&;udk vkyf&ifynma&;u nHhwmyJ/ em;vnfrIudk
a&mufatmif roGm;wm tnHhzsi;f qHk; oifMum;enf;jzpfw,f/ ynm[m
toHk;0ifrw I efzk;d jrifah tmif vkyaf y;wJt
h &mr[kwv f m;/ oauFwwefzk;d
wpfckukdom a&S;&I&if ynma&;[m edrho f xuf edrhjf yD; tJh'Dhynma&;&dSwJh
vlUtodkif;t0dkif;[m atmufusoxuf atmufusr,f/
pmzwform;odkU 483
aysm&f Tiaf tmif vkyaf y;wJh todkut f 0ef;rSm ynmjzpfxGe;f w,f/
aysmf&TifrI orm"dw&m; jyif;jyrI[m vufawGU avmutwGuf toHk;
wnfhw,f/ tJhvdkvkyfEdkifwJh vlawG&JUb0u atmifjrifw,f/ ayguf
ajrmufw,f/
EIww f ku
d f tm*Hkaqmifr[ I m *kPjf 'yf r[kwyf gbl;/ tawG;awGukd
qGçay;jcif;[m aumif;w,f/ ynma&;twGuf toHk;0ifw,f/ vuf
awGU vlrIb0rSm toHk;usw,f/ vltcsif;csif;Mum;rSmvnf; wefzdk;
jzpfw,f/
tpmrauswJh pmawGukd acgif;xJrSm xnfh&if ESvHk;om;twGuf
udk;vdk;uefYvefY jzpfapw,f/ ESvHk;vrf;aMumif; rajzmifhjzL;wJhol[m
vlUtodkift0dkif;twGuf opfoD;ykyfyJ/
ynma&;[m vlUb0 avQmufvrf;rSm oufaomifo h ufomjzpfzykYd J
tusKd;jyKoifhw,f/ tcuftcJawGudk av;yifwJh tjyKtrleJY &ifqdkifzdkY
rjzpfapoifhbl;/ wpfckckudk aMumufaMumufeJY &ifqdkifapcsifxuf
ayghayghyg;yg; &ifqdkifapoifhw,f/ cyfayghayg vufvTwfpy,f jzwf
oef;rIukdawmh jyif;jyif;xefxef jiif;oifhw,f/ jiif;vnf; jiif;&r,f/
tay:,H tm;xkwfrIudk &uf&ufpufpuf jiif;qdk&JwJh owdå&dSrS vlU
todkif;t0dkif;[m ydkaumif;vmr,f/ 'DvdkrS r[kwf&if ynma&;[m
opfo;D ykyaf wGukd xkwv f kyaf y;aewJh oif;owfaq;MuD; jzpfvmvdrrfh nf/
vlYjyóemawGudk vlawGxJrSmyJ awGUEdkifw,f/ enf;emrsm;udk
&Smusejf cif;u jyóem ajz&Si;f jcif; enf;vrf;awG jzpfaumif;jzpfr,f/
vlUjyóemawGudk &Sif;zdkY vlawGudk rcsnf;uyfbJ pmtkyfawGudkbJ
csnf;uyfae&ifr[mtrSm;MuD;jzpfygw,f/ ynma&;&JU enf;em[m
vlUobm0udk taustvnf em;vnfjyD;rS jzpfvmoifhw,f/
'DvdkrS r[kwf&if ynma&;[m ynmqdkwmudk wufvSrf;EdkifrSm
r[kwb f ;l / pum;vHk;awG a&&Gww f hJ ,Eå&m;oufoufom jzpfvrd rhf ,f/
aeYv,f 1 ; 50
11 azazmf0g&D 2018/
p
 pmar;yGJ pepf? cdk;ajz pepf
wu,fawmh cdk;zdt kY wGuf tcGiahf y;xm;vdkY cdk;Muwm/ [dk;t&ifu
Mum;zl;rSmaygh/ tckvnf; &dyS gw,f/ t&ifavmufawm yG rxawmhb;l /
uRefawmfhi,fi,fu um;vrf;ray:rSm rdkufc½dkawG yGpmusJaewmudk
awGUzl;w,f/ jrifzl;w,f/ i,fi,f uav;b0 qdkwm em;rvnfbl;/
twef;MuD;vmvdkY pmar;yGJawGqdk&if tJhovdkvm;qdkwmudk awG;vdkuf
rdw,f/ toufMuD;rS em;vnfvmw,f/ wu,fawmh pmar;yGJqkdwm
pmcdk;yGJMuD;yghvm;vdkY xifp&m awmifjzpfp&m &dSvmw,f/
ynmqdkwm bmvJ/ ynma&; qdkwm bmvJ/ rn§mrwm ar;cGe;f
xkwf&r,f/ &uf&ufpufpuf ½dk;om;jyD; tajzxkwf&r,f/ ynma&;
qdkwm pdwfydkif;qdkif&m t&nftaoG; udk,fhusifhw&m;eJY todÚmPf
t&nftaoG;udk jr§ifhwifay;wJh jzpfpOf r[kwfbl;vm;/
pmar;yGJ wpfckcsi;f pD[m udk,bhf 0&JU t&nftaoG;udk ppfaq;wJh
tcsdefumvjzpf&r,f/
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pmar;yG[
J m ud,k hf pdwtf &nftaoG; ud, k t
hf odÚmPft&nftaoG;udk
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w,f/ pepfu vlawGukd cdk;cGiahf y;xm;ovm;/ 'gqdk&if &nf&, G cf suu
f
bmvJ/ pepfu cdk;cGifhay;&if vlawGu cdk;MurSmyJ/ pepfu cdk;cGifh
pmzwform;odkU 485
ray;&if vlawG rcdk;Mubl;/ cdk;cGihaf y;xm;w,f qdk&ifawmh tJhvlawGukd
olcdk;awG jzpfapcsifvdkYaygh/
olawmf tcsi;f csi;f owif;avTUavTU aygif;zufawGUwJh/ pum;yHk
&dSw,f/ vlrkduu f vlrkdut f csi;f csi;f yJ aygif;w,f/ vlvrd ®mu vlvrd ®m
tcsi;f csi;f yJ aygif;w,f/ cdk;wJh vlu olUeHab;u vlukd cdk;apcsiw f ,f/
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eHab;u vlu rcdk;&if olUtwGuf rvHkjcHKbl;/ olu rvHkjcHKovdk
cHpm;&w,f/ 'ghaMumihf olUywf0ef;usifudk cdk;wwfatmif olu
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tHkvdkufusif;vdkuf cGifhjyKay;xm;wJhumv &dScJhzl;w,f/ ausmif;pdrf;
ykqdk;av;awGrSmawmif csKyf½dk;om; tv,frSm tdwfvdk[mav;ygjyD;
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ta0;oifpepfrSmvnf; cdk;vdkuw f Jh jzpfjcif;/ ta0;oif pmar;yGJ
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wdyftMunfeJYuyf a&pdrfpuúLawGudk jcpfcsvdkuf/ pmawGu wdyfrSm
usefaecJh/ 'gawGudk pmar;yGJcef;xJ ta&mufo,foGm;/ trsKd;rsKd;
tzHkzHk cdk;MuwJh yGJMuD;jzpfcJhzl;w,f/
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b,fvkdyJ cdk;cGihaf y;ay; rcdk;bJ ajzjyD; atmifvmcJhwJh olawG &dSygw,f/
odkYaomf tenf;tusOf;rQom jzpfygw,f/ q,fwef; pmar;yGJ
awGrSmvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif; &dSygw,f/
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tenf;pkyg/
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l cyf&mS ;&Sm;jzpfygw,f/
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a&aomufovdk ayghayghyg;yg; vkyfaeMuwmyJ qdkwmudk jrifrdjyD;
vkyfrdMu cdk;ajzrdMuwJh olawGvnf; &dSw,f/ odkYayr,fh wpfcsdefrSm
486 rif;aoh
olwkYd vkycf zhJ ;l wJt
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a&;udk toufMuD;xd qufvuf qnf;yl;aewJholawGvnf; trsm;MuD;/
bmyJajymajym udk,hfvky&f yfu udk,hfb0udk azmfjywmyJ/ udk,hf
tjyKtrlu udk,fhwefzdk;udk azmfjywmyJ/ uRefawmfhwdkY MuHKcJhMuw,f/
vlawGudk rysufysufatmif zsufcJhwJhumv/
wpfenf;tm;jzifhajym&if... olwkdYawG aumif;ae&if igwdkY rvHk
jcHKbl;/ rif;vnf; olcdk;? igvnf; olcdk;qdk&if vlUtodkif;t0dkif;rSm
aeomxdkio f m &dSjyDvkdY ,lqcJhwJhumv/ vlawGuvnf; tvG,Mf udKuf
w,f/ vG,fwmudk MudKufw,f/ tvG,fvrf;udkvnf; vdkuMf uw,f/
cufwmeYJv, G w f m ay;Munf vG,w f myJ vdkuv f kyMf uwmyJ/ cufwmudk
a&G;w,fqkw d m tifrwefrS enf;wJh vlenf;pkyg/ uReaf wmfw h kYd vufxrJ mS
bGJUvufrSwfawG &dSw,f/
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&dw
S ,f/ yg&*lbUJG vufrw S v
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b,favmuf ½dk;om;cJMh uvJ/ udk,u hf k,d uf k,
d f tprf;oyfcEH ikd Mf uovm;/
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udk,fhemrnfudk aemufqHk;rS ac:oH Mum;&aumif; Mum;&r,f/
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ajcvSrf;ydkif&SifawG trsm;MuD; &dSwmyJ/
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olck;d awG ay:vmrSm xHk;pHy/J wu,fawmh vlUAZD p½dkurf mS cdk;wJph ½dkuu f
ygvmjyD;om;yJ/ vlwkdi;f cdk;wwf 0Suw f wfMuwmyJ/ vG,&f if olMuG,f
awmif raebl;qdkwJ pum;yHku tvum;ay: vmwm r[kwfbl;/
pmzwform;odkU 487
Oyrm tar&duefEdkifiHudk Munfh/ w½kwfEdkifiHudk Munfh/
jrefrmEdkifiHudk Munfh/ tar&duefEdkifiHrSmvnf; olcdk;&dSw,f/ w½kwf
EdkifiHrSmvnf; olcdk;&dSw,f/ jrefrmjynfrSmvnf; olcdk;awG &dSw,f/
tar&duefZmwfum;awGqdk&if tMuD;tus,f cdk;whJ0SufwJh
taMumif;awG &mxl;XmeEÅMuD;wJholawGuae tMuD;tus,f vmbfpm;
cdk;pm;wJh taMumif;awG trsm;MuD; ½dkufjyxm;MuwmyJ/ w½kwfvnf;
xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yJ/
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w,f/ puFmylrmS qdk&ifvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yJ/ jrefrmjynfrmS awmh
olcdk;rsm;w,f/ pmoifcef;xJrSmudkyJ cdk;wmudk cGifhvTwfay;xm;awmh
vlUtodkif;t0dkif;u atmufusaemufusjzpfvmw,f/
tar&duefrSm jrefrmxuf cdk;ol tcsK;d enf;w,f/ bmhaMumifhvJ/
tajzu &Si;f &Si;f av;/ taMumif;tusK;d oifhoifh pOf;pm;&ifukdyJ xGuf
vmwJh tajz/ tar&duefrSm cdk;cGifhray;bl;/ cdk;cGifhenf;w,f/ jrefrm
jynfrmS cdk;cGihf ay;xm;w,f/ cdk;cGit hf wGuf a&cHajrcHawG rsm;rsm;&dw S ,f/
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T f
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tar&duefeJY puFmylrSm cGifhrjyKbl;/ cGifhrvTwfbl;/ cdk;cGifh ray;bl;/
cdk;cGifhay;&if cdk;MurSmyJ/ cdk;cGifh&dS&if cdk;MurSmyJ/ cdk;cGifh enf;&if cdk;wm
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yHhydk;&if axmufyHh&if olcdk;ZmwfoGif;rIu MuD;oxGuf MuD;vmr,f/
ynma&;&JU yxrqHk;tvkyu f udk,u hf k,
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cdk;aewJholu udk,fhudk,fudk,f av;pm;MunfnKd Edkifygawmhrvm;/
udk,u hf k,
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pdwf"mwfcGeftm; &ygawmhrvm;/ trSefw&m;twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&JUwJh
owård &d&S if cd;k wJoh l 0Suw
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olwdkYudk xdef;r,fh axr,fh owå0gawG ywf0ef;usifrSm r&dSbl;av/
488 rif;aoh
olckd;urÇmtwGuf olckd;awGu olckd;awG arG;xkw&f if; oufqkd;
&Snfatmif wnfaqmufMuw,fav/
'gu odyf½dk;&Sif;vGef;ygw,f/
0 ; 02
13 azazmf0g&D 2018/
awmifMuD;jrKdU/
 tqHk;pGefqHk; aygufajrmufrItwGuf
a,bk,s oHk;csuf
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pmyk'af wGukd &Smzwf&if; odvm&w,f/ em;vnfvm&w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm
atmifjrifolqdkwJh pum;vHk;udk roHk;bl;/ aygufajrmufol qdkwmudk
oHk;ygw,f/ atmifjrifrIqkdwmudk rsuEf Smpmaygif;pHkuae teufzGihfvkdY
&wmrdkY uGJvGJcsuf &dSEdkifw,fvdkY ,lqvdkY jzpfygw,f/ aygufajrmuf
rIqdkwmuawmh uGJvGJcsuf enf;Edkifw,f/
aygufajrmufrIqdkwmudk wdkif;wm&mrSm vufawGUudk tajccH
w,f/ &v'fukd tajccHw,f/ vky&f yfukd tajccHw,f/ vky&f yfwpfck&JU
oufa&mufrI tusKd;&v'fudk MunfhjyD;awmh vlwpfa,muf&JU vkyf&yf
[m aygufajrmufjcif; &dS r&dS qdkwmudk wkdif;wmwmjzpfygw,f/
oufa&mufrI r&dS&if? &v'f rxGu&f if? &v'fxGuaf yr,hf tusK;d ouf
a&mufrI tm;enf;&if aygufajrmufw,fvkYd rac:Edkib f ;l / jyD;pD;w,fvykYd J
ajymvdk&Y r,f/ olvkyw f hJ tvkyu f jyD;ajrmufcw hJ ,faygh/ 'DavmufygyJ/
aygufajrmufrIusawmh jyD;pD;rIwpfckwnf;eJY rvkHavmufawmhbl;/
oljyD;pD;atmif vkyaf qmifcw hJ hJ tvky&f UJ tusK;d &v'f[m b,fa&GUb,frQ
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490 rif;aoh
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b0wpfckvHk;udk tJonfhe,fy,fxJrSm ESpfxm;w,f/ olu epfaewm
r[kwfbl;aemf/ ESpfxm;wm/ epfaewm r[kwfbl;/ ESpfw,fqdkwm
tcsdefa&m b0a&m vkyftm;a&m cHpm;csufa&m OD;aESmufa&m ESvHk;
om;a&m aiGaMu; apwem tm;vHk;udk ESpfxm;wm/ b0u tJonfh
e,fy,fxJrSm epfaewm r[kwfbl;/ epfaew,fqdkwm ½kef;vdkY r&bl;
qdkwJhoabm jzpfaew,f/
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tvkyfcsdefqdkwm r&dSbl;/ aeYa&m na&m tdyfaepOfrSma&m c&D;oGm;jyD;
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f ef;awGu
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wJholawGrSm awGU&wJh oabm obm0 wcsKdUjzpfygw,f/
'kwd, wpfcsufuawmh pdwf&Sif;aewm jzpfygw,f/
ol[m olUtvkyef YJ ywfoufjyD; pdw&f iS ;f aew,f/ olUq;kH jzwfcsuef YJ
ywfoufjyD; &Si;f vif;aew,f/ olUqHk;jzwfcsu[ f m Munfvifaew,f/
jywfom;ae w,f/ axG;a&m,Suw f if jzpfraebl;/ ryDrjyif jzpfraebl;/
vlvkyf&r,fhtvkyf olpDpOf&r,fh udpöawG eJY ywfoufjyD; wdwdusus
&dSaew,f/ jywfjywfom;om; &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; &dSaew,f/ bmjyD;&if
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bmvkyfr,fqdkwm aocsm qHk;jzwfxm;jyD; jzpfw,f/ bmtwGuf
vkyf&w,f bmhaMumifh vkyf&w,fqdkwJh taMumif;jycsufuvnf;
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csufawGeJY ywfoufjyD; 'dG[jzpfraebl;/ ESpfcG jzpfraewwfbl;/
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w,f/ qHk;jzwfcsuf rSm;rsm; rSm;rvm; qdkwJh a00g;rI[m cGeftm;udk
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uvnf; ae&mtESHY jyefYESHU oufa&mufaeawmhr,f/ wpfae&mwnf;rSm
&dSraeawmhbl;/ wpfae&mwnf;rSm pkjyD;usa&mufraewJh cGeftm;awG
[m ysHUvGifhaew,f/ ysHUusJaew,f/ ysHUusJaewJh cGeftm; eJY bmudkrS
a&GUatmif vkyfvdkY r&bl;/ bmudkrS aygufajrmufatmif aqmif&GufvdkY
r&Edkifbl;/ 'gu ½dk;&Sif;wJh oabmw&m;yJ/
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a&SUoGm;&dSw,f/ avhvmrI aemufrSm avhusifhrIu tpOfvdkufw,f/
avhvmrI[m pGr;f &nfjynfah pjyD; avhusirhf u I uRr;f usif ydkiEf kid af pw,f/
pGr;f &nfjynfjh ynfh ußrG ;f usif ydkiEf kid af erSawmh 'Dvkv
d ul aygufajrmufawmh
w maygh/ 'g[m bmqef;ovJ/ rqef;ygbl;/ avhvmrIawmh &dSw,f/
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w,fqdkwm pyfpkw,fqdkwJh tqifhxufawmh trsm;MuD;ydkw,f/ olU
avhvmrI[m wdkw Y w d kw
Yd d r[kwb f ;l / wdkcY edqwd uf eef;vnf; r[kwb f ;l /
ikyfrdoJwdkif wufEdkifzsm;a&mufqdkovdk a&qHk;ajrqHk; vdkufwwfwJh
trltusih&f Sw d ,f/ olu olUtode,fy,fukd tjrJvkdvkd wpfenf;r[kwf
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492 rif;aoh
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kd m
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tjrJwrf;aMumifMh uaew,f/ ZDZmaMumifaewwfw,f/ awmf½kHeYJ auseyf
tm;&rI r&dSwwfbl;/ vdkwmawGukd ol odw,f/ [mwmawGukd oljrif
aew,f/ wjcm;oluawmh olwdkYtwGuf taumif;qHk; jzpfcsifjzpfae
vdrhrf ,f/ olUvkdvltwGuu f awmh tJonfvkd r[kwb f l;/ olu odxm;
em;vnfxm;wJo h q l kad wmh bmvdkaeao;ovJ bmtm;enf;aeao;ovJ
qdkwm b,folrS rodayr,fh olUbmom odaew,f/ olUrSm tm;&
auseyfrIqdkwm enf;w,f/ 'ghaMumifhvnf; aemufxyf ol ydkaumif;
atmif ydkaumif;atmif tjrJvkyfw,f/ 'DvdkeJY olUvkyf&yfawG[m
taumif;qHk;jzpfvmw,f/ jyD;ajrmufrI[m taumif;qHk; tqifhxd
a&mufvmw,f/ 'DvdkeJY ol[m MuD;jrifhvmw,f/ taygufajrmufqHk;
vlom;wpfOD;jzpfvmw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Dvdkae&mrsKd;a&muf&if vnf;yJ
olUavhvmrIeJY olUavhusihrf Iu &yfraeao;bl;/ xyfwvJvJ avhusihrf I
udk ol tjrJvkv d kd vkyaf ewwfw,f/ 'g[m tqHk;pGex f d aygufajrmufr&I UJ
wwd, tcsufjzpfygw,f/
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aemufrS xyfjyD; qufMuOD;pdkY/
n 9 ; 09
21 Zefe0g&D 2019 /

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 okawoezefjym;
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jzpfonf/ ynmudk okawoejzifh,SOí f zGihfqkdMuonf/ okawoe[k
ajymvQif y if ynm[k teuf o abm nT e f ; qd k & m a&muf o nf /
okawoeonfyif ynm\ oauFwwpfckvdk jzpfaeonf/
rdkucf ½dkpukyf rSeaf jymif;atmufwGif rjrif&onfrsm;udk tEkpw d f
cGJjcrf;MunfhzdkY okawoezefjym;udk oHk;&onf/ ½kyfrsufpd\ yg0gudk
rdkucf ½dkpukyu f uljcif; jzpfonf/ ,Hkwrf;pum;rsm;udk qef;ppfMunfhzkdY
okawoerSefajymif;udk oHk;&onf/ jzpfpOfjzpf&yfrsm;udk oufaocHzdkY
okawoezefjym;ay: wifMunfh &onf/ okawoeonfyif 21 &mpk\
t"du vufeufjzpfvmonf/
okawoeonf ynm\ oabmjzpfygonf/ ynmhoabmudk
aqmif&ef okawoeudk oH;k &onf/ okawoeonfyif qifjcifww kH &m;udk
a&SUuOD;aqmifatmif xrf;wifay;vdkufonf/ ynma&SUoGm;&dSaom
qifjcifwkw H &m;ESi,hf OS af om jrifuiG ;f jzpfzkYd okawoeu wm0ef,o l nf/
tcsut f vuf tudk;tum; taxmuftxm;ESihf oufaojyEdkiaf tmif
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okawoeonf tMurf;zsi;f tm;jzifh wm0ef oHk;&yfukd xrf;aqmif
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aom oabmw&m;udk oufaojycsurf sm;jzifh axmufyv hH ku
d af omtcg
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twGef; twdkufonf rIp&m r[kwfawmh/
tcsut f vuf tudk;tum;ESihf oufaojycsurf sm;onf a'guf
jzpfjyD; ,lqcsuo f nf oDtk&d jD zpfvmonf/ xdkaY emuf aywHwpfckjzpfvm
onf/ EIef;pHwpfckjzpfvmonf/ wdkif;p&m xGmp&m aywHwpfacsmif;
tjzpf &yfEdkifjyDjzpfonf/

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ydki;f jcm; Munfhjcif;jzpfonf/ b,favmufckdi^f rcdkif qdkwmudk ESJYMunfh
pmzwform;odkU 495
jcif;jzpfonf/ þwGif awGU&cSd suw f pfck ay:ygvdrrhf nf/ ]axmufcjH cif;ESihf
jiif;qdkjcif;}wpfckck ay:vdrfhrnf/ t&if;rlvudk axmufcHonfjzpfap
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jzpfygonf/
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oDtkd&Du usK;d rnf yJhrnf/ udk,o f Hk;onfh oDtkd&Du rcdkif udk,o
f Hk;onfh
tcsuftvuf taxmuftxm;u rjynfhpHkvQiff rlvoDtdk&DrSm rwkef
rvIyf ausmuf½kyjf zpfaernf/ þae&mü y#dyu© jyKjcif;oabm ygvm
onf/ wdkufcdkufjcif; wGef;wdkufjcif; vu©Pmaqmifvmonf/ xdkY
aMumifhyif a0zefapmaMumjcif; apm'uwufjcif;udk &efvdkjcif;[k
ynwfvdkufMu[ef wlonf/
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rdwfzufjzpfonf/ apm'uwufjcif;onf ynm\&efol r[kwf/
rdwaf qGjzpfonf/ ynmudk ydkykd MuD;jrwf us,jf yefYatmif vkyaf qmifay;
aom r[mAsL[mrdwfzufjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ynmu a0zefjcif;
apmaMumjcif; apm'uwufjcif; ydkif;jcm;qef;ppfjcif;udk MudKqdkonf/
ayGUzufonf/ vufurf;onf/ þtcsufrsm;udk &efol[k rjrif/
þum; ynmbufrS jrifaom tjrifjzpfonf/
&ef^ig pnf; jzLrnf; tjrifjzifh Munfhwwfaom vHkjcHKa&;y"me
0g'Drsm;url a0zefapmaMumjcif;udk &efol[k jrifonf/ a0zefjcif;onf
&efpjcif;jzpfonf/ wdkucf kduu f vl jyKrljcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh cHwyf
MuD;MuD;jzifhumí udk,hftxdkiu f kd vHkatmif um&rnf[kjrifonf/ rlv
txdkifrsm; ra&GUa&;onf xdkolrsm;\ qGJudkifcsufjzpfonf/ ynm0g'D
wdkY\ qGJudkifcsuf r[kwf/

(3)
wwd,wm0ef
]wdrfjrKyfaeonfudk azmfjcif;}onf tumudk z,fí tzHk;udk
496 rif;aoh
vSyjf cif;jzpfonf/ okawoe\wwd,wm0efrmS zHk;xm;wmudk z,fjcif;
jzpfjyD; rlvt&dSw&m;udk EIdufxkwf&efjzpfonf/ wdrfaumaeonfudk
&SmazGazmfxkwjf cif;jzpfonf/ rlvt&dSw&m;udk trSet f wdki;f jyEdkiaf tmif
MudK;pm;jcif;jzpfonf/ jyefvnf &SmazGazmfxkwjf cif;onfyif okawoe\
teuft"dyÜm,fjzpfonf/
&dScJhonfudk jrifatmifjyjcif;onf okawoejzpfygonf/
ta[mif;udk &Smjcif;onf okawoejzpfygonf/ tumudk z,fí
tESpu f kd jyjcif;onf okawoejzpfygonf/ xifjrifrSe;f qcsurf sm;udk
oufao om"utcdkit f rmjzifh t&dw
S &m;udk jrifatmifjyzdkY MudK;pm;jcif;
onf okawoejzpfygonf/ okawoeonf &dScJhonfukd trSet f wdki;f
buftpGJr&dSbJ azmfxkwfjcif;jzpfygonf/
xifjrifcsuüf twåaemrwård sm; ygvmEdkiof nf/ rSe;f qrIrsm;onf
trSew f u,fr[kw/f xifjrif,lqcsuf oufoufomjzpfonf/ tudk;
tum; ryg/ taxmuftxm; r&d/S oufaojycsuf ew¬/d okawoeu
pdwfrSef;jzifh xifjrifcsufrsm;udk jiif;onf/ vufrcHyg/ xdkYaMumifh
ynmudk okawoeESifh,SOfí pOf;pm; jcif;jzpfrnf/
okawoe\&v'frmS xifjrifcsuf r[kw/f awGU&cSd sujf zpfonf/
Opinion r[kwf/ Finding jzpfonf/

(4)
ynma&;ESifhpyfí
jrefrmjynfynma&;rSm okawoeESihf a0;aejyDjzpfonf/ wu,fh
okawoeppfppfudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/ ul;cs cdk;cs pkpnf;azmfjy
csurf sm;onf okawoer[kwyf g/ topfawGU&Sdcsuf rygvQiff okaw
oe[k ajymí r&yg/ taxmuftxm; tudk;tum; cdkicf kdicf HhcHhr&dSvQif
okawoe r[kwfyg/ oufaojycsufrsm;jzifh a0zefqef;ppfxm;wm
r[kwfvQiff okawoe[k rqdkEdkifyg/ okawoejzifh,SOfaom ynm
pmzwform;odkU 497
a&SUoGm;&dSaom qifjcifwHkw&m;ESifh,SOfaom vlUtzGJUtpnf;udk wnf
aqmuf&efrSm ynma&;ü okawoeppfppf xnfhay;vdkufzdkY jzpfonf/
þodkY rvkyfEdkifvQif ynma&;onf tem*wfudk rwnfaqmufEdkif/
twdwrf mS yif tdki'f aD ,mfvk*d sw
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topfudk MudKaecsdef uRefawmfhwdkYu ta[mif;udk qkyfudkifí &efjzpfvdkY
aumif;aeonf/
acwfonf topfudk vdkonf/ pepfonf topfudk vdkonf/
okawoeonftopfudk ay;Edkifonf/ ta[mif;udk NzKdEdkifonf/
wnfaqmufa&;twGuf okawoevdo k nf/ ynma&;onf okawoeudk
tm;ay;&rnf/ ynmtm;u wnfaqmufa&;udk aus;Zl;jyKrS uReaf wmfw h kYd
]onfawmif}u ausmfEdkifvdrfhrnf/

(5)
avhusifhuGif;
tajccHynma&;rSm qifjcifwkHw&m;ESihf ,SOaf om ynma&;jzpfzkYd
vdkonf/ wuúokv d yf nma&;rSm okawoeESihf ,SOaf om ynma&;jzpfzkYd
vdkonf/ ,cifu ynma&;onf 0g'jzefYcsad &;wpfckvkd jzpfcJhzl;onf/
ynma&;onf yumoeoufoufvkv d nf; jzpfaeonf/ ynma&;onf
pOf;pm; csichf sed f awG;ac: ajrmfjrifa&; r[kw/f vlraI &;oabmjzpfaeonf/
jzpfpOfjzpf&yfrsm;ESihf ordki;f tcsut f vufrsm;udk okawoezefjym;ay:
wifMunfhzdkY vdkaeygjyD/ þonfudk wuúodkvfy&0kPfrS p&ygrnf/
rSefajymif;wpfvufwnf;udk taorudkifapbJ rSefajymif;rsm;pGmjzifh
axmifah ygif;pHu k Munfw h wfzYkd wuúov kd uf taumif;qH;k avhusiahf &;uGi;f
jzpfoifoh nf/ tjrifajymif;vJa&;udk wuúokv d tf 0ef;t0dki;f u p&rnf/
okawoerSefajymif;jzifh Munfhwwfaom"avhudk wuúodkvfuaepí
ysKd;axmifay;&rnf/
498 rif;aoh
y#dyu©tm;vHk;\ tponf qifjcifwHkw&m; edrfhyg;jcif;u
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w&m; enf;yg;jcif;aMumifh jzpfvmonf/ okawoeonf qifjcifww kH &m;
puf0ef;udk us,af tmifcsJUay;Edkiyf gvdrhrf nf/ zGHUjzKd;rIwkdYonf y#dyu©rsm;
udkvGefí jzpfxGef;½dk; xHk;pH r&dS/
okawoeonf ynm zGHUNzKd;a&; y#dyu© qifjcifwHkw&m;
ynma&; Edkiif w
H k;d wufa&;ESihf vlUtzGUJ tpnf; jidr;f csr;f wnfjidraf &;txd
qufpyfaeonf/
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f kyaf y;
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pukyuf kd tvkt,ufjyKMuygap/ olUxufigt&if jrifcsiaf ZmMuD;Muyg
ap/ onftavhtxudk tajccHrsKd;aphtjzpf zefwD;ay;EdkifMuygap[k
qE´jyKvdkufygonf/
eHeuf 2 ; 02
25 Zefe0g&D 2019 /

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 ordkif;a&;puúL pmtkyf ESifh pc&if
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hf ckd MhJ ujyD;jyD/
ordkif;qdkwm vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ[k qdkonf/ orkdif;qdkwm y#dyu©ESifh
ppfyGJrsm;taMumif;jzpfonf[k qdkonf/ ordkif;qdkwm vlUtjyKtrl
rSww f rf;rsm;[k qdkonf/ ordki;f qdkwm bk&ifwkdY taMumif;[k qdkonf/
ordkif;qdkwm ppfjidrf;oHo&m[k qdkolu qdkjyefonf/
urÇmay:ü jidr;f csr;f aom umvqdkwm r&d/S ppfjzpfaeaomumv
ESifh ppfjzpf&ef jyifqifaeaomumvom &dSonf/ tu,fí jidrf;csrf;
a&;qdkwm&dSvQifvnf; ppfyGJa[mif; tqHk;owfjyD; ppfyGJopfjzpfzdkY
jyifqifaeqJ tcdkuftwefYudk jidrf;csrf;a&;umv[k qkdEdkifonf/
ordki;f udk Edkiaf omol a&;onf[al om tqdk&o Sd nf/ ordki;f qdkwm
tEdkif&olrsm;om rSwfwrf;wifcGifh&dSaom t&m[k qdkolu qdkonf/
ordkif;udk pdwful;,Of '@m&Drsm;jzifh jznfhpGufolu pGufonf/
rnfokdYyifjzpfap vlUordkif;onf ajymif;vJwdk;wufvmonfrSm {uef
jzpfonf/

(1)
v rD;udk awGU&dSjcif;aMumifh vlUordkif; wdk;wufvmonf/

v vufudk usifvnfpGm toHk;cswwfjcif;aMumifh vlUordkif;

wdk;wufvmonf/
500 rif;aoh
v bmompum;ay:xGuv f mjcif;aMumifh vlUordki;f wdk;wuf
vmonf/
v ajymif;vJwk;d wufrr I sm;onf vlUtodÚmPftay:rSm tajccH
í ay:xGufvmonf/
v bmompum;aMumifh todÚmPf yGm;pD;vmonf/

v tawGUtMuHKESiht f awG;tMuHrsm;udk vufqifhurf;&ef puúL

onf tc&musvmonf/
v puúLudk tajccHí yHkESdyfpufay:vmonf/

v xdkYaemuf pmtkyfjzpfvmonf/

v pmtkyfrSonf pc&ifjzpfvmonf/

vlonf ordki;f udk puúLay:rSma&;onf/ pmtkyt f oGijf zifh jyefYESHY

aponf/ ordki;f onf puúLrS pmtky/f pmtkyrf S pc&ifokdY ul;vmonf/
pc&ifonf ordki;f udk zefwD;onfhoabm oufa&mufvmonf/ pc&if
udk vlwdkif; wdkYxdEdkifjyD/ pc&ifwpfckvHk;udk vlom;\ vufz0g;ay:
wifxm;EdkifjyD/ pc&ifonf tem*wf\ wefcdk;MoZmjzpfvmonf/
ordki;f onf pc&ifay:rSm &dSaeovdk jzpfaeonf/ owif;onf
pc&ifxufrmS ysUH aeonf/ tcsut f vufrsm;udk pc&ifay:rSm wGucf suf
odkrDS;xm;EdkifMuonf/ pc&ifonf ordkif;udk zefwD;Edkifovdk ynm
jyefUymG ;&m taMumif;t&if;vnf;jzpfvmonf/ pc&ifay:rSm vlUordki;f udk
vdkovdk upm;Edkifonfh acwfudk a&mufvmonf/ pc&ifwdkufyGJonf
aomaomnHaeonf/ pc&ifay:rSm tdki'f D,mrsm; aygufuGJvm onf/
avmbDrsm; ppfcif;aejyD/ yDtmrsm; r[mAsL[m qifaejyD/ rJqG,rf Irsm;
xyfaejyD/ pum;vHk;wdkufyGJrsm; jyif;xefaejyD/ tem*wfudk pc&ifu
jy|mef;awmhjyD/ vlUordkif;udk pc&ifu yHkazmfawmhrnf/

(2)
ordkif;onf pOfhuJpOfhuJjzifh ajymif;vJvmonf/
puúLudk ydkifpdk;olu ordkif;udk jy|mef;cGifh&cJh&mrS pc&ifudk
pmzwform;odkU 501
vTr;f rdk;olu ordki;f udk pD&ifciG h&f awmhrnf/ 21 &mpkonf ajrjyifwkduyf JG
xuf pc&ifay:u wdkufyGJrsm;u ydkjyif;xefaeonf/
ordkif;onf ydkí tqufjywfoGm;onf/ tpOftwkdif; r[kwf
awmh/ cefYrSe;f ívnf; rvG,af wmh/ raocsm ra&&mrIrsm;jzifh jynfhESuf
aeawmhonf/ tem*wfonf a00g;vmonf/ vlwikd ;f onf Zmwfaumif
rsm;jzpfvmonf/ Zmwfaumifrsm;udk xdef;vdkYodrf;vdkY rvG,fawmh/
EdkifiHawmfqdkonfh rSef;q yHkazmfxkqpfxm;rIonfvnf; wpfOD;csif;
tMum;wGif a0zefapmaMumcHvm&onf/ wdki;f jynftrSwo f ½kyf xuf
wpfOD;csi;f trSwo f ½kyu f kd ydkvkdcsiv
f monf/ ]ig} qdkonfh twåonf
A[dkcsufrrsm;pGm tjyefYus,fvmonf/
pc&ifxufrmS twåaumifav;rsm;udk xifxif&mS ;&Sm;awGUae&jyD/
vlwkid ;f onf ta&;ygt&ma&mufEkid f aejyD/ vlonf todtrSwjf yKcHcsif
onfh owå0gqdkwm ydkrdkxif&Sm;vmonf/ ordkif;onf wpfOD;csif;ESifh
ydkqdkifvmonf/

(3)
vuf\uRrf;usirf u I kd pc&ifay:wifvku
d Mf uonf/ vlUtjyKtr
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tuefYtowfabmifrsm; ajyavsmhukefonf/ udk,fpDudk,fpD twåudk
ta&mifwif&ef enf;vrf;rsm; &ukefonf/
ynmonf owif;ESifhroJruGJjzpfvmonf/ owif;udk ynm
xifvmonf/ owif;t&if&rIonf ynmqdkonfxuf a&SUa&mufvm
onf/ ordkif;udk owif;vufOD;rIjzifh yHkazmfawmhrnf/ acwfonf
rwnfjidrfawmh/ twårsm;onf vIyfcwfvmonf/ tuefYtowfr&dS
MuD;xGm;vmaom twårsm; &dSvmovdk tzdpD;cH twårsm;vnf; rsm;
oxuf rsm;vmonf/ twårsm;udk pc&ifay:rSm aygufuyJG pfvu kd Mf uonf/
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502 rif;aoh
aygufuGJukeof nf/ ordki;f onf y#dyu©rsm;jzifh jynfhESuv f mjyefonf/
twdkuftcdkufrsm;jzifh 'if;Murf;jynfhvmonf/ pc&ifay:rSm trSwf
tom; o½kyfrsm;udk jrJjrJqkyfudkif&if; ppfyGJrsm; tpjyKvmonf/
udk,thf wåukd ta&mifwif&if; udk,t hf rSwo f ½kyu
f kd qdki;f bkwof pf
wyfonf/ ordik ;f tcsutf vufrsm;onf pc&ifxufrmS ½Iyaf xG;ukeo f nf/
ynmonf aemufa&mufaeí y#dyu©udk tqHk;owfí r&awmh/
ordkif;puúLay: pmtkyftjzpf 0g'jzefYMu&if; pc&ifxufrSm
topfwzef arG;zGm;Mujyefonf/
n 11 ; 07
14 azazmf0g&D 2019/

p
 pdrfajyeajyavhvmrI
'DaeYacwf avhvmrIyHkpH[m ajymif;vmw,f/ ajymif;vJvmwJh
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yHkpHrSm aysmufqHk;vmjyD wdraf umvmjyDjzpfwJh t&mwpfck&Sdw,f/ tJ'g
uawmh pdrfajyeajyavhvmrI jzpfygw,f/
acwfu jrefvmw,f/ oGufvmw,f/ topftopfawG[m
tcsdefwdkif; ay:aew,f/ tcsuftvufawGuvnf; aygvmw,f/
rsm;vmw,f/ jrefvmw,f/ owif;twGuf tcsuftvuftwGuf
&p&m ae&mawG trsm;MuD;&dSvmw,f/ tod&&m&aMumif; e,fy,f
topfawG ay:vmw,f/ topftopfawG ay:vmvdYk ta[mif;ta[mif;
awG aysmufvmw,f/ ta[mif;awGtMum; topfawG ay:vmw,f/
topfawGudkvkdufEdkifzdkY ta[mif;awGudk csefypfxm;cJhMuw,f/
ta[mif;awGxJrSm taumif;awG usefcJhw,f/

tusdK;aus;Zl;
pdraf jyeajyavhvmrIrmS aumif;uGuaf wG &dw
S ,f/ 'Dvakd vhvmrIukd
vky&f if owdxm;p&mvnf; ygvmw,f/ aumif;uGuaf wGukd t&ifajym
r,f/
pdraf jyeajyavhvmrI[m pdwaf t;oufoufomom avhvmwm
jzpfjcif;aMumifh aumif;aumif; pOf;pm;awG;ac:csdef&w,f/ todawG
504 rif;aoh
tawG;awG[m udk,fhcE¨m&JU OD;aESmufeJY ESvHk;om;xJudk wjznf;jznf;
pdrhf 0ifysUH Eo
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k w
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at;at;aq;aq;eJY eufeufeeJ J avhvmjzpfvmw,f/ bmom&yfwpfckeYJ
wpfcktMum;u qufxHk;udkvnf; qkyfrdvmw,f/ udkifrdvmw,f/
udk,favhvmwJh e,fy,ftaMumif;udk acs;cg;tlr rusefavhvmzdkY
tcGifhta&;&vmw,f/
pdraf jyeajyavhvm&if avmvdkY r&bl;/ jywfawmif;jywfawmif;
jzpfvdkY r&bl;/ wpdkufrwfrwfeJY aeYpOfvdkvdk avhvmaerS jzpfr,f/
'DtwGuf tavhtusifhvdkw,f/
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jyif;jyaewwfw,f/ 'g[m aumif;ygw,f/ odkaY yr,fh aocsmat;at;
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jzpfomG ;rSm pdk;&dr&f w,f/ ZGJr&dS&if vrf;ckvyfrSm jywfuseaf ewwfw,f/
'guawmh owdxm;p&mjzpfygw,f/

jrifae&wmawG
ckacwfu tdkifwDacwf owif;acwfqdkawmh pdrfajyeajy avh
vmzdkY tcGifhenf;oGm;jyD/ udk,fudk,fwdkifu tJonfvdk avhvmcsif&if
awmif ywf0ef;usiu f cGirhf jyKawmhb;l / 'ghaMumifh vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m
acwf&UJ a&pD;rSmyJ vdkuo f mG ;Muwm rsm;w,f/ acwfuvnf; jrefEkid o f rQ
jrefjrefajy;EdkifrS olrsm;wum a&SUudk a&mufr,fqdkwm jzpfaew,f/
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm a&SUa&mufaewm a&SUrSm ajy;aewm a&SUrSmOD;aewm
aumif;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'g[m ae&mwumrSmawmh r[kwfbl;/
txl;ojzifh ynmoif,l&mrSm tJonfvdkawG tjrJwrf; jzpfae&if
raumif;bl;/ ausmif;awGrSm wuúokdvaf wGrSm pmrsuEf Smta&twGuf
rsm;rsm;zwfEkid af tmif avhusiahf y;wJh speed-reading (tjrefpmzwfenf;)
pmzwform;odkU 505
awG oifay;Muw,f/ olUenf;eJYolawmh toHk;0ifygw,f/ aumif;yg
vdrhfr,f/ wu,fhpmtkyf pmwrf;awGukd pdraf jyeajyzwfrS wu,fem;
vnfwmvnf; &dSygw,f/
wu,fhynmoif,la&;rSm pdrfajyeajy at;at;aq;at;
oufoufomom avhvmoif,la&;[m vdktyfw,f/ tjrefoif,la&;
awGu tvkyfjzpf½HktqifhyJ &dSwmawG jzpfEdkifw,f/ tjrJwrf;tjref
tjref tjrefqw kd mawGu ae&mwdik ;f rS raumif;Edik b
f ;l / odjrifem;vnfrrI mS
aumif;aumif;r&Edkib f l;/ tvG,ef nf; jzwfvrf;enf;awG[m tcsed u f kd
csKHUEdkifygw,f/
tvG,fvkyf tjrefvkyfoifhwmawGudkvnf; vG,fvG,fyJ jzwf
oef; jrefjrefyJ oif,lwmaumif;w,f/ wzufrSmvnf; cyfaES;aES;eJY
pdraf jyeajyvkyrf S&r,fh t&mawGtwGuv f nf; pdraf jyeajy avhvmwm
pdrfajyeajy zwfrSwfavhvmwm vkyf&r,f/ 'grS aumif;vdrfhr,fvdkY
xifw,f/
b,ft&mawGukd jrefjrefoGuo f Guf vky&f r,f b,ft&mawGukd
wjznf;jznf;avhvmoif,lrS aumif; r,fqkdwmuawmh udk,hfÚmPfeJY
udk,fhe,fy,ftvkduf wGufq&r,fh t&mvdkY xifw,f/

pdefac:csufawG
pdrfajyeajy avhvmr,fqdk&if pdefac:csufawG &dSvmEdkifw,f/
eHygwfwpfu tcsdef/
tcsed [
f m ydkvkdY &Sm;vmjyD/ aeYpOfvkdvkd udk,hfukd,yf kdit
f csed x
f JrSm
zJah y;vdku&f wJh t&mawGu rsm;vmjyD/ awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m tcsed v f w
G f
awG enf;vmjyD/ acwfuvnf; wdk;wufvmawmh wpfOD;csi;f rSm vdktyf
csuaf wG rsm;vmw,f/ vdktifawG rsm;vmw,f/ csijf cif;awG rsm;vm
w,f/ udk,hf&JUvkdtyfcsuf vdktifcsijf cif;udk jznfhqnf;zdkY &ke;f uefvm&
w,f/ xdkifaevdkYr&bl;/ aES;aevdkY r&bl;/ oGufrSvsifrS olrsm;xuf
acgif;wpfvHk;omr,fqkdwmawG jzpfvmw,f/ olrsm;xuf ESmwpfzsm;
506 rif;aoh
omrS &yfwnfEkid f r,fqkw d mvnf; jzpfvmw,f/ 'ghaMumifh vufawGUrmS
tcsdeftcuftcJu trsm;MuD;pum;ajymvmw,f/
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f kdcsiw
f m
twGuf odyfratmifhtD;Edkifbl;/ rapmifhEdkifbl;/ jrefjref&csifw,f/
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bGJUjref jref&csifw,f/ bGJUudk vufxJrSm udkifjyD; vkyfief;cGifrSm tqifh
wpfqifhudk wdk;wufcsifw,f/ bGJUvuf rSwfudk vufxJu jrefjref
udkixf m;Edkiaf yr,fh acgif;xJrSm ynmu ygvmovm; rygvmbl;vm;
qdkwm rqef;ppfbl;/
ckacwfrSm oif,lp&m tcif;tusif;awG ydkrsm;vmvdkY vlawG
tcsdefudk vkjyD; oif,laeMuw,f/ 'Dvdk oif,lwmawGudk tylwjyif;
vkyfaevdkY 0rf;omp&mjzpfygw,f/ odkYayr,fh wu,fwwfajrmufrI
wu,f odem;vnfrI trSefwu,f wwfuRrf;rItwGuf ar;cGef;xkwf
p&mawG &dSaew,f/
wcsKUd qkd oifwef;awGukd ESpcf k oHk;ck jydKifwufaew,f/ tjyifyef;
u Munfh&awmh tm;&p&myJ/ 0rf;omp&myJ/ 'Dvl ynmudk tifrwef
vdkvm;w,fvkdY qdkvkdY&r,f/ 'gayr,fh wu,fppfxkwMf unfh vdku&f if
tJonfvdk jzpfovm;/

ar;cGef;awG ar;Munfhyg/
udk,favhvmoif,lwJh bmom&yf e,fy,fwpfcku wu,f
ausausvnfvnf zwf&r,fh usr;f MuD; usr;f cdkiu f kd aocsm *½kwpdkuf
pdrfajyeajy zwfrSwfavhvmcJhwJhol b,fESa,muf&dSygovJ/
uRefawmfhwkdY vufxJrSm&xm;wJh bGJU'D*&Dwpfckckukd jyefMunfhjyD;
jyefqef;ppfMunfhyg/ udk,hu
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f kd,f rn§mrwm ar;cGe;f xkwMf unfhyg/
udk,af vhvmoif,laewJh bmom&yfe,fy,feJY oufqkid w f Jh jyifypmtkyf
wpftkyftkyfudk pdrfajyeajy zwfcJhzl;ygovm;/ b,fEStkyfavmuf
zwfcJhzl;ygovJ/ b,fpmtkyfudk zwfaeygovJ/
pmzwform;odkU 507
ausmif;wdkY wuúokdvw f kdY oifwef;wkYdrSmay;wJh jy|mef;pmtkyrf Smawmif
tifrwefaumif;wJh jy|mef;pmtkyf wpftkyw f pfav ygrSmyg/ awmfawmf
rsm;rsm;vnf; ygrSmyg/ tJonft h xJu b,fjy|mef;pmtkyu f kd pdraf jyeajy
zwfrw S af vhvmcJzh ;l ygovJ/ ausmif;u q&m^ q&mru wGe;f tm;ay;wm
r[kwfbJeJY udk,fh udk,fydkiftcsdefxJuae tJonfvdk pmtkyfwpftkyf
'grS r[kwf AD'D,kdvufcsm(&f) wpfckukd at;at; aq;aq; avhvmwm
&dSaeygovm;/
tJonfvkd avhvm zwfrSwjf cif;rSmvnf; wpf&uf wpfvwnf;
r[kwb f eJ YJ tjrJwrf; pdwaf t;vuf at;eJY tcsed v f w
G &f wkid ;f avhvmwm
vkyfjzpfygovm;/
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pOf;pm;p&m &r,fvdkY arQmfvifhygw,f/
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'DacwfrSm tcsdef&JUwGef;tm; acwf&JUtajctaeaMumifh tjref

tjref tjref qdkwmawGudk vkyf&if; ynmqdkwmudk tay:,H&Syfyg;yJ
avhvmjyD; txmMuD; udkifaeMuwJh jrefrmjynfu vlUtodkif;t0dkif;udk
jrifjyD; 'Daqmif;yg;udk a&;vdkufygw,f/
n 8 ; 51
20 rwf 2019/

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vHk;awGukd pmwpfrsuEf Sm pmwpfaMumif;twGuaf wmifrS ae&mray;bl;
qdkwm pOf;pm;oifhw,f/
pum;vHk;awGuawmh awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &dSaeygw,f/
v rjzpfEdkifbl;/

v jzpfEdkifw,f/

v jzpfudk jzpfEdkifw,f/

v jzpfudk jzpf&r,f/

v jzpfEdkifacs &dSw,f/

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v jzpfEdkifw,f 'gayrJh

v rjzpfEdkifbl; 'gayrJh
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v jzpfEdkifacs &dSygw,f/ 'gayrJh

v jzpfawmh jzpfoifhwmaygh/ 'gayrJh

v jzpfcsifw,f/ 'gayrJh

v jzpf&ifaumif;rSmyJ/

v jzpf&if jzpfrSmayghav/

v jzpfEdkifr,f rxifbl;/

v jzpfEdkifr,f xifw,f/

pum;vHk;wdkif; a0g[m&wdkif;rSm teuft"dyÜm,f&dSygw,f/

udk,fhtbd"mefrSm udk,fjznfhzdkY b,fvdk pum;vHk;udk a&G;xnfhrSmvJ/
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tuefYtowf &dSaew,f/
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a&G;Edkifw,f/ yg0g&dSol[m ydkjyD; a&G;cGifh&dSw,f/
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b,fae&mrSmvJ/ b,fvdku@rSmvJ/
udk,fhtuefYtowfudk acszsufzdkY udk,fhrSmpGrf;tm;&dSygw,f/
udk,fhpGrf;tm;[m b,favmuf acszsufEdkifpGrf;&dSovJ/ udk,fhrSm
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pmrsufESm wpf&Gufqdk&if vlwpfa,mufrSm ysrf;rQtm;jzifh tbd"mef
pmrsufESmaygif; wpfaomif;cGJavmuf &dSEdkifygw,f/
vlwpfa,muftoufukd ysr;f rQtm;jzifh (60) vdkYwGu/f touf
(20) uae pa&wGu&f if/ ESpaf ygif; (40) [m udk,ht f bd"mef udk,af &;
EdkifcGifh&dSwJhtajctaejzpfygw,f/ wpfESpfrSm (365) &ufqdk&if &uf
510 rif;aoh
aygif; wpfaomif;cGJavmuf[m udk,ht f bd"mef pmrsuEf SmyJjzpfygw,f/
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reufjzeftwGuf b0tbd"mef pmrsuEf Smudk b,fpum;vHk; a&G;rSmvJ/
b,fpum;vHk;a&;rSmvJ/
a&;csifwm a&;yg/ a&G;csifwm a&G;yg/
'gayr,fh udk,fh b0tbd"mefwpftkyfvHk;[m ]rjzpfEdkifbl;}
qdkwJh pum;vHk;awGeJYcsnf; rjynfheufygapeJY/ udk,fhb0tbd"mef
pmrsufESmwkdif;[m ]rjzpfEdkifbl;} qdkwJh pum;vHk;awGeJYcsnf; rjzpfyg
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