Nacaytuna, Shiela Mae

02 Worksheet 3
Instructions
Summarize and explain the following heading sections after reading 02 Readings 5-6:

1. The State in a World of Economic Interdependence

2. Economic and Political Integration: The Case of the European Union
3. The Rise of International Law and Universal Principles
4. States as Targets: The Rise of the Transnational Activism
5. Communication Networks, New Media, and the State
6. Global Governance, the idea
7. An Unfinished Journey
8. Globalization
9. A Historical Perspective
10. Identifying and diagnosing problems in the UN’s comparative advantage
11. Managing knowledge
12. Developing norms
13. Formulating recommendations
14. Institutionalizing ideas

Answers:
1. Economic interdependence is a consequence of specialization or the division of labor.
The participants in any economic system must belong to a trading network to obtain the
products they cannot produce efficiently for themselves. Economic interdependence is a
system by which many companies and nations are economically dependent upon each
other. Advanced economies often become dependent on other nations for goods and
services they do not produce themselves. In general, nations benefit from economic
interdependence.

2. The European Union (EU) tax mandate remains narrow. That there was only a limited
transfer of tax authority to the EU exemplifies the failure of political and fiscal
integration. Using a political economy framework, the article says and analyzes why the
heads of state rejected tax harmonization proposals in the intergovernmental conferences.
The presented findings of the original namely that resistance against tax harmonization
came predominantly from low‐tax countries. Moreover, the results indicate that after the
accession of the central and eastern European countries the prospects of harmonizing tax
policy starkly decreased. The analysis shows that tax heterogeneity and the
enlargements have negative effects on tax integration. Based on the article, concludes by
discussing how the creation of the monetary union restructured the politics of tax
Europeanization and fiscal integration.
3. The Rise of International Law also known as "law of nations" is the name of a body of
rules which regulate the conduct of sovereign states in their relations with one another.
[1] Sources of international law include treaties, international customs, general widely
recognized principles of law, the decisions of national and lower courts, and scholarly
writings. They are the materials and processes out of which the rules and principles
regulating the international community are developed. They have been influenced by a
range of political and legal theories.

In law and ethics, universal law or universal principle refers as concepts of legal
legitimacy actions, whereby those principles and rules for governing human beings'
conduct which are most universal in their acceptability, their applicability, translation,
and philosophical basis, are therefore considered to be most legitimate. One type of
Universal Law is the Law of Logic which prohibits logical contradictions known as
sophistry. The Law of Logic is based upon the universal idea that logic is defined as that
which is not illogical and that which is illogical is that which involves a logical
contradiction, such as attempting to assert that an apple and no apple can exist at and in
the same time and in the same place, and attempting to assert that A and not A can exist
at and in the same time and in the same place.

4. In its bare form, transnational activism has been defined as social movements and other
civil society organizations and individuals operating across state borders. Transnational
social movement, a collectivity of groups with adherents in more than one country that is
committed to sustained contentious action for a common cause or a common
constellation of causes, often against governments, international institutions, or private
firms. Transnational social movement.

5. The field of networking and communication includes the analysis, design,

implementation, and use of local, wide-area, and mobile networks that link computers
together. The Internet itself is a network that makes it feasible for nearly all computers in
the world to communicate. In late 2017, the "New" New Media represents digital
platforms that are equal to magazines, newspapers, radio and television. They are
consumed on cell phones, laptops, desktops and tablets, and they often contain the same
information as the traditional media, although it may be delivered in a different style.
New media are forms of media that are computational and rely on computers for
redistribution. Some examples of new media are computer animations, computer games,
human-computer interfaces, interactive computer installations, websites, and virtual
worlds. New media are often contrasted to "old media", such as television, radio, and
print media, although scholars in communication and media studies have criticized
inflexible distinctions based on oldness and novelty. New media does not include
 analog broadcast television programs, feature films, magazines, or books unless they
contain technologies that enable digital generative or interactive processes.

6. Global governance or world governance is a movement towards political cooperation

among transnational actors, aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more
than one state or region. Institutions of global governance the United Nations, the
International Criminal Court, the World Bank, etc. Tend to have limited or demarcated
power to enforce compliance. Global governance involves multiple states including
international organizations with one state having more of a lead role than the rest. The
modern question of world governance exists in the context of globalization and
globalizing regimes of power of politically, economically, and culturally. In response to
the acceleration of worldwide interdependence, both between human societies and
between humankind and the biosphere, the term "global governance" may name the
process of designating laws, rules, or regulations intended for a global scale.

7. The story of global governance remains an unfinished journey because we are struggling
to find our way and are nowhere near finding a satisfactory destination. Based on human
solidarity across borders are transcending national perspectives and working inn
partnership with governmental and civil society actors, the UN provides and manages the
framework for bringing together the world’s leaders to tackle the pressing problems of
the day the survival, development, and welfare of all peoples, everywhere. Paradoxically,
IGOs seem more marginal at exactly the moment when enhanced multilateralism is so
sorely required. Multilateralism is under unprecedented challenge, from arms control to
climate change, international criminal justice, and the use of military force overseas.

8. Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges of human beings, goods,
and services, capital, technologies, or cultural practices all over the planet. One of the
effects of globalization is that it promotes and increases interactions between different
regions and populations around the globe. Economic globalization is a historical process,
the result of human innovation and technological progress. It refers to the increasing
integration of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods,
services, and capital across borders. For many developing nations, globalization has led
to an improvement in standard of living through improved roads and transportation,
improved health care, and improved education due to the global expansion of
corporations. As a result, many manufacturing jobs leave developed nations and move to
developing nations.
9. Historical perspective refers to understanding a subject in light of its earliest. phases and
subsequent evolution. This perspective differs from history be- cause its object is to
sharpen one's vision of the present, not the past. Historical perspective and understanding
what we are capable of, is an integral part of changing society for the better, now and in
the future. This is where history can become "tainted" by perspective. Different people
will interpret things like historical cause and effect differently.

10. The United States should keep very much in mind not just its short-term political
interests, but also its longer-term interest in a stable and just world community. That does
not preclude self-interest, but it does mean that self-interest is something more than self-
absorption. It is in the United States long-term interest to try to identify and make the
most of whatever comparative advantage the United Nations has in the peace-
maintenance or peace-restoration arena. The question I think should be asked is: In what
specific areas of decision-making or action in the overall field of maintaining peace does
a global, inter-governmental organization have a comparative advantage over individual
governments, regional inter-governmental organizations or nongovernmental
organizations? Comparative advantage should be measured in terms of justice, breadth
of vision, and efficiency. Considerations of justice include the capacity to consider the
interests of people who will be adversely affected by the decision or action, as well as the
interests of those who presumably will gain from it. Breadth of vision involves the ability
to assess the total costs of the proposed action, including externalities such as the long-
term social or environmental detriment that might be expected to flow from the action,
and to take the total costs into account in the decision-making process. As for efficiency,
I realize it may seem like an oxymoron to talk about the United Nations and efficiency in
the same sentence. But the U.N. actually might sometimes be the most efficient decision-
making body when it is necessary to take account of the big picture: that is, when a
decision needs to be made on peace-related measures considering the other
considerations-justice and externalities.

11. Managing knowledge is the keyway to bring sustainable change in human behavior both
in terms of functional and moral in order to smooth functioning of governance process
for achieving organizational goals in an effective as well as efficient manner. Managing
knowledge is an integral component of governance system in an organization.
Knowledge although always remains as the most important resource both at individual
and collective levels, recently organizational practitioners, private and public, reinvent
the role of knowledge in management and governance, emphasize on it, and involve in
knowledge management.
 Consequently, knowledge management now constitutes a vital part of governance.
Competitive work environment urges for performance maximization, information
revolution, rapid changes in technology, and attitude of the citizen, and customers have
created a compulsive situation for attaching serious attention to knowledge and
knowledge management. Business sectors for obvious reasons first feel the necessity to
harmonize with the changes and include cyber sector within its scope and begin to
conduct knowledge management in the organization. Later public governance started
practice of knowledge management in order to encounter complex and intricate task of
modern age. Knowledge management essentially aims at improving knowledge base in
the organization and includes a number of activities such as identifying, creating, storing,
sharing, and applying knowledge in the functioning of organization. Different strategies
have also been developed and are being used to conduct knowledge management process.
These are found to play an effective role in ensuring better performance in terms of
increased volume and quality production and outcome.

12. Once a threat or problem has been identified and diagnosed, the United Nations helps to
solidify a new norm of behavior, often through the submit conferences and international
panels and commissions. Human beings are also a social actor. Norms are essential to the
functioning and existence of society, therefore social interaction is viewed through
normative lenses, from bilateral relations between two individuals to relations among
national leaders. Once information has been collected and knowledge gained that a
problem is serious enough to warrant attention by the international policy community,
news norms need to be articulated, disseminated, and institutionalized. For example, once
we know that HIV/AAIDS is transmitted through unprotected sexual activity, the norm
of safe sex follows. Or as we gain information about the sexual activities of UN field
personnel, the norm of no sexual contract between them and local populations might be
articulated by the UN Secretariat.

13. As new problems emerge and new norms arise, they highlight gaps in policy that also
need attention. Once norms begin to change and become widespread, therefore, a next
step is to formulate a range of possibilities about how governments and their citizens and
IGOs can change behavior. The policy stage refers to the statement of principles and
actions that an organization is likely to take in the event of contingencies. The principal-
agent problem notwithstanding, the United Nations is in many respects a policy actor and
in its own right.

The recommendations and proposals from such blue-ribbon panels as well as from
secretariats often wither and die because member states, not the authors,
 are responsible for next steps. However, reports sometimes are available when a crisis
arises that facilitates action. The massive relief effort showed the UN’s ability to convene
and foster multi-constituency processes. However, with urgency gone, a more severe test
was the world organization’s ability to carry out the rest of the report’s more operational
proposals concerning global governance and civil society over the longer run, to
institutionalize the procedures adopted for the moment.

14. Institutions provide another example of the impact of ideas. Some seven decades into the
UN’s history, virtually every problem has several global institutions working on
significant aspects of solutions. Actors in the world politics can do cooperate, and they do
some often that they engage in conflict. Intergovernmental organizations can help to
facilitate joint action by sharing information, reducing transaction costs, providing
incentives for concessions, and establishing mechanisms for dispute resolution and
agreed on decision making processes. Institutions can facilitate problem solving even
though they do not possess any coercive powers. In particular, IGO’s can increase the
number of productive interactions among their member states that can, in turn, help build
confidence and bridges for other relations. Once created and because they promise
benefits in one arena of technical cooperation, organizations formed by states can sow the
seed s for additional cooperation, in short, they can take on lives of their own.