20/7/2022

Exploring Diversity of 2
Specific Instructional Objectives
Matter Using Separation
Techniques 4.1 Show an understanding that the
separation techniques are only
meant for substances physically
mixed together.
1

1 2

3 Classification of mixtures 4
Types of mixtures

Mixtures can be classified by 1. solid – solid mixture

their physical states. 2. solid – liquid mixture
Solutions and suspensions are 3. liquid – liquid mixture
examples of a solid-liquid
mixture.

3 4
 20/7/2022

Solid-Liquid Mixture
5 Solid-Solid Mixture 6
(Suspension)

Solid 1 Solid Liquid

e.g. iron e.g. sand e.g. water
Solid 2
e.g. sulfur

5 6

Solid-Liquid Mixture
7
(Solution) 8 Liquid-Liquid Mixture

Dissolved Liquid 2
solid e.g. Liquid Liquid 1 e.g. oil
copper(II) e.g. water e.g. water
sulfate

7 8
 20/7/2022

Method to separate mixtures

9 10 SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
SEPARATING MIXTURES 1.Magnetic attraction
involves
2.Filtration
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES 3.Evaporation to dryness
depends on
4.Distillation
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
5.Paper Chromatography
SUBSTANCES IN MIXTURES

e.g. ability to attract to magnet, ability

to dissolve in water

9 10

Challenge 1
11 Specific Instructional Objectives 12

4.2 Define magnetic attraction. In a scrap metal recycling plant, there

are iron, aluminium, copper and other
metals. How would you separate the
4.3 State some examples of magnetic iron from the other metals?
and non-magnetic materials.

4.4 State some examples of

applications of magnetic attraction.

11 12
 20/7/2022

13 Magnetic Attraction 14 Examples of magnetic

Magnetic attraction is a process materials
that uses a magnet to separate
magnetic materials from non-
magnetic materials.
Magnet extracts
magnetic
material.

Non-magnetic
material remains Iron Cobalt Nickel Steel
behind.

13 14

Magnetic Attraction
15 16 Specific Instructional Objectives
Applications of magnetic attraction:
4.5 Define filtration.
- Scrap metal recycling: Use of a
magnet to separate iron from the 4.6 State that filtration is used to
mixture of scrap metals. separate insoluble solid particles from
a liquid.

Scrap metals consist of

aluminium, iron and
copper.

15 16
 20/7/2022

Filtration
17 18 Specific Instructional Objectives
Filtration is the process of separating
substances of different particle sizes 4.7 Describe the solid remaining on
using a sieve. the filter paper as residue and the
liquid that passes through the filter
paper as filtrate in the filtration
process.
4.8 State some examples of insoluble
insoluble solid solids found in daily life.
- residue
4.9 Explain how filtration works.
soluble liquid -
filtrate

17 18

Filtration
19 Examples of insoluble solids 20
mixture of insoluble solid and liquid
in water
1.Sand
2.Calcium carbonate (in egg
shells)
3.Iron filings filter paper has to be placed in the
filter funnel

The filter paper has small pores,

which allow the smaller liquid
particles to pass through, but not the
larger solid particles.
19 20
 20/7/2022

21 Filtration 22 Specific Instructional Objectives

mixture of insoluble solid and

The solid that liquid

4.10 State some examples of
remains on the
filter paper is applications of filtration.
called residue.

filter paper

The liquid that passes through

is called the filtrate.

21 22

23 Applications of filtration 24 Applications of filtration

Hair in the nose

- Bags in vacuum
Nose: The small cleaners: Trap dust
hairs in the nostrils and other solids but
trap dust and other allow clean air to
small solid particles pass through.
in the air to prevent
them from entering
the lungs.

23 24
 20/7/2022

Applications of filtration Checkpoint 1

26
1. Suggest a suitable separating
technique for the following. Explain
Treatment of
your choice of technique.
sewage:
(a) Separate cobalt from flour
Filtration is
Method of separation: magnetic attraction
used in the Reason: Cobalt is a magnetic material, but flour is
initial stages of not magnetic.
the treatment
process to (b) Separate coffee powder from coffee
drink
remove large
Method of separation: filtration
solids. Reason: Coffee powder is an insoluble solid
25 suspended in coffee

25 26

Checkpoint 1 Challenge 2
27 28
Sea salt is an important substance
2. Air conditioners are installed with an
internal filter. Explain why do air- extracted from seawater. Suggest how
conditioners require a filter. sea salt is obtained from seawater.
Air conditioners require an internal filter to
remove the dust particles suspended in air,
because the accumulation of dust particles
may cause some parts of the air-
conditioner to malfunction.

27 28
 20/7/2022

Evaporation
29 Specific Instructional Objectives 30

Evaporation is a process used to obtain

4.11 Define evaporation to dryness. a dissolved solid (solute) from a liquid
(solvent).
4.12 State that evaporation to dryness is
used to obtain soluble solid from a
solution by heating the solution until all
the water has boiled off.

E.g to separate salt from the salt solution

29 30

Evaporation to Dryness
31 Two types of evaporation 32

3. After all, the water has

boiled off, salt will be left
2. As temperature
behind in the evaporating
increases, the
dish as a white residue.
water changes
into steam and salt solution
escapes into the evaporating
air. dish

1. The mixture is
heated over a
flame.
(a) Evaporation to (b) Evaporation Salt solution is evaporated to dryness.
dryness

31 32
 20/7/2022

33 Evaporation to Dryness 34 Checkpoint 2

 Applications of evaporation to dryness:
- To obtain salt from seawater: In some
countries , seawater is trapped in large open
areas known as salt pans. The water is
evaporated using the heat of the sun, leaving
behind solid salt.
The set-up of evaporation to dryness for recovering
sugar from sugar solution is shown below.
a. State the difference between this set-
up and that for a salt solution.
Water bath (beaker of water) is
present in this set-up but absent
for the salt solution.
b. Suggest a reason for the difference.
Sugar is unstable to strong heating (will decompose).
A water bath helps to prevent direct heating, and
maintain temperature at around 100oC.

33 34

35 CHALLENGE 3 36 Specific Instructional Objectives

You are given seawater. Suggest how
you can produce fresh water from
seawater.
4.13 Define simple distillation.
4.14 State that simple distillation is
used to separate a pure solvent
(liquid) from a solution.
4.15 State the two physical
processes that occur in distillation.
4.16 Explain how distillation works.

35 36
 20/7/2022

Distillation Simple distillation

37 38

Distillation is a process that separates

substances with different boiling points Simple distillation can be broken into
through boiling and condensation. the following steps:

vapour/gas
Step 1: from mixture Step 2:
boiling condensation

liquid from mixture pure liquid

37 38

Simple distillation
39
Simple distillation 40
Step 3: When the hot
vapour comes into
Step 2: The liquid (solvent) turns contact with the cool
into a vapour and enters the surface of the
condenser. condenser, it condenses
Step 1: The
back into a pure liquid.
mixture is heated
in a distillation
flask until it boils. Step 4: The pure liquid
then flows down the
condenser, and is
collected in the
conical flask as the
distillate.

39 40
 20/7/2022

41 Specific Instructional 42 Simple distillation

Objectives Applications of simple distillation:
4.17 State some examples of - Production of distilled water: Distilled
applications of simple distillation in water is obtained by distilling
ordinary/tap water.
everyday life.
- Desalination: Obtain drinkable water
by distilling seawater.
- Making perfumes: Extract liquid
essence from plant materials, such as
roses, to make perfumes

41 42

Fractional distillation
43
 Other than simple distillation, there is another type
of distillation, known as fractional distillation.
 It is used to separate a mixture of two or more
liquids, which have different boiling points, for
example, petroleum (will be covered in greater
detail in Upper Sec).
44 Checkpoint 3
In your pairs, discuss and suggest possible answers to
the following questions:
a. What is the purpose of putting boiling chips in the
distillation flask?
Boiling chips ensure smooth boiling, reducing any
possible splattering of liquid during heating.
b. Why does the tap water enter the condenser from
the bottom, and not from the top.
When water enters the condenser from the bottom, it
allows the water jacket in the condenser to be filled
completely, hence providing a larger surface area for
condensation of the vapour to occur.
This makes condensation more efficient.

43 44
 20/7/2022

45 Checkpoint 3 46 Specific Instructional Objectives

In your pairs, discuss and suggest
possible answers to the following 4.18 Describe how paper
questions: chromatography is able to separate
c. Why is the thermometer placed a liquid-liquid mixture.
beside the side-arm of the distillation
flask?
4.19 State some examples of
To measure the temperature of the applications of paper
vapour that is going into the condenser chromatography in everyday life.

45 46

47 Paper Chromatography 48 Paper Chromatography

rubber bung
Paper chromatography is used to separate 1. A drop of the dye is placed
small amounts of substances that dissolve to near the bottom of a strip of chromatography
different extents in a particular solvent. filter paper, on a line drawn paper
using pencil. The pencil line
Substances separated may be coloured or does not dissolve in the
colourless. solvent and be separated drop of dye

For example, paper chromatography is used with the mixture placed on

it. Results of
to separate different coloured dyes that
chromatography would not solvent
make up a black dye/ink. be affected.

47 48
 20/7/2022

49 Paper Chromatography 50 Paper Chromatography

rubber bung rubber bung
2. The chromatography paper is 3. The solvent is absorbed and
dipped into a solvent, e.g. water, chromatography
travels up the
chromatography
with the pencil line above the paper chromatography paper. paper
level of the solvent.
- This is to prevent the mixture
from dissolving into the solvent drop of dye drop of dye

solvent solvent

49 50

51 Paper Chromatography 52 Paper Chromatography

4. When the solvent reaches the spot of Identical substances will travel the
dye, it dissolves the substances in the same distance and produce the same
dyes. coloured spot on the chromatography
paper when the same solvent is used.
5. The different substances move up with The chromatography paper with all the
the solvent, but at a different speed. separated substances is called a
chromatogram.
6. The more soluble substances move The rubber bung prevents evaporation
faster and further up the of the solvent.
chromatography paper than those that
are less soluble.

51 52
 20/7/2022

53 54

Interpretation of a Chromatogram Interpretation of a Chromatogram

• The substance is • The blue dye

not pure (mixture). travels higher up
the
• It consists of 2 chromatography
component dyes. paper than the
yellow dye.
• The substance is • The blue dye is
a pure. Why? more soluble in
the solvent than
There is only ONE the yellow dye.
spot

53 54

Applications of Paper
Checkpoint 4
Chromatography 56

The diagram below shows a chromatogram of a blue

- Identify colours in dyes food colouring and three possible substances (X, Y
and Z) that the colouring may contain.
- Identify coloured substances used in food
products such as sweets.

- Detect pollutants in water.

blue X Y Z
colouring
55

55 56
 20/7/2022

57 Checkpoint 4 58 Checkpoint 4
a. How many substances are there in the blue food
colouring? c. Arrange the three substances, X, Y and Z in
There are two substances in the blue food order of their solubility in the solvent used, starting
colouring as there are two spots on the from the most soluble.
chromatogram. Z, Y, X
b. Identify the substances that are present in the food
colouring.
Y and Z.
Two spots in the colouring corresponds to the
same spots (same height) in Y and Z.

57 58

Specific Instructional Objectives

59 60 Water in Singapore
4.16 Show an awareness of the Water is a very precious resource on
techniques involved in obtaining drinking Earth.
water from non-potable sources (SDL).
Uses of water include:
1. Drinking, cooking and washing.
2. Making products such as cosmetics and
cleaning agents
3. Recreational activities like swimming,
kayaking.

59 60
 20/7/2022

61 Water in Singapore 62 Water in Singapore

In Singapore, clean water is obtained from Rainwater:
the four national taps:  Rainwater is collected through a network of drains,
canals and rivers, before it is channeled to the 17
reservoirs for storage.
1. Rainwater  17 reservoirs in Singapore: Pandan, Jurong, Kranji,
2. Imported water Upper Peirce, Lower Peirce, MacRitchie, Jurong
3. Desalination Lake, Bedok, Upper Seletar, Lower Seletar, Poyan,
Murai, Tengah, Sarimbun, Pulau Tekong, Marina,
4. NEWater Serangoon and Punggol

61 62

Water in Singapore
63
Rainwater:
 With the addition of Marina, Punggol and
Serangoon reservoirs, the water catchment
area has effectively increase from half to two-
thirds of Singapore’s land surface.
 The water has to be chemically treated,
filtered and disinfected, to free the water from
harmful bacteria, making it safe for
consumption.
64 Water in Singapore
Imported water:
 Water is also imported from neighbouring
countries like Malaysia.
 Singapore has two bilateral agreements with
Malaysia. One has expired in August 2011, while
the other will expire in 2061.
 Just like rainwater, imported water has to
undergo treatment before it is safe for
consumption.

63 64
 20/7/2022

65
Desalination 66 Desalination Plants
Desalination:
 Water can be extracted from seawater by
 There are currently two desalination plant in
desalination.
Singapore, both are located in Tuas.
 Desalination can be carried out using simple
distillation or reverse osmosis.
 The two desalination plants can produce roughly
 In Singapore, simple distillation is not preferred
450000 cubic metres of desalinated water per day,
because it is an expensive process. A large
which contributes to about 25% of Singapore’s
amount of fuel is required to heat the seawater.
current water demand.

65 66

67
Water in Singapore 68 Reverse Osmosis
In reverse osmosis,
In reverse osmosis,
1. Seawater is pumped under high pressure
pressure applied
through a semi-permeable membrane.

2. The membrane is a thin piece of material with

very small pores.

3. The pores only allow water molecules to pass

through and not salt particles. Microorganisms
such as bacteria and chemical contaminants
also cannot pass through.

4. No heating is required for this process.

67 68
 20/7/2022

NEWater
69 NEWater 70

NEWater:

 NEWater is highly purified reclaimed water.

 There are currently three NEWater plants in

Singapore, located at Bedok, Kranji and Changi.

 NEWater is mainly used for industrial and air-con

cooling purposes at wafer fabrication plants,
industrial estates and commercial buildings.

69 70

NEWater NEWater
71 72

 NEWater is produced from treated waste/sewage NEWater:

water that is further purified using reverse osmosis Microfiltration: Treated used water is passed through
and disinfected using ultraviolet radiation. membrane to filter out and retained on the
membrane surface - suspended solids and
microorganisms.
 There are three key stages in the production of
NEWater:
Reverse Osmosis: The process is very similar to that in
1. microfiltration desalination. However, on top of salt, the semi-
permeable membrane is also able to remover other
2. reverse osmosis undesirable contaminants such as heavy metals,
3. disinfection chlorides, and sulfates.

71 72
 20/7/2022

NEWater NEWater
73 74

NEWater: NEWater:

Disinfection: After the first two stages, the water is already
of high grade water quality. As a further safety back-up,
ultraviolet or UV disinfection is used to ensure that all
organisms are inactivated and the purity of the product
water guaranteed.
Click and visit the following links to get a better
understanding of how microfiltration and reverse osmosis
works.
http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/newater/newatertech/PublishingImages/Reverse_oso2.swf
http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/newater/newatertech/PublishingImages/sm_permea_mem.swf
http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/newater/newatertech/PublishingImages/newater_process.swf

73 74