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1.1 WHAT IS SCIENCE?

• Science is the study of the natural phenomena in

the world.
• The 3 main areas of study in Science (in school):
The Scientific
Endeavour

Physics
Chemistry Biology

• But there are actually many branches of Science DO YOU KNOW THESE
SCIENTISTS?

Isaac Newton Louis Pasteur Marie Curie

Albert Einstein Charles Darwin Dmitri Mendeleev

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WHERE DO
SCIENTISTS WORK?

In the Science laboratory Field work

Field work

1.2 LIFE-LONG SKILLS

AND ATTITUDES 1.3 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• A good scientist should have the spirit of

Step 1: Make observations
inquiry.
Step 2: Analyse, infer and predict
• It consists of qualities such as…
Step 3: Plan experiments to test your hypothesis
keen observation patience Step 4: Record and analyse your results
open-mindedness
Step 5: Discuss with others
integrity Step 6: Summarise your results and draw conclusions
objectivity perseverance
Step 7: Communicate your findings with others
creativity
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TYPES OF OBSERVATION
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Example of a scenario: 1. Qualitative observations

You notice that the water level in the measuring
cylinder decreases when a plant shoot is placed
in it.

Observations are made using our five

senses.

TYPES OF OBSERVATION THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

2. Quantitative observations

Step 1: Make Observations

• Involve senses and measurements taken using • Observation: The water level decreases.
instrument.
• Measurements are represented using • Qualitative or quantitative?
numbers and units.
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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Step 3: Plan experiments to test your hypothesis

Step 2: Analyze, Infer, Predict
An experiment:
• Come up with a prediction of the results, known as a
1. Take two graduated cylinders
hypothesis. with exactly the same of water
in them and place them side by
• Hypothesis: As the shoot’s height increases, the shoot side.
absorbs more water in the measuring cylinder. 2. Put the plant in one of the
graduated cylinders.
3. After 12 hours, measure how
much water is left in each
cylinder

VARIABLES 3 TYPES OF VARIABLES

When we test a hypothesis, the 1.Independent variable

things that have an effect on the 2.Dependent variable
experiment are called variables. 3.Constant/Controlled variables
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

type of variable meaning type of variable meaning

independent the variable that you change. dependent what you are measuring.
variable variable

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

CONTROLLED VARIABLES
Step 3: Plan experiments to test your hypothesis

An experiment:
type of variable meaning 1. Take two graduated cylinders
with exactly the same of water
controlled variable that does not change in them and place them side by
/constant variable or is kept constant. side.
2. Put the plant in one of the
graduated cylinders.
3. After 12 hours, measure how
much water is left in each
cylinder
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DEPENDENT VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

type of meaning
type of meaning variable
variable
dependent volume of water left in
independent plant in measuring cylinder variable measuring cylinder after a
variable vs no plant in measuring fixed duration of time
cylinder

TYPES OF VARIABLES
FORMAT OF HYPOTHESIS
type of variable meaning
controlled temperature, humidity, • Hypothesis is an educated guess of the
/constant variable pressure, type of measuring link/relationship between independent and
cylinder used, time dependent variable.

• As the _______________ (independent variable)

increases/decreases,
the ___________________ (dependent variable)
increases/decreases.
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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Step 4: Record and analyze your results

• We compare the two water levels after 12 hours.
• The difference in levels would be the volume of water taken
in by the plant.
• In order to be more reliable, we can repeat the experiment
again to ensure that the results are the same.
Step 5: Discuss with others
What does the result say? Does anyone else have the
same result?
Step 6: Summarize your results and draw conclusions
Water is absorbed by the shoot as more water is lost from
the measuring cylinder with the shoot.

Step 7: Communicate your findings to others

Share your findings. What is a suitable hypothesis?

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING 1.4 WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY?

State if the given observation is qualitative or • Technology is the application of scientific

quantitative. knowledge for practical purposes.
(i) an apple turns from green to red on ripening
(ii) an elastic spring increased in length when a load is
added
(iii) an elastic spring increased by 0.4 cm when a load is
added
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BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY

Development of pest-resistant crops

Invention of Medicines

BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY
ABUSES OF
TECHNOLOGY
• Though science and technology have made our lives
better, sometimes they can cause harm to society and
the environment, especially when misused.

Invention of different types of transport

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CAN TECHNOLOGY SOLVE

ALL OUR PROBLEMS?
• Despite the many benefits of technology, it
cannot solve all our problems.

1.6 HAZARD SYMBOLS
• Hazard symbols alert you to chemicals
that are potentially harmful.
HAZARD SYMBOLS
Harmful/Irritant
•Can lead to irritation, allergic reactions or inflammation
of the skin, eyes, nose or respiratory system.
•May cause drowsiness and dizziness.

Corrosive
•May cause severe
damage on contact
with body parts,
e.g. eyes and skin.
•Corrosive chemical
includes acids.
Environmental toxicity
Has potential to cause harmful effects on the
environment.
Oxidising substance
Releases oxygen easily which can cause fire
and/or explosion.
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HAZARD SYMBOLS HAZARD SYMBOLS

Gases Under Pressure

•Stored in pressurised cylinders.
Flammable
•May explode when heated. •Highly flammable.
•May cause oxygen deficiency if gas is leaked in an •May cause fire or produce poisonous
enclosed space. gas when reacted with air, water or
Acute toxicity chemicals.
•Can cause toxicity or harmful effects when breathed in,
swallowed, or on contact with skin.
Carcinogenicity / Aspiration Hazard
•Degree of exposure and toxicity can affect level of health •Can cause toxicity or harmful effects
implications.
when breathed in, swallowed, or on
•May be fatal.
contact with skin.
Explosives •Degree of exposure and toxicity can
•May cause fire, explosion. affect level of health implications.
•May cause explosion on contact with heat.
•May be fatal.

1.7 APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT

• Retort stand
• Each type of apparatus or equipment has a • For supporting apparatus
particular function in the science during experiments
laboratory.
• Glassware allows us to make clear
observations and follow the changes that
take place.
• Equipment allows us to make accurate
measurements to test the hypothesis.
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APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT

• Filter funnel • Tripod stand

• For supporting
• For transferring liquid apparatus during
into containers with a heating
small opening
• For separating solids
from liquids by the use
of filter paper

APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT

• Evaporating dish • Round-bottomed flask

• To evaporate the liquid • For mixing and heating
in a solution over a chemicals to produce a gas
Bunsen burner when heating is required
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APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT

• Test tube • Boiling tube • For containing chemicals

• For collecting and holding
• For containing small amounts liquids
of chemicals for heating • For heating large amounts
• For mixing solutions/liquids of substances.

APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT

• Beaker • For containing chemicals • Conical flask

• For collecting and • For containing and mixing
holding liquids chemicals and liquids to
• To heat up liquids produce a gas when
heating is not required
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APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT

• Measuring cylinder
• Burette
• For measuring the • To dispense a
volume of liquids. measured amount of a
chemical solution

APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT

• Pipette • Gas jar • For collecting gas

• To measure a fixed
volume of liquid accurately
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APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT Apparatus and equipment

• Bell jar • Bunsen burner
• To separate the set-up • To raise the flame to be
for an experiment from at a suitable height for
the surroundings burning.

Lab Apparatus Lab Apparatus

For measuring
For heating and boiling

Bunsen Test tube

burner

Wire gauze Test-tube Measuring cylinder Pipette

holder

Tripod stand Crucible

Evaporating Watch glass

dish Burette Beam balance
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Lab Apparatus
List the names of the apparatus
For mixing chemicals and chemical analysis A B C

Beaker Conical flask

Dropping Filter funnel

bottle

Reagent Glass rod

bottles

1.8 The Bunsen Burner The Bunsen Burner

Part of Bunsen burner Function (What it does)
• Used in the laboratory to heat things.
Gas tap To control the rate of gas
• Named after the German scientist, Robert
flow into the jet
Bunsen. To allow the flame to be at a
Barrel
• The parts of a Bunsen burner is shown below: suitable height for burning
Collar To control the amount of air entering
the burner by opening or closing the
air hole.

To support the burner so that it

Base will not fall over / topple.
Air-hole To allow air to enter the barrel
to gas tap
base
To let gas rush into the burner.
Gas jet
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The Bunsen Burner
Luminous flame
 When air-hole is closed, the
flame is yellow in colour.
 The flame is unsteady.
 The flame produces a lot of soot
during heating.
 The flame is less hot.
The Bunsen Burner
How to light up the Bunsen burner?
1. Turn the collar to close the air-hole.
2. Hold the lighter over the top of the
barrel.
3. Turn on the gas tap with your free
hand.
4. Strike the lighter to get a luminous
flame.
5. Open the air-hole to get a non-
luminous flame.
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The Bunsen Burner
Non - luminous flame
 When air-hole is open, the flame
is blue in colour.
 The flame is steady.
Hottest region
 The flame produces little soot
during heating.
 The flame is hotter.
The Bunsen Burner
What is a strike-back?
- A strike-back happens when the Bunsen burner has a
flame burning at the jet instead of at the top of the barrel.
- Occurs when there is too much air entering air-hole
- A strike-back will result in the collar becoming extremely
hot, causing burn injuries to others.
What can I do if a strike-back happens?
• Turn off the gas tap of the Bunsen burner immediately!
• Do not touch the collar (its extremely hot)
• Allow the Bunsen burner to cool down before lighting it
again.

1.5 Laboratory rules
• Throughout the lesson:
– Do not enter the science laboratory without the
teacher’s permission.
– No food or drinks are to be eaten in the science
laboratory.
– Be serious at all times in the science laboratory.
Do not play or tamper with the equipment.
– Keep your desk clean and tidy.
Laboratory rules
• During the experiment:
– If you are not sure of how to use any equipment
or how to proceed, ask your teacher for help.
Never try to second-guess your way through an
experiment.
– Never smell or taste chemicals unless your teacher
gives permission.
– Wear safety goggles when heating or mixing
reactive chemicals.
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Laboratory rules
• Before you begin the experiment:
– Read all instructions carefully before each
experiment.
– Prepare all apparatus and arrange them such that
you will not knock them over while doing the
experiment.
Laboratory rules
• During the experiment:
– Never point your test tube at your laboratory
mates while heating liquids. Extremely hot liquids
sometimes shoot out of test tubes.
– Wipe all spills. Ask your teacher if you need to
dilute the spills if it involves chemicals, like acids,
with water before wiping.

Laboratory rules
• After the experiment:
– Wash all apparatus after use and return to their
proper places.
– Dispose of waste materials in proper waste bins.
Never throw solids or corrosive liquids in the sink.
– Wash your hands thoroughly before leaving the
science laboratory.
– Do no remove chemicals and apparatus from the
science laboratory.
Contamination
• Excess amount of chemical should not be
poured back into the bottle where it was
stored
• After pouring out a chemical, the reagent
bottle should be re-stoppered
immediately
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Heating Rules
• Wear safety goggles when mixing or
heating chemicals
• Do not point the mouth of a test-tube at
anyone
• Do not place flammable substances near
any source of heat
• Always use a test-tube holder when
heating a test-tube
Accidents
• Report all accidents, injuries, spillages
or breakages immediately to the
teacher
• Should a chemical get in your mouth,
spit it out immediately and rinse your
mouth with plenty of water
• If a chemical should come in contact
with any part of your body, rinse it off
immediately with lots of water
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MISCELLANEOUS

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science
• http://www.futureforall.org/
• http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/modern_
attitudes.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_lab
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_met
hod