Probability is calculated as the number of desired outcomes divided by the total possible

outcomes, in the case where all outcomes are equally likely.

Joint Probability, the probability of two (or more) events is called the joint probability. The
joint probability of two or more random variables is referred to as the joint probability
distribution. Probabilities are combined using multiplication, therefore the joint probability of
independent events is calculated as the probability of event A multiplied by the probability of
event B. Independent Events are not affected by previous events.
Independent events example: You toss a coin and it comes up "Heads" three times ... what is
the chance that the next toss will also be a "Head"? The chance is simply ½ (or 0.5) just like
ANY toss of the coin.

Example: In the experiment of drawing two cards, find the probability of drawing and ace of
spades and a red card.

Mutually exclusive events, are those events that cannot or do not occur at the same time. 
Example: Find the probability of a person who is mortally sick and at the same completely
healthy.

Dependent Events where what happens depends on what happened before, such as taking

cards from a deck makes less cards each time. This is related to Conditional probability,
which is known as the possibility of an event or outcome happening, based on the existence
of a previous event or outcome. It is calculated by multiplying the probability of the
preceding event by the renewed probability of the succeeding, or conditional, event.
Sources:
https://machinelearningmastery.com/joint-marginal-and-conditional-probability-for-machine-learning/#:~:text=Marginal%20p
https://byjus.com/maths/mutually-exclusive-events/
https://byjus.com/maths/conditional-probability/
arning/#:~:text=Marginal%20probability%20is%20the%20probability,presence%20of%20a%20second%20event.
Bayes’ theorem describes the probability of occurrence of an event related to any condition. Source
It is also considered for the case of conditional probability. Bayes theorem is also known as https://byjus.com/math
the formula for the probability of “causes”. For example: if we have to calculate the
probability of taking a blue ball from the second bag out of three different bags of balls,
where each bag contains three different colour balls viz. red, blue, black.
https://byjus.com/maths/bayes-theorem/
A manufacturing company discovers that 40% of its new employees turn out to be good
workers and 60% turn out to be poor workers. All current workers receive a reasoning test. Of
the good workers, 80% approve, 40% of the poor workers approve. Assume that these figures
will be true in the future. If the company makes the test part of its hiring procedure and only
hires people who meet the above requirements and also pass the test, what percentage of the
new hires will turn out to be good workers?
 The following information refers to three shipping terminals operated by a certain company. Your
internal auditor randomly selects a set of shipping documents, checking that the selected set contains an
error. Find the probability that the error occurred at the marine terminal.

Terminal % shipment % error

Tierra 60 4
Aire 30 9
Mar 10 12
Specificity = 1 - False Positive = 1 - P(positive test l no disease) = P(negative test l no disease)
Sensitivity = 1 - False Negative = 1- P(negative test l disease) = P(positive test l disease)