French Erica C.

Manlapas GENERAL BIOLOGY II

Grade 12- Cassiopeia Quarter 4 (Module 1)

`Summative test #1
I. Compare classical breeding with modern genetic engineering techniques.

- Conventional breeding relies primarily on selection, using natural processes of sexual and
asexual reproduction. Genetic engineering utilizes a process of insertion of genetic material,
via a gene gun or other direct gene introduction methods, or by a specially designed bacterial
truck, which does not occur in nature.

II. Enumerate the steps in molecular cloning

1. Isolation of the DNA of interest-
- To isolate a specific gene, one often begins by constructing a DNA library—a comprehensive
collection of cloned DNA fragments from a cell, tissue, or organism.
2. Ligation Independent Cloning- 
- is a technique developed in the early 1990s as an alternative to restriction enzyme/ligase
cloning.
3. Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning- Restriction enzyme based cloning is dependent on
two things: First, it's dependent on the ability of the restriction enzymes to 'cut' both DNA
fragments, that is, the fragment and the vector. Second, restriction enzyme based cloning
requires the enzyme, DNA ligase, to 'paste' the DNA fragment into the vector.

III. Describe some methods to introduce DNA into cells.

1. Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation
4. Transfection

IV. Explain the selection and screening of transformation/ genetically modified organisms
(GMOs).

- Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's phenotype by manipulating its

genetic material. Some genetic engineering uses the principle of recombination.
- Recombination is the process through which a new gene is inserted into a bacterial DNA
"The plasmid". The DNA needs to be cut with an enzyme called a restriction enzyme. The
restriction enzyme used must have a specific shape that allows it to move along the DNA that
is to be cut. The restriction enzyme looks for a specific point in the DNA sequence at which to
cut the DNA. When the restriction enzyme cuts, it leaves a "Sticky end" which helps a new
gene to attach at that point. Another enzyme is used to attach the new DNA segment; this is
called "DNA ligase". Genetically engineered bacterium is cultured and many new copies of
the bacteria with the new gene are grown. Genetic modifications can be made to both plants
and animals.
French Erica C. Manlapas GENERAL BIOLOGY II
Grade 12- Cassiopeia Quarter 4 (Module 1)

Summative test #2

1. The detection and identification of microorganisms in patient specimens is the role of

a microbiology laboratory. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) testing can now provide
rapid, sensitive and specific detection of a wide variety of pathogens sometimes
found in or causing difficult-to-diagnose conditions.

2. Cloning at the molecular level. Cloning allows for the replication of genes, the
expression of genes, and the analysis of individual genes. In cloning, plasmid
molecules can be used to provide a "vehicle" into which a target DNA fragment can
be inserted.
French Erica C. Manlapas GENERAL BIOLOGY II
Grade 12- Cassiopeia Quarter 4 (Module 1)

Activity 1
Give example on the reproductive isolating mechanisms.
MECHANISMS
1. Geographic Isolation
2. Temporal or seasonal Isolation
3. Behavioral isolation
4. Mechanical Isolation
5. Gametic Isolation
EXAMPLES
1. Shifting
2. Mountains
3. Rivers
1. Two species of crickets
2. The spring field cricket (Gryllus veletis)
3. Fall field cricket (Gryllus pennsylvanicus).
1. Mating calls are the most common example
of behavioral variations.
2. Mating calls of two populations of the same
species may vary slightly.
3. Each group has a distinct courtship routine.
This intricate, complex mating ritual
separates them from closely related species
and aids in the selection of a suitable mating
partner.
1. Mechanical separation occurs in plants as
well. The separation that occurs between
white sage and black sage is one of the most
notable forms of mechanical isolation in
plants.
2. Mechanical isolation is also shown by the
majority of snail species. If a female of one
snail species attempts to mate with a male of
another, their reproductive organs will not
align, and the two species will be unable to
mate.
3. Despite the fact that certain populations of
bushbaby share a home, they cannot
interbreed. Since the arrangement of the
genitalia in bushbabies differs between
species, a male bushbaby of one species
cannot effectively copulate with a female
bushbaby of another. Due to mechanical
separation, the two populations of bushbaby
would be unable to produce sterile offspring.
1. Fish spawn through a form of gametic
isolation in that they discharge eggs and
sperm into the water which then mix
independently.
2. An isolated individual which cannot
reproduce with another species and has no
available mates is said to be in gametic
isolation.
French Erica C. Manlapas GENERAL BIOLOGY II
Grade 12- Cassiopeia Quarter 4 (Module 1)

Activity 2; PHOTO COLLAGE

Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS was an

English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known
for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His
proposition that all species of life have descended from
common ancestors is now widely accepted and
considered a fundamental concept in science.

Alfred Russel Wallace OM FRS was a British

naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist,
biologist and illustrator. He is best known for
independently conceiving the theory of evolution
through natural selection; his paper on the subject
was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's
writings in 1858.

Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de

Lamarck, often known simply as Lamarck, was a French
naturalist. He was a soldier, biologist, and academic, and
an early proponent of the idea that biological evolution
occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws.

Activity 3

1. Darwin's travels showed him that the diversity of living species was far greater than he
had previously known.
2. He tortoises on the Galapagos Islands all had different shaped shells; therefore they
were different species of the same category of tortoises. … Darwin found several types of
small, ordinary brown birds. Most of them had differently shaped beaks.
3. Evolution is the biological change of a species over a span of time. A scientific theory is
a well-substantiated explanation of such facts. The facts of evolution come from
French Erica C. Manlapas GENERAL BIOLOGY II
Grade 12- Cassiopeia Quarter 4 (Module 1)

observational evidence of current processes, from imperfections in organisms recording

historical common descent, and from transitions in the fossil record.
4. Darwin realized after seeing a bunch of fossils that animals must be adapting to better
fit their environment, and thus, becoming more diverse.

Activity 4

1. List down 5 evidence of evolution

 the fossil record

 biogeography
 comparative anatomy
 comparative embryology
 molecular biology

Activity 5

Why biologists care about phylogeny is a topic that is greatly underappreciated. If you
observe the diversity of life around you, or even just a small group of species, you will note the
amazing range in traits among those species, regardless of whether the traits are behavioral,
physiological, morphological, or molecular. There is a great deal of variation in attributes. You
can now inquire about that diversity, such as how certain qualities evolved. I'm not talking about
method here, but rather pattern. For instance, perhaps you're interested in the evolution of
squamate leglessness (lizards and snakes, note that snakes are just fancy legless lizards). How
are you going to get that information? Phylogeny. To infer the evolution of limb loss, you can
utilize the phylogeny as a framework. What you discover is that limb loss has occurred many
times independently, and that the snake is just one example of limb loss. Another example
would be if you were looking at a group of species and saw that one of them has male parental
care. You make the decision to research the origins and maintenance of parental care in that
species. So, are you posing the correct query? So you create a phylogeny for that group of
species and map parental care types on the tree, and you discover that just one species in that
group has female parental care, while the others all have male parental care. That indicates that
male parental care originated early in the history of that species group, and hence the answer to
the question "why male parental care?" is "because its ancestor had it." But what about the
single lineage with female parental care? Yes, the phylogeny has led you to an intriguing
question: why does that species have female parental care? Yes, the phylogeny has led you to
an intriguing question: why does that species have female parental care? As a result, the
phylogeny framework directs you to the right questions to ask and answers inquiries regarding
the evolution of almost any attribute among species.
French Erica C. Manlapas GENERAL BIOLOGY II
Grade 12- Cassiopeia Quarter 4 (Module 1)

ACTIVITY 1

1. DIFFERENTIATE ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

- Asexual reproduction generates offspring that are genetically identical to a
single parent. In sexual reproduction, two parents contribute genetic
information to produce unique offspring.

2. IDENTIFY THE TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND GIVE EXAMPLES.

Types of Asexual Reproduction Examples

1. Budding Bacteria, yeast, corals, flatworms, Jellyfish and
sea anemones
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
2. Parthenogenesis
Number of Parents involved Asexual reproduction honey bees, ants, birds involves
Sexual reproduction
involves one parent and two parents and produces
3. Fragmentation produces offspring that are offspring that sea
Fungi, lichens, molds, worms, arestars,
genetically
acoel
genetically identical to each flatworms, and sponges
unique.
other and to the parent.
4. Regeneration the starfish and the salamander
Gametes Sexual reproduction involves Asexual reproduction does
the fusion of male and not require male and female
female gametes individuals and no fusion of
gametes takes place.
Genetic composition of Asexual reproduction In sexual reproduction, two
offspring generates offspring that are parents contribute genetic
genetically identical to a information to produce
single parent. unique offspring.

3. SUMMARIZE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION.

ACTIVITY 2

1. IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE THE TYPES OF LIFE CYCLE.

Types of Life Cycle Description

1. haplontic life cycle Cells that spend the majority of their lives in a
haploid phase are considered to have a haplontic
sexual life cycle. In fact, organisms that have a
haplontic life cycle are only composed of a diploid
cell when they are zygotes
2. Diplontic life cycle Diplontic life cycle refers to the life cycle of
organisms, which is dominated by the diploid
stage. Plants and algae show alternation of
generation. All the plants showing sexual
reproduction alternate between two multicellular
stages, viz. Haploid gametophyte and diploid
sporophytes.
3. Diplobiontic life cycle This is the life cycle in which the haploid phase is
French Erica C. Manlapas GENERAL BIOLOGY II
Grade 12- Cassiopeia Quarter 4 (Module 1)

followed by two successive diploid generations.

In plants like Polysiphonia the haploid plant
(gametophyte) produces diploid zygote after
gametic fusion.

ACTIVITY 3

Letter Part of the plant Function or job

A Side root
B Stem
C leaf
D Flower
E Lamina
F Primary root
G Seed
To hold the plant in the soil
To produce food for the plant by photosynthesis
Photosynthesis takes place
Give protection to reproductive organs like stamen and stigma
Reaction centers for photosynthesis process
To absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil
Protects and nourish the embryo or young plant

SUMMATIVE TEST #1
1. Asexual reproduction generates offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent. In
sexual reproduction, two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring.
2. Asexual reproduction includes fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis, while
sexual reproduction is achieved through the combination of reproductive cells from two
individuals.
3.
- Gametogenesis, the generation of egg cells (oogenesis) or of sperm (spermatogenesis);
- Fertilization, the entry of the sperm cell into the egg cell, followed by the union of the two
cells' nuclei;
- Embryogenesis (embryonic development)
- Metamorphosis to an imago or adult.
4. The human reproductive system includes the male reproductive system which functions to
produce and deposit sperm; and the female reproductive system which functions to produce
egg cells, and to protect and nourish the fetus until birth. Humans have a high level of sexual
differentiation.
5. It has four phases: menstrual, regenerative, proliferative and secretory phases.
6. Double fertilization, in flowering plant reproduction, the fusion of the egg and sperm and the
simultaneous fusion of a second sperm and two polar nuclei that ultimately results in the
formation of the endosperm (the food-storage tissue) of the seed.
7. Plant development is a continuous process starting with embryogenesis and the formation of
the primary plant body (embryonic root and embryonic shoot) and continuing postgermination
with the regular production of new organs (roots, leaves, branches, and flowers).
8. Nutrients that plants require in larger amounts are called macronutrients. About half of the
essential elements are considered macronutrients: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur.
9.
French Erica C. Manlapas GENERAL BIOLOGY II
Grade 12- Cassiopeia Quarter 4 (Module 1)

- Ingestion: Eating food.

- Digestion: Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small molecules.
- Absorption: Cells absorb the small molecules of amino acids and simple sugars.
- Elimination: Undigested material is exposed of.
10. The organs of the digestive system are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas,
liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine. recognizing how these organs
work together to digest food is key to understanding how digestion works. The digestive
process begins in the mouth.
11. The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and
intestine and push the mixture forward to help with further digestion. The walls of the small
intestine absorb the digested nutrients into the bloodstream. The blood delivers the nutrients to
the rest of the body.