DAGUIPA, Colin Dwight M. Homework No.

CE/2 (2020110940) May 25, 2022

1. What is concrete? What are the components of concrete?

Concrete is a composite material made by mixing binding material (cement or lime)

with aggregate (sand, gravel, stone, brick chips, etc.), water, admixtures, and other

ingredients in particular quantities. The quantities of mixing determine the strength and

quality of a concrete.

Components of concrete are:

1. Cement/Binder

Cement is the hydraulic binder (hydraulic = hardening when mixed with water)

used in the production of concrete. Cement paste (cement combined with water) hardens

and solidifies through hydration in both air and under water. Limestone, marl, and clay are

the basic base materials used in Portland cement, for example, and are combined in certain

amounts. This raw mix is burnt at around 1,450 °C to produce clinker, which is then

pulverized to the well-known fineness of cement.

2. Concrete Aggregates

Concrete aggregates, which are made up of sand and gravel, are the granular

skeleton of the concrete. All cavities inside this skeleton must be filled with binder paste

to the greatest extent possible. Concrete aggregates account for roughly 80% of the

concrete weight and 70% of the concrete volume. The best utilization of aggregate size and

quality increases concrete quality.

3. Concrete Admixtures

Concrete admixtures are liquids or powders that are mixed into the concrete in small

amounts. Dosage is typically determined by the cement content. Concrete admixtures have

a considerable influence on the characteristics of fresh and/or hardened concrete.

Admixtures can operate chemically and/or physically.

4. Concrete Additions and Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM)

Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) are added to concrete mixtures for

a variety of reasons, including improved durability, decreased permeability, improved

pumpability and finishability, reduced alkali reactivity, and improved overall hardened

properties of concrete via hydraulic or pozzolanic activity, or both. SCMs are added to

concrete in addition to or as a partial substitute for Portland cement or blended cements,

and are often regarded as a component of the whole cementing system.

5. Water

The important element is water, which when combined with cement makes a paste

that binds the aggregate together. Water enables concrete to harden through a process

known as hydration.

2. What are the types of concrete based on (a) Proportion, (b) Function: (c) Density

Proportion:

Concrete Grade Mix Ratio (Cement:Sand:Aggrega Compressive Strength MPa

tes) (N/mm^2) psi

Grades of Concrete

M5 1:5:10 5 MPa 725 psi

 M7.5 1:4:8 7.5 MPa 1087 psi

M10 1:3:6 10 MPa 1450 psi

M15 1:2:4 15 MPa 2175 psi

M20 1:1.5:3 20 MPa 2900 psi

Standard Grade of Concrete

M25 1:1:2 25 MPa 3625 psi

M30 Design Mix 30 MPa 4350 psi

M35 Design Mix 35 MPa 5075 psi

M40 Design Mix 40 MPa 5800 psi

M45 Design Mix 45 MPa 6625 psi

High Strength Concrete Grades

M50 Design Mix 50 MPa 7250 psi

M55 Design Mix 55 MPa 7975 psi

M60 Design Mix 60 MPa 8700 psi

M65 Design Mix 65 MPa 9425 psi

M70 Design Mix 70 MPa 10150 psi

Function:

• C10

Used for: Patio slabs, pathways, and non-structural work

Type: Domestic and Commercial use

• C15

Used for: Pavement kerbs and floor blinding

Type: Domestic & Commercial

• C20

Used for: Domestic floors and foundations (where the wight of structure will be lighter).

Also good for workshop bases, garages, driveways and internal floor slabs.

Type: Domestic

• C25

Used for: Construction in all areas. Multi-purpose concrete mix, usually used for

foundations.

Type: Domestic & Commercial

• C30

Used for: Pathways and roadways (this is the lowest grade concrete mix that can be used

for this purpose). More durable than the grades that have come before, and thus is much

more weather-resistant and can take heavy road traffic.

Type: Commercial

• C35

Used for: Commercial structures. This heavy concrete mix is usually used for creating

external walls and slabs, as well as for structural piling.

Type: Commercial

• C40

Used for: Commercial construction sites, creating foundations and beams for structural

support and roads. The most durable in this list, C40 can withstand chemical corrosion

also, so is frequently used on farms where slurry could corrode structures, or in septic

tanks.
Type: Commercial

Density

1. Plain or Ordinary Concrete

Within certain restrictions, the ratio of vital ingredients can be altered. A popular mix

design, also called as Nominal Mix Design, is 1:2:4.

2. Lightweight Concrete

Lightweight concrete is defined as any form of concrete with a density less than 1920

Kg/m3.

3. High-density Concrete:

This concrete is also known as heavy weight concrete. The density of this concrete

type is between 3000 and 4000 Kg/m3.

4. Reinforced Concrete

Concrete density ranges between 2400 kg/m3 to 2600 kg/m3 for standard applications

and uses of concrete in buildings, infrastructure and other areas.

5. Precast Concrete

Concrete density ranges between 2400 kg/m3 to 2600 kg/m3 for standard applications

and uses of concrete in buildings, infrastructure and other areas.

6. Prestressed Concrete

Specific projects include bridges, marine structures, precast elements and consumer

products with strength ranging from 20- 70 Mpa (2900-10150 psi) and densities

from 1200 to 2200 kg/m3 (75 to 138 lb/ft3).

7. Asphalt Concrete

Standard density for asphalt is 145 lb/ft3 (2322 kg/m3).

8. Lime Concrete

The flax lime concrete used in this study shows an average density of 559 kg/m3 and

flexural strength of 1.0 MPa.

9. Roller Compacted Concrete

In a wide variety of cementitious material proportions, the total amount of cementitious

material comprising of cement and pozzolan - generally abbreviated as (C + P) - for an

RCC mix is normally between 400 and 600 pounds per cubic yard (240 and 360

kilograms per cubic meter).

10. Vacuum Concrete

Vacuum concrete has a greater density. The surface of vacuum concrete is completely

devoid of pitting, and the top 1/16 inch is extremely abrasion resistant. These properties

are especially important in the building of concrete structures that will come into touch

with fast-flowing water.

11. Shotcrete

The density of barites is typically around 3,500kg/m3, which is 45 percent more than

that of conventional concrete. Although there are several references on shotcrete

 concrete and heavyweight concrete, no investigations on heavy shotcrete concrete have

been conducted.

12. Ready Mix Concrete

Typical density of concrete 2.3 g/cm3 (143.6 pcf or lb/ft3 / 2300 kg/m3)

13. Self Consolidated Concrete.

SCLC has a bulk density of 1622–1670 kg m23, which is approximately 75% of that

of typical SCC. The density is substantially lower than the density of conventional

concrete, which is 2400 kg m23.

14. Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC).

Polypropylene fiber reinforced lightweight concrete has a unit weight ranging from

1467.7 to 1489.7 kg/m3.

15. Fly Ash Concrete

Fly ash has a bulk density of 650 to 700 kg/m3.

16. High Strength Concrete

High-density concrete is defined as concrete with a density ranging from 3360 to 3840

kg/m3. They may, however, be manufactured with densities of up to 5280 kg/m3

utilizing iron fine and coarse aggregates.

17. Silica Fume Concrete

The relative density of silica fume is typically between 2.20 and 2.5. The relative

density of Portland cement is around 3.15. Silica fume's bulk density (uncompacted

unit weight) ranges from 130 to 430 kg/m3 (8 to 27 lb/ft3). Silica fume is accessible in

powder form but is most usually seen in liquid form.

 18. Polymer Concrete

The density of polymer concrete with fiber ranged from 1996 kg/m 3 for PCW5

(containing 6% wool fibers) to 2218 kg/m 3 for PCH1 (with 1 percent hemp fibers).

19. Ferro Cement Concrete

The parameters of the ferrocement composite were also compared to those of a high

strength quartz sand mortar matrix. FAC was shown to be good for creating structural

lightweight ferrocement composites with outstanding mechanical characteristics

(density 1332.09–1457.89 kg/m3).

3. What are the physical and mechanical properties of concrete?

The physical properties are the Workability, it is the degree of compaction has a

significant impact on the strength of concrete in a particular mix percentage. It is

consequently critical that the consistency of the mix be such that the concrete can be

carried, poured, and finished conveniently and without segregation. A concrete that meets

these criteria is considered to be workable. Elastic properties, concrete is not fully elastic

for any range of force, with some permanent setting occurring even for moderate loads. At

any point of loading, the deformation is not proportional to the stress. Concrete's elastic

qualities vary depending on the richness of the mixture and the strength of the stress. They

also differ depending on the age of the concrete. For the durability, it is the capacity of

concrete to sustain the conditions for which it was constructed without deteriorating over

time. External agents in the environment or internal agents inside the concrete can both

create a lack of durability. Impermeability is the penetration of concrete by materials in

solution may have an unfavorable effect on its durability, for example, when Ca(OH)2 is
leached away or an attack by hostile liquids (acids) occurs. Permeability has a significant

impact on the water and frost resistance of concrete. In the case of reinforced cement

concrete, moisture and air penetration will cause steel corrosion. This causes the volume

of the steel to rise, resulting in cracking and spalling of the concrete. Concrete permeability

is also important for liquid-retaining and hydraulic constructions. Segregation refers to the

tendency of coarse aggregate grains to separate from the concrete mass. It rises when the

concrete mixture is both lean and damp. It also rises when big, rough-textured material is

employed. The phenomena of segregation can be avoided by doing the following. The

tendency of water to rise to the surface of freshly laid concrete is known as concrete

bleeding. As water rises to the top, it picks up sand and cement particles, which harden and

form a scum layer known as laitance. When exposed to flexure, plain concrete shows

fatigue. Fatigue is the flexure resisting power of concrete of a certain quality is expressed

by an endurance limit, the value of which relies on the number of stress repetitions. In

concrete pavement design, the allowed flexural working stress is limited to 55% of the

modulus of rupture. Mechanical properties like as shrinkage and creep, compressive

strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity are used to evaluate

the performance of concrete. However, the compressive strength of concrete is the most

important characteristic, and it is commonly assumed that increasing the compressive

strength of concrete will improve its mechanical properties; however, in the case of

concrete in which cement is partially replaced by mineral admixtures, all mechanical

properties are not directly associated with compressive strength, and the effects of the same

amount of different mineral admixtures on the mechanical properties of hardened concrete

are not directly associated with compressive strength.

4. What are reinforcing bars? What are the types of reinforcing bars?

Hot-rolled reinforcing bars are made from various steel materials. Most rebars are

made from fresh steel billets, however others are made from steel trash or railroad rails.

Rebars must have some kind of identification that may be used to identify the mill that

produced the reinforcing steel bar.

Types of Rebars:

• Carbon Steel Rebars

This is the most popular variety of rebar and is also known as "black bar."

It is incredibly adaptable, but it corrodes more readily than other varieties, making

it unsuitable for use in places with high humidity or in constructions that are

constantly exposed to water. However, many people believe that carbon steel rebars

are the greatest alternative for all other forms of building.

• Welded Wire Fabric

Welded wire fabric (WWF) is made up of steel wires that are placed at right

angles and electrically welded at all steel wire crossings. It may be utilized in slab-

on-ground slabs with well-compacted ground. A heavier welded wire fabric

fabrication can be employed in walls and structural floor slabs. This is a material

that is often used in road pavement, box culverts, drainage systems, and tiny

concrete canals.

• Sheet-Metal Reinforcing Bars

Sheet-metal reinforcement is often utilized in the construction of floor slabs,

staircases, and roofs. Sheet-metal reinforcement is made out of annealed sheet steel
 components bent into one-sixteenth-inch deep corrugations with holes punched at

regular intervals.

• Epoxy-Coated Rebars

Epoxy-coated rebars are costly and are employed in regions that will come

into contact with salt water or where corrosion is a concern. The main issue is that

the coating can be somewhat fragile, thus bars should be purchased from a

trustworthy provider.

• European Rebars

Because these rebars are often constructed of manganese, they flex more

easily. They are not appropriate for usage in places prone to significant

meteorological or geological events such as earthquakes, hurricanes, or tornadoes.

They can, however, be cost-effective.

• Stainless Steel Rebars

With carbon steel reinforcement, stainless steel can be utilized as an

alternate reinforcing steel bar. Using stainless steel reinforcing bars prevents

galvanic corrosion and can be a cost-effective option in regions prone to corrosion

or where restoration is difficult and costly. However, these rebars will cost at least

eight times as much as epoxy-coated rebars.

• Galvanized Rebars

Galvanized rebars are 40 times more corrosion resistant than carbon steer

rebars, making them appropriate for constructions exposed to moist and humid

climates. They are, nevertheless, expensive.

• Expanded Metal or Wire Mesh Rebars

 Another useful product for concrete is expanded metal or wire mesh

reinforcement. Shearing a sheet of steel into parallel lines that are subsequently

extended to form a diamond or square shape between each cut produces expanded

metal. Expanded metal is widely used for reinforcement in regions where a

substantial thickness of plaster is required, as well as to reinforce light concrete

structures. Wire mesh reinforcement is appropriate for sidewalks, tiny concrete

pads, and walking surfaces that do not experience substantial live or load charges.

• Glass-Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer (GFRP) Rebars

GFRP rebars, like carbon fiber, will never corrode under any circumstances.

But you'll pay dearly for it. These rebars can cost up to ten times as much as epoxy-

coated rebars.

5. What is the function of reinforcing bars?

Rebar is a steel bar that is used in the building of concrete. Reinforced concrete is

created by adding reinforcing steel bars. Whether your project contains floor slabs, walls,

or posts, rebar prevents fractures from causing the structure to collapse. Though all

concrete fractures are undesirable, rebar and reinforcing materials aid in controlling the

location and amount of the cracks. It also gives the project structural strength. Concrete is

many times more resistant to failure when reinforced with rebar. Tensile strength is

provided by a corrosion-resistant reinforcing bar. Rebar gives significantly stronger

support than steel wires, reinforcing fiberglass, and many other solutions on the market if

you want to make your concrete structural. Why? Because it is structurally strong in and

of itself.
 References

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