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• In the head-on collision between a car and a truck,
which exerts the greater force? Why?
• What causes accelerated motion?
• What causes inertial motion?
To answer these questions you need to understand
Newton’s Laws of Motion.
 Newton’s
Laws of Motion
MELC
1. Define inertial frames of reference.
2. Identify action-reaction pairs.
3. Draw free-body diagrams.
4. Differentiate the properties of static friction and
kinetic friction.
5. Apply Newton’s 1st law to obtain quantitative and
qualitative conclusions about the contact and non
contact forces acting on a body in equilibrium.
6. Solve problems using Newton’s Laws of motion.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
• three laws that describe the relationship between
the motion of an object and the forces acting on it:
a) 1st Law of Motion
b) 2nd Law of Motion
c) 3rd Law of Motion

A prerequisite in the understanding of Newton’s

Laws of Motion is the understanding of the concepts
of force and net force.
Force
• a push or a pull that causes an object to interact with another
object

Net Force
• an unbalanced force resulting from the combination of all the
forces acting on an object:

No net force Net force to the right

No net force
Net force downward

So what are Newton’s three Laws of Motion?

1st Law of Motion
• Without a net force, an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object
in motion will continue to move with constant velocity.

• When there is NO net force, there is NO acceleration. (Alternative statement)

• Thus, it answers the question: What causes inertial motion?

Zero net force on an object.
• Newton’s 1st Law of Motion is also known as the Law of Inertia, and
the frame of reference in which this law holds is called an inertial
frame of reference.

inertial frame of reference

• reference frame in which an object stays either at rest or at a constant velocity unless a net
force acts upon it
2nd Law of Motion
• A net force acting on an object causes it to have an acceleration in
the direction of the net force.

• When there is a net force, there is acceleration. (Alternative statement)

• Thus, it answers the question: What causes accelerated motion?

A net force on an object.
• Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion is also known as the Law of Acceleration,
which, in vector equation form, is:
Fnet = ma
where,
Fnet = net force (N = kg.m/s²)
m = mass (kg)
a = acceleration (m/s²)

(The above equation means that both the magnitude and direction of the force and acceleration are
considered. The scalar equation form of the law is: Fnet = ma, where only the magnitude of both force and
acceleration is considered.)
Implications of the 2nd Law Equation
• When the mass is constant, the greater the net force, the greater the
acceleration:

• When the net force is constant, the greater the mass, the smaller the
acceleration:

When using the 1st and the 2nd Law of Motion, a helpful tool in showing the presence
or absence of a net force on an object is by drawing a free-body diagram.
Free-body Diagram
• diagram used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all
forces acting upon an object in a given situation
• Once we have drawn an accurate FBD, we can apply Newton’s first
law (if the net force is zero) or Newton’s second law (if the net force
is NOT equal to zero).

Rules on Constructing FBD:

a) Represent the object by a box.
b) Draw the force vector from the center of the box outward in the
direction that the force is acting.
c) Include all forces that act on the object. Forces that the object exert
on its environment must NOT be included.
1. An old woman stands on the floor.

Fnormal

.
Fgravity

normal force
• perpendicular force exerted on an object by a surface
2. An egg freefalls from a nest on a tree.

.
Fgravity
3. A flying squirrel glides from a tree at constant velocity.

Fair resistance

.
Fgravity
4. Neglecting air resistance, a ball is moving upwards
after having been kicked.

.
Fgravity
3rd Law of Motion
• If object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts an equal
and opposite force on object A.

• For every force, there is an equal and opposite force.

• For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

• Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion is also known as the Law of Interaction:

Every mode of transportation is an application of
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion.
 In the head-on collision between a car and a truck,
which exerts the greater force? Why?

Both exert the same amount of force on each other, and

this is because of Newton’s 3rd law of Motion.
 Reaction
Truck exerts an equal Action
and opposite force on Car exerts a
car. force on truck.