Δ

Δ Δ -

Ω
‘I do not believe that in the whole history of missions; I do not believe, that in the history
of diplomacy, or in the history of any negotiations carried on between man and man, we
can find anything to equal the wisdom, the soundness, and the pure evangelical truth of
the body of men who constitute the American missiΣn.’ *

William Goodel*

‘O GΣd! O GΣd! HΣά άearή, stale, flat, and unΤrΣfitable

Seem tΣ me all tΛe uses Σf tΛis άΣrld!’ †

Hamlet, 1, II, 132-134**

« Θ π μ . Δ Α
π’ Π . Έ π π , π Α ΑΧ
π π π π π π . Α ΑΧ
π ».

, - π : : 256

*
«Δ π π ( π )
π μ , π μ μ μ π , μπ
μ π , ,
π π μ π » William Goodell, Forty Years in the
Turkish Empire (NΙέ ΊΤΧΟ, 1877), ·.
†**
«Ω μ , μ ! , μ μ
», Hamlet, 1, , . 132-134 William Shakespeare, The Complete Works
of William Shakespeare, π μ . MΙΠΝΣΘΕ AΠΠΡΕΣ . . (SΕΣ DΝΙΛΤ: CΕΣtΙΧΖuΧί CΠΕΨΨΝΗΨ, 2014),
739.

[1]
 Π ι χό α
: π ............................................... 3
Δ μ : μ μ
μ π ................................................ 8
« μ π μ »: « μ »
μ ........................................... 12
« π »: American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions π μ .................... 15
« π »: μ
π ................................................................. 22
π « μ »: μ
......................................................................... 29
μπ μ : μπ ;...................................... 33
......................................................................... 36

[2]
 ισα ω ή: ο ός αι θο ο ο ία

1789 μ μ π
μ μ μ π . π π
- μ , π μ π
π - . μ
μ π π π μ , π
19 .
20 π μ - ,
π . π μ π
μ
π 100 . 1945 , , ,
μ , π , , μ
μ ,
μ .
μ μ , π
π , π μ π π μ
, π π π 40 , μ
, . π
μ π π π .1
μ π μ π Δ μ
π μ
« » 2 π μ
π , π μ
Δ μ , μ
.3 Δ π μ
μ , μ , π , π π π
μ .
π μ
π μ π π π μ

1
μ π μ μ π μ .
Kemal H. Karpat, Ottoman Population 1830-1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics
(Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin, 1985).
2
SΙΧΛΙΝ BΙΧΨtΙΝΣ PΝΙΧΧΙ MΝΠzΕ, π : π μ
π 1815-1919 ( : , 1997), 20,32-36, 112-113, 143, 153-
154, 157; Mark Mazower, , μ . . μ ( :
, 2015), 28; BΕΧΖΕΧΕ JΙΠΕάΝΗΜ, : 18 -19 ,
πμ . π , μ . Δ ( : π - ,
2006), 445,447; L. S. StΕάΧΝΕΣΤΨ, : π 1453 μ , πμ . .
, μ . Δ ( : , 2007), 584;
μ , : π 1453 2005 , 6 ( :
. / μ , 2005), 41.
3
. , Δ , 6 . ( :
, 2010), 197–203.

[3]
 .4 μπ π
μ μ μ , π π π
π π 1910-1915, π μ
π μ μ π μ π μπ
μ , μ Δ μ .
μ π π π μ ,
π Δ
μ Δ μ π μ μ π
π μ π ,
π μ , π π π .5 π μ
π Δ , π π μ μ
, . , Δ π π π
π π μ , , μ
π , π π π π π π
. μ μ π , Δ
π μ π π π μ .
π μ , μ π μ
μ , .
π μ Edward Said, π μ
1978, π π

4
, : ( :
. , 2014), 48–50; Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America: The
Question of the Other, 2 . (New York: Harper Perennial, 1992), 151–57; Anthony
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459–60; Richard Tuck, The rights of war and peace: Political thought and the International
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EuΧΤΥΙΕΣ EήΥΕΣΨΝΤΣ ΕΣΘ tΜΙ CΠΕΨΨΝΗΕΠ StΕΣΘΕΧΘ ΤΚ CΝάΝΠΝzΕtΝΤΣ’, Journal of the History of
International Law, 7 (2005); Berstein Milza, 185–87, 207–8;
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μ ( : μ μμ
μ , 2015), 284 <έέέ.ΟΕΠΠΝΥΤΨ.ΛΧ>; SΙΠΝΡ DΙΧΝΣΛΝΠ, ‘' TΜΙΧΙ IΨ NΤ CΤΡΥuΠΨΝΤΣ ΝΣ
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Studies in Society and History, 42.3 (2000), 547–75 ( 551–52); H. L. Murre- Van Den Berg,
‘Why Protestant Churches? The American Board and the Eastern Churches: Mission among
'Nominal' Christians (1820-1870)’, Missions and Missionaries, π μ . Peter Holtrop
Hugh McLeod (The Boydell Press, 2000), 102; HΙΕtΜΙΧ SΜΕΧΟΙί, ‘AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ MΝΨΨΝΤΣΕΧΝΙΨ ΝΣ
OttΤΡΕΣ LΕΣΘΨ: FΤuΣΘΕtΝΤΣΕΠ EΣΗΤuΣtΙΧΨ’, Departmental Papers (NELC), 2010, 3
<http://repository.upenn.edu/nelc_papers/19> [ μ μ π 11
2017ΐ; Έ. R. JΤΣΙΨ, ‘TΜΙ IΡΕΛΙ ΤΚ tΜΙ BΕΧΖΕΧΝΕΣ ΝΣ MΙΘΝΙάΕΠ EuΧΤΥΙ’, Comparative Studies
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,μ . π μπ ( : μ , 2001), 434–37.
- . Umberto Eco, π
μ ( : , 2011), 23–55. μ π π
μ Δ μ : Tzvetan Todorov, π π Δ μ
( : , 2011), 109–124,128.

[4]
 Δ . μ μ μ μ μ ,
μ π π μ μ , π
, π μ Said, 2003. 6
π μ μπ
μ μ μ μ , μ ππ
π π Δ πμ π .7
π π π
π μ . , μ
π π π
π π « μ , μ μ
π », μ .8 π
π π π μ μ π
π μ , π
π μ π ,μ
.
μ π π μ
μ π μ , π
π π μ , π μ
μ . μ , , ,
μ π
- π π , π μ 1960.
μ π (missiology) μ π ,

6
μ : BΙΧΣΕΧΘ LΙέΝΨ, ‘TΜΙ QuΙΨtΝΤΣ ΤΚ OΧΝΙΣtΕΠΝΨΡ’, The New York
Review of Books, 24 1982, 1–20
<https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/307584/original/The+Question+of+Orientalism+by
+BΙΧΣΕΧΘ+LΙέΝΨ+%7C+TΜΙ+NΙέ+ΊΤΧΟ+RΙάΝΙέ+ΤΚ+BΤΤΟΨ.ΥΘΚ>; G. PΧΕΟΕΨΜ, ‘OΧΝΙΣtΕΠΝΨΡ NΤέ’,
History and Theory, 34.3 (1995); , ‘« μ »: μ ’,
μ , 21 (1999), 237–46; MΕΧtΝΣ KΧΕΡΙΧ, ‘EΣΤuΛΜ SΕΝΘ [ΧΙάΝΙέ ΤΚ RΤΖΙΧt IΧέΝΣ, DΕΣΛΙΧΤuΨ
KΣΤέΠΙΘΛΙΐ’, Campus- Watch: Monitoring Middle East Studies on Campus , 2007
<http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/3082> [ μ μ π 27
2017ΐ; RΤΖΙΧt IΧέΝΣ, ‘EΘέΕΧΘ SΕΝΘ’Ψ ΨΜΕΘΤέί ΠΙΛΕΗί’, Times Literary Supplement, 7
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π μ Said μ . Bert Moore- Gilbert,
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7
. μ. 4 π π . Herb Swanson, ‘Said’s Orientalism and the Study of
Christian Missions’, International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 28.3 (2004); Mazower;
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μ (1876-1909), μ . πμ . π
( : π , 2003), 336; ΆΨΨΕΡΕ MΕΟΘΝΨΝ, ‘OttΤΡΕΣ OΧΝΙΣtΕΠΝΨΡ’, The American
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BΤΤΟΨ, 1978), 294.
8
: EH Carr, ;
, μ . ππ , 3 . ( :
, 2015), 103. « μ »: Ernest Hemingway, ‘Banal Story’, Men Without
Women, 1st:1928 (London: Arrow Books, 2004), 121–23 ( 121).

[5]
 μ , π μ .9
π μ
, π π
μ π .
ππ
, π μ
, μ π π μ μ ,
π (Church Apologetics), π
π μ , « π »,
μ . 10 π
« μ », π π
, μ
π μ μ , π .
Ω , π , π
μ μ ,
, π
π .
π π , μ
π μ π μ
π μ μ . 11
π π ,
μ π π
μ μ . Δ μ (1823)
π μ π μ π Δ μ μ
π μ μ π μ μ π ,
π π μ π π μ

9
: Johannes Verkuyl, Contemporaray missiology: An
introduction (William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1978); Alan Richard Tippet,
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mission: The evolution of contemporary missiology (Orbis Books, 2006); ,
Missiology: an introduction to the foundations, history, and strategies of world missions,
π μ . John Mark Terry (B&H Publishing Group, 2015).
10
μ π (Church
Apologetics) . Cornelius Van Til, The defense of the faith (Presbyterian and Reformed Pub.
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christliΗΜΙΣ AΥΤΠΤΛΙtΙΣ uΣΘ ΨΙΝΣΙ ·ΤΧΛΙΨΗΜΝΗΜtΙ’, Journal of Early Christian Studies, 1.1
(1993), 89–90; J. P. MΤΧΙΠΕΣΘ, ‘PΜΝΠΤΨΤΥΜΝΗΕΠ ΕΥΤΠΤΛΙtΝΗΨ, tΜΙ ΗΜuΧΗΜ, ΕΣΘ ΗΤΣtΙΡΥΤΧΕΧί
ΗuΠtuΧΙ’, Journal- Evangelical Theological Society, 39 (1996), 123–40; , Apologetics
in the Roman Empire: Pagans, Jews, and Christians , π μ . Mark J. Edwards . . (Clarendon
Press, 1999); Ed. Hindson Ergun Caner, The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics:
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Cabal . ., Apologetics Study Bible (B&H Publishing Group, 2014).
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Univeristy Press, 2002, 111 .; EH Carr, ;
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and Theory, 37.1 (1998), 1–13 <https://doi.org/citeulike-article-ΝΘ:613294>;
, π ;( : , 2007), 161 . .; MΕΧΗ BΠΤΗΜ, The
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. π μ , μ . ( :
, 1994)ΐ.

[6]
 μ . 12 ,
π μ π . π
π μ π π μ
, π . 13
π μ μ
π .14 Όπ ,
π μ π π π μ .
π π μ π μ . ’
π π π π
μ , ’ π π
π π μ μ π .
π π .
ππ μ
π .
π μ μ μ
, π π μ μ μ , π
μ μ ( μ μ ).
ππ , μ
, π , μ π
π π π . μ μ
μ μ π , π «
μμ π π π ,[ ΐ π
π π π μ ». 15

12
, ‘ π μ μ .
μ π ’, , 690. (1999), 38–40.
π : , μ μ
μ 19 : μ ( :
π , 2002).
13
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J. A. Field, America and the Mediterranean World, 1776- 1882 (Princeton, New
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15
Δ μ μ π , μ μ : μ
μ 19 ( : , 2003),
376.

[7]
Η η Χ ισ ια ι ή ά η ύ α η: Η Οθω α ι ή
Α ο α ο ία α ά σα σ η α ύθ ιση αι η
α άσ αση

μ
μ Δ μ π π π ,
μ μ μ .1
μπ π μ π μ , π
μ π 16 - 17 , μ π μ
π π . π π 19 ,
π 1622 μ
π π , π π π π μ
π π μ
μ π π .2 μ
π , π π μ π
- , , μ μ
, μ
π , μ μ ,
π , , Δ μ
, μ .
μ μπ π
μ , μ -
.3
, μ ,
μ .
π π μ 1829,
μ , Δ
- μ .
1830
μμ π μ π - .
, 1856, μ π π
. , 1878, π
( μ ) ,
- , , μ
π μ ,
μ π μ π

1
- : John Lewis Gaddis, The Landscape of
History: How Historians Map the Past, Oxford Univeristy Press, 2002, . 2: Time and Space.
2
Selim Deringil, μ π : μμ π
μ (1876-1909), μ . πμ .
π ( : π , 2003), 352–353 [ . . π.ΐ 45.
3
MΙtΝΣ HΙΥΙΧ, ‘CΙΣtΙΧ ΕΣΘ PΙΧΝΥΜΙΧί ΝΣ tΜΙ OttΤΡΕΣ EΡΥΝΧΙ: ΈΝtΜ SΥΙΗΝΕΠ RΙΚΙΧΙΣΗΙ
to tΜΙ NΝΣΙtΙΙΣtΜ CΙΣtuΧί’, International Political Science Review, 1.1 (1980), 81–105.

[8]
 μ μ ,
μ π .
π
π π μπ μ μ π μ . μ
μ 19 π π π
μ - π . μ μ μ μ
π π μ ’ (1808-1839), μ
. μ π
π μ , μ μ
( μ ), π
μ
μ . μ π π 1/3
μ μ π .Ω , π
, π μ π
. 1826 π π μ , μ
μ π , « π », π
. π μ
π μ μ μ
π , π π π , 6.000
18.000 π μ .4
μ μ π ,
μ π μ
π μ ,
π μ
μ .5
, μ π π , π ,
π .
, π , π μ
π μ π , 1839.
1841, π π
, μ π
.6 π μ , μπ ( ) ’ (1839-1861)
μ μ , π μ 1880,
π μ μ μ -
( ), π 1839.
μ π ,
, μ π
, 1840 π π
π , μμ

4
L. S. Stavrianos, : π μ , πμ .
1453 . ,
μ . Δ ( : , 2007), 584–88; Barbara Jelavich,
: 18 -19 , πμ . π , μ .
Δ ( : π - , 2006), 438–40.
5
Jelavich, 439–40.
6
StΕάΧΝΕΣΤΨ, 610.

[9]
 π . 1846, π
μ μ π , π 1841 π
1845, π π ,μ μ
, π μ π ,
μ . μ π , μ
μ π , π ,
μ μ π μ .7 1856 μ μ
- μ , π μ μ μ π μ
μ , π μ μ
. π μ , μ μ
π μ Δ μ , .8 μ
π π π , ,
π π μ π , π
μ . ππ μπ
μ , π π π
π π π . 1870
μ « μπ
π π μ , π π
π μ π ». 9

1864 μ ,μ μ
, π μ
μ . π μ 1872 π μ
, π π μμ « »
, π μ μ , π π μ
« » « », . 10
, 1878, « μ μ »,
μ , π π
π μ μ μ , π μ μ .
Ω π μ π μ
1850 1856, μ μ . 11
μ π μ μ π μ
π π μ
ππ ,μ μ π - ,

7
StΕάΧΝΕΣΤΨ, 613–14; JΙΠΕάΝΗΜ, 450.
8
StΕάΧΝΕΣΤΨ, 727–28; JΙΠΕάΝΗΜ, 450–52; μ ,
: π 1453 2005, 6 ( . / :
μ , 2005), 42.
9
J. SΕΠt, ‘TΧΤuΖΠΙ ΈΜΙΧΙάΙΧ TΜΙί ΈΙΣt: AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ MΝΨΨΝΤΣΕΧΝΙΨ ΝΣ AΣΕtΤΠΝΕ ΕΣΘ
OttΤΡΕΣ SίΧΝΕ ΝΣ tΜΙ NΝΣΙtΙΙΣtΜ CΙΣtuΧί’, The Muslim World, 92 (2002), 287–313 ( 287).
10
μ π , 381.
11
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Eastern Churches: Mission among 'Nominal' Christians (1820-1870)’, Missions and
Missionaries, π μ . PΙtΙΧ HΤΠtΧΤΥ HuΛΜ MΗLΙΤΘ (TΜΙ BΤίΘΙΠΠ PΧΙΨΨ, 2000), 105 –6;
GΙΧΕΨΝΡΤΨ AuΛΤuΨtΝΣΤΨ, ‘EΣΠΝΛΜtΙΣΙΘ CΜΧΝΨtΝΕΣΨ ΕΣΘ tΜΙ OΧΝΙΣtΕΠ CΜuΧΗΜΙΨ: PΧΤtΙΨtΕΣt
Missions to the Greeks in Asia Minor, 1820-1860’, Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 4.2
(1986), 129–42 ( 138); . , ‘ π μ π μ
μ μ π μ μ π μ (1887)’, Δ
π , 10 (1993), 205–34 ( 211).

[10]
 π , Δ μ π
, μ . 12 , ,
μ . , π
,
19 π π .13

12
SΕΠt, ‘TΧΤuΖΠΙ ΈΜΙΧΙάΙΧ TΜΙί ΈΙΣt: AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ MΝΨΨΝΤΣΕΧΝΙΨ ΝΣ AΣΕtΤΠΝΕ ΕΣΘ OttΤΡΕΣ
SίΧΝΕ ΝΣ tΜΙ NΝΣΙtΙΙΣtΜ CΙΣtuΧί’, 295.
13
L. S. Stavrianos, : π 1453 μ , πμ . . ,
μ . Δ ( : , 2007), 730–40; μ ,
: π 1453 2005, 6 ( : .
/ μ , 2005), 35-36–49.

[11]
 ο «Π ο σ α ι ό Π ύ α ο α ι α ισ ού»: ο
« οσ ι ό» ά ος αι οι θ ησ ι ές α αβο ές σ η
Α ι ή

Max Weber π μ μ π μ
π μ , π π μ
π μ , μ π
. 1 Christopher Hill
μ « π , μ μ
π μ ,
- μ μ π
». 2 μ , π π π μ
ππ , μ ,π π μ μ
Δ μ μ μ π μ ,
π μ .3
μ π μ μ π
μ , π π .4 π
Δ π 18 ,
π , π μ
μ «π μ » π μ
.5 μ , π
π μ π π μ
π .6 π μ -π
μ
, π π π μ μ μ
μ μ , π

1
, , « π ‘ μ ’» Max Weber,
μ π μ , μ . Δ μ
( : Δ μ μ μπ , 2010), 9.
2
Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas during the English
Revolution, 2 . (PΙΣΛuΝΣ, 1991), . IΣtΧΤΘuΗtΝΤΣ, . 15.
3
, μ π μ : « »
μ μ μ μ 19 ( :
, 2005), 28.
4
μ , : π 1776 μ ( :
Δ μ μ μπ , 2010), 169; , μ
μ μ 19 : μ
( : π , 2002), 26,381.
5
μ , : π 1776 μ , 170;
, 29.
6
, μ μ μ 19 :
μ , 25.

[12]
π μ μ « μ μ π - π μ » ,
π μ .7
π 19
π π μ μ , π
π μ π (world mission).
π π μ π π
π μ μ μ «
π μ ». 8
, π , μ μ
π μ μ Δ μ ,
π μ « μ »
«π π » , π π
π π μ π , π
μ π μ -
μ π π μ μ , μ π
, π , μ ,
.9 , (1844- 1932),
π μ μ π μ ,
π
μ μ π
μπ μ . . . . 10 μ
1894 μ , π μ
μ , «π μ π μ
π μ , π π π π , π
π , π π μ
, π π π π
μ , π π μ …»,
π π μ « μ
μ [ ΐ, μ π μ [
π ΐ μ μ π π ».11
π ’ π
μπ ,
, π μπ μ μ
Δ μ , 1869. μ
μ 19 π μ μπ μ ,

7
μ μ , μ 19 :
μ , 26,384-385.
8
, 28.
9
, μ μ μ 19 :
μ , 27, 37, 42.
10
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μ μ . μ
π μ (28.7.1894) Marianna Christopoulos,
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[13]
 π π μ , π π μπ
π μ π μπ μ . , μ ,
μ π π π μ μπ μ , π μ
π μ π π
π « , μπ ». 12

AΣΘΧΙέ PΤΧtΙΧ, ‘'Cultural imperialism' and protestant missionary enterprise, 1780–

12

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«Α ό ο ς Α ο ά ο ς σ ο ς ιά η ς»: Η Ί ση ης
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
αι α ώ α βή α α

μ π
, , π 16 - 17 . Propaganda
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μ π π , π . π
μ μ π μ , π
μ .1 π
π 1809 μ π μ
π μ μ 19 . ,
π μ π
. μ
μ π 1880,
π μ . 1898 μ
π π μ
, μμ μ π π .2
, μ 1850 μ μ μ ,
π μ π , μ
μ 1853 μ μ , π μ
μ 1883. 3 19 , 1887,
π π ,μ
μ , π π
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 , π 19 ,
μ π π . π , -
μ π π . 1863, Cyrus
Hamlin μ μ π « π
» « μ
».5
μ , μμ ,
μ π , π π μ
Church Missionary Society (CMS), π π 1812
1815, π π π
π π , London Missionary Society, British and Foreign Bible Society,
London Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews, Religious Tract
Society Wesleyan Methodists.6 π
μ « μ »,
π μ , μ μ
μ μ μ μ π π
π , π π
1878. , , π
μ μ μ μ .7 π
π π
μ , π π μ
μ μ . 8 ,
π π 1830 . . . π , μ
π π π π
π π , π μ
π « ». μ μ
. . . μ π
π μ , π .9
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions ( :
A.B.C.F.M.) 1810 Williams College π Williamstown
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’ μ , 1819-1914: AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ BΤΕΧΘ’, Δ
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( π π , π , μ
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11
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<ΜttΥ://ΙάΤΠΨ.ΠΝΖΧΕΧί.ΡΕΣΤΕ.ΜΕέΕΝΝ.ΙΘu/ΖΝtΨtΧΙΕΡ/10524/256/2/JL27125.ΥΘΚ> [ μ μ
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12
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, . 48 . .; , ‘ π ’ μ
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12 (1997), 97–128 ( 97, π. 2).
13
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14
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 π π π 2.000 μ μ π
π 1810 μ 1870. 15
μ μ π ,
μ μ « ,
», π π «
π μ μ » π . 16 π
μ (Board) π μ π μ
μ , π π / π π
(Prudential/ Executive Committee), π μ ,
μ π . / μμ
(Corresponding Secretary), π μ μ
π π Rufus
Anderson.17 π π Elias Riggs,
π μ μ π
, μ 1834. 18 μμ
μ 1871 μμ π π
μ 1878. 19
A.B.C.F.M. «μ π
», π π μ
, μ μ , π μ (
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π . 20 « π

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MΙtΜΤΘΝΨtΨ’ (ΊΕΠΙ ΆΣΝάΙΧΨΝtί, 1961), 44–45; AΠΕΣ FΧΙΘΙΧΝΗΟ PΙΧΧί, ‘TΜΙ AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ BΤΕΧΘ ΤΚ
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17
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18
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19
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(2000), 547–75 ( 568).
20
, μ π μ : « »
μ μ μ μ 19 ( :
, 2005), 28, 33; H. L. MuΧΧΙ- ·ΕΣ DΙΣ BΙΧΛ, ‘ΈΜί PΧΤtΙΨtΕΣt CΜuΧΗΜΙΨ? The
American Board and the Eastern Churches: Mission among 'Nominal' Christians (1820-1870)’,
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 » π μ μ π μ , ,
π ππ ,
μ π μ -
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π .21

μμ , π μ π π
μ μ , μ π π
π μ , . 22 π ,
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μ μ μ μ π μ ,
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π 1810- 1850 « π μ »
(Missionary planting).24 π π π
μ μ μ ,
, π π π π
π π μ25, π π π μ « ’
μ » , (

2000), 98–99; H. BΕΘΧ, ‘MΝΨΨΝΤΣ tΤ NΤΡΝΣΕΠ CΜΧΝΨtΝΕΣΨ’ (PΧΝΣΗΙtΤΣ ΆΣΝάΙΧΨΝtί, 1992); P.

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, 28. π μ
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22
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24
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 ), μ ( ),
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π 1820, π μ μ
19 . Hill π
π μ π , π π .
1842, μ , μ μ
π μ
.27 J. King, π π ,
π μ , μ μ
π , π π μ . , . , .
μ , . μ . μ . 28
1828- 1829, μ «
μ » ( π ) π
π . π
π π
,π μ , Church Missionary
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», , π π π
μ π π π
, μ .29
, π μ 1819.
30 π π π ,
μ π π (1831),
π (1835), μ (1839), μπ (1849), ,
π, , , , ,

26
1860 π π π 21.000.000 π
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29
GΙΧΕΨΝΡΤΨ AuΛΤuΨtΝΣΤΨ, ‘EΣΠΝΛΜtΙΣΙΘ CΜΧΝΨtΝΕΣΨ ΕΣΘ tΜΙ OΧΝΙΣtΕΠ CΜuΧΗΜΙΨ:
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4.2 (1986), 129–42 ( 132).

[20]
 (1850), μ μ (1855)
(1859). 30 μ
π 1850 π μ μ . μ 7
7 π μ , 1860 114 49,
1880 331 97, 1913 450 163 . 31 1892
π 159 μ
π . 32 μ π π 13.095
1880, 1913, 25.992. 33 1868 μ π
π μ π μ
μ Robert College. Ύ π π μ
π π π Farragut μ
7 (American Girls’ College, Euphrates College, American College, Central
Turkey College, St. Paul College, Anatolian College International
College).34 Δ π π .
π π π ,
π π π π .
μμ π π
π π μ μ
μ ππ . μπ , π
π μ μ ,μ π μ .35
π μ μ μ «
» π π π , π
π , μ μ π « π
μ » « π π ».
μ π π πμ
π , π π π μ
π μ π π .
Cyrus Hamlin μ μ π
π . π
μ π μ μ π μ
. 36

30
EΧΜΕΣ CΕΛΧΝ, ‘OttΤΡΕΣ OΚΚΝΗΝΕΠ AttΝtuΘΙΨ TΤέΕΧΘΨ AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ MΝΨΨΝΤΣΕΧΝΙΨ’, The
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31
CΕΛΧΝ, 317.
32
Selim Deringil, μ π : μμ π
μ (1876-1909), μ . πμ .
π ( : π , 2003), 345.
33
Cagri, 317.
34
Cagri, 329.
35
, μ μ μ 19 :
μ ( : π , 2002), 155.
36
Augoustinos, 139–40.

[21]
« ο σ αθί αι η φω ιά»: Η Α ί αση ω
Οθω α ι ώ Α χώ αι ω ο ι ώ ησιώ
«Π μπ π - μπ Α ΑΧ Απ - μ
!Ε π μ π Απ μ .
Ό μ π , μ , . Γ Α ΑΧ π
».

, - μπ , : 7*

TΛe sάΣrd Σf MuΛammad and tΛe KΣr’an are tΛe mΣst stubbΣrn enemies Σf civiliίatiΣn, libertή
and trutΛ άΛicΛ tΛe άΣrld Λas knΣάn’**

Sir William M uir**/41

π μ Δ μ , π
π μ μπ . μ
μπ π π μ
μ . . . 1830. μ π
π μ Δ μ π μ
μ . π π Δ μ μ
, . Ω
π π . μ π
μ μ μ π μ
π ,μ π μ μ μπ μ ’ (1842-1918)
« ». 2 ,
π π π μ
« π π μ π μ ». 3
μ π π π π
μ π μ π μ π μ π
μ . π μ π π
π , μ π μ μ π
μ π μ . μ μ
μ μ μ π π

1
μ
( μ π ), 265.
** « π μ π
π μ , ,π μ ».
J. SΕΠt, ‘TΧΤuΖΠΙ ΈΜΙΧΙάΙΧ TΜΙί ΈΙΣt: AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ MΝΨΨΝΤΣΕΧΝΙΨ ΝΣ AΣΕtΤΠΝΕ ΕΣΘ OttΤΡΕΣ SίΧΝΕ
ΝΣ tΜΙ NΝΣΙtΙΙΣtΜ CΙΣtuΧί’, TΜΙ MuΨΠΝΡ ΈΤΧΠΘ, 92 (2002), 287–313 ( 304).
2
HΕίtΜΤΧΣΙ JΙΕΣ BΧΕΘΙΣ, ‘TΜΙ ΙΕΛΠΙ ΕΣΘ tΜΙ ΗΧΙΨΗΙΣt: AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ ΝΣtΙΧΙΨtΨ ΝΣ tΜΙ
Ottoman Empire, 1861-1870’ (OΜΝΤ StΕtΙ ΆΣΝάΙΧΨΝtί, 1973), 22; DΙΧΝΣΛΝΠ,
μ π : μμ π μ
(1876-1909), 338. Δ μ μ « »:
http://5temmuz2009.blogspot.gr/2009/10/red-sultan.html
3
SΕΠt, ‘TΧΤuΖΠΙ ΈΜΙΧΙάΙΧ They Went: American Missionaries in Anatolia and Ottoman
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[22]
«π μ π μ π
μ », π π E. Hobsbawm T. Ranger
1980 μ π .4
μ μ π
μ μ .
π π π μ μ μ . Ω ,
π π μ μ ,
π π π .
μ μ μ π μ
. « μ », μ
. μ μ μ
μ μπ , π π
π π μ .5 π π
π μ μ , μ , : π
, , , μ π π .
π μ π
1843, μ 1856 μ , π
π , μ , π
π - , π π .
π π , S.
Deringil π π μ
π μ , π μ ,
μ .6
Δ μ π μ 1856 π μ
μ π , μ π π μ
. π μ :
μ μ μ
μ, μ π π π . ’ ,
μ 1864 π π π 50 ,π π μ ,
π μ , , ,
μ π (Bible Society),
μ π .7 μ π μ
, π π μ

4
EΧΜΕΣ CΕΛΧΝ, ‘OttΤΡΕΣ OΚΚΝΗΝΕΠ AttΝtuΘΙΨ TΤέΕΧΘΨ AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ MΝΨΨΝΤΣΕΧΝΙΨ’, The
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315; SΙΠΝΡ DΙΧΝΣΛΝΠ, ‘TΜΙ IΣάΙΣtΝΤΣ ΤΚ TΧΕΘΝtΝΤΣ ΕΨ PuΖΠΝΗ IΡΕΛΙ ΝΣ tΜΙ LΕtΙ OttΤΡΕΣ EΡΥΝΧΙ,
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<http://psi424.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Deringil, Invention of Tradition in Late Ott
EΡΥΝΧΙ.ΥΘΚ> [ μ μ π 14 2017ΐ; E. HΤΖΨΖΕέΡ, T. RΕΣΛΙΧ [ΙΘΨ.ΐ
The Invention of Tradition, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
5
SΙΠΝΡ DΙΧΝΣΛΝΠ, ‘' TΜΙΧΙ IΨ NΤ CΤΡΥuΠΨΝΤΣ ΝΣ RΙΠΝΛΝΤΣ ': OΣ CΤΣάΙΧΨΝΤΣ ΕΣΘ AΥΤΨtΕΨί
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(2000), 547–75 ( 548).
6
DΙΧΝΣΛΝΠ, ‘' TΜΙΧΙ IΨ NΤ CΤΡΥuΠΨΝΤΣ ΝΣ RΙΠΝΛΝΤΣ ': OΣ CΤΣάΙΧΨΝΤΣ ΕΣΘ AΥΤΨtΕΨί ΝΣ tΜΙ
Late Ottoman Empire : 1839-1856’, 550–551,556.
7
DΙΧΝΣΛΝΠ, ‘' TΜΙΧΙ IΨ NΤ CΤΡΥuΠΨΝΤΣ ΝΣ RΙΠΝΛΝΤΣ ': OΣ CΤΣάΙΧΨΝΤΣ ΕΣΘ AΥΤΨtΕΨί ΝΣ tΜΙ
Late Ottoman Empire : 1839-1856’, 556.

[23]
 μ π μ π μ π
μ π .
Ω , π π μ μ
π π μ μ . π μ π
π π μ μ μ
, μ μ
π μ π
μ μ π π π μ π π
μ , μ μ Cagri.8
π π μ 1820
1830, π π
μ π π . μ , π ,
π π π π ,
1841 μ π
π . 1841 π
μ π π μ , Porter,
μ . ,
π , μ μ μ ,
μ μ π μπ μπ
π . μ
μ μ π
π μ .9 , μ
π ,π μ
π . 10
μ π « » π μ ,
π π μ π
π , μ μ
π . μ 800 μ 1839, μ
, Matteos, π μ π μ
μ , π μ μ π . 1844
π μ π μ,
π π , π μ

CΕΛΧΝ, 319; JΤΨΙΥΜ L. GΧΕΖΝΠ, Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East: Missionary
8

Influence on American Policy, 1810- 1927 (Minneapolis, 1971)

<https://muse.jhu.edu/book/32275>; Selim Deringil, μ π :
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99–100.
10
J. SΕΠt, ‘TΧΤuΖΠΙ ΈΜΙΧΙάΙΧ TΜΙί ΈΙΣt: AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ MΝΨΨΝΤΣΕΧΝΙΨ in Anatolia and
OttΤΡΕΣ SίΧΝΕ ΝΣ tΜΙ NΝΣΙtΙΙΣtΜ CΙΣtuΧί’, The Muslim World, 92 (2002), 287–313 ( 292–
93); Murre- ·ΕΣ DΙΣ BΙΧΛ, 100.

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π μ π μ μ μ , π
μ π , John P. Brown. 1846 Matteos
π μ π
μ μ π π π .
π Stratford Canning, π μ ,π π
π μ π 1846, π
π μ 10 . 11
π π μ μ π π
,μ ,
π μ .
π π 1835 μ 1845 μ
, μ ,
, μ π
π μ . 1844, μ
μ π π , π
π , μ .
π μ π μ .
1846 μ μ μ , 1850
π π «π »
1871 π . μ , μ ,
20 π π . 12
1860, μ π μ
π μ π
, π
μ , μ μ 1862 μ π
π π . 1863 μ π
, 1864 μ . Δ
Δ μ 1864 π .
1870 π μ π , μ ,
π μ . ’ , π
π π . 1880 μ
π , π μ
π , π π π μ , π
15 . 13 π μ μ
π π π π .
μ London Daily News, 1896, μ
, π π μ μ μ . 14

CΕΛΧΝ,
11
321–23; SΕΠt, ‘TΧΤuΖΠΙ ΈΜΙΧΙάΙΧ TΜΙί ΈΙΣt: AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ MΝΨΨΝΤΣΕΧΝΙΨ ΝΣ
Anatolia and Ottoman SίΧΝΕ ΝΣ tΜΙ NΝΣΙtΙΙΣtΜ CΙΣtuΧί’, 294; J. RΝΗΜtΙΧ, A History of
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12
Murre- ·ΕΣ DΙΣ BΙΧΛ, 103–7.
13
CΕΛΧΝ, 333–36.
14
Deringil, μ π : μμ π
μ (1876-1909), 349–50.

[25]
 Ό , π π
μ π μ π . , π
μ μ , μ ,
μ . 15
π μ μ μ μ
π μ π μ π
. 16 Ό μ
μ π μ π μ , Christopher R.
Robert, . π
μ : ’ μ π π μ
π μ ππ π
μ ’ μ
μ π μ π . 17
μ μ μ π μ μ π .
1868, μ π π μ π
μ π , π μ
David Farragut «
π π » . 18 « », π
μ μ , μ
μ μ , π π μ
π π μ π
μ μ π 1867. C. Hamlin μ , μ ,
Farragut μ Robert College μ π
, π π π μ π , π
, . , Robert College
μ μ ,
μ . 19

, μπ μ ’, 1880 1890
π π μ μ μ
μ π μ , μ μ π ,
π μ , μ
, μ μ π π
, π μμ π μ .
μ π μ π μ μ π μ

JΙΚΚΧΙί Έ. StΙΖΖΝΣΨ, ‘BΙΠΠ ΕΣΘ ΖΕΣΣΙΧ: Armenian revolutionaries at the end of the
15

OttΤΡΕΣ EΡΥΝΧΙ’ (NΕάΕΠ PΤΨtΛΧΕΘuΕtΙ SΗΜΤΤΠ, 2011), 23

<http://calhoun.nps.edu/public/handle/10945/10699>.
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, μ μ μ 19 :
μ ( : π , 2002), 48.
17
EΧΜΕΣ CΕΛΧΝ, ‘OttΤΡΕΣ OΚΚΝΗΝΕΠ AttΝtuΘΙΨ TΤέΕΧΘΨ AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ MΝΨΨΝΤΣΕΧΝΙΨ ’, The
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Cagri, 329.
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μ , π π μ ,
μ π π μ π
μ . π π μ π μ π ,
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π μ μ μ π ,
π μ . 20 π π
μ , μ π
π μ
π . Anatolia College, 1893, μ
π 500 μ π μ π
π , π π μμ
μ μ . , Euphrates
College Central Turkey College, 1895, π μ π
π , . μ
μ π μ π π
μ π μ π 1901, π 100.000 .
μ 1904 μ . 21
μ π μ , μ ,
μ μ π , μ
π π π π . π
π π μ μ π π
π π . 1892
π ππ μ π μ π μ
. 22
, π , π π
μ π μ . μ
π π μ « μ μμ
» π π . 23
μ π , π μ ,
π , μ
,π « μ » π μ π μ
. π μ 1856
π , π μ μ
μ π μ π μ , π μ ,

CΕΛΧΝ,
20
328–30.
CΕΛΧΝ,
21
330–32; Joseph L. Grabil, Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East:
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μ . πμ . π ( : π , 2003), 378.
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Deringil, μ π : μμ π
μ (1876-1909), 346–47.
23
Deringil, μ π : μμ π
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[27]
μ π μ μ μ , π μ
,μ μ π π .

[28]
Α έ α ι σ ο « ο θη ο α βι ισ ό»: Η Α ί αση ο
Οι ο ι ού Πα ια χ ίο
D as war ein VΣrsΤiel nur, dΣrt άΣ man BücΛer

Verbrennt, verbrennt man auch am Ende Menschen. 1

π π 1780 μ μ μ
μ π , , π μ
μ .
π π π , π
Δ μ π . ,
. « »
π μ , π « μ
» .2 μ ,
π π π , π
μ μ μ π .
μ π , π μ
.
π
π μ μ μ , π π
μμ μ
, .3 μ

1
« π π ,
π » π Hassan Almansor μ μ
Heine, π π π
. : Heinrich Heine, AΟΠΓΡΧΣΦ. EΜΡΘ TΦΓΚöΗΜΘ, 1821, 16, . 243-244
<http://hhp.uni-
trier.de/Projekte/HHP/Projekte/HHP/searchengine/werke/baende/D05/enterdha?pageid=
D05S0016&bookid=D05&lineref=Z34&mode=2&textpattern=koran&firsttid=0&widthgiven=30
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2
Eric J. Hobsbawm, π π 1789-1848, μ .
, 3 . ( : μ π ( . . . .), 2015), 3 11–
32, 333–59.
3
μ : Δ μ
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μ 19 ( : , 2003), . ,
. 27-30, . 356 . .; μ , ‘ μ
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[29]
 , μ
(1833),
μ (1865), (1870) (1822-1837).
π π « », π
μ π , «[…ΐ μ π
π , ‘
’, π π π π
π , μ .
, π π
π
π , ». 4
18 , μ μ π
μ μ , μ
, .5 π
μ , π μ μ « »
« μ », π π μ
π , π π π .
μ μ π
π .
π π π , π π
. π μ π π

Gunnar Hering, μ π π 1620-1638, μ .

Δ μ ( : μ π ( . . . .), 1992).
μ « π »μ π
μ , μ « μ » , ,
: . , μ ’( , 1909)
<http://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/php/pdf_pager.php?rec=/metadata/6/1/2/metadata-
b6b67504ff0288dbf7709219ee3fdcb4_1245247904.tkl&do=84506_w.pdf&pageno=1&width=8
41&ΜΙΝΛΜt=595&ΥΕΛΙΨtΕΧt=1&ΡΕήΥΕΛΙ=149&ΠΕΣΛ=ΙΠ>; ‘ ’
( : . . , 1975), . ’, . 36 -37;
π , ‘ π π ’ 1823’,
Δ μ , 13 (1954), 356–60.) Όμ , π -μ - π μ ,
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’ 1797, μ π π μ
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5
. , π : , ‘
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« » ’/ ’ (1835-40, 1867-71) μ π μπ
π μ .6
π π π μ
μ π .
π μ
π π .7
π π μ π , π , π
π μ π , μ μ μ π μ
μ , π π
, μ π μ μ
, π π π
π π π .8 μ ,
π « π π » μ
π π « » π .9 μπ
π μ : π 1834, π
π 1835 μ « »
μ Δ π μ 1836
’ μ π
μ π ,
π π μ ,
π π π μ . 10
, 1839 π μ μ

6
Δ μ μ π , μ μ : μ
μ 19 ( : , 2003);
, ‘ π π π ’ (1840).
μ ’, , 21 (1997), 326–36; μ , ‘ μ
π ’ μ
μ ’ ( π μ
, 2006); , ‘ π ’ μ
, 1819-1914: AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ BΤΕΧΘ’, Δ π ,
12 (1997), 97–128.
7
H. L. Murre- ·ΕΣ DΙΣ BΙΧΛ, ‘ΈΜί PΧΤtΙΨtΕΣt CΜuΧΗΜΙΨ? TΜΙ AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ BΤΕΧΘ ΕΣΘ tΜΙ
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8
Karpat , , ,
1831, 1,170.685 (π 2.2.), μ 19 π μ
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μ , ‘ μ
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9
μ π , 376.
10
, μ π μ : « »
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[31]
 π « π π μ »,
π π . 11
π π μ
π μ π μ
μ μ π μ π
, . π ,
, π π π
, π μ μ μ (π
π π μ μ π , π
π , π π μ , μ
π π ,
, π μ )
π π π μ 1850.12 μ
π , π ,
π . 13
μμ , π
μ π π π «π » π
π .Ό π μ , μ
.14 π μ , μ π ,
μ , , , , (π
μ π μπ π
π ), π , ,
π π μ ,
, , π , ,
μ μ ,
π μ . 15

11
, ‘ π ’ μ , 1819-
1914: AΡΙΧΝΗΕΣ BΤΕΧΘ’, Δ π , 12 (1997), 97–
128 ( 105).
12
μ , ‘ μ
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84).
Turkey, The Missionary Herald, 1839, XXXV, 72; ABCFM, The Missionary Herald,
13

1839, . 244 <ΜttΥΨ://ΗΕtΕΠΤΛ.ΜΕtΜΝtΧuΨt.ΤΧΛ/RΙΗΤΧΘ/005909183>.

14
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