Static & Dynamic Calibration of Piezoelectric High-Pressure TransducersAVL Calibration of Pressure Transducers Piezoelectric Pressure Transducers Piezoelectric pressure transducers are especially suitable for highly dynamic measurements, The well balanced mechanical stress condition in the piezo- electric measuring element ~a prerequisite for good linearity —isreached through the diashragmbeingin immediate contact with the medium to be meas: ured. The mechanical stress displaces the crystal structure within the piezoelectric material Consequently, the output signal Is received as electric charge. Why Regular Calibration? Itisnot possible to determine the sensitivity of Ine piezo- electtic pressure transducer solely from the known material and constructional data, Due to the perma- nent use and the extremely high stress to which the, Static Calibration Pressure bolances producing a very accurate reference pressure are used for static calibration, Standard weights with known mass (M) are placed onapisionwithknownarea(A)inahydraulic system: The reference pressuresnecessaty forthe calibration are generated step by step and are then feleved ta almospheric pressure. The pressure difference serves for determining the sensitivity Dynamic Calibration With this calibration the pressure pulse corresponds to a typical measurement task in ballistics as far as duration and shape are concemed, The pressure course is determined by the eneray transmission of the falling mass to the piston precisely fitted into the pressure chamber. The pressure chamber i filed with fluid which is Compressed by the ingressing pis- fon leading to a pressure increase, material is exposed, sensitivity changes are caused, Therefore, tne regular calibration of each pressure transducer is absolutely essential during its life time, Area A | P P, Za Felling ma [Ee aha] aston Same ghtt)Charge Measurement Piezoelectric pressure transducers deliver electric charges which are proportional fo the pressure and Converted into voltages by charge amplifiers. For slow static events this voltage is usually indicated by a Charge Amplifiers Different types of charge amplifiers are used depend- ing on the duration of the charge signal fo be meas- ured, For fast changing charge signals mostly Quasistatic Charge Amplifiers * High-insulated input stages with overvoltage pro: tection * High demands on the insulation of pressure transducer and cable * Resetting tozero otoutput voltage requiredbe: fore each measurement * Long time constant enabies to obtain slow events * Application in static calibration systems (8651, 8.692) Dynamic Charge Amplifiers + Lower demands on the insulation of input stage. Pressure transducer and cable therefore simplier Circuitry technique + No resetting of output voltage required + Determination of fast events (short time costant) * Application in the dynamic calibration system (B620) digital voltmeter, for fast dynamic events its digitized by @ high-speed A/D converter and the values Obtained are stored in the memory for further treat- ment/representation (Transient Recorder), ‘dynamic’ charge ampifiers are used. For slowly changing charge signals ‘quasistatic’ charge ampii- fiers have to be applied aa ee co a ae Laie lu, U, LI) San sea ree * Q a= Ls “Calibration of the Charge Measurement Chain Ahighly accurate voltage source and a highly accu- fate capacitor C generate the reference Measurement Chain for Static Calibration charge @ for calibrating the charge measurement chain, a y He ve ee Pressure <=> — 7 Pieroslectrc charge Digital Display Prossure Transducer Ampiier Peak Vale Measurement Chain for Dynamic Calibration ‘Ghorge Amplifier ‘nalogiDigitat ‘analog Display Converter Pressure Curve Transient RecorderAVL | The Static Hydraulic Pressure Generator Basic Working Principle Loading of a pistonin its cyinder with amassat known gravitation is considered equivalent to pressure. Bal Oncing this piston assembly with the equivalent Counter pressure and rotating it creates @welldefined equilibrium of pressure in the cistrinuting fluid. A trans Gucer inserted into this arrangement is therefore exposed to an exactly known prossure Features The troceaiollty of the elements determining the pres sure very accurately is internationally recognized and easly transferable between countries. The time fequited for building up and balancing the pressure nd the required fast pressure relieve unfortunately do not allow transducer calibration under true dynamic conaitions. The very delicate piston cylinder assembly carrying heavy weignt joad has fe be mactiined with extremely high prec- sion and requires high consistency. Transfer Calibration Method Up to four transducers ore mounted into well defined bores with accurate torque on the transfer measuring head, Classic static calibration cycles are ‘applied and the data retrieved. Mass column with rotary (by Budenberg, UK) Note: BudenbergFig, 284Dead Weight Testersalreadyinuse ‘Gan be converted into B 651 APCS's upon request ive for 800 MPaThe Dynamic Hydraulic Pressure Generator Basic Working Principle The impact of an impact masson a piston produces a pressure pulse in the hydraulic chamber of the measuring head, This enabies tests under exclusively dynamic load without thermalinfiuence. Forexample, Features * Absolute calibration under similar conditions occurring during everyday’s use of a transducer * Detemination of dynamic conformity ond dynamic peak pressure accuracy * Determination of deviation between static and The same transducers on same measuring head are ‘exposed to dynamic calibration pulses, eliminating all minor error influences caused by e.g. bore adapter, torque, The data relieved are compared and analysed. See last page for details @ comparison between the 8620 curve and the gas pressure curve measured in a propeliant chamber shows the similarity of the dynamic loads, dynamic sensitivities by using atransfermeasuring head + Fast check of transducers before use or static calibration + Dynamic pressure loads without thermal influence 400 MPa 18620 DPC pressure curve 4 Gas pressure curve Pressure TIME 4.0 msec Comparison mecsurement between dynamic calibra jon ond.AVL B 620 DPC Dynamic Pressure Calibrator Specifications - High Pressure Version Pressure 100...800 MPa / 14.5..116 kesi 1 MPa / 145 psi steps, or continuously adjustable: by host computer * Range * Incrementation + Duration 2.5 msec + Rise Time 800 HSEC (10...90% Of Dy) Peak Pressure + Reproducibility ; 0.25% of selected pressure’ 1% (200...800 MPa/ 29...116 psi) 2% (100.,.200MPaf 145... 29 kps) of selected pressure * Accuracy Proof of Accuracy of the DPC 1. Fundamental Quantities The system parameters of the 8 620 DPC determining the generated pressure curve are as follows: * falling height of the impact mass impact velocity of the impact mass Piston displacement cross-sectional area of the piston volume occupied by the hydraulic fuic mass of the falling weight temperature of the hydraulic fluid adiabatic compressibility of the hyaraulie fluid The precise determination of these parameters in terms of fundamental quantities-mass. time. length. temperature - is accomplished by means of laser Interferometry, precision balances, thermometers ‘and ultrasonic measurements. These measurements con be made traceable to the standards of relevant institutions, Low Pressure Version Range 10...120 MPa / 1.45...17.4 kps System Including 4-channel Data Evaluation Unit * Accuracy see "Peak Pressure’ + Cycletimes : 90s, 1repetitionsatinesame (onaverage) pressure 9minstandardprocessfor four channels: 6 increments 100.600 MPa 3 repetitions per increment 2. Mathematical Model simplified model (spring deshpot model) allowsts: derive the relation between the falling height and the maximum pressure, The mathematical description of this model resulls in a nonlinear differential equation of second order (nonlinear soring and damping characteristics). MXC) + DEM) kM) + COMM = x(t) = 0 The experimentally derived spting and damping: characteristics allow a numerical solution of the: equation, x(t) displacement of it ines impact mass spring damping characteristic —— characteristic Chen) Dik(n)B 651 Automatic Pressure Calibrating System Specificiatons Pressure * Range 80. ..800 MPa /7...116 kpsi * Incrementation ; 50 MPa ¢7 kpsi automatically from 80...750MPa JOMPa‘/1.4kpsi manually, computer aided < 0.05% ofselected pressure. < 0.012% of selected pressure. * Accuracy Optional System * Accuracy <0.15% of selected Pressure: 1800...20000 pc <0.3% ofselected pressure: 500...1500 pe from zero te any pressure 0.35 from any pressure to zero 5min to calibrate through 10 Pressure stops * Cycle times: 25s (on average) Pressure Balance * Mass column with rotary tive + Mass selector with sensors 800 MPa PCU piston cylinder unit 800 MPa HPI high pressure intensiier 1000 MPa NRV_ non-return valve 1000 MPa HPRV high pressure release valve 1000 MPa, high pressure piping Fine adjustment of pressure with variable volume * Panel manometer for high pressure. indication * Panel meter for verification of floating conaiion * Safety burst box Overall System Accuracy The overall accuracy obtainable of a complex Calibration system is calculated from the sum of the Individual systern component errors, Thera= ‘ore. it isnecessary to keep the individualenors low taking into account the efficiency =andt6 avoid extreme error deviationsofsingle compo nents Accuracy of the B 651 APCS System (1500 to 20 000 pc) ReproducibilityFeatures High pressure version ; 100,..800MPa Low pressure version 0...120MPa * Automatic height adjustment of falling mass with stepping motor dive * Safety catch for impact mass. pneumatically operated for repositioning of the mass + Measurement of the mass velocities with light barriers * Filing station for 8 620 MH Measuring Head B 620 Control System * Preselection of pressure * Measurement of falling and rebound times * Heigh! adjustment with stepping motor drive * Zero positioning * Activation of safety catch and safety system: * Interface B 620 MH Measuring Head - Low and High Pressure Versions For calibration of up fe 4 transducers Standard transclucer bores for M 10x1, M 1241, Ye- 24 UNF. 1 Y8-12 NF thread Precision piston guidance with dynamic high pressure sealing effect pecial fling and bleeding system Piston adjustment with master gage Options «Transfer Measuring Head for static and dynamic calibrations ‘+ Measuring Head for tourmaline and strain gage transducers B 620 DES Data Evaluation System + Computer-controlled 4-channel transient recorder system: 12 bit, | MHz, 4 KByle per channel, dynamic charge amplifers, matching amplifiers, 10 MHz time recorder > Software program for IBM-AT compatible PC MS-DOS operating system B 620 System Software + Menu-controlled full screen editor in window. technique * Editing and storing of measurement parameters * Control of the B 620 DPC and B 620 DES * Data output on screen, plotter, printer * Determination of transducer sensitivity, peak Pressure accuracy and dynamic conformity. * Printing of transducer calibration sheet * Statistical evaluation + Determination of deviation between static and dynamic sensitivities ‘+ MPa-bar-psi mode * Full color operationAVL Features Due to automatic pressure adjustment * Floating condition is eached within & short time Maximum reproducibility + Clear detection of fleating conaition * Long life time based on short pressure logos Due to automatic data acquisition * High accuracy *# Elimination of system dependences when ‘comparing calibration results * Simultaneous calibration of four pressule transducers * High calibration throughput Control Desk * Manual, semi-automatic, and automatic operation + Clearly ananged operating elementsinfunetien blocks + Comfortable manipulation due to desk panel including working area Buill-in color screen with VGA graphics Control pane! for maintenance work Four precision charge amplifiers Digital precision voltmeter Calibration charge system control by IBM AT compatible PC Pressure Adjustment The exact floating condition is adjusted by the variable volume in the high pressure system after disconnecting the pump and the pressure’ intensifier, Thus, the high pressure fluid used for loading the pressure transducer is not affected by pulsations of the pump during the adjustment procedure Adjusted pressure level [Es Pressure without variable volume Pressure with variable volume t(s)Notes Ms ie In MPa, bar psAVL B 640 Precision Pressure Calibrator Versatile calisrator with solenoid valves for holding the pressure and fast pressure relieve by push bulton and optionally semi-automatic eperation Specifications Pressure range: 10...400 MPa /1.4... 58 kpsi Incrementation MPa / 145 post + Accuracy 03 % of selected pressure: = Cycle times BOs from zero to ny (enaverage) pressure 200 ms from any pressure + Calibration adapters for any piezo transducer * Option plugin interface for 5.692 Calibraling System B 692 Charge Calibrating System System for automatic charge reading of 1 er 2 piezo transducers during calibration. including common charge calibrator. charge ampiliersand Precision digital voltmeters, The uni serves for Fronual operation wilh ony pressure alance aNd takes over certain contral functions whon used with the 8 6/0 Precision Pressure Calibrator, Iterace for temole operation by a” host computer Specifications © valid tor) cnannei Spiional 2 channels Charge Amplifier = Sensilivity 0.0087...100 mv/pc > Linearity =0.01%FS. 2 Brite 0.01 pc/sec 2 input csymmatic, protected Charge Calibrator + Referonce Voltage: 10V +0.05% Stability £0.05 %/yeu! 2 Calipration ¥ Capacitor 0.1% £0.1%/year Digital voltmeter 4 Y2diaits dual slope: Bn + Lineamy, = 1 count + Accuracy = 0.01% of value System Accuracy = 0.2% full sete Option Ms-D08 sortware: ferlBIM-AT compatibie PCCalibration Data Management There is on increasing demand for reliable time and cost-saving calibration data management for pres- sure transducers, as well as for monitoring irequioriies, life time behavior of inciviual transducers or sets of franscucers. Furthermore, unusual or atnormal usage isdetected and the reliability of field measurements is improved. The calibration data trom the systems mentioned in this leaflet can be managed by the ‘available software programs through automatic data transfer. Results from other sources can be added. Access to: ‘* results from static caliisration (B 651, B 692) = results from dynamic calibration (8 620 DES) * results from other laboratories or institutes. Applications of the Data Base System + Long-time statistics of fransducers considering usage and caliisrations * Production and quality control * Stored data to be used for further special off-line evaluation Experiments and tests with calibrated transducers in * weapons, test guns ‘+ encapsulated pressure recorders * closed vessels, strand bumers with access to the data base for using the ‘current pressure transducer parameters,Peery Peete Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands: Ree ea eC ON ccd Pree eda Peo Peers Peo ecard) Holy: ae ORCI ee Crs) ter oar] era Base a eo Ta oe cnet ECO] penton eee a SAR ent) reno PEL Ee ee Ru Lo e ee ew) Tel: @) 7100080 cee a Barca United States of America: ate et mCIRC OME Ec) ata ee CRS pera am aa) oer col Usa. oer aac enero) Bera a eee Feet areas rae aioe] ho ese fee rece came OME 1c) a Reenter’ ee ree tc Lose rect arene a ete ea) ete etc nena Tet 2789077 eee me Od oe enc pee Erno AVL PEC al Lh ieee | ere oleae korea Te) . 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