MATH 9 – QUARTER 3 – WEEK 2 – MODULE 2

Mathematics 9
MODULE 2: WEEK 2: THIRD QUARTER

Theorems on the Different Kinds of Parallelogram, Midline, Trapezoid and Kite

Learning Competencies (Essential Competencies)

1. States the theorems on different kinds of parallelogram (rectangle, rhombus, and square).
2. States the Midline Theorem.
3. States the theorems on trapezoid and kite.
4. Solves problems involving different kinds of parallelogram, Midline Theorem, trapezoid and kite.
Code (M9GE-IIIc-1, M9-III-1 M9GE-IIId-2, M(GE-IIIe-1)

Objectives
After the learners have gone through the lessons contained in this module, they are expected to:
1. State the definition and characteristics of the different kinds of parallelogram.
2. Find the measure of angles, sides, diagonals and other quantities on different kinds of parallelogram
(rectangle, rhombus, and square) applying the theorems.
3. Find the midline segment of a given triangle.
4. Find the measure of angles, sides, diagonals and other quantities on trapezoids and kite.
5. Solve problems involving different kinds of parallelograms, midline trapezoid and kite.

Let’s Understand (Study the concepts)

Three Kinds of Parallelogram
1. Rectangle 2. Rhombus 3. Square

DEFINITIONS:
1. Rectangle is a parallelogram with four right angles.
Example: Rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷

2. Rhombus is a parallelogram with four congruent sides.

Example: Rhombus EFGH

3. Square is a parallelogram with four right angles and congruent sides.

Example: Square IJKL

Theorems on Rectangle
1. If a parallelogram has one right angle, then it has four right angles, then the parallelogram is a rectangle.
Example: 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram with ∠A a right angle.

2. The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.

Example: 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a rectangle with diagonals ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 and𝐵𝐷

Theorem on Rhombus
In a rhombus, the diagonals are perpendicular and they bisect each other.
Example: 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 rhombus with 𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ ⊥ BD
̅̅̅̅

Theorem on Square
The diagonals of a square bisect each other, are congruent and perpendicular.
NOTE: The Square is the most special parallelogram because all the properties of parallelograms and the
theorems on rectangles and rhombuses are true to all square.
To summarize the different characteristics of the different kinds of parallelogram
In a rectangle:

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 MATH 9 – QUARTER 3 – WEEK 2 – MODULE 2

1. Opposite sides are congruent

2. Opposite sides are parallel
3. Each diagonal separates the rectangle into two congruent triangles.
4. Opposite angles are congruent
5. Consecutive angles are supplementary
6. All angles are right angles
7. Diagonals bisect each other and are congruent.
In a rhombus:
1. All the sides are congruent.
2. Opposite sides are parallel.
3. Each diagonal separates the rhombus into two congruent triangles.
4. Opposite angles are congruent
5. Consecutive angles are supplementary
6. Diagonals bisect each other and are perpendicular
In a square:
1. All sides are congruent
2. All angles are right angles
3. Each diagonal separates the square into two congruent triangles.
4. Opposite angles are congruent and supplementary.
5. Consecutive angles are supplementary and congruent.
6. Diagonals bisect each other, are perpendicular and congruent.

The Midline Theorem

The segment whose endpoints are the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side
and half as long.
Example: In ∆ABC, let P and Q be the midpoints of ̅̅̅̅
AB and ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ and 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐶 , respectively, where 𝑃𝑄 ̅̅̅̅ are parallel
𝟏
and PQ = BC.
𝟐
Let R be a point on⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 such that PQ = QR. Since P and Q are the
̅̅̅̅ and 𝐴𝐶
midpoints of 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ respectively, then PA = PB and QA = QC.

The Trapezoid
Trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides. The parallel sides of the trapezoid are
the bases and the two nonparallel sides are the legs. The two angles that include the base are called base
angles.
Isosceles trapezoid is a kind of trapezoid with congruent legs.
Example: Trapezoid ABCD Bases: 𝐴𝐵̅̅̅̅ and 𝐷𝐶
̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ and 𝐵𝐶
Legs: 𝐴𝐷 ̅̅̅̅
Median: ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐹
̅̅̅̅
Altitude:𝐺𝐻

Points E and F are the midpoints of 𝐴𝐷̅̅̅̅ and 𝐵𝐶

̅̅̅̅ , respectively. The segment EF which joins the
midpoints of the non - parallel sides of a trapezoid is called midline or median of the trapezoid.
An altitude of a trapezoid is any segment from a point on one base perpendicular to the line containing
the other base.

Theorems on Trapezoid
1. The midline or median of a trapezoid is parallel to the bases, and its length is equal to half the sum of the
lengths of the bases.
Example: Trapezoid ABCD with 𝐸𝐹 ̅̅̅̅ as the median where 𝐸𝐹 ̅̅̅̅ ,
̅̅̅̅ ∥ AB
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐹 ∥ CD
1
EF = (AB + CD)
2

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 MATH 9 – QUARTER 3 – WEEK 2 – MODULE 2

2. The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent

Example: Isosceles trapezoid ABCD where ∠D ≅ ∠C and ∠DAB ≅ ∠B

3. The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.

Example: isosceles trapezoid ABCD Where ̅̅̅̅𝐴𝐶 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
BD

The Kite
A kite is a quadrilateral with two distinct pairs of adjacent, congruent sides.
Example: kite ABCD ̅̅̅̅ and 𝐵𝐷
Diagonals: 𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ ⊥ BD
𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅
Adjacent and congruent sides:
̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
BC and ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
CD

Theorems on Kite
1. The area of a kite is half the product of the lengths of its diagonals.
Example: Kite ROPE
1
Area of a kite ROPE = (OE)(PR)
2

2. The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular to each other.

Example: kite WORD with diagonals
̅̅̅̅ and 𝑊𝑅
̅̅̅̅̅ and 𝑂𝐷
𝑊𝑅 ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝑂𝐷

Illustrative Examples:
Refer to the figure on the right in examples 1 - 5.
1. If ABCD is a rectangle, then m∠DAB = 90 or ∠DAB = 90⁰
2. If ABCD is a rhombus, then 𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ ⊥ ̅̅̅̅̅
BD .
3. If ABCD is a square, then m∠AEB = 90 or ∠ AEB = 900 .
4. If ABCD is a rhombus, and 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑥 + 5 and BC = 3x − 2, find the perimeter of rhombus ABCD.
Solutions: ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ If x = 7, then AB = 2x + 5
2x + 5 = 3x – 2 = 2(7) + 5
2x - 3x = -5 - 2 = 14 + 5
x = -7 AB = 19
x=7 Perimeter = 4 (19) = 76
Answer: Therefore, the perimeter of rhombus ABCD is 76 units.

5. If ABCD is a rectangle and m∠ADB = (x + 15) and m∠BDC = (2x − 3), then x = _____.
Solutions: m∠ADB + m∠BDC = 90
(x + 15) + (2x − 3) = 90
3x + 12 = 90
3x = 90 – 12
3x = 78
x = 26 Thus, the value of x = 26

6. Given: ROME is a trapezoid. Find PA.

1
Solution: 𝑃𝐴 = ( 𝑅𝑂 + 𝐸𝑀)
2
1
= ( 10 + 16)
2
1
= ( 26)
2
= 13 Thus, 𝑃𝐴 = 13

7. Given: ̅̅̅̅ . Find ON.

TONE is an isosceles trapezoid with median 𝑆𝑄
1
Solutions: 𝑆𝑄 = ( 𝑂𝑁 + 𝑇𝐸 )
2

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 MATH 9 – QUARTER 3 – WEEK 2 – MODULE 2

1
11 = (𝑂𝑁 + 14)
2
1
2⌊11 = 2
(𝑂𝑁 + 14)⌋ 2
22 = (𝑂𝑁 + 14)
22 − 14 = 𝑂𝑁
8 = 𝑂𝑁
𝑂𝑁 = 8 Thus, 𝑂𝑁 = 8

8. Given: Kite ABCD, find m∠ABC and m∠ADC.

NOTE: m∠ABC = m∠ADC.because kite has exactly one pair of opposite angles congruent and the sum
of the measures of the angles of quadrilateral is 360⁰.
Solutions: 64 + 30 + 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 360
94 + 𝑚∠𝐵 + 𝑚∠𝐵 = 360
94 + 2𝑚∠𝐵 = 360
2𝑚∠𝐵 = 360 − 94
2𝑚∠𝐵 = 266
𝑚∠𝐵 = 133
Since 𝑚∠𝐵 = 𝑚∠𝐷, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚∠𝐷 = 133

9. Given: L,M,and N are the midpoints of the sides of ∆ABC. If AB = 22, BC = 20 and AC = 15, find LM, MN
and LN.
1 1
Solutions: 𝐿𝑀 = (𝐶𝐵) = (20) = 10
2 2
1 1
𝑀𝑁 = (𝐴𝐶) = (22) = 7.5
2 2
1 1
𝐿𝑁 = (𝐴𝐵) = (22) = 11
2 2

Let’s Evaluate
Complete each statement.
Given: PQRS with diagonals 𝑃𝑅 ̅̅̅̅ intersecting at T. (Refer to figure below for nos. 1-6)
̅̅̅̅ and 𝑆𝑄
A. If PQRS is a rectangle.
1. 𝑃𝑇 = 12, 𝑄𝑇 = ______ P
Q
2. m∠RQS = 65, m∠PQS = ______
B. If PQRS is a square.
3. m∠QRS = ______
T
4. 𝑆𝑇 = 15, 𝑃𝑅 = _______
C. If PQRS is a rhombus. R
S
5. 𝑄𝑅 = 15, 𝑅𝑆 = ________.
6. m∠QRS = 120, m∠QRP = _______.

̅̅̅̅ intersecting at T.
̅̅̅̅ and 𝑄𝑆
D. Given: PQRS is a kite with diagonals 𝑃𝑅
7. m∠TPQ + m∠TQP = ________.
8. 𝑚∠RTS = _____.

E. Given: A and B are the midpoints of the sides of ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅.

9. x = _____
10. AB = ______

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